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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known mainly by the severe acute respiratory syndrome, with myalgia as a common clinical symptom. Recent reports described musculoskeletal complications related to COVID-19 such as myositis, neuropathy and arthropathy. Radiologists and ordering physicians should be aware of lower limb complications following severe COVID-19 for optimal patient care.

Vaccination adverse reactions are common and usually are represented by transitory pain and edema. We present a case of bilateral muscle edema involving shoulders and arms due to myositis following COVID-19 vaccination, and focus on the imaging findings to differentiate with other diagnosis such as infection and tumors.

To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of the contralateral side in weightlifting athletes with pectoralis major (PM) tears. We hypothesized that MRI of the non-injured side may present increased pectoralis major tendon (PMT) length and thickness and greater pectoralis major muscle (PMM) volume and cross-sectional area when compared with the control group.We retrospectively identified MRI cases with unilateral PM injury and reviewed imaging findings of the contralateral side. Also, we evaluated MRI from ten asymptomatic control weightlifting athletes, with PM imaging from both sides. Two musculoskeletal radiologists independently reviewed MRI and measured PMT length, PMT thickness, PMM volume (PMM-vol) and PMM cross-sectional area (PMM-CSA), as well as humeral shaft cross-sectional area (Hum-CSA) and the ratio between PMM-CSA and Hum-CSA (PMM-CSA/Hum-CSA). Data were compared between the non-injured side and controls. The MRI protocol from both groups was the same and included T1 FSE and T2 FATSAT axial, coronal, and sagittal images, one side at a time.We identified 36 male subjects with unilateral PM injury with mean age 35.7 ± 8 years and 10 age- and gender-matched controls (p = 0.45). A total of 36 PM MRI with non-injured PM and 20 PM MRI studies were included in this study. PMT length and PMT thickness were significantly higher in contralateral PM injury versus control subjects (both P 0.001). Also, PM-CSA and Hum-CSA were greater in the contralateral PM injury group (P = 0.032 and P 0.001, respectively). PMT thickness 2.95 mm had 80.6% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity to differentiate the non-injured PM group from controls.Non-injured side MR imaging of patients with previous contralateral PM lesion demonstrates greater PMT thickness and length as well as PM-CSA and Hum-CSA than controls.

To develop and validate a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) method capable of selecting the greatest Pectoralis Major Cross-Sectional Area (PMM-CSA) and automatically segmenting PMM on an axial Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We hypothesized a CNN technique can accurately perform both tasks compared with manual reference standards. Our method is based on two steps: (A) segmentation model, (B) PMM-CSA selection. In step A, we manually segmented the PMM on 134 axial T1-weighted PM MRIs. The segmentation model was trained from scratch (MONAI/Pytorch SegResNet, 4 mini-batch, 1000 epochs, dropout 0.20, Adam, learning rate 0.0005, cosine annealing, softmax). Mean-dice score determined the segmentation score on 8 internal axial T1-weighted PM MRIs. In step B, we used the OpenCV2 (version 4.5.1, https://opencv.org) framework to calculate the PMM-CSA of the model predictions and ground truth. Then, we selected the top-3 slices with the largest cross-sectional area and compared them with the ground truth. If one of the selected was in the top-3 from the ground truth, then we considered it to be a success. A top-3 accuracy evaluated this method on 8 axial T1-weighted PM MRIs internal test cases. The segmentation model (Step A) produced an accurate pectoralis muscle segmentation with a Mean Dice score of 0.94 ± 0.01. The results of Step B showed top-3 accuracy > 98% to select an appropriate axial image with the greatest PMM-CSA. Our results show an overall accurate selection of PMM-CSA and automated PM muscle segmentation using a combination of deep CNN algorithms.

Several anatomical parameters have been associated with increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture; however, published studies provide conflicting results. The objectives of this study are to assess whether there is a relationship between anterior cruciate ligament rupture and the lateral and medial posterior tibial slopes, as well as the lateral and medial posterior meniscal slopes and posterior tibial and meniscal delta-slopes.A retrospective case-control study was conducted in professional soccer athletes, using images from knee magnetic resonance imaging scans in athletes with clinical and radiological diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament rupture, and control group, with no signs of ligament rupture.The lateral and medial posterior tibial slopes, the lateral and medial posterior meniscal slopes, and the posterior tibial and meniscal delta-slopes showed significant differences between the groups (p 0.05). Multivariate analysis logistic regression revealed that the lateral and medial posterior meniscal slopes proved to be predictors for increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament rupture in professional soccer players.Posterior tibial and meniscal slopes and tibial and meniscal delta-slopes are related to a greater risk of rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in professional male soccer athletes. The lateral and medial posterior meniscal slopes are predictors for ligament rupture.

Gas Injector Well is part of the project to improve the pressure communication between peripheral gas injectors and nearby producers in the Northern Part of Unit G WAG Patterns. This well was injecting gas only to upper part of Unit G reservoir based on the PLT and TGT results. Based on the study using tracer chemical injection, this upper Unit G reservoir was found to be in connecting with another nearby different reservoir. The initial plan was to re-horizontalize the well and place injector in the proper reservoir, later this was changed and revised to use this innovation technology by installing blank liner with isolating packer to isolate the upper part of Unit G reservoir and let the lower part of open-hole remained open and connected to the required layer of reservoir. After extensive discussion with vendors and performing simulation runs, finally agreed to run this kind of swell packer. Vendor custom designed this kind of innovative packer at their USA facility and transported to ADNOC Onshore yard just before the execution phase. First run the swell packer on blank pipe and placed it at desired depth in the open hole, later run upper completions and sting into the top packer of lower completion. This way, we were able to inject gas into the lower part of reservoir Unit-G only, whereas the upper part was remained isolated completely. Using this technique saved company additional 2 million and extra time for re-horizontalization.

Permanent down Hole Gauges (PDHGs) are typically run in combination with Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) cable with Wellbore Segmentation using Swellable Packers. The interpretation of the signals of the DTS/PDHG is complex, but it provides the possibility to identify change in production / injection profile along the completion and changes to the composition of produced fluids. Permanent down Hole Gauges (PDHGs) is a system enables the user to measure the reservoir pressure and temperature at single fixed point on real time basis. Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) is a technology which provides the user with a technique to measure the temperature in a well (from the surface to the TD of the well) distributed along the fibre optic line at any time. Several challenges were anticipated and measures were taken to minimize the risks of such implementation to ensure smooth deployment successfully.

Interconnect technologies play a vital role to provide the necessary electrical, mechanical and thermal interconnections in electronic assemblies. They are considered as one of the most critical factors governing the lifetime and reliability of the whole assembly1,2. This paper represents a new approach with a goal to accelerate the high temperature aging of electronic modules. The standard aging test is exposure of the assemblies to elevated temperatures for determined durations in order to simulate their lifetime in the field. It has to be mentioned that this qualification process activates failure mechanisms which are diffusion controlled and thermally activated. In this research, electronic assemblies have been subjected to temperature shocks as a pre-treatment before the ordinary high temperature aging under constant elevated temperatures. The main aim of this pre-treatment is to induce plastic deformation in the material due to coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch of different materials. The stored energy is the driving force for recrystallization producing new strain-free and small in size grains. Consequently, the number of grain boundaries will increase which will make the grain boundary diffusion mechanism more dominant than the bulk diffusion mechanism. This process enhances and accelerates the overall diffusion process and consequently the diffusion controlled failure mechanisms under exposure to constant elevated temperatures. This will help in accelerating the electronic assemblies qualification process. A design of experiment was developed in order to better understand the effect of thermal aging conditions on interconnect technologies in the form of intermetallic compounds growth. Different geometries have been used including multi layer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) and integrated circuits (IC). Failure analysis and microscopic investigations have followed the different aging conditions. A group of assemblies were exposed to temperature shocks of different number of cycles. Another experiment has been carried out for thermal aging of electronic assemblies under constant elevated temperatures; repeated for different durations. A correlation between the aging hours and the IMCs growth is analyzed. A third experiment has been implemented with another group of assemblies that were subjected to sequential temperature shock and high temperature aging, deriving a conclusion.

Electronic control units (ECUs) in automotive industry are exposed to extreme harsh electrical and physical working conditions. Moreover, due to the continuous innovation in automotive industry, complexity and miniaturization of these systems are increasing. Beside the environmental factors, there are other new requirements facing the electronic components reliability in automotive industry accompanied by ‘electromobility’. These new requirements represented in charging have increased the operating time of the involved ECUs. In addition to that, Reliability as a definition is the ability of the device to perform its designed function in terms of years of useful lifetime. Furthermore, internal heat dissipation of electronic devices is increased which is caused by increased power densities of electronic devices needed for electromobility requirements. One of the governing factors determining the reliability of electronic control units are first level interconnect technologies; solder joints between electronic components and the printed circuit board. Accelerated testing experiments are used to obtain reliability information by visualizing the possible failure mechanisms during the useful lifetime relatively quick compared to the actual useful lifetime. Systems are subjected to more severe stress levels than those specified in the normal operating conditions. Interfacial structure of solder joints is a main factor determining solder joint reliability. The concerns are not only void formation between the solder and copper substrate, however, formation and growth of inter-metallic compounds (IMCs) is a concern as well. These compounds are brittle materials in nature which could crack and fracture when subjected to mechanical or thermo-mechanical loading leading to possible electrical or overheating failures. A design of experiment has been prepared using industrial electronic modules out of production line with an aim to understand the governing factors determining the reliability of electronic control units under environmental loading conditions. The modules have been stressed in active mode using different designed stress conditions. Failure analysis follows the aging process including functional testing, metallography and microscopy investigations. Evolution of the interfacial structure as well as the mechanical reliability of the solder joints under the different stressing conditions is discussed. Based on the observations obtained from this study, a deep understanding of the aging mechanisms under different environmental stress conditions has been reached. It has been concluded that the solder joint failure mechanisms are more dominant than failure mechanisms of other components. IMCs growth, voiding and cracking in the solder joints under thermal and thermo-mechanical loading is observed which could lead to malfunctioning due to electrical failures or overheating.

During a tubing depressurizing operation in a sour gas producer, the Sub-Surface Safety Valve dislodged from the nipple profile, broke and stuck inside the tubing hanger, restricting accessibility to the well. Multiple attempts to recover the stuck fish via slick line in combination with a permanent magnet resulted in recovering a few broken pieces and revealed a limited clearance of 1.85" through the fish. The well was killed and attempts to secure the well by installing through tubing inflatable bridge plugs using coil tubing were unsuccessful. It was then decided to exclude the coiled tubing operation for well integrity purposes due to limited clearance as the coil tubing had to pass through broken fish and could get stuck compromising the X-tree valves operation and it was decided to carry out work over operation to recover the broken fish. The cost for well work over was estimated at $ 3.0 MM. An innovative approach to secure this gas well riglessly using through Inflatable bridge plugs setting with electric line was introduced and the job was conducted successfully after completing all the risk assessments saving the significant costs associated with rig intervention. Two 1-11/16" through tubing inflatable retrievable bridge plugs (TTIRBP) were set with electric line passing thru the limited access hole of the broken fish. Plugs were set inside 4-1/2" and 3-1/2" tubing and pressure tested to 3000 PSI. The well was secured and the fish was successfully retrieved. Both bridge plugs were retrieved using 0.108 inches slickline and the well was put back into production. This great achievement was recognized as a 1st trial to carry out securing a sour gas well in the Middle East using a combination of electric line and slick line for setting and retrieving TTRPB Inflatable packers and plugs run on coiled tubing and wireline through production tubing for water & gas shut-off applications were introduced in late 1980s. This has brought substantial cost savings by eliminating the workover rig and all ancillary operations required by conventional workover in additional to bringing wells back to production in significantly less time. Expanding the use of thru-tubing retrievable beyond their usual scope, to secure wells where maintenance work was required on x-mas trees, tubing hangers and in this example to retrieve and replace the sub surface safety valve stuck in the tubing hanger in a rigless environment sheds light on a whole new range of applications. The rigless program designed and executed successfully to secure the sour gas well utilizing through tubing retrievable bridge plugs.

The pericruciate fat pad is located in the intercondylar fossa, intimate with the cruciate ligaments. With MR imaging, signal abnormality of the pericruciate fat pad has been observed in patients with posterior knee pain. The purpose of this study was to describe the anatomy of the pericruciate fat pad in cadaveric specimens and to document the clinical spectrum of pericruciate fat pad inflammation. Twelve cadaveric knees underwent MR imaging with T1 and T2 multiplanar images. Cadaveric sections were then prepared for macroscopic evaluation, with additional histologic analysis performed in four cases. MR images in seventeen patients (ten males, seven females; average age, 31.5 years; age range, 19–57 years) involved in intensive sporting activity and with posterior knee pain were reviewed. MR images in cadaveric specimens showed a fat pad that was located above and between the cruciate ligaments, near their attachment sites in the inner portion of the femoral condyles, within the intercondylar fossa. Fatty tissue covered by a thin layer of synovial membrane was confirmed at histology. Seventeen patients with posterior knee pain and without gross cartilage, meniscal, or ligamentous abnormalities all revealed an increased signal in this fat pad in fluid-sensitive fat-suppressed images, mainly in the sagittal and axial planes. In eight cases, enhancement of this fat pad was demonstrated following intravenous gadolinium administration. The pericruciate fat pad is a structure located in the intercondylar fossa, intimate with both the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments. Inflammatory changes in this fat pad may be found in patients, especially athletes with posterior knee pain.

This paper will describe a new production technology system that enabled focusing on achieving performance objectives in addition to finding and fixing production problems. Inflow Control Device (ICD) is a new completion system that will optimize production, delay water progress, eliminate / minimize annular flow, and ensure a uniform inflow along the horizontal wellbore at the cost of a minute pressure drop. The non-uniform production profile across the horizontal hole especially in the highly heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs can result in premature water production, bypassed oil and lower ultimate recovery. The problem was identified through production logging of several horizontal wells, which indicated a non-uniform production profile across the horizontal holes. The successful implementation of this technology was achieved by the use of an integrated approach to select the appropriate technology and method for addressing the problem. A business case was developed at which all key factors comprised a successful completion strategy in both drilling of a new well and work-over of an existing well. Among these key factors the development of multidisciplinary team; matching a good intervention candidate well with the appropriate technology; properly designing the well segmentation and execution of the design with rigorous quality control. A case history will be presented where this new production technology, has resulted in significant Net Present Value (NPV), and improved production via an extended well-life cycle. The ICD Equalizer system was installed in one new and an existing well with the aim to evaluate the viability of the technique. Both installations were successful and the preliminary surface testing results of the wells performance on different rates indicated a niform production profile across the horizontal hole and a drop in the existing well water cut (from 7% to traces). Although the new well has penetrated fractures as expected, the well did not show water production since installation (Febrauary 2007) till the time of writing this paper. With field-scale implementation, the economic analysis revealed an improved NPV and an incremental recovery factor increase about 1%.

A short term Neubauer experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of cobalt on the growth as well as cobalt uptake of barely (Giza 126 variety) grown in three alkaline soils from the north west coast of Egypt in relation to AAAA-EDTA (Acetic Acid Ammonium Acetate-EDTA) extractable cobalt in the tested soils of the uncropped treatments. Treatments of five levels of cobalt (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 mg/kg soil) were superimposed on the tested soils. The data indicated that the available cobalt concentration increased with increasing cobalt application rate. The concentration of cobalt extracted with AAAA-EDTA increased polynomialy in response to cobalt application for the three studied soils. The data showed also, that the effect of cobalt application on the growth of barely plants was significant on the clay soil (Soil A) and insignificant on the clay loam and sandy loam soils (Soils B and C). The higher dry matter yields were obtained with the application of cobalt to the soils at the rate of 20 mg Co/Kg soil. The tolerance index (Ti) for the addition of 5 to 80 mg Co/Kg soil (>1) shows a favourable effect for the growth of barley. Also, the tolerance index was varied with the soil characteristics. Cobalt concentration or uptake by barley was increased significantly with cobalt application and this was also evidenced by the increase in AAAA- EDTA extractable cobalt from the tested soils. The average uptake values of cobalt followed the sequence order: soil C (sandy loam) >soil B (clay loam)> soil A (clay). Also percentage utilization of added cobalt was highest in soil C followed by soil B and soil A. In conclusion the application of cobalt in a low level improved growth of barely and may be applied to the soil at the recommended rate in term of cobalt sulphate.