Author: "Abd-Allah, Foad" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"Abd-Allah, Foad"' showing total 527 results

Start Over Author "Abd-Allah, Foad"

527 results on '"Abd-Allah, Foad"'

1. Towards improving stroke services in Africa: Results from the Africa-UK Stroke Partnership [AUKSP] surveys

Author: Jones, Stephanie P, Spencer, Joseph, Adeniji, Olaleye, Abd-Allah, Foad, Ogunde, Gabriel, Ebenezer, Ad Adams, Kalaria, Raj, Lightbody, Catherine E, Langhorne, Peter, Melifonwu, Rita, Naidoo, Pamela, Macaire Ossou-Nguiet, Paul, Ogunniyi, Adesola, Olowoyo, Paul, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Sarfo, Fred S, Walker, Richard, Yaria, Joseph, Watkins C, Caroline L, and Akinyemi, Rufus O
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. The burden of neurological conditions in north Africa and the Middle East, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Avan, Abolfazl, Feigin, Valery L, Bennett, Derrick A., Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Hachinski, Vladimir, Stranges, Saverio, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Aali, Amirali, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdollahzade, Sina, Abidi, Hassan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Luai A, Ajami, Marjan, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Amiri, Sohrab, Arabloo, Jalal, Arulappan, Judie, Arumugam, Ashokan, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Athar, Mohammad, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Baghcheghi, Nayereh, Bagherieh, Sara, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Bhojaraja, Vijayalakshmi S, Bijani, Ali, Bitaraf, Saeid, Calina, Daniela, Darwish, Amira Hamed, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doheim, Mohamed Fahmy, Dorostkar, Fariba, Eini, Ebrahim, El Nahas, Nevine, El Sayed, Iman, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmonem, Mohamed A, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Faghani, Shahriar, Fallahzadeh, Aida, Farahmand, Mohammad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Gholami, Ali, Ghozy, Sherief, Goleij, Pouya, Hadei, Mostafa, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Halwani, Rabih, Hamidi, Samer, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hassan, Amr, Hedna, Khedidja, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar, Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh, Jahrami, Haitham, Jamshidi, Elham, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Kalankesh, Laleh R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamiab, Zahra, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Moien AB, Khatatbeh, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, Khosravi, Ahmad, Kompani, Farzad, Koohestani, Hamid Reza, Larijani, Bagher, Lasrado, Savita, Magdy Abd El Razek, Mohammed, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mardi, Parham, Maroufi, Seyed Farzad, Masoudi, Sahar, Mayeli, Mahsa, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad, Mobarakabadi, Maryam, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mohammadi, Soheil, Mohan, Syam, Mokdad, Ali H, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Montazeri, Fateme, Moradi Sarabi, Mostafa, Moraga, Paula, Morovatdar, Negar, Motaghinejad, Majid, Naghavi, Mohsen, Natto, Zuhair S, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Noroozi, Nafise, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Perna, Simone, Piradov, Michael A, Pourahmadi, Mohammadreza, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmani, Shayan, Rahmanian, Vahid, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rao, Chythra R, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razeghian-Jahromi, Iman, Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed, Rezaee, Malihe, Rezaei, Nazila, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Nima, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Rikhtegar, Reza, Saad, Aly M A, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Sadeghian, Saeid, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salahi, Saina, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanadgol, Nima, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Saylan, Mete, Shahbandi, Ataollah, Shahrokhi, Shayan, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shanawaz, Mohd, Sharifi-Rad, Javad, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Siabani, Soraya, Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad, Taheri Abkenar, Yasaman, Taheri Soodejani, Moslem, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Vakilian, Alireza, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Vaziri, Siavash, Vo, Bay, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yesiltepe, Metin, Zaki, Nazar, Zare, Iman, Zare Dehnavi, Ali, and Zoladl, Mohammad
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

3. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2019 Stroke, Feigin, Valery L, Stark, Benjamin A, Johnson, Catherine Owens, Roth, Gregory A, Bisignano, Catherine, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abedi, Vida, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Salih, Yusra Ahmed, Aji, Budi, Akbarpour, Samaneh, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Hamad, Hanadi Al, Alahdab, Fares, Alif, Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Salman, Rustam Al-Shahi, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A, Ansar, Adnan, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Arabloo, Jalal, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Aryan, Zahra, Asgari, Samaneh, Ashraf, Tahira, Athar, Mohammad, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Marcel, Baig, Atif Amin, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, Banach, Maciej, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara, Basu, Sanjay, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Beghi, Ettore, Beheshti, Mahya, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Arielle Wilder, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M, Boloor, Archith, Bonny, Aime, Brauer, Michael, Brenner, Hermann, Bryazka, Dana, Butt, Zahid A, dos Santos, Florentino Luciano Caetano, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Cantu-Brito, Carlos, Carrero, Juan J, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catapano, Alberico L, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Colozza, David, Costa, Vera Marisa, Costanzo, Simona, Criqui, Michael H, Dadras, Omid, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, D'Amico, Emanuele, Dandona, Lalit, and Dandona, Rakhi
Subjects: Brain Disorders, Aging, Prevention, Stroke, Clinical Research, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Body Mass Index, Cerebral Hemorrhage, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Humans, Incidence, Income, Ischemic Stroke, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators, Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract: BackgroundRegularly updated data on stroke and its pathological types, including data on their incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability, risk factors, and epidemiological trends, are important for evidence-based stroke care planning and resource allocation. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) aims to provide a standardised and comprehensive measurement of these metrics at global, regional, and national levels.MethodsWe applied GBD 2019 analytical tools to calculate stroke incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of DALYs (with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs]) associated with 19 risk factors, for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. These estimates were provided for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, subarachnoid haemorrhage, and all strokes combined, and stratified by sex, age group, and World Bank country income level.FindingsIn 2019, there were 12·2 million (95% UI 11·0-13·6) incident cases of stroke, 101 million (93·2-111) prevalent cases of stroke, 143 million (133-153) DALYs due to stroke, and 6·55 million (6·00-7·02) deaths from stroke. Globally, stroke remained the second-leading cause of death (11·6% [10·8-12·2] of total deaths) and the third-leading cause of death and disability combined (5·7% [5·1-6·2] of total DALYs) in 2019. From 1990 to 2019, the absolute number of incident strokes increased by 70·0% (67·0-73·0), prevalent strokes increased by 85·0% (83·0-88·0), deaths from stroke increased by 43·0% (31·0-55·0), and DALYs due to stroke increased by 32·0% (22·0-42·0). During the same period, age-standardised rates of stroke incidence decreased by 17·0% (15·0-18·0), mortality decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0), prevalence decreased by 6·0% (5·0-7·0), and DALYs decreased by 36·0% (31·0-42·0). However, among people younger than 70 years, prevalence rates increased by 22·0% (21·0-24·0) and incidence rates increased by 15·0% (12·0-18·0). In 2019, the age-standardised stroke-related mortality rate was 3·6 (3·5-3·8) times higher in the World Bank low-income group than in the World Bank high-income group, and the age-standardised stroke-related DALY rate was 3·7 (3·5-3·9) times higher in the low-income group than the high-income group. Ischaemic stroke constituted 62·4% of all incident strokes in 2019 (7·63 million [6·57-8·96]), while intracerebral haemorrhage constituted 27·9% (3·41 million [2·97-3·91]) and subarachnoid haemorrhage constituted 9·7% (1·18 million [1·01-1·39]). In 2019, the five leading risk factors for stroke were high systolic blood pressure (contributing to 79·6 million [67·7-90·8] DALYs or 55·5% [48·2-62·0] of total stroke DALYs), high body-mass index (34·9 million [22·3-48·6] DALYs or 24·3% [15·7-33·2]), high fasting plasma glucose (28·9 million [19·8-41·5] DALYs or 20·2% [13·8-29·1]), ambient particulate matter pollution (28·7 million [23·4-33·4] DALYs or 20·1% [16·6-23·0]), and smoking (25·3 million [22·6-28·2] DALYs or 17·6% [16·4-19·0]).InterpretationThe annual number of strokes and deaths due to stroke increased substantially from 1990 to 2019, despite substantial reductions in age-standardised rates, particularly among people older than 70 years. The highest age-standardised stroke-related mortality and DALY rates were in the World Bank low-income group. The fastest-growing risk factor for stroke between 1990 and 2019 was high body-mass index. Without urgent implementation of effective primary prevention strategies, the stroke burden will probably continue to grow across the world, particularly in low-income countries.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

4. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2019 Under-5 Mortality, Paulson, Katherine R, Kamath, Aruna M, Alam, Tahiya, Bienhoff, Kelly, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abbas, Jaffar, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief M, Abdoli, Amir, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adamu, Aishatu L, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adegbosin, Adeyinka Emmanuel, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo, Adsuar, Jose C, Afshari, Khashayar, Aghaali, Mohammad, Agudelo-Botero, Marcela, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aji, Budi, Akalu, Yonas, Akinyemi, Oluwaseun Oladapo, Aklilu, Addis, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Tilahun, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alif, Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alumran, Arwa Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Aqeel, Muhammad, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aripov, Timur, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Jafarabadi, Mohammad Asghari, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Athari, Seyyede Masoume, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atreya, Alok, Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan, Ausloos, Marcel, Awan, Asma Tahir, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Darshan, BB, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badiye, Ashish D, and Baig, Atif Amin
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period, Prevention, Pediatric, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, COVID-19, Cause of Death, Child, Child Mortality, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, Infant, Newborn, Life Tables, Male, SARS-CoV-2, Sustainable Development, GBD 2019 Under-5 Mortality Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundSustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival.MethodsWe completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index.FindingsGlobal U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3-74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2-41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8-29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3-19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030, 154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9·65 million (95% UI 9·05-10·30) in 2000 and 5·05 million (4·27-6·02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3·76 million [95% UI 3·53-4·02]) in 2000 to 48% (2·42 million; 2·06-2·86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0·80 (95% UI 0·71-0·86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1·44 (95% UI 1·27-1·58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1·87 million (95% UI 1·35-2·58; 37% [95% UI 32-43]) of 5·05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier.InterpretationGlobal child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve U5MR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021

5. Pragmatic solutions to reduce the global burden of stroke: a World Stroke Organization–Lancet Neurology Commission

Author: Feigin, Valery L, Abd-Allah, Foad, Akinyemi, Rufus O, Bhattacharjee, Natalia V, Brainin, Michael, Cao, Jackie, Caso, Valeria, Dalton, Bronte, Davis, Alan, Dempsey, Robert, Duprey, Joseph, Feng, Wuwei, Ford, Gary A, Gall, Seana, Gandhi, Dorcas, Good, David C, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hacke, Werner, Hankey, Graeme J, Ishida, Marie, Johnson, Walter, Kim, Julie, Lavados, Pablo, Lindsay, Patrice, Mahal, Ajay, Martins, Sheila, Murray, Christopher, Nguyen, Thuy Phuong, Norrving, Bo, Olaiya, Muideen T, Olalusi, Oladotun V, Pandian, Jeyaraj, Phan, Hoang, Platz, Thomas, Ranta, Anna, Rehman, Sabah, Roth, Greg, Sebastian, Ivy Anne, Smith, Amanda E, Suwanwela, Nijasri C, Sylaja, P N, Thapa, Rajshree, Thrift, Amanda G, Uvere, Ezinne, Vollset, Stein Emil, Yavagal, Dileep, Yaria, Joseph, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Akinyemi, Rufus, Dempsey, Robert J, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Liu, Liping, Ovbiagele, Bruce, Piradov, Michael, Suwanwela, Nijasri, Abanto, Carlos, Addissie, Adamu, Adeleye, Amos O, Adilbekov, Yerzhan, Adilbekova, Bibigul, Adoukonou, Thierry A, Aguiar de Sousa, Diana, Akhmetzhanova, Zauresh, Akpalu, Albert, El Alaoui-Faris, Mustapha, Ameriso, Sebastian F, Andonova, Silva, Arsovska, Anita, Awoniyi, Folorunso E, Bakhiet, Moiz, Barboza, Miguel A, Basri, Hamidon, Bath, Philip M, Bereczki, Daniel, Beretta, Simone, Berkowitz, Aaron L, Bernhardt, Julie, Berzina, Guna, Bhavsar, Bhavan, Bisharyan, Mher S, Bohara, Manoj, Bovet, Pascal, Budincevic, Hrvoje, Cadilhac, Dominique A, Čerimagić, Denis, Charway-Felli, Augustina, Chen, Christopher, Chin, Jerome H, Christensen, Hanne, Chwojnicki, Kamil, Conforto, Adriana B, Correia, Manuel, Mora Cuervo, Daissy L, Członkowska, Anna, D'Amelio, Marco, Danielyan, Kristine E, Davis, Stephen, Demarin, Vida, Demchuk, Andrew M, Dichgans, Martin, Dokova, Klara, Donnan, Geoffrey, Duran, Juan Carlos, Ekeng, Gloria, Elkind, Mitchell S, Endres, Matthias, Fischer, Urs, Flomin, Yuriy, Gankpe, Fortuné, Gavidia, Martin, Gaye Saavedra, Andrés, Gebreyohanns, Mehari, George, Mary, Gierlotka, Marek, Giroud, Maurice, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Gonçalves, Ivete Pillo, Gongora-Rivera, Fernando, Gunaratne, Padma S, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamzat, Tal-hatu K, Heldner, Mirjam R, Ibrahim, Etedal, Ihle-Hansen, Hanne, Jee, Sungju, Jiann-Shing, Jeng, Johnston, S Clay, Jovanovic, Dejana, Jurjāns, Kristaps, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamenova, Saltanat, Karaszewski, Bartosz, Kelly, Peter, Kiechl, Stefan, Kondybayeva, Aida, Kõrv, Janika, Kozera, Grzegorz, Kravchenko, Michael, Krespi, Yakup, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Kruja, Jera, Kutluk, Kursad, Langhorne, Peter, Law, Zhe K, Lebedynets, Dmytro, Lee, Tsong-Hai, Leung, Thomas W, Liebeskind, David S, López-Jaramillo, Patricio, Lotufo, Paulo A, Machline-Carrion, M Julia, Maia, Luis F, Malojcic, Branko, Markus, Hugh S, Marquez-Romero, Juan M, Medina, Marco T, Medukhanova, Sabina, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Miglāne, Evija, Mihejeva, Illa, Mikulik, Robert, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohl, Stephanie, Munakomi, Sunil, Murphy, Sean, Musa, Kamarul I, Nasreldein, Ahmed, Nogueira, Raul G, Nolte, Christian H, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Novarro-Escudero, Nelson, Ocampo, Cassandra, O'Donnell, Martin, Ogun, Yomi, Ogunniyi, Adesola, Oraby, Mohammed I, Ōrken, Dilek N, Ōzdemir, Atilla O, Ozturk, Serefnur, Paccot, Mélanie, Pereira, Telmo, Peeters, André, Potpara, Tatjana, Proios, Hariklia, Rathore, Farooq A, Sacco, Ralph L, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sandset, Else S, Renato Santos, Irving, Saposnik, Gustavo, Sarfo, Fred S, Sargento-Freitas, João, Sharma, Mukul, Shaw, Louise, Sheth, Kevin N, Shin, Yong-Il, Shobhana, A, Silva, S Nishan, Tedim Cruz, Vitor, Thakur, Kiran, Thapa, Lekh Jung, Toni, Danilo, Topcuoglu, Mehmetakif A, Torales, Julio, Towfighi, Amytis, Truelsen, Thomas, Tsiskaridze, Alexander, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall, Useche, Juan N, Vanacker, Peter, Vassilopoulou, Sophia, Vukorepa, Gorana, Vuletic, Vladimira, Wahab, Kolawole W, Wang, Wenzhi, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wolfe, Charles, Yacouba, Mapoure N, Yang, Jie, Yifru, Yared M, Yock-Corrales, Adriana, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yperzeele, Laetitia, and Zagożdżon, Pawel
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

6. Global, regional, and national burden of spinal cord injury, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Safdarian, Mahdi, Trinka, Eugen, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Thomschewski, Aljoscha, Aali, Amirali, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abate, Semagn Mekonnen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abedi, Aidin, Adane, Denberu Eshetie, Afzal, Saira, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmed, Haroon, Amanat, Nasir, Angappan, Dhanalakshmi, Arabloo, Jalal, Aryannejad, Armin, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atreya, Alok, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azzam, Ahmed Y, Babamohamadi, Hassan, Banik, Palash Chandra, Bardhan, Mainak, Bashiri, Azadeh, Berhie, Alemshet Yirga, Bhat, Ajay Nagesh, Brown, Julie, Champs, Ana Paula, Charalampous, Periklis, Chukwu, Isaac Sunday, Coberly, Kaleb, Dadras, Omid, Yada, Dereje Y, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dessalegn, Fikadu Nugusu, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dhingra, Sameer, Diao, Nancy, Diaz, Daniel, Dibas, Mahmoud, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Nahas, Nevine, Elhadi, Muhammed, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Fares, Jawad, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fischer, Florian, Franklin, Richard Charles, Garg, Tushar, Getachew, Melaku, Ghaffarpasand, Fariborz, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Gholizadeh Mesgarha, Milad, Ghozy, Sherief, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Graham, Simon Matthew, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hamidi, Samer, Harlianto, Netanja I., Harorani, Mehdi, Hasanian, Mohammad, Hassan, Amr, Hassen, Mohammed Bheser, Hoveidaei, Amir Human, Iravanpour, Farideh, Irilouzadian, Rana, Iwu, Chidozie C D, Jacob, Louis, Jaja, Chinwe Juliana, Joseph, Nitin, Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kandel, Amit, Kantar, Rami S., Karaye, Ibraheem M, Karkhah, Samad, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Md Jobair, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, Khonji, Mohammad Saeid, Khormali, Moein, Kim, Grace, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Kumaran, Senthil D, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Miller, Ted R, Mirahmadi, Alireza, Mirghaderi, Seyed Peyman, Mirza, Moonis, Misganaw, Awoke, Misra, Sanjeev, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Mokdad, Ali H, Möller, Holger, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mulita, Francesk, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nassereldine, Hasan, Natto, Zuhair S, Nejati, Kazem, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Van Thanh, Nogueira de Sá, Antonio Tolentino, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa, Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Patil, Shankargouda, Pawar, Shrikant, Pedersini, Paolo, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Polinder, Suzanne, Pourbagher-Shahri, Ali Mohammad, Qureshi, Maryam Faiz, Raghav, Pankaja Raghav, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahnavard, Niloufar, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Rawaf, Salman, Roberts, Nicholas L S, Saddik, Basema, Saeed, Umar, Samadzadeh, Sara, Samy, Abdallah M, Sarveazad, Arash, Seylani, Allen, Shafie, Mahan, Shahbandi, Ataollah, Sharew, Mequannent Melaku Sharew, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Yigit, Arzu, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shool, Sina, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen, Sinaei, Ehsan, Singh, Paramdeep, Singh, Surjit, Solomon, Yonatan, Sotoudeh, Houman, Tadesse, Belsti Atnkut, Umair, Muhammad, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vu, Linh Gia, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Zare, Iman, Yazdanpanah, Fereshteh, Wu, Ai-Min, and Zhang, Zhi-Jiang
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

7. Global, regional, and national incidence of six major immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019

Author: Wu, Dongze, Jin, Yingzhao, Xing, Yuhan, Abate, Melsew Dagne, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelmasseh, Michael, Abdollahifar, Mohammad-Amin, Abdulah, Deldar Morad, Abedi, Aidin, Abedi, Vida, Abidi, Hassan, Aboagye, Richard Gyan, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abuabara, Katrina, Abyadeh, Morteza, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Adeniji, Kayode Nelson, Adepoju, Abiola Victor, Adesina, Miracle Ayomikun, Sakilah Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas, Afarideh, Mohsen, Aghamiri, Shahin, Agodi, Antonella, Agrawal, Anurag, Aguilera Arriagada, Constanza Elizabeth, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmad, Danish, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed, Ayman, Aithala, Janardhana P., Ajadi, Abdullateef Abiodun, Ajami, Marjan, Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Mostafa, Alahdab, Fares, AlBataineh, Mohammad T., Alemi, Sharifullah, Saeed Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali, Ali, Liaqat, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Almazan, Joseph Uy, Almustanyir, Sami, Alqahtani, Jaber S., Alqasmi, Ibrahim, Khan Altaf, Ihsan Ullah, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Al-Worafi, Yaser Mohammed, Aly, Hany, Amani, Reza, Amu, Hubert, Amusa, Ganiyu Adeniyi, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Ansar, Adnan, Ansariniya, Hossein, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, Arabloo, Jalal, Arefnezhad, Reza, Arulappan, Judie, Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad, Ashraf, Tahira, Atata, Jamila Abdulhamid, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atlaw, Daniel, Wahbi Atout, Maha Moh'd, Aujayeb, Avinash, Awan, Asma Tahir, Ayatollahi, Haleh, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Azzam, Ahmed Y., Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D., Bagherieh, Sara, Baig, Atif Amin, Bantie, Berihun Bantie, Barchitta, Martina, Bardhan, Mainak, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, Batra, Kavita, Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew, Behnoush, Amir Hossein, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, Bemanalizadeh, Maryam, Bensenor, Isabela M., Beyene, Kebede A., Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhat, Ajay Nagesh, Bitaraf, Saeid, Bitra, Veera R., Boloor, Archith, Bora, Kaustubh, Botelho, João Silva, Buchbinder, Rachelle, Calina, Daniela, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Carvalho, Andre F., Kai Chan, Jeffrey Shi, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Abebe, Endeshaw Chekol, Chichagi, Fatemeh, Choi, Sungchul, Chou, Tzu-Chieh, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Coberly, Kaleb, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A.S., Cruz-Martins, Natália, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damiani, Giovanni, Dascalu, Ana Maria, Dashti, Mohsen, Debela, Sisay Abebe, Dellavalle, Robert Paul, Demetriades, Andreas K., Demlash, Alemayehu Anley, Deng, Xinlei, Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai, Desai, Rupak, Rahman Dewan, Syed Masudur, Dey, Sourav, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diaz, Daniel, Dibas, Mahmoud, Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge, Diress, Mengistie, Do, Thanh Chi, Doan, Duy Khanh, Dodangeh, Masoud, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Dube, John, Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian, Ed-Dra, Abdelaziz, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Eissazade, Negin, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus, Elemam, Noha Mousaad, Elhadi, Muhammed, Elmehrath, Ahmed O., Abdou Elmeligy, Omar Abdelsadek, Emamverdi, Mehdi, Emeto, Theophilus I., Esayas, Hawi Leul, Eshetu, Habitu Birhan, Etaee, Farshid, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Faghani, Shahriar, Fakhradiyev, Ildar Ravisovich, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Fathi, Mobina, Feizkhah, Alireza, Fekadu, Ginenus, Fereidouni, Mohammad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, João C., Ferrara, Pietro, Fetensa, Getahun, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foroutan, Behzad, Foroutan, Masoud, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Ganesan, Balasankar, Belete Gemeda, Belete Negese, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghasemi, MohammadReza, Gholamalizadeh, Maryam, Gill, Tiffany K., Gillum, Richard F., Goldust, Mohamad, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Golinelli, Davide, Goudarzi, Houman, Guan, Shi-Yang, Guo, Yang, Gupta, Bhawna, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Haddadi, Rasool, Hadi, Najah R., Halwani, Rabih, Haque, Shafiul, Hasan, Ikramul, Hashempour, Reza, Hassan, Amr, Hassan, Treska S., Hassanzadeh, Sara, Hassen, Mohammed Bheser, Haubold, Johannes, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari, Mohammad, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hessami, Kamran, Hezam, Kamal, Hiraike, Yuta, Holla, Ramesh, Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar, Huynh, Hong-Han, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M., Ilic, Milena D., Iranmehr, Arad, Iravanpour, Farideh, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iwagami, Masao, Iwu, Chidozie C.D., Jacob, Louis, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jafarzadeh, Abdollah, Jahankhani, Kasra, Jahrami, Haitham, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamshidi, Elham, Jani, Chinmay T., Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayaram, Shubha, Jeganathan, Jayakumar, Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Abel, Joseph, Nitin, Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma, Vaishali, K., Kaambwa, Billingsley, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kaliyadan, Feroze, Kalroozi, Fatemeh, Kamal, Vineet Kumar, Kandel, Amit, Kandel, Himal, Kanungo, Srikanta, Karami, Jafar, Karaye, Ibraheem M., Karimi, Hanie, Kasraei, Hengameh, Kazemian, Sina, Kebede, Sewnet Adem, Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khamesipour, Faham, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Imteyaz A., Khan, Maseer, Khan, Md Jobair, Khan, Moien A.B., Khan, Muhammad Arslan, Khatatbeh, Haitham, Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad, Khateri, Sorour, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, Kim, Min Seo, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Koh, Hyun Yong, Kolkhir, Pavel, Korzh, Oleksii, Kotnis, Ashwin Laxmikant, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kuddus, Mohammed, Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha Vishnutheertha, Kumar, Narinder, Kundu, Satyajit, Kurmi, Om P., La Vecchia, Carlo, Lahariya, Chandrakant, Laksono, Tri, Lám, Judit, Latief, Kamaluddin, Lauriola, Paolo, Lawal, Basira Kankia, Thu Le, Thao Thi, Bich Le, Trang Thi, Lee, Munjae, Lee, Seung Won, Lee, Wei-Chen, Lee, Yo Han, Lenzi, Jacopo, Levi, Miriam, Li, Wei, Ligade, Virendra S., Lim, Stephen S., Liu, Gang, Liu, Xuefeng, Llanaj, Erand, Lo, Chun-Han, Machado, Vanessa Sintra, Maghazachi, Azzam A., Mahmoud, Mansour Adam, Mai, Tuan A., Majeed, Azeem, Sanaye, Pantea Majma, Makram, Omar Mohamed, Rad, Elaheh Malakan, Malhotra, Kashish, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Malik, Iram, Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Martorell, Miquel, Masoudi, Sahar, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Mathangasinghe, Yasith, Mathews, Elezebeth, Mathioudakis, Alexander G., Maugeri, Andrea, Mayeli, Mahsa, Carabeo Medina, John Robert, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Mendes, José João, Menezes, Ritesh G., Mestrovic, Tomislav, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ana Carolina, Mihretie, Ephrem Tesfaye, Nhat Minh, Le Huu, Mirfakhraie, Reza, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Misganaw, Awoke, Mohamadkhani, Ashraf, Mohamed, Nouh Saad, Mohammadi, Faezeh, Mohammadi, Soheil, Mohammed, Salahuddin, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohan, Syam, Mohseni, Anita, Mokdad, Ali H., Momtazmanesh, Sara, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moniruzzaman, Md, Moradi, Yousef, Morovatdar, Negar, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, Mousavi, Parsa, Mukoro, George Duke, Mulita, Admir, Mulu, Getaneh Baye, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, Musaigwa, Fungai, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthu, Sathish, Nainu, Firzan, Nangia, Vinay, Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha, Natto, Zuhair S., Navaraj, Perumalsamy, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Nazri-Panjaki, Athare, Negash, Hadush, Nematollahi, Mohammad Hadi, Nguyen, Dang H., Hien Nguyen, Hau Thi, Nguyen, Hien Quang, Nguyen, Phat Tuan, Nguyen, Van Thanh, Niazi, Robina Khan, Nikolouzakis, Taxiarchis Konstantinos, Nnyanzi, Lawrence Achilles, Noreen, Mamoona, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Oancea, Bogdan, Oh, In-Hwan, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Okwute, Patrick Godwin, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olatubi, Matthew Idowu, Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa, Ordak, Michal, Otstavnov, Nikita, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Mahesh, P.A., Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pak, Anton, Pakzad, Reza, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Pantazopoulos, Ioannis, Papadopoulou, Paraskevi, Pardhan, Shahina, Parthasarathi, Ashwaghosha, Pashaei, Ava, Patel, Jay, Pathan, Aslam Ramjan, Patil, Shankargouda, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Pedersini, Paolo, Pensato, Umberto, Pereira, David M., Pereira, Jeevan, Pereira, Maria Odete, Pereira, Renato B., Peres, Mario F.P., Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Perna, Simone, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Pezeshki, Parmida Sadat, Pham, Hoang Tran, Philip, Anil K., Piradov, Michael A., Podder, Indrashis, Podder, Vivek, Poddighe, Dimitri, Sady Prates, Elton Junio, Qattea, Ibrahim, Radfar, Amir, Raee, Pourya, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi, Mehran, Rahimifard, Mahban, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Md Obaidur, Ur Rahman, Mohammad Hifz, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmani, Mohamed, Rahmani, Shayan, Rahmanian, Vahid, Ramasubramani, Premkumar, Rancic, Nemanja, Rao, Indu Ramachandra, Rashedi, Sina, Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa, Ravikumar, Nakul, Rawaf, Salman, Mohamed Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa, Rezaei, Nazila, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Nima, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rodrigues, Mónica, Buendia Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio, Roever, Leonardo, Romero-Rodríguez, Esperanza, Saad, Aly M.A., Saddik, Basema, Sadeghian, Saeid, Saeed, Umar, Safary, Azam, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sher Zaman, Saghazadeh, Amene, Sagoe, Dominic, Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb, Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahoo, Harihar, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajid, Mirza Rizwan, Sakhamuri, Sateesh, Sakshaug, Joseph W., Saleh, Mohamed A., Salehi, Leili, Salehi, Sana, Farrokhi, Amir Salek, Samadzadeh, Sara, Samargandy, Saad, Samieefar, Noosha, Samy, Abdallah M., Sanadgol, Nima, Sanjeev, Rama Krishna, Sawhney, Monika, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Schuermans, Art, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Sethi, Yashendra, Shafie, Mahan, Shah, Humaira, Shahid, Izza, Shahid, Samiah, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharfaei, Sadaf, Sharma, Manoj, Shayan, Maryam, Shehata, Hatem Samir, Sheikh, Aziz, Shetty, Jeevan K., Shin, Jae Il, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shitaye, Nebiyu Aniley, Shivakumar, K.M., Shivarov, Velizar, Shobeiri, Parnian, Siabani, Soraya, Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen, Siddig, Emmanuel Edwar, Simpson, Colin R., Sinaei, Ehsan, Singh, Harpreet, Singh, Inderbir, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Paramdeep, Singh, Surjit, Siraj, Md Shahjahan, Al Mamun Sohag, Abdullah, Solanki, Ranjan, Solikhah, Solikhah, Solomon, Yonatan, Soltani-Zangbar, Mohammad Sadegh, Sun, Jing, Szeto, Mindy D., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad, Tabish, Mohammad, Taheri, Ensiyeh, Tahvildari, Azin, Talaat, Iman M., Lukenze Tamuzi, Jacques J.L., Tan, Ker-Kan, Tat, Nathan Y., Oliaee, Razieh Tavakoli, Tavasol, Arian, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan, Tharwat, Samar, Tibebu, Nigusie Selomon, Vera Ticoalu, Jansje Henny, Tillawi, Tala, Tiruye, Tenaw Yimer, Tiyuri, Amir, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tripathi, Manjari, Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom, Tualeka, Abdul Rohim, Ty, Sree Sudha, Ubah, Chukwudi S., Ullah, Saif, Ullah, Sana, Umair, Muhammad, Umakanthan, Srikanth, Upadhyay, Era, Vahabi, Seyed Mohammad, Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj, Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan, Valizadeh, Rohollah, Varthya, Shoban Babu, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Villafañe, Jorge Hugo, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Danh Cao, Waheed, Yasir, Waris, Abdul, Welegebrial, Brhane Gebrehiwot, Westerman, Ronny, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha Praneeth, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Willekens, Barbara, Woldegeorgis, Beshada Zerfu, Woldemariam, Melat, Xiao, Hong, Yada, Dereje Y., Yahya, Galal, Yang, Lin, Yazdanpanah, Fereshteh, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, You, Yuyi, Zahir, Mazyar, Zaidi, Syed Saoud, Zangiabadian, Moein, Zare, Iman, Zeineddine, Mohammad A., Zemedikun, Dawit T., Zeru, Naod Gebrekrstos, Zhang, Chen, Zhao, Hanqing, Zhong, Chenwen, Zielińska, Magdalena, Zoladl, Mohammad, Zumla, Alimuddin, Guo, Cui, and Tam, Lai-shan
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. Mapping routine measles vaccination in low- and middle-income countries

Author: Sbarra, Alyssa N, Rolfe, Sam, Nguyen, Jason Q, Earl, Lucas, Galles, Natalie C, Marks, Ashley, Abbas, Kaja M, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abiy, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abreu, Lucas Guimaraes, Abrigo, Michael RM, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Adabi, Maryam, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adham, Davoud, Afarideh, Mohsen, Aghaali, Mohammad, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Raman, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Alemnew, Birhan Tamene, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Ali, Muhammad, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipoor, Reza, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Amare, Bekalu, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amiri, Fatemeh, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aremu, Olatunde, Armoon, Bahram, Aryal, Krishna K, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asgari, Samaneh, Atafar, Zahra, Ausloos, Marcel, Awoke, Nefsu, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Azadmehr, Abbas, Azari, Samad, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badawi, Alaa, Badiye, Ashish D, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Baig, Atif Amin, Bakhtiari, Ahad, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash Chandra, Barac, Aleksandra, Baradaran-Seyed, Zahra, Baraki, Adhanom Gebreegziabher, Basu, Sanjay, Bayati, Mohsen, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bell, Michelle L, Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, and Bijani, Ali
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Human Society, Pediatric, Immunization, Clinical Research, Prevention, Vaccine Related, 3.4 Vaccines, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Good Health and Well Being, Child, Child, Preschool, Developed Countries, Geographic Mapping, Healthcare Disparities, Humans, Internationality, Measles, Rural Health, Uncertainty, Urban Health, Vaccination, Vaccination Refusal, Local Burden of Disease Vaccine Coverage Collaborators, General Science & Technology
Abstract: The safe, highly effective measles vaccine has been recommended globally since 1974, yet in 2017 there were more than 17 million cases of measles and 83,400 deaths in children under 5 years old, and more than 99% of both occurred in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)1-4. Globally comparable, annual, local estimates of routine first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) coverage are critical for understanding geographically precise immunity patterns, progress towards the targets of the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP), and high-risk areas amid disruptions to vaccination programmes caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)5-8. Here we generated annual estimates of routine childhood MCV1 coverage at 5 × 5-km2 pixel and second administrative levels from 2000 to 2019 in 101 LMICs, quantified geographical inequality and assessed vaccination status by geographical remoteness. After widespread MCV1 gains from 2000 to 2010, coverage regressed in more than half of the districts between 2010 and 2019, leaving many LMICs far from the GVAP goal of 80% coverage in all districts by 2019. MCV1 coverage was lower in rural than in urban locations, although a larger proportion of unvaccinated children overall lived in urban locations; strategies to provide essential vaccination services should address both geographical contexts. These results provide a tool for decision-makers to strengthen routine MCV1 immunization programmes and provide equitable disease protection for all children.
Published: 2021

9. Five insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2019 Viewpoint, Murray, Christopher JL, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abbasi, Mohammad, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abedi, Parisa, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Aboyans, Victor, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael RM, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Acebedo, Alyssa, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adabi, Maryam, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adelson, Jaimie D, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aji, Budi, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akombi, Blessing, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Albertson, Samuel B, Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, Alhabib, Khalid F, Ali, Muhammad, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Almulhim, Abdulaziz M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Bekalu, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Saeed, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Anbesu, Etsay Woldu, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Catherine M, Anvari, Davood, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y, Arba, Aseb Arba Kinfe, Aripov, Timur, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Assmus, Michael, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Marcel, Ausloos, Floriane, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Darshan, BB, Babaee, Ebrahim, and Badawi, Alaa
Subjects: Prevention, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Birth Rate, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Male, Noncommunicable Diseases, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, GBD 2019 Viewpoint Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a rules-based synthesis of the available evidence on levels and trends in health outcomes, a diverse set of risk factors, and health system responses. GBD 2019 covered 204 countries and territories, as well as first administrative level disaggregations for 22 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Because GBD is highly standardised and comprehensive, spanning both fatal and non-fatal outcomes, and uses a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of hierarchical disease and injury causes, the study provides a powerful basis for detailed and broad insights on global health trends and emerging challenges. GBD 2019 incorporates data from 281 586 sources and provides more than 3·5 billion estimates of health outcome and health system measures of interest for global, national, and subnational policy dialogue. All GBD estimates are publicly available and adhere to the Guidelines on Accurate and Transparent Health Estimate Reporting. From this vast amount of information, five key insights that are important for health, social, and economic development strategies have been distilled. These insights are subject to the many limitations outlined in each of the component GBD capstone papers.
Published: 2020

10. Mapping disparities in education across low- and middle-income countries

Author: Graetz, Nicholas, Woyczynski, Lauren, Wilson, Katherine F, Hall, Jason B, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Afshari, Mahdi, Ajumobi, Olufemi, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alcalde Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alipour, Vahid, Altirkawi, Khalid, Amiresmaili, Mohammadreza, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Aryal, Krishna K, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Atique, Suleman, Ausloos, Marcel, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Azari, Samad, Badawi, Alaa, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barnett, Anthony, Bedi, Neeraj, Bennett, Derrick A, Bhattacharjee, Natalia V, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Britton, Gabrielle, Burstein, Roy, Butt, Zahid A, Cardenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Felix, Castaneda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Franz, Cerin, Ester, Chang, Jung-Chen, Collison, Michael L, Cooper, Cyrus, Cork, Michael A, Daoud, Farah, Das Gupta, Rajat, Weaver, Nicole Davis, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Deribe, Kebede, Desalegn, Beruk Berhanu, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Desta, Melaku, Dhimal, Meghnath, Diaz, Daniel, Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duraes, Andre R, Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura, Earl, Lucas, Kalan, Mohammad Ebrahimi, El-Khatib, Ziad, Eshrati, Babak, Faramarzi, Mahbobeh, Fareed, Mohammad, Faro, Andre, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Garcia, Jose A, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Grada, Ayman, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamidi, Samer, Hasan, Mehedi, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hendrie, Delia, and Henok, Andualem
Subjects: Pediatric, Aetiology, 2.3 Psychological, social and economic factors, Good Health and Well Being, Bayes Theorem, Developing Countries, Education, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Socioeconomic Factors, Local Burden of Disease Educational Attainment Collaborators, General Science & Technology
Abstract: Educational attainment is an important social determinant of maternal, newborn, and child health1-3. As a tool for promoting gender equity, it has gained increasing traction in popular media, international aid strategies, and global agenda-setting4-6. The global health agenda is increasingly focused on evidence of precision public health, which illustrates the subnational distribution of disease and illness7,8; however, an agenda focused on future equity must integrate comparable evidence on the distribution of social determinants of health9-11. Here we expand on the available precision SDG evidence by estimating the subnational distribution of educational attainment, including the proportions of individuals who have completed key levels of schooling, across all low- and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2017. Previous analyses have focused on geographical disparities in average attainment across Africa or for specific countries, but-to our knowledge-no analysis has examined the subnational proportions of individuals who completed specific levels of education across all low- and middle-income countries12-14. By geolocating subnational data for more than 184 million person-years across 528 data sources, we precisely identify inequalities across geography as well as within populations.
Published: 2020

11. Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus (NCSE) in ICU: Bedside Usefulness of TCD in Comatose Patient Diagnosis. When the EEG Is Too Far

Author: Othman, Alshimaa Shaban, Abd-Allah, Foad, Rodríguez, Camilo N., editor, Baracchini, Claudio, editor, Mejia-Mantilla, Jorge H., editor, Czosnyka, Marek, editor, Suarez, Jose I, editor, Csiba, László, editor, Puppo, Corina, editor, and Bartels, Eva, editor
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

12. Mapping 123 million neonatal, infant and child deaths between 2000 and 2017

Author: Burstein, Roy, Henry, Nathaniel J, Collison, Michael L, Marczak, Laurie B, Sligar, Amber, Watson, Stefanie, Marquez, Neal, Abbasalizad-Farhangi, Mahdieh, Abbasi, Masoumeh, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abrigo, Michael RM, Acharya, Dilaram, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adham, Davoud, Afshari, Mahdi, Aghaali, Mohammad, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadpour, Ehsan, Ahmed, Rushdia, Akal, Chalachew Genet, Akinyemi, Joshua O, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Noore, Alamene, Genet Melak, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alinia, Cyrus, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almalki, Mohammed J, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Saeed, Amit, Arianna Maever Loreche, Anbari, Zohreh, Androudi, Sofia, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Fereshteh, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Arabloo, Jalal, Arefi, Zohreh, Aremu, Olatunde, Armoon, Bahram, Arora, Amit, Artaman, Al, Asadi, Anvar, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Ashraf-Ganjouei, Amir, Assadi, Reza, Ataeinia, Bahar, Atre, Sachin R, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Azari, Samad, Babaee, Ebrahim, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badawi, Alaa, Bagheri, Soghra, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Baheiraei, Nafiseh, Balouchi, Abbas, Barac, Aleksandra, Bassat, Quique, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Belay, Yared Belete, Bell, Brent, Bell, Michelle L, Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema, Bernstein, Robert S, Bhattacharjee, Natalia V, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Britton, Gabrielle, Browne, Annie J, Nagaraja, Sharath Burugina, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Cerin, Ester, Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun, Chatterjee, Pranab, and Chu, Dinh-Toi
Subjects: Pediatric, Pediatric Research Initiative, Prevention, Infant Mortality, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Reduced Inequalities, Child, Child Mortality, Geography, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Organizational Objectives, Public Health, Socioeconomic Factors, United Nations, General Science & Technology
Abstract: Since 2000, many countries have achieved considerable success in improving child survival, but localized progress remains unclear. To inform efforts towards United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 3.2-to end preventable child deaths by 2030-we need consistently estimated data at the subnational level regarding child mortality rates and trends. Here we quantified, for the period 2000-2017, the subnational variation in mortality rates and number of deaths of neonates, infants and children under 5 years of age within 99 low- and middle-income countries using a geostatistical survival model. We estimated that 32% of children under 5 in these countries lived in districts that had attained rates of 25 or fewer child deaths per 1,000 live births by 2017, and that 58% of child deaths between 2000 and 2017 in these countries could have been averted in the absence of geographical inequality. This study enables the identification of high-mortality clusters, patterns of progress and geographical inequalities to inform appropriate investments and implementations that will help to improve the health of all populations.
Published: 2019

13. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2016 Neurology, Feigin, Valery L, Nichols, Emma, Alam, Tahiya, Bannick, Marlena S, Beghi, Ettore, Blake, Natacha, Culpepper, William J, Dorsey, E Ray, Elbaz, Alexis, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Fisher, James L, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Giussani, Giorgia, Glennie, Linda, James, Spencer L, Johnson, Catherine Owens, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Marin, Benoît, Mountjoy-Venning, W Cliff, Nguyen, Minh, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Patel, Anoop P, Piccininni, Marco, Roth, Gregory A, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Szoeke, Cassandra EI, Theadom, Alice, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Wright, Claire, Zunt, Joseph Raymond, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Acharya, Dilaram, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Salman, Rustam Al-Shahi, Alahdab, Fares, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atalay, Hagos Tasew, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayuk, Tambe B, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Beuran, Mircea, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bililign, Nigus, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Blazes, Christopher Kynrint, Brayne, Carol, Butt, Zahid A, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, and Cantu-Brito, Carlos
Subjects: Neurosciences, Headaches, Pain Research, Aging, Brain Disorders, Prevention, Neurodegenerative, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Neurological, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Dementia, Disability Evaluation, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Nervous System Diseases, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators, Clinical Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract: BackgroundNeurological disorders are increasingly recognised as major causes of death and disability worldwide. The aim of this analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 is to provide the most comprehensive and up-to-date estimates of the global, regional, and national burden from neurological disorders.MethodsWe estimated prevalence, incidence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]) by age and sex for 15 neurological disorder categories (tetanus, meningitis, encephalitis, stroke, brain and other CNS cancers, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron diseases, idiopathic epilepsy, migraine, tension-type headache, and a residual category for other less common neurological disorders) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2016. DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, was the main method of estimation of prevalence and incidence, and the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) was used for mortality estimation. We quantified the contribution of 84 risks and combinations of risk to the disease estimates for the 15 neurological disorder categories using the GBD comparative risk assessment approach.FindingsGlobally, in 2016, neurological disorders were the leading cause of DALYs (276 million [95% UI 247-308]) and second leading cause of deaths (9·0 million [8·8-9·4]). The absolute number of deaths and DALYs from all neurological disorders combined increased (deaths by 39% [34-44] and DALYs by 15% [9-21]) whereas their age-standardised rates decreased (deaths by 28% [26-30] and DALYs by 27% [24-31]) between 1990 and 2016. The only neurological disorders that had a decrease in rates and absolute numbers of deaths and DALYs were tetanus, meningitis, and encephalitis. The four largest contributors of neurological DALYs were stroke (42·2% [38·6-46·1]), migraine (16·3% [11·7-20·8]), Alzheimer's and other dementias (10·4% [9·0-12·1]), and meningitis (7·9% [6·6-10·4]). For the combined neurological disorders, age-standardised DALY rates were significantly higher in males than in females (male-to-female ratio 1·12 [1·05-1·20]), but migraine, multiple sclerosis, and tension-type headache were more common and caused more burden in females, with male-to-female ratios of less than 0·7. The 84 risks quantified in GBD explain less than 10% of neurological disorder DALY burdens, except stroke, for which 88·8% (86·5-90·9) of DALYs are attributable to risk factors, and to a lesser extent Alzheimer's disease and other dementias (22·3% [11·8-35·1] of DALYs are risk attributable) and idiopathic epilepsy (14·1% [10·8-17·5] of DALYs are risk attributable).InterpretationGlobally, the burden of neurological disorders, as measured by the absolute number of DALYs, continues to increase. As populations are growing and ageing, and the prevalence of major disabling neurological disorders steeply increases with age, governments will face increasing demand for treatment, rehabilitation, and support services for neurological disorders. The scarcity of established modifiable risks for most of the neurological burden demonstrates that new knowledge is required to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2019

14. Global, Regional, and Country-Specific Lifetime Risks of Stroke, 1990 and 2016

Author: Feigin, Valery L, Nguyen, Grant, Cercy, Kelly, Johnson, Catherine O, Alam, Tahiya, Parmar, Priyakumari G, Abajobir, Amanuel A, Abate, Kalkidan H, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abejie, Ayenew N, Abyu, Gebre Y, Ademi, Zanfina, Agarwal, Gina, Ahmed, Muktar B, Akinyemi, Rufus O, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Aminde, Leopold N, Amlie-Lefond, Catherine, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay M, Ayele, Henok T, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Béjot, Yannick, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhe, Derbew F, Boneya, Dube J, Brainin, Michael, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacquelin C, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Christensen, Hanne, Criqui, Michael H, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, deVeber, Gabrielle, Dokova, Klara, Edessa, Dumessa, Endres, Matthias, Faraon, Emerito JA, Farvid, Maryam S, Fischer, Florian, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Gall, Seana L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gillum, Richard F, Giroud, Maurice, Goulart, Alessandra C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hankey, Graeme J, Hareri, Habtamu A, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Hibstu, Desalegn T, James, Spencer L, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Jóźwiak, Jacek, Kalani, Rizwan, Kandel, Amit, Kasaeian, Amir, Kengne, Andre P, Khader, Yousef S, Khan, Abdur R, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun J, Kivimaki, Mika, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Kumar, G Anil, Lafranconi, Alessandra, and Lavados, Pablo M
Subjects: Aging, Brain Disorders, Stroke, Prevention, Aetiology, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Risk, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe lifetime risk of stroke has been calculated in a limited number of selected populations. We sought to estimate the lifetime risk of stroke at the regional, country, and global level using data from a comprehensive study of the prevalence of major diseases.MethodsWe used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016 estimates of stroke incidence and the competing risks of death from any cause other than stroke to calculate the cumulative lifetime risks of first stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke among adults 25 years of age or older. Estimates of the lifetime risks in the years 1990 and 2016 were compared. Countries were categorized into quintiles of the sociodemographic index (SDI) used in the GBD Study, and the risks were compared across quintiles. Comparisons were made with the use of point estimates and uncertainty intervals representing the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles around the estimate.ResultsThe estimated global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was 24.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.5 to 26.2); the risk among men was 24.7% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.3 to 26.0), and the risk among women was 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.7 to 26.5). The risk of ischemic stroke was 18.3%, and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was 8.2%. In high-SDI, high-middle-SDI, and low-SDI countries, the estimated lifetime risk of stroke was 23.5%, 31.1% (highest risk), and 13.2% (lowest risk), respectively; the 95% uncertainty intervals did not overlap between these categories. The highest estimated lifetime risks of stroke according to GBD region were in East Asia (38.8%), Central Europe (31.7%), and Eastern Europe (31.6%), and the lowest risk was in eastern sub-Saharan Africa (11.8%). The mean global lifetime risk of stroke increased from 22.8% in 1990 to 24.9% in 2016, a relative increase of 8.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 6.2 to 11.5); the competing risk of death from any cause other than stroke was considered in this calculation.ConclusionsIn 2016, the global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was approximately 25% among both men and women. There was geographic variation in the lifetime risk of stroke, with the highest risks in East Asia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).
Published: 2018

15. Global, Regional, and Country-Specific Lifetime Risks of Stroke, 1990 and 2016.

Author: GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Feigin, Valery L, Nguyen, Grant, Cercy, Kelly, Johnson, Catherine O, Alam, Tahiya, Parmar, Priyakumari G, Abajobir, Amanuel A, Abate, Kalkidan H, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abejie, Ayenew N, Abyu, Gebre Y, Ademi, Zanfina, Agarwal, Gina, Ahmed, Muktar B, Akinyemi, Rufus O, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Aminde, Leopold N, Amlie-Lefond, Catherine, Ansari, Hossein, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay M, Ayele, Henok T, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Basu, Sanjay, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Béjot, Yannick, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhe, Derbew F, Boneya, Dube J, Brainin, Michael, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Caso, Valeria, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacquelin C, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Christensen, Hanne, Criqui, Michael H, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, deVeber, Gabrielle, Dokova, Klara, Edessa, Dumessa, Endres, Matthias, Faraon, Emerito JA, Farvid, Maryam S, Fischer, Florian, Foreman, Kyle, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Gall, Seana L, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye T, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gillum, Richard F, Giroud, Maurice, Goulart, Alessandra C, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hankey, Graeme J, Hareri, Habtamu A, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Hibstu, Desalegn T, James, Spencer L, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost B, Jóźwiak, Jacek, Kalani, Rizwan, Kandel, Amit, Kasaeian, Amir, Kengne, Andre P, Khader, Yousef S, Khan, Abdur R, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun J, Kivimaki, Mika, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kolte, Dhaval, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita, Kumar, G Anil, and Lafranconi, Alessandra
Subjects: GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Humans, Incidence, Cause of Death, Risk, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Stroke, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Brain Disorders, Aging, Prevention, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, General & Internal Medicine, Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract: BackgroundThe lifetime risk of stroke has been calculated in a limited number of selected populations. We sought to estimate the lifetime risk of stroke at the regional, country, and global level using data from a comprehensive study of the prevalence of major diseases.MethodsWe used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016 estimates of stroke incidence and the competing risks of death from any cause other than stroke to calculate the cumulative lifetime risks of first stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke among adults 25 years of age or older. Estimates of the lifetime risks in the years 1990 and 2016 were compared. Countries were categorized into quintiles of the sociodemographic index (SDI) used in the GBD Study, and the risks were compared across quintiles. Comparisons were made with the use of point estimates and uncertainty intervals representing the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles around the estimate.ResultsThe estimated global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was 24.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.5 to 26.2); the risk among men was 24.7% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.3 to 26.0), and the risk among women was 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.7 to 26.5). The risk of ischemic stroke was 18.3%, and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was 8.2%. In high-SDI, high-middle-SDI, and low-SDI countries, the estimated lifetime risk of stroke was 23.5%, 31.1% (highest risk), and 13.2% (lowest risk), respectively; the 95% uncertainty intervals did not overlap between these categories. The highest estimated lifetime risks of stroke according to GBD region were in East Asia (38.8%), Central Europe (31.7%), and Eastern Europe (31.6%), and the lowest risk was in eastern sub-Saharan Africa (11.8%). The mean global lifetime risk of stroke increased from 22.8% in 1990 to 24.9% in 2016, a relative increase of 8.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 6.2 to 11.5); the competing risk of death from any cause other than stroke was considered in this calculation.ConclusionsIn 2016, the global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was approximately 25% among both men and women. There was geographic variation in the lifetime risk of stroke, with the highest risks in East Asia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).
Published: 2018

16. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2017 Causes of Death, Roth, Gregory A, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adib, Mina G, Admasie, Amha, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alebel, Animut, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alonso, Jordi, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Aminde, Leopold N, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Hossein, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Arora, Monika, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Ataro, Zerihun, Atique, Suleman, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayele, Yohanes, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Bacha, Umar, Badali, Hamid, and Badawi, Alaa
Subjects: Brain Disorders, Pediatric, Prevention, Aetiology, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundGlobal development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017.MethodsThe causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey, police, and surveillance data. GBD 2017 added ten VA studies, 127 country-years of VR data, 502 cancer-registry country-years, and an additional surveillance country-year. Expansions of the GBD cause of death hierarchy resulted in 18 additional causes estimated for GBD 2017. Newly available data led to subnational estimates for five additional countries-Ethiopia, Iran, New Zealand, Norway, and Russia. Deaths assigned International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for non-specific, implausible, or intermediate causes of death were reassigned to underlying causes by redistribution algorithms that were incorporated into uncertainty estimation. We used statistical modelling tools developed for GBD, including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to generate cause fractions and cause-specific death rates for each location, year, age, and sex. Instead of using UN estimates as in previous versions, GBD 2017 independently estimated population size and fertility rate for all locations. Years of life lost (YLLs) were then calculated as the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. All rates reported here are age-standardised.FindingsAt the broadest grouping of causes of death (Level 1), non-communicable diseases (NCDs) comprised the greatest fraction of deaths, contributing to 73·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 72·5-74·1) of total deaths in 2017, while communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) causes accounted for 18·6% (17·9-19·6), and injuries 8·0% (7·7-8·2). Total numbers of deaths from NCD causes increased from 2007 to 2017 by 22·7% (21·5-23·9), representing an additional 7·61 million (7·20-8·01) deaths estimated in 2017 versus 2007. The death rate from NCDs decreased globally by 7·9% (7·0-8·8). The number of deaths for CMNN causes decreased by 22·2% (20·0-24·0) and the death rate by 31·8% (30·1-33·3). Total deaths from injuries increased by 2·3% (0·5-4·0) between 2007 and 2017, and the death rate from injuries decreased by 13·7% (12·2-15·1) to 57·9 deaths (55·9-59·2) per 100 000 in 2017. Deaths from substance use disorders also increased, rising from 284 000 deaths (268 000-289 000) globally in 2007 to 352 000 (334 000-363 000) in 2017. Between 2007 and 2017, total deaths from conflict and terrorism increased by 118·0% (88·8-148·6). A greater reduction in total deaths and death rates was observed for some CMNN causes among children younger than 5 years than for older adults, such as a 36·4% (32·2-40·6) reduction in deaths from lower respiratory infections for children younger than 5 years compared with a 33·6% (31·2-36·1) increase in adults older than 70 years. Globally, the number of deaths was greater for men than for women at most ages in 2017, except at ages older than 85 years. Trends in global YLLs reflect an epidemiological transition, with decreases in total YLLs from enteric infections, respiratory infections and tuberculosis, and maternal and neonatal disorders between 1990 and 2017; these were generally greater in magnitude at the lowest levels of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). At the same time, there were large increases in YLLs from neoplasms and cardiovascular diseases. YLL rates decreased across the five leading Level 2 causes in all SDI quintiles. The leading causes of YLLs in 1990-neonatal disorders, lower respiratory infections, and diarrhoeal diseases-were ranked second, fourth, and fifth, in 2017. Meanwhile, estimated YLLs increased for ischaemic heart disease (ranked first in 2017) and stroke (ranked third), even though YLL rates decreased. Population growth contributed to increased total deaths across the 20 leading Level 2 causes of mortality between 2007 and 2017. Decreases in the cause-specific mortality rate reduced the effect of population growth for all but three causes: substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and skin and subcutaneous diseases.InterpretationImprovements in global health have been unevenly distributed among populations. Deaths due to injuries, substance use disorders, armed conflict and terrorism, neoplasms, and cardiovascular disease are expanding threats to global health. For causes of death such as lower respiratory and enteric infections, more rapid progress occurred for children than for the oldest adults, and there is continuing disparity in mortality rates by sex across age groups. Reductions in the death rate of some common diseases are themselves slowing or have ceased, primarily for NCDs, and the death rate for selected causes has increased in the past decade.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

17. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: James, Spencer L, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Zegeye, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alouani, Mohamed ML, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Aminde, Leopold N, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arabloo, Jalal, Arauz, Antonio, Aremu, Olatunde, Ariani, Filippo, Armoon, Bahroom, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ataro, Zerihun, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, and Bali, Ayele Geleto
Subjects: Prevention, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Disabled Persons, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data.MethodsWe estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting.FindingsGlobally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]).InterpretationGlobal all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

18. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2017 SDG, Lozano, Rafael, Fullman, Nancy, Abate, Degu, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Nebiyu Dereje, Abebe, Zegeye, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Abyu, Gebre Y, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshari, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Albujeer, Ammar, Alebel, Animut, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Almasi, Ali, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amenu, Kebede, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, and Anwari, Palwasha
Subjects: Prevention, Pediatric, Good Health and Well Being, Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Goals, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Mortality, Risk Factors, Sex Offenses, Sustainable Development, United Nations, GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundEfforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of "leaving no one behind", it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment.MethodsWe measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator.FindingsThe global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4-67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6-14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1-86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030.InterpretationThe GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains-curative interventions in the case of NCDs-towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions-or inaction-today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

19. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2017 Risk Factor, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Afshin, Ashkan, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Lim, Stephen S, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Admasie, Amha, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Anju, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Ali, Syed Mustafa, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antó, Josep M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Appiah, Lambert Tetteh, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayer, Rakesh, and Ayuk, Tambe B
Subjects: Prevention, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Disabled Persons, Environmental Exposure, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Health Risk Behaviors, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Exposure, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Assessment, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations.MethodsWe used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.FindingsIn 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3-35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14-1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6-62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3-50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39-11·5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83-7·37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23-8·23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99-6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36-1·51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3-6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low.InterpretationBy quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

20. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2017 Mortality, Dicker, Daniel, Nguyen, Grant, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim, Ahmed, Sayem, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Anlay, Degefaye Zelalem, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, and Artaman, Al
Subjects: Behavioral and Social Science, Pediatric, Prevention, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundAssessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally.MethodsThe GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950.FindingsGlobally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development.InterpretationThis analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

21. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Aboyans, Victor, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alonso, Jordi, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Aminde, Leopold N, Amini, Erfan, Amiresmaili, Mohammadreza, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, and Balakrishnan, Kalpana
Subjects: Prevention, Aging, Good Health and Well Being, Aged, Communicable Diseases, Disabled Persons, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Health Status, Healthy Lifestyle, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Mortality, Mortality, Premature, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundHow long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years.MethodsWe used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males.FindingsGlobally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2).InterpretationWith increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

22. Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Nichols, Emma, Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Vollset, Stein Emil, Fukutaki, Kai, Chalek, Julian, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdoli, Amir, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Akram, Tayyaba Tayyaba, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alipour, Vahid, Almustanyir, Sami, Amu, Hubert, Ansari, Iman, Arabloo, Jalal, Ashraf, Tahira, Astell-Burt, Thomas, Ayano, Getinet, Ayuso-Mateos, Jose L, Baig, Atif Amin, Barnett, Anthony, Barrow, Amadou, Baune, Bernhard T, Béjot, Yannick, Bezabhe, Woldesellassie M Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Biswas, Atanu, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Brayne, Carol, Brenner, Hermann, Burkart, Katrin, Burns, Richard A, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cao, Chao, Carvalho, Felix, Castro-de-Araujo, Luis F S, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cerin, Ester, Chavan, Prachi P, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A S, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Douiri, Abdel, Edvardsson, David, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Sayed, Iman, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Eskandari, Khalil, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Fares, Jawad, Faro, Andre, Farooque, Umar, Feigin, Valery L, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Fillit, Howard, Fischer, Florian, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Galluzzo, Lucia, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Gilani, Syed Amir, Glavan, Ionela-Roxana, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Hall, Brian J, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J, Haque, Shafiul, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, M Tasdik, Hassan, Amr, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heidari, Golnaz, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Herteliu, Claudiu, Househ, Mowafa, Hussain, Rabia, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iacoviello, Licia, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwagami, Masao, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jacob, Louis, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B, Joseph, Nitin, Kalani, Rizwan, Kandel, Amit, Kandel, Himal, Karch, André, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kassie, Gizat M, Keshavarz, Pedram, Khan, Moien AB, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed Muthafer, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimäki, Mika, Koroshetz, Walter J, Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Lak, Hassan Mehmood, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Bingyu, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Xuefeng, Liu, Yuewei, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Lutzky Saute, Ricardo, Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Massano, João, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Atte, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed Ibrahim, Norlinah, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammed, Arif, Mokdad, Ali H, Mondello, Stefania, Moni, Mohammad Ali Ali, Moniruzzaman, Md, Mossie, Tilahun Belete, Nagel, Gabriele, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Vinod C, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Oancea, Bogdan, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pasovic, Maja, Patel, Urvish K, Pathak, Mona, Peres, Mario F P, Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Peterson, Carrie B, Phillips, Michael R, Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A, Pond, Constance Dimity, Potashman, Michele H, Pottoo, Faheem Hyder, Prada, Sergio I, Radfar, Amir, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahman, Mosiur, Ram, Pradhum, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rezaei, Nima, Rezapour, Aziz, Robinson, Stephen R, Romoli, Michele, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete, Schiavolin, Silvia, Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shaji, KS, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shetty, Jeevan K, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Silva, Renata, Singh, Jasvinder A, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Smith, Amanda E, Soshnikov, Sergey, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stein, Dan J, Sun, Jing, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Thakur, Bhaskar, Timalsina, Binod, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasily, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wimo, Anders, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Yadav, Lalit, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yang, Lin, Yano, Yuichiro, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Murray, Christopher J L, and Vos, Theo
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

23. Primary stroke prevention worldwide: translating evidence into action

Author: Abanto, Carlos, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Addissie, Adamu, Adebayo, Oluwadamilola, Adeleye, Amos Olufemi, Adilbekov, Yerzhan, Adilbekova, Bibigul, Adoukonou, Thierry Armel, Aguiar de Sousa, Diana, Ajagbe, Temitope, Akhmetzhanova, Zauresh, Akpalu, Albert, Álvarez Ahlgren, Jhon, Ameriso, Sebastián, Andonova, Silva, Awoniyi, Foloruso Emmanuel, Bakhiet, Moiz, Barboza, Miguel, Basri, Hamidon, Bath, Philip, Bello, Olamide, Bereczki, Dániel, Beretta, Simone, Berkowitz, Aaron, Bernabé-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernhardt, Julie, Berzina, Guna, Bisharyan, Mher, Bovet, Pascal, Budincevic, Hrvoje, Cadilhac, Dominique, Caso, Valeria, Chen, Christopher, Chin, Jerome, Chwojnicki, Kamil, Conforto, Adriana, Cruz, Vitor Tedim, D'Amelio, Marco, Danielyan, Kristine, Davis, Stephen, Demarin, Vida, Dempsey, Robert, Dichgans, Martin, Dokova, Klara, Donnan, Geoffrey, Elkind, Mitchell S., Endres, Matthias, Fischer, Urs, Gankpé, Fortuné, Gaye Saavedra, Andrés, Gil, Artyom, Giroud, Maurice, Gnedovskaya, Elena, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hafdi, Melanie, Hamadeh, Randah, Hamzat, T. Kolapo, Hankey, Graeme, Heldner, Mirjam, Ibrahim, Etedal Ahmed, Ibrahim, Norlinah Mohamed, Inoue, Manabu, Jee, Sungju, Jeng, Jiann-Shing, Kalkonde, Yogesh, Kamenova, Saltanat, Karaszewski, Bartosz, Kelly, Peter, Khan, Taskeen, Kiechl, Stefan, Kondybayeva, Aida, Kõrv, Janika, Kravchenko, Michael, Krishnamurthi, Rita V., Kruja, Jera, Lakkhanaloet, Mongkol, Langhorne, Peter, Lavados, Pablo M., Law, Zhe Kang, Lawal, Abisola, Lazo-Porras, Maria, Lebedynets, Dmytro, Lee, Tsong-Hai, Leung, Thomas, Liebeskind, David S., Lindsay, Patrice, López-Jaramillo, Patricio, Lotufo, Paulo Andrade, Machline-Carrion, Julia, Makanjuola, Akintomiwa, Markus, Hugh Stephen, Marquez-Romero, Juan Manuel, Medina, Marco, Medukhanova, Sabina, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Merkin, Alexandr, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Mohl, Stephanie, Moscoso-Porras, Miguel, Müller-Stierlin, Annabel, Murphy, Sean, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nasreldein, Ahmed, Nogueira, Raul Gomes, Nolte, Christian, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Novarro-Escudero, Nelson, Ogun, Yomi, Oguntoye, Richard Ayobami, Oraby, Mohammed Ibrahim, Osundina, Morenike, Ovbiagele, Bruce, Orken, Dilek Necioglu, Ozdemir, Atilla Özcan, Ozturk, Serefnur, Paccot, Melanie, Phromjai, Jurairat, Piradov, Piradov, Platz, Thomas, Potpara, Tatjana, Ranta, Annemarei, Rathore, Farooq, Richard, Edo, Sacco, Ralph L., Sahathevan, Ramesh, Santos Carquín, Irving, Saposnik, Gustavo, Sarfo, Fred Stephen, Sharma, Mike, Sheth, Kevin, Shobhana, A., Suwanwela, Nijasri, Svyato, Irina, Sylaja, P.N., Tao, Xuanchen, Thakur, Kiran T., Toni, Danilo, Topcuoglu, Mehmet Akif, Torales, Julio, Towfighi, Amytis, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Tsiskaridze, Alexander, Tulloch-Reid, Marshall, Useche, Nicolás, Vanacker, Peter, Vassilopoulou, Sophia, Vukorepa, Gorana, Vuletic, Vladimira, Wahab, Kolawole W., Wang, Wenzhi, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wolfe, Charles, Yifru, Yared Mamushet, Yock-Corrales, Adriana, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yperzeele, Laetitia, Zhang, Puhong, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Thrift, Amanda G, Mahal, Ajay, Ishida, Marie, Martins, Sheila, Johnson, Walter D, Pandian, Jeyaraj, Abd-Allah, Foad, Yaria, Joseph, Phan, Hoang T, Roth, Greg, Gall, Seana L, Beare, Richard, Phan, Thanh G, Mikulik, Robert, Akinyemi, Rufus O, Norrving, Bo, Brainin, Michael, and Feigin, Valery L
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

24. Challenges in Prehospital Diagnosis of Acute Stroke in Women: A Case-Based Reflection.

Author: Wells, Brittany, Nasreldein, Ahmed, Hall, Joseph R., Bachhuber, Monika, Khedr, Eman M., Abd-Allah, Foad, Fassbender, Klaus C., van Wijck, Frederike, and Walter, Silke
Published: 2024
Full Text: View/download PDF

25. Stroke in Africa: profile, progress, prospects and priorities

Author: Akinyemi, Rufus O., Ovbiagele, Bruce, Adeniji, Olaleye A., Sarfo, Fred S., Abd-Allah, Foad, Adoukonou, Thierry, Ogah, Okechukwu S., Naidoo, Pamela, Damasceno, Albertino, Walker, Richard W., Ogunniyi, Adesola, Kalaria, Rajesh N., and Owolabi, Mayowa O.
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

26. Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality, Fullman, Nancy, Yearwood, Jamal, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abreu, Daisy MX, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Lami, Faris Hasan Al, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljunid, Syed M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Alomari, Mahmoud A, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amenu, Kebede, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Araújo, Valdelaine EM, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asfaw, Ephrem Tsegay, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ashebir, Mengistu Mitiku, Asseffa, Netsanet Abera, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Atteraya, Madhu S, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayalew, Animut Alebel, Ayele, Henok Tadesse, Ayer, Rakesh, Ayuk, Tambe Betrand, Azzopardi, Peter, Azzopardi-Muscat, Natasha, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Banerjee, Amitava, Banstola, Amrit, Barber, Ryan M, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, and Bedi, Neeraj
Subjects: Health Services and Systems, Public Health, Health Sciences, Clinical Research, Biodefense, Prevention, Vaccine Related, Good Health and Well Being, Communicable Diseases, Global Burden of Disease, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Noncommunicable Diseases, Quality of Health Care, Wounds and Injuries, GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract: BackgroundA key component of achieving universal health coverage is ensuring that all populations have access to quality health care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016.MethodsDrawing from established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the presence of effective care to approximate personal health-care access and quality by location and over time. To better isolate potential effects of personal health-care access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst) observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary measure of overall development. As derived from the broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined relationships between national HAQ Index scores and potential correlates of performance, such as total health spending per capita.FindingsIn 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned from a high of 97·1 (95% UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland, followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1 (94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6 (13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0 (14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990 and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between 1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in personal health-care access and quality, with China and India having particularly large gaps between locations with the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0 (43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8) in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a 4·8-point difference), whereas differences between subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index values were more than two times as high for the USA and three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a 20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil, disparities slightly increased across states during this time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall development, with high and high-middle SDI countries generally having higher scores and faster gains for non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher levels of total health spending per capita, as well as health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI countries.InterpretationGBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of past success and current challenges in improving personal health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI countries face considerable challenges unless heightened policy action and investments focus on advancing access to and quality of health care across key health services, especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal improvements experienced by several low-middle to high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent provision-of quality health care for all populations.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2018

27. Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Ward, Joseph L, Azzopardi, Peter S, Francis, Kate Louise, Santelli, John S, Skirbekk, Vegard, Sawyer, Susan M, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Mokdad, Ali H, Hay, Simon I, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adham, Davoud, Advani, Shailesh M, Afshari, Khashayar, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Anwar E, Aji, Budi, Akombi-Inyang, Blessing, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Alemu, Biresaw Wassihun, Al-Hajj, Samar, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Saqib, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Saeed, Aminorroaya, Arya, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari, Iman, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Atout, Maha Moh'd Wahbi, Ausloos, Marcel, Avenyo, Elvis Korku, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Azari, Samad, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, Bakhshaei, Mohammad Hossein, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash Chandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye, Bell, Arielle Wilder, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhe, Abadi Kidanemariam, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Berman, Adam E, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Biondi, Antonio, Birhanu, Tesega Tesega Mengistu, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bolla, Srinivasa Rao, Boloor, Archith, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Braithwaite, Dejana, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brenner, Hermann, Britton, Gabrielle B, Burns, Richard A, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castelpietra, Giulio, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cerin, Ester, Chandan, Joht Singh, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Michael T, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cicuttini, Flavia M, Constantin, Traian Vasile, Costa, Vera Marisa, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Dai, Haijiang, Dai, Xiaochen, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davletov, Kairat, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, De Leo, Diego, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desai, Rupak, Desalew, Assefa, Deuba, Keshab, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Didarloo, Alireza, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshi, Chirag P, Doshmangir, Leila, Doyle, Kerrie E, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad, Ebtehaj, Sanam, Edvardsson, David, El Tantawi, Maha, Elgendy, Islam Y, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilnejad, Saman, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Esteghamati, Sadaf, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Nazir, Feigin, Valery L, Ferede, Tomas Y, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, Foroutan, Masoud, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gad, Mohamed M, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gallus, Silvano, Gebre, Teshome, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Gebremeskel, Leake, Gebreslassie, Assefa Ayalew, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghamari, Farhad, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Godinho, Myron Anthony, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goli, Srinivas, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Gorini, Giuseppe, Grivna, Michal, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hall, Brian J, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamagharib Abdullah, Kanaan, Hamidi, Samer, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J, Haririan, Hamidreza, Haro, Josep Maria, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Amr, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Ho, Hung Chak, Hole, Michael K, Holla, Ramesh, Hoogar, Praveen, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Hsairi, Mohamed, Huda, Tanvir M, Humayun, Ayesha, Hussain, Rabia, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Intarut, Nirun, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iso, Hiroyasu, Ivers, Rebecca Q, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Jonas, Jost B, Jones, Kelly M, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Juliusson, Petur B, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamyari, Naser, Kanchan, Tanuj, Karch, André, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kaur, Supreet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khalid, Nauman, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Mona M, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khazaie, Habibolah, Khoja, Abdullah T, Kieling, Christian, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimäki, Mika, Koolivand, Ali, Kosen, Soewarta, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Nithin, Kurmi, Om P, Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lan, Qing, Landires, Iván, Lansingh, Van Charles, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S, Lauriola, Paolo, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Leung, Janni, Levi, Miriam, Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Bingyu, Li, Ming-Chieh, Li, Shanshan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Xuefeng, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Maddison, Ralph, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Majeed, Azeem, Maleki, Afshin, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez, Gabriel, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Mason-Jones, Amanda J, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Mathur, Manu Raj, Maulik, Pallab K, McGrath, John J, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehri, Fereshteh, Memiah, Peter T N, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R, Mini, GK, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Moazen, Babak, Mohammad, Dara K, Mohammadi, Shadieh, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosapour, Abbas, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Muriithi, Moses K, Murray, Christopher J L, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Nayak, Vinod C, Nazari, Javad, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Netsere, Henok Biresaw, Nguefack-Tsague, Georges, Nguyen, Diep Ngoc, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nie, Jing, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nomura, Shuhei, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nowak, Christoph, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, Oh, In-Hwan, Oladnabi, Morteza, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Omer, Muktar Omer, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Ortiz, Alberto, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Øverland, Simon, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Panelo, Carlo Irwin Able, Park, Eun-Kee, Patten, Scott B, Peden, Amy E, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pereira, Jeevan, Pesudovs, Konrad, Pham, Hai Quang, Phillips, Michael R, Piradov, Michael A, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Postma, Maarten J, Pottoo, Faheem Hyder, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourshams, Akram, Prada, Sergio I, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Mohammad Hasan, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J, Rashedi, Vahid, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Nima, Rezai, Mohammad sadegh, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Rickard, Jennifer, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roth, Gregory A, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rumisha, Susan Fred, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Sabour, Siamak, Sachdev, Perminder S, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Salem, Marwa Rashad, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Saxena, Deepak, Saxena, Sonia, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Sha, Feng, Shafaat, Omid, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaheen, Amira A, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakiba, Saeed, Shamsi, MohammadBagher, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shetty, B Suresh Kumar, Shi, Peilin, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shuval, Kerem, Siabani, Soraya, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silva, João Pedro, Simonetti, Biagio, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Virendra, Sinke, Abiy H, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Slater, Helen, Smith, Emma U R, Sobhiyeh, Mohammad Reza, Sobngwi, Eugene, Soheili, Amin, Somefun, Oluwaseyi Dolapo, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stein, Dan J, Stokes, Mark A, Sudaryanto, Agus, Sultan, Iyad, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadakamadla, Santosh Kumar, Taherkhani, Amir, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tareque, Md Ismail, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Thomas, Nihal, Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna, Tonelli, Marcello, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara S, Tsai, Alexander C, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Uddin, Riaz, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Vacante, Marco, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Varughese, Santosh, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Villeneuve, Paul J, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vos, Theo, Vu, Giang Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Wamai, Richard G, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Westerman, Ronny, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wu, Ai-Min, Wu, Chenkai, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yeshitila, Yordanos Gizachew, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yu, Chuanhua, Yu, Yong, Yuce, Deniz, Zaidi, Syed Saoud, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zarafshan, Hadi, Zarei, Ahmad, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju George, Zhu, Cong, Patton, George C, and Viner, Russell M
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

28. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Feigin, Valery L, Stark, Benjamin A, Johnson, Catherine Owens, Roth, Gregory A, Bisignano, Catherine, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abedi, Vida, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Agarwal, Gina, Agasthi, Pradyumna, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed Salih, Yusra, Aji, Budi, Akbarpour, Samaneh, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Al-Shahi Salman, Rustam, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Anderson, Jason A, Ansar, Adnan, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Arabloo, Jalal, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Aryan, Zahra, Asgari, Samaneh, Ashraf, Tahira, Athar, Mohammad, Atreya, Alok, Ausloos, Marcel, Baig, Atif Amin, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, Banach, Maciej, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barone, Mark Thomaz Ugliara, Basu, Sanjay, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Beghi, Ettore, Beheshti, Mahya, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Arielle Wilder, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Bezabhe, Woldesellassie Mequanint, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Birhanu, Mulugeta M, Boloor, Archith, Bonny, Aime, Brauer, Michael, Brenner, Hermann, Bryazka, Dana, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Cantu-Brito, Carlos, Carrero, Juan J, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catapano, Alberico L, Chakraborty, Promit Ananyo, Charan, Jaykaran, Choudhari, Sonali Gajanan, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Colozza, David, Costa, Vera Marisa, Costanzo, Simona, Criqui, Michael H, Dadras, Omid, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dalal, Koustuv, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, D'Amico, Emanuele, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Darega Gela, Jiregna, Davletov, Kairat, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, Desai, Rupak, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Diaz, Daniel, Dichgans, Martin, Dokova, Klara, Doshi, Rajkumar, Douiri, Abdel, Duncan, Bruce B, Eftekharzadeh, Sahar, Ekholuenetale, Michael, El Nahas, Nevine, Elgendy, Islam Y, Elhadi, Muhammed, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Erku, Daniel Asfaw, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Farooque, Umar, Farzadfar, Farshad, Feroze, Abdullah Hamid, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flood, David, Gad, Mohamed M, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Ghanei Gheshlagh, Reza, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghith, Nermin, Ghozali, Ghozali, Ghozy, Sherief, Gialluisi, Alessandro, Giampaoli, Simona, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goulart, Alessandra C, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Gyanwali, Pradip, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J, Hargono, Arief, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Treska S, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus J, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Herteliu, Claudiu, Holla, Ramesh, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Huang, Junjie, Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iacoviello, Licia, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Iso, Hiroyasu, Isola, Gaetano, Iwagami, Masao, Jacob, Louis, Jain, Vardhmaan, Jang, Sung-In, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jayaram, Shubha, Jayawardena, Ranil, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Johnson, Walter D, Jonas, Jost B, Joseph, Nitin, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamath, Ashwin, Kamiab, Zahra, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kandel, Himal, Karch, André, Katoto, Patrick DMC, Kayode, Gbenga A, Keshavarz, Pedram, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Imteyaz A, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Moien AB, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kivimäki, Mika, Kolte, Dhaval, Koolivand, Ali, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Krishnamurthi, Rita V, Kumar, G Anil, Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lak, Hassan Mehmood, Lallukka, Tea, Lasrado, Savita, Lavados, Pablo M, Leonardi, Matilde, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Lin, Hualiang, Lin, Ro-Ting, Liu, Xuefeng, Lo, Warren David, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Lutzky Saute, Ricardo, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Mahajan, Preetam Bhalchandra, Majeed, Azeem, Makki, Alaa, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Manafi, Navid, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Martini, Santi, Mazzaglia, Giampiero, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Menezes, Ritesh G, Meretoja, Atte, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Miao Jonasson, Junmei, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Mokhayeri, Yaser, Molokhia, Mariam, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Montasir, Ahmed Al, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Morawska, Lidia, Morze, Jakub, Muruet, Walter, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade, Olagunju, Andrew T, Orru, Hans, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pana, Adrian, Parekh, Tarang, Park, Eun-Cheol, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pathak, Mona, Peres, Mario F P, Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Pham, Truong-Minh, Piradov, Michael A, Podder, Vivek, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Pourshams, Akram, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rajai, Nazanin, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rao, Sowmya J, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reitsma, Marissa B, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezapour, Aziz, Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Roever, Leonardo, Romoli, Michele, Rynkiewicz, Andrzej, Sacco, Simona, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Saif-Ur-Rahman, KM, Salah, Rehab, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M, Santos, Itamar S, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sathian, Brijesh, Sattin, Davide, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P, Schmidt, Maria Inês, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Seylani, Allen, Sha, Feng, Shahabi, Saeed, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Shawon, Md Shajedur Rahman, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shibuya, Kenji, Siabani, Soraya, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Jitendra Kumar, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Stortecky, Stefan, Stranges, Saverio, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Teuschl, Yvonne, Thrift, Amanda G, Tonelli, Marcello, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathi, Manjari, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Ullah, Anayat, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Vakilian, Alireza, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vervoort, Dominique, Vo, Bay, Volovici, Victor, Vosoughi, Kia, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Wafa, Hatem A, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wolfe, Charles D A, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Jason H, Wulf Hanson, Sarah, Xu, Xiaoyue, Yadav, Lalit, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zaman, Muhammed Shahriar, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamanian, Maryam, Zand, Ramin, Zandifar, Alireza, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

29. Second asymptomatic carotid surgery trial (ACST-2): a randomised comparison of carotid artery stenting versus carotid endarterectomy

Author: Halliday, Alison, Bulbulia, Richard, Bonati, Leo H, Peto, Richard, Pan, Hongchao, Potter, John, Henning Eckstein, Hans, Farrell, Barbara, Flather, Marcus, Mansfield, Averil, Mihaylova, Boby, Rahimi, Kazim, Simpson, David, Thomas, Dafydd, Sandercock, Peter, Gray, Richard, Molyneux, Andrew, Shearman, Cliff P, Rothwell, Peter, Belli, Anna, Herrington, Will, Judge, Parminder, Leopold, Peter, Mafham, Marion, Gough, Michael, Cao, Piergiorgio, MacDonald, Sumaira, Bari, Vasha, Berry, Clive, Bradshaw, S, Brudlo, Wojciech, Clarke, Alison, Chester, Johanna, Cox, Robin, Cradduck-Bamford, Andrea, Fathers, Susan, Gaba, Kamran, Gray, Mo, Hayter, Elizabeth, Holliday, Constance, Kurien, Rijo, Lay, Michael, le Conte, Steffi, McManus, Jessica, Madgwick, Zahra, Morris, Dylan, Munday, Andrew, Pickworth, Sandra, Ostasz, Wiktor, Poorthuis, Michiel, Richards, Sue, Teixeira, Louisa, Tochlin, Sergey, Tully, Lynda, Wallis, Carol, Willet, Monique, Young, Alan, Casana, Renato, Malloggi, Chiara, Odero Jr, Andrea, Silani, Vincenzo, Parati, Gianfranco, Malchiodi, Giuseppe, Malferrari, Giovanni, Strozzi, Francesco, Tusini, Nicola, Vecchiati, Enrico, Coppi, Gioacchino, Lauricella, Antonio, Moratto, Roberto, Silingardi, Roberto, Veronesi, Jessica, Zini, Andrea, Ferrero, Emanuele, Ferri, Michelangelo, Gaggiano, Andrea, Labate, Carmelo, Nessi, Franco, Psacharopulo, Daniele, Viazzo, Andrea, Malacrida, Giovanni, Mazzaccaro, Daniela, Meola, Giovanni, Modafferi, Alfredo, Nano, Giovanni, Occhiuto, Maria Teresa, Righini, Paolo, Stegher, Silvia, Chiarandini, Stefano, Griselli, Filippo, Lepidi, Sandro, Pozzi Mucelli, Fabio, Naccarato, Marcello, D'Oria, Mario, Ziani, Barbara, Stella, Andrea, Dieng, Mortalla, Faggioli, Gianluca, Gargiulo, Mauro, Palermo, Sergio, Pini, Rodolfo, Puddu, Giovanni Maria, Vacirca, Andrea, Angiletta, Domenico, Desantis, Claudio, Marinazzo, Davide, Mastrangelo, Giovanni, Regina, Guido, Pulli, Raffaele, Bianchi, Paolo, Cireni, Lea, Coppi, Elisabetta, Pizzirusso, Rocco, Scalise, Filippo, Sorropago, Giovanni, Tolva, Valerio, Caso, Valeria, Cieri, Enrico, DeRango, Paola, Farchioni, Luca, Isernia, Giacomo, Lenti, Massimo, Parlani, Gian Battista, Pupo, Guglielmo, Pula, Grazia, Simonte, Gioele, Verzini, Fabio, Carimati, Federico, Delodovici, Maria Luisa, Fontana, Federico, Piffaretti, Gabriele, Tozzi, Matteo, Civilini, Efrem, Poletto, Giorgio, Reimers, Bernhard, Praquin, Barbara, Ronchey, Sonia, Capoccia, Laura, Mansour, Wassim, Sbarigia, Enrico, Speziale, Francesco, Sirignano, Pasqualino, Toni, Danilo, Galeotti, Roberto, Gasbarro, Vincenzo, Mascoli, Francesco, Rocca, Tiberio, Tsolaki, Elpiniki, Bernardini, Giulia, DeMarco, Ester, Giaquinta, Alessia, Patti, Francesco, Veroux, Massimiliano, Veroux, Pierfrancesco, Virgilio, Carla, Mangialardi, Nicola, Orrico, Matteo, Di Lazzaro, Vincenzo, Montelione, Nunzio, Spinelli, Francesco, Stilo, Francesco, Cernetti, Carlo, Irsara, Sandro, Maccarrone, Giuseppe, Tonello, Diego, Visonà, Adriana, Zalunardo, Beniamino, Chisci, Emiliano, Michelagnoli, Stefano, Troisi, Nicola, Masato, Maela, Dei Negri, Massimo, Pacchioni, Andrea, Saccà, Salvatore, Amatucci, Giovanni, Cannizzaro, Alfredo, Accrocca, Federico, Ambrogi, Cesare, Barbazza, Renzo, Marcucci, Giustino, Siani, Andrea, Bajardi, Guido, Savettieri, Giovanni, Argentieri, Angelo, Corbetta, Riccardo, Odero, Attilio, Quaretti, Pietro, Thyrion, Federico Z, Cappelli, Alessandro, Benevento, Domenico, De Donato, Gianmarco, Mele, Maria Agnese, Palasciano, Giancarlo, Pieragalli, Daniela, Rossi, Alessandro, Setacci, Carlo, Setacci, Francesco, Palombo, Domenico, Perfumo, Maria Cecilia, Martelli, Edoardo, Paolucci, Aldo, Trimarchi, Santi, Grassi, Viviana, Grimaldi, Luigi, La Rosa, Giuliana, Mirabella, Domenico, Scialabba, Matteo, Sichel, Leonildo, D'Angelo, Costantino L, Fadda, Gian Franco, Kasemi, Holta, Marino, Mario, Burzotta, Francesco, Codispoti, Francesco Alberto, Ferrante, Angela, Tinelli, Giovanni, Tshomba, Yamume, Vincenzoni, Claudio, Amis, Deborah, Anderson, Dawn, Catterson, Martin, Clarke, Mike, Davis, Michelle, Dixit, Anand, Dyker, Alexander, Ford, Gary, Jackson, Ralph, Kappadath, Sreevalsan, Lambert, David, Lees, Tim, Louw, Stephen, McCaslin, James, Parr, Noala, Robson, Rebecca, Stansby, Gerard, Wales, Lucy, Wealleans, Vera, Wilson, Lesley, Wyatt, Michael, Baht, Hardeep, Balogun, Ibrahim, Burger, Ilse, Cosier, Tracy, Cowie, Linda, Gunathilagan, Gunaratnam, Hargroves, David, Insall, Robert, Jones, Sally, Rudenko, Hannah, Schumacher, Natasha, Senaratne, Jawaharlal, Thomas, George, Thomson, Audrey, Webb, Tom, Brown, Ellen, Esisi, Bernard, Mehrzad, Ali, MacSweeney, Shane, McConachie, Norman, Southam, Alison, Sunman, Wayne, Abdul-Hamiq, Ahmed, Bryce, Jenny, Chetter, Ian, Ettles, Duncan, Lakshminarayan, Raghuram, Mitchelson, Kim, Rhymes, Christopher, Robinson, Graham, Scott, Paul, Vickers, Alison, Ashleigh, Ray, Butterfield, Stephen, Gamble, Ed, Ghosh, Jonathan, McCollum, Charles N, Welch, Mark, Welsh, Sarah, Wolowczyk, Leszek, Donnelly, Mary, D'Souza, Stephen, Egun, Anselm A, Gregary, Bindu, Joseph, Thomas, Kelly, Christine, Punekar, Shuja, Rahi, M Asad, Raj, Sonia, Seriki, Dare, Thomson, George, Brown, James, Durairajan, Ragunath, Grunwald, Iris, Guyler, Paul, Harman, Paula, Jakeways, Matthew, Khuoge, Christopher, Kundu, Ashish, Loganathan, Thayalini, Menon, Nisha, Prabakaran, Raji O, Sinha, Devesh, Thompson, Vicky, Tysoe, Sharon, Briley, Dennis, Darby, Chris, Hands, Linda, Howard, Dominic, Kuker, Wilhelm, Schulz, Ursula, Teal, Rachel, Barer, David, Brown, Andrew, Crawford, Susan, Dunlop, Paul, Krishnamurthy, Ramesh, Majmudar, Nikhil, Mitchell, Duncan, Myint, Min P, O'Brien, Richard, O'Connell, Janice, Sattar, Naweed, Vetrivel, Shanmugam, Beard, Jonathan, Cleveland, Trevor, Gaines, Peter, Humphreys, John, Jenkins, Alison, King, Craig, Kusuma, Daniel, Lindert, Ralph, Lonsdale, Robbie, Nair, Raj, Nawaz, Shah, Okhuoya, Faith, Turner, Douglas, Venables, Graham, Dorman, Paul, Hughes, Andrea, Jones, Deborah, Mendelow, David, Rodgers, Helen, Raudoniitis, Aidas, Enevoldson, Peter, Nahser, Hans, O'Brien, Imelda, Torella, Francesco, Watling, Dave, White, Richard, Brown, Pauline, Dutta, Dipankar, Emerson, Lorraine, Hilltout, Paula, Kulkarni, Sachin, Morrison, Jackie, Poskitt, Keith, Slim, Fiona, Smith, Sarah, Tyler, Amanda, Waldron, Joanne, Whyman, Mark, Bajoriene, Milda, Baker, Lucy, Colston, Amanda, Eliot-Jones, Bekky, Gramizadeh, Gita, Lewis-Clarke, Catherine, McCafferty, Laura, Oliver, Deborah, Palmer, Debbie, Patil, Abhijeet, Pegler, Suzannah, Ramadurai, Gopi, Roberts, Aisling, Sargent, Tracey, Siddegowda, Shivaprasad, Singh-Ranger, Ravi, Williams, Akintunde, Williams, Lucy, Windebank, Steve, Zuromskis, Tadas, Alwis, Lanka, Angus, Jane, Asokanathan, Asaipillai, Fornolles, Caroline, Hardy, Diana, Hunte, Sophy, Justin, Frances, Phiri, Duke, Mitabouana-Kibou, Marie, Sekaran, Lakshmanan, Sethuraman, Sakthivel, Tate, Margaret L, Akyea-Mensah, Joyce, Ball, Stephen, Chrisopoulou, Angela, Keene, Elizabeth, Phair, Alison, Rogers, Steven, Smyth, John V, Bicknell, Colin, Chataway, Jeremy, Cheshire, Nicholas, Clifton, Andrew, Eley, Caroline, Gibbs, Richard, Hamady, Mohammad, Hazel, Beth, James, Alex, Jenkins, Michael, Khanom, Nyma, Lacey, Austin, Mireskandari, Maz, O'Reilly, Joanna, Pereira, Antony, Sachs, Tina, Wolfe, John, Davey, Philip, Rogers, Gill, Smith, Gemma, Tervit, Gareth, Nichol, Ian, Parry, Andrew, Young, Gavin, Ashley, Simon, Barwell, James, Dix, Francis, Nor, Azlisham M, Parry, Chris, Birt, Angela, Davies, Paul, George, Jim, Graham, Anne, Jonker, Leon, Kelsall, Nicci, Potts, Caroline, Wilson, Toni, Crinnion, Jamie, Cuenoud, Larissa, Aleksic, Nikola, Babic, Srdan, Ilijevski, Nenad, Radak, Đorde, Sagic, Dragan, Tanaskovic, Slobodan, Colic, Momcilo, Cvetic, Vladimir, Davidovic, Lazar, Jovanovic, Dejana R, Koncar, Igor, Mutavdžic, Perica, Sladojevic, Miloš, Tomic, Ivan, Debus, Eike S, Grzyska, Ulrich, Otto, Dagmar, Thomalla, Götz, Barlinn, Jessica, Gerber, Johannes, Haase, Kathrin, Hartmann, Christian, Ludwig, Stefan, Pütz, Volker, Reeps, Christian, Schmidt, Christine, Weiss, Norbert, Werth, Sebastian, Winzer, Simon, Gemper, Janine, Günther, Albrecht, Heiling, Bianka, Jochmann, Elisabeth, Karvouniari, Panagiota, Klingner, Carsten, Mayer, Thomas, Schubert, Julia, Schulze-Hartung, Friederike, Zanow, Jürgen, Bausback, Yvonne, Borger, Franka, Botsios, Spiridon, Branzan, Daniela, Bräunlich, Sven, Hölzer, Henryk, Lenzer, Janin, Piorkowski, Christopher, Richter, Nadine, Schuster, Johannes, Scheinert, Dierk, Schmidt, Andrej, Staab, Holger, Ulrich, Matthias, Werner, Martin, Berger, Hermann, Biró, Gábor, Eckstein, Hans-Henning, Kallmayer, Michael, Kreiser, Kornelia, Zimmermann, Alexander, Berekoven, Bärbel, Frerker, Klaus, Gordon, Vera, Torsello, Giovanni, Arnold, Sebastian, Dienel, Cora, Storck, Martin, Biermaier, Bernhard, Gissler, Hans Martin, Klötzsch, Christof, Pfeiffer, Tomas, Schneider, Ralph, Söhl, Leander, Wennrich, Michael, Alonso, Angelika, Keese, Michael, Groden, Christoph, Cöster, Andreas, Engelhardt, Andreas, Ratusinski, Christoph-Maria, Berg, Bengt, Delle, Martin, Formgren, Johan, Gillgren, Peter, Jarl, Lotta, Kall, Torbjörn B, Konrad, Peter, Nyman, Niklas, Skiöldebrand, Claes, Steuer, Johnny, Takolander, Rabbe, Malmstedt, Jonas, Acosta, Stefan, Björses, Katarina, Brandt, Kerstin, Dias, Nuno, Gottsäter, Anders, Holst, Jan, Kristmundsson, Thorarinn, Kühme, Tobias, Kölbel, Tilo, Lindblad, Bengt, Lindh, Mats, Malina, Martin, Ohrlander, Tomas, Resch, Tim, Rönnle, Viola, Sonesson, Björn, Warvsten, Margareta, Zdanowski, Zbigniew, Campbell, Erik, Kjellin, Per, Lindgren, Hans, Nyberg, Johan, Petersen, Björn, Plate, Gunnar, Pärsson, Håkan, Qvarfordt, Peter, Ignatenko, Pavel, Karpenko, Andrey, Starodubtsev, Vladimir, Chernyavsky, Mikhail A, Golovkova, Maria S, Komakha, Boris B, Zherdev, Nikolay N, Belyasnik, Andrey, Chechulov, Pavel, Kandyba, Dmitry, Stepanishchev, Igor, Csobay-Novák, Csaba, Dósa, Edit, Entz, László, Nemes, Balázs, Szeberin, Zoltán, Barzó, Pál, Bodosi, Mihaly, Fákó, Eniko, Fülöp, Béla, Németh, Tamás, Pazdernyik, Szilárd, Skoba, Krisztina, Vörös, Erika, Chatzinikou, Eleni, Giannoukas, Athanasios, Karathanos, Christos, Koutsias, Stylianos, Kouvelos, Georgios, Matsagkas, Miltiadis, Ralli, Styliani, Rountas, Christos, Rousas, Nikolaos, Spanos, Konstantinos, Brountzos, Elias, Kakisis, John D, Lazaris, Andreas, Moulakakis, Konstantinos G, Stefanis, Leonidas, Tsivgoulis, Georgios, Vasdekis, Spyros, Antonopoulos, Constantine N, Bellenis, Ion, Maras, Dimitrios, Polydorou, Antonios, Polydorou, Victoria, Tavernarakis, Antonios, Ioannou, Nikolaos, Terzoudi, Maria, Lazarides, Miltos, Mantatzis, Michalis, Vadikolias, Kostas, Dzieciuchowicz, Lukasz, Gabriel, Marcin, Krasinski, Zbigniew, Oszkinis, Grzegorz, Pukacki, Fryderyk, Slowinski, Maciej, Stanišic, Michal-Goran, Staniszewski, Ryszard, Tomczak, Jolanta, Zielinski, Maciej, Myrcha, Piotr, Rózanski, Dorota, Drelichowski, Stanislaw, Iwanowski, Wojciech, Koncewicz, Katarzyna, Bialek, Pawel, Biejat, Zbigniew, Czepel, Wojciech, Czlonkowska, Anna, Dowzenko, Anatol, Jedrzejewska, Julia, Kobayashi, Adam, Leszczynski, Jerzy, Malek, Andrzej, Polanski, Jerzy, Proczka, Robert, Skorski, Maciej, Szostek, Mieczyslaw, Andziak, Piotr, Dratwicki, Maciej, Gil, Robert, Nowicki, Miroslaw, Pniewski, Jaroslaw, Rzezak, Jaroslaw, Seweryniak, Piotr, Dabek, Pawel, Juszynski, Michal, Madycki, Grzegorz, Pacewski, Bartosz, Raciborski, Witold, Slowinski, Piotr, Staszkiewicz, Walerian, Bombic, Martin, Chlouba, Vladimír, Fiedler, Jirí, Hes, Karel, Koštál, Petr, Sova, Jindrich, Kríž, Zdenek, Prívara, Mojmír, Reif, Michal, Staffa, Robert, Vlachovský, Robert, Vojtíšek, Bohuslav, Hrbác, Tomáš, Kuliha, Martin, Procházka, Václav, Roubec, Martin, Školoudík, David, Netuka, David, Šteklácová, Anna, Beneš III, Vladimír, Buchvald, Pavel, Endrych, Ladislav, Šercl, Miroslav, Campos Jr, Walter, Casella, Ivan B, de Luccia, Nelson, Estenssoro, André E V, Presti, Calógero, Puech-Leão, Pedro, Neves, Celso R B, da Silva, Erasmo S, Sitrângulo Jr, Cid J, Monteiro, José A T, Tinone, Gisela, Bellini Dalio, Marcelo, Joviliano, Edwaldo E, Pontes Neto, Octávio M, Serra Ribeiro, Mauricio, Cras, Patrick, Hendriks, Jeroen M H, Hoppenbrouwers, Mieke, Lauwers, Patrick, Loos, Caroline, Yperzeele, Laetitia, Geenens, Mia, Hemelsoet, Dimitri, van Herzeele, Isabelle, Vermassen, Frank, Astarci, Parla, Hammer, Frank, Lacroix, Valérie, Peeters, André, Verhelst, Robert, Cirelli, Silvana, Dormal, Pol, Grimonprez, Annelies, Lambrecht, Bart, Lerut, Philipe, Thues, Eddy, De Koster, Guy, Desiron, Quentin, Maertens de Noordhout, Alain, Malmendier, Danielle, Massoz, Mireille, Saad, Georges, Bosiers, Marc, Callaert, Joren, Deloose, Koen, Blanco Cañibano, Estrella, García Fresnillo, Beatriz, Guerra Requena, Mercedes, Morata Barrado, Pilar C, Muela Méndez, Miguel, Yusta Izquierdo, Antonio, Aparici Robles, Fernando, Blanes Orti, Paula, García Dominguez, Luis, Martínez López, Rafael, Miralles Hernández, Manuel, Tembl Ferrairo, José I, Chamorro, Ángel, Macho, Juan, Obach, Víctor, Riambau, Vincent, San Román, Luis, Ahlhelm, Frank J, Blackham, Kristine, Engelter, Stefan, Eugster, Thomas, Gensicke, Henrik, Gürke, Lorenz, Lyrer, Philippe, Mariani, Luigi, Maurer, Marina, Mujagic, Edin, Müller, Mandy, Psychogios, Marios, Stierli, Peter, Stippich, Christoph, Traenka, Christopher, Wolff, Thomas, Wagner, Benjamin, Wiegert, Martina M, Clarke, Sandra, Diepers, Michael, Gröchenig, Ernst, Gruber, Philipp, Isaak, Andrej, Kahles, Timo, Marti, Regula, Nedeltchev, Krassen, Remonda, Luca, Tissira, Nadir, Valença Falcão, Martina, de Borst, Gert J, Lo, Rob H, Moll, Frans L, Toorop, Raechel, van der Worp, Bart H, Vonken, Evert J, Kappelle, Jaap L, Jahrome, Ommid, Vos, Floris, Schuiling, Wouter, van Overhagen, Hendrik, Keunen, Rudolf W M, Knippenberg, Bob, Wever, Jan J, Lardenoije, Jan W, Reijnen, Michel, Smeets, Luuk, van Sterkenburg, Steven, Fraedrich, Gustav, Gizewski, Elke, Gruber, Ingrid, Knoflach, Michael, Kiechl, Stefan, Rantner, Barbara, Abdulamit, Timur, Bergeron, Patrice, Padovani, Raymond, Trastour, Jean-Christophe, Cardon, Jean-Marie, Le Gallou-Wittenberg, Anne, Allaire, Eric, Becquemin, Jean-Pierre, Cochennec-Paliwoda, Frédéric, Desgranges, Pascal, Hosseini, Hassan, Kobeiter, Hicham, Marzelle, Jean, Almekhlafi, Mohammed A, Bal, Simerpreet, Barber, Phillip A, Coutts, Shelagh B, Demchuk, Andrew M, Eesa, Muneer, Gillies, Michelle, Goyal, Mayank, Hill, Michael D, Hudon, Mark E, Jambula, Anitha, Kenney, Carol, Klein, Gary, McClelland, Marie, Mitha, Alim, Menon, Bijoy K, Morrish, William F, Peters, Steven, Ryckborst, Karla J, Samis, Greg, Save, Supriya, Smith, Eric E, Stys, Peter, Subramaniam, Suresh, Sutherland, Garnette R, Watson, Tim, Wong, John H, Zimmel, L, Flis, Vojko, Matela, Jože, Miksic, Kazimir, Milotic, Franko, Mrdja, Božidar, Stirn, Barbara, Tetickovic, Erih, Gasparini, Mladen, Grad, Anton, Kompara, Ingrid, Miloševic, Zoren, Palmiste, Veronika, Toomsoo, Toomas, Aidashova, Balzhan, Kospanov, Nursultan, Lyssenko, Roman, Mussagaliev, Daulet, Beyar, Rafi, Hoffman, Aaron, Karram, Tony, Kerner, Arthur, Nikolsky, Eugenia, Nitecki, Samy, Andonova, Silva, Bachvarov, Chavdar, Petrov, Vesko, Cvjetko, Ivan, Vidjak, Vinko, Halužan, Damir, Petrunic, Mladen, Liu, Bao, Liu, Chang-Wei, Bartko, Daniel, Beno, Peter, Rusnák, František, Zelenák, Kamil, Ezura, Masayuki, Inoue, Takashi, Kimura, Naoto, Kondo, Ryushi, Matsumoto, Yasushi, Shimizu, Hiroaki, Endo, Hidenori, Furui, Eisuke, Bakke, Søren, Krohg-Sørensen, Kristen, Nome, Terje, Skjelland, Mona, Tennøe, Bjørn, Albuquerque e Castro, João, Alves, Gonçalo, Bastos Gonçalves, Frederico, de Aragão Morais, José, Garcia, Ana C, Valentim, Hugo, Vasconcelos, Leonor, Belcastro, Fernando, Cura, Fernando, Zaefferer, Patricio, Abd-Allah, Foad, Eldessoki, Mohamed H, Heshmat Kassem, Hussein, Soliman Gharieb, Haytham, Colgan, Mary P, Haider, Syed N, Harbison, Joe, Madhavan, Prakash, Moore, Dermot, Shanik, Gregor, Kazan, Viviane, Nazzal, Munier, and Ramsey-Williams, Vicki
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

30. Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Paulson, Katherine R, Kamath, Aruna M, Alam, Tahiya, Bienhoff, Kelly, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abbas, Jaffar, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abd-Elsalam, Sherief M, Abdoli, Amir, Abedi, Aidin, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I, Adamu, Aishatu L, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adegbosin, Adeyinka Emmanuel, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo, Adsuar, Jose C, Afshari, Khashayar, Aghaali, Mohammad, Agudelo-Botero, Marcela, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aji, Budi, Akalu, Yonas, Akinyemi, Oluwaseun Oladapo, Aklilu, Addis, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Tilahun, Alicandro, Gianfranco, Alif, Sheikh Mohammad, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Almasri, Nihad A, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alumran, Arwa Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amini, Saeed, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Amugsi, Dickson A, Ancuceanu, Robert, Anderlini, Deanna, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Ansari, Fereshteh, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Anvari, Davood, Anwer, Razique, Aqeel, Muhammad, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aripov, Timur, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asaad, Malke, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Athari, Seyyede Masoume, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Atreya, Alok, Atteraya, Madhu Sudhan, Ausloos, Marcel, Awan, Asma Tahir, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Azari, Samad, Azarian, Ghasem, Azene, Zelalem Nigussie, B, Darshan B, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badiye, Ashish D, Baig, Atif Amin, Banach, Maciej, Banik, Palash Chandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Bassat, Quique, Basu, Sanjay, Baune, Bernhard T, Bayati, Mohsen, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Beghi, Massimiliano, Bell, Michelle L, Bendak, Salaheddine, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhe, Kidanemaryam, Berman, Adam E, Bezabih, Yihienew Mequanint, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bikbov, Boris, Biondi, Antonio, Birihane, Binyam Minuye, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Breusov, Alexey V, Brunoni, Andre R, Burkart, Katrin, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Busse, Reinhard, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Camargos, Paulo, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carreras, Giulia, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Felix, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castelpietra, Giulio, Cerin, Ester, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun, Charan, Jaykaran, Chatterjee, Souranshu, Chattu, Soosanna Kumary, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chaturvedi, Sarika, Chen, Simiao, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Cirillo, Massimo, Conde, Joao, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A S, Dachew, Berihun Assefa, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Dai, Hancheng, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz, Darmstadt, Gary L, Das, Jai K, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davis, Adrian C, Davletov, Kairat, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, De Leo, Diego, Deeba, Farah, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Desalew, Assefa, Deuba, Keshab, Dey, Sagnik, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhingra, Sameer, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Dias da Silva, Diana, Diaz, Daniel, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshmangir, Leila, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Eagan, Arielle Wilder, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Efendi, Ferry, Eftekharzadeh, Sahar, El Sayed, Iman, El Tantawi, Maha, Elbarazi, Iffat, Elgendy, Islam Y, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Emami, Amir, Enany, Shymaa, Eyawo, Oghenowede, Ezzikouri, Sayeh, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Nazir, Fauk, Nelsensius Klau, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Ferede, Tomas Y, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fisher, James L, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Foroutan, Masoud, Franklin, Richard Charles, Freitas, Marisa, Friedman, Sara D, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gad, Mohamed M, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gaihre, Santosh, Gallus, Silvano, Garcia-Basteiro, Alberto L, Garcia-Gordillo, MA, Gardner, William M, Gaspar Fonseca, Mariana, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Getacher, Lemma, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gilani, Syed Amir, Gill, Tiffany K, Giussani, Giorgia, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Godinho, Myron Anthony, Goel, Amit, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gona, Philimon N, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goudarzi, Houman, Grivna, Michal, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guido, Davide, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Gupta, Rajat Das, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haider, Mohammad Rifat, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Hankey, Graeme J, Hargono, Arief, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hasan, Syed Shahzad, Hassan, Amr, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Havmoeller, Rasmus J, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Henry, Nathaniel J, Herteliu, Claudiu, Hole, Michael K, Holla, Ramesh, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Hostiuc, Sorin, Househ, Mowafa, Huang, Junjie, Humayun, Ayesha, Hwang, Bing-Fang, Iavicoli, Ivo, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ikuta, Kevin S, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Inamdar, Sumant, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Iqbal, Khalid, Iqbal, Usman, Islam, M Mofizul, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iso, Hiroyasu, Iwagami, Masao, Iwu, Chidozie C D, Jaafari, Jalil, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jagnoor, Jagnoor, Jain, Vardhmaan, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Javaheri, Tahereh, Javanmardi, Fatemeh, Jayaram, Shubha, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Ji, John S, John, Oommen, Jonas, Jost B, Joo, Tamas, Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kamyari, Naser, Kanchan, Tanuj, Kapoor, Neeti, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karch, André, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kassahun, Getinet, Kayode, Gbenga A, Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Kemmer, Laura, Khalid, Nauman, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khang, Young-Ho, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Amir M, Khater, Mona M, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kopec, Jacek A, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koulmane Laxminarayana, Sindhura Lakshmi, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kumar, Nithin, Kurmi, Om P, Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lami, Faris Hasan, Landires, Iván, Larsson, Anders O, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S, Lauriola, Paolo, Lee, Paul H, Lee, Shaun Wen Huey, Lee, Yo Han, Leigh, James, Leonardi, Matilde, Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Bingyu, Li, Shanshan, Liang, Juan, Lim, Lee-Ling, Limenih, Miteku Andualem, Lin, Ro-Ting, Liu, Xuefeng, Lodha, Rakesh, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Lugo, Alessandra, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Mackay, Mark T, Madhava Kunjathur, Shilpashree, Magnani, Francesca Giulia, Mahadeshwara Prasad, D R, Maheri, Mina, Mahmoudi, Morteza, Majeed, Azeem, Maled, Venkatesh, Maleki, Afshin, Maleki, Shokofeh, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Martinez, Gabriel, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Maulik, Pallab K, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mejia-Rodriguez, Fabiola, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Mensah, George A, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mersha, Abera M, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Michalek, Irmina Maria, Miller, Ted R, Mini, GK, Miri, Mohammad, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Moazen, Babak, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamad, Osama, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Moore, Catrin E, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Morawska, Lidia, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mosser, Jonathan F, Mousavi Khaneghah, Amin, Mustafa, Ghulam, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naghshtabrizi, Behshad, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Naveed, Muhammad, Nazari, Javad, Ndejjo, Rawlance, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nena, Evangelia, Nepal, Samata, Netsere, Henok Biresaw, Nguefack-Tsague, Georges, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Chi Thi Yen, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nigatu, Yeshambel T, Nigussie, Samuel Negash, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nomura, Shuhei, Noor, Nurulamin M, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Omar Bali, Ahmed, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Ortiz, Alberto, Otoiu, Adrian, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakhale, Smita, Pakshir, Keyvan, Pal, Pramod Kumar, Palladino, Raffaele, Pana, Adrian, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Anamika, Pandey, Ashok, Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R, Pangaribuan, Helena Ullyartha, Pardo-Montaño, Ana Melisa, Park, Eun-Kee, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Patton, George C, Pawar, Shrikant, Pazoki Toroudi, Hamidreza, Peden, Amy E, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Peprah, Emmanuel K, Pereira, Jeevan, Pérez-Gómez, Jorge, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Pilgrim, Thomas, Pinheiro, Marina, Piradov, Michael A, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Platts-Mills, James A, Pokhrel, Khem Narayan, Postma, Maarten J, Pourjafar, Hadi, Prada, Sergio I, Prakash, Sanjay, Pupillo, Elisabetta, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiee, Ata, Rafiei, Alireza, Raggi, Alberto, Rahimzadeh, Shadi, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Ramezanzadeh, Kiana, Rana, Juwel, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Sowmya J, Rasella, Davide, Rastogi, Prateek, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Reiner Jr, Robert C, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M N, Reshmi, Bhageerathy, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaei, Negar, Rezaei, Nima, Rezapour, Aziz, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Daniela, Rickard, Jennifer, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Rothenbacher, Dietrich, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rumisha, Susan Fred, Ryan, Paul MacDaragh, Saddik, Basema, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salehi, Sana, Salem, Marwa Rashad, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Salomon, Joshua A, Samodra, Yoseph Leonardo, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sattin, Davide, Saxena, Sonia, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Saylan, Mete, Schiavolin, Silvia, Schlaich, Markus P, Schwebel, David C, Schwendicke, Falk, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serván-Mori, Edson, Sha, Feng, Shafaat, Omid, Shahabi, Saeed, Shahbaz, Mohammad, Shaheen, Amira A, Shahid, Izza, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakiba, Saeed, Shalash, Ali S, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Shuval, Kerem, Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silva, João Pedro, Silverberg, Jonathan I S, Simonetti, Biagio, Singh, Balbir Bagicha, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singhal, Deepika, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sleet, David A, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Sobhiyeh, Mohammad Reza, Soltani, Shahin, Soriano, Joan B, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Stokes, Mark A, Stortecky, Stefan, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Rizwan, Sulo, Gerhard, Swope, Carolyn B, Sykes, Bryan L, Szeto, Mindy D, Szócska, Miklós, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Taherkhani, Amir, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tareque, Md Ismail, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thapar, Rekha, Tolani, Musliu Adetola, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Tsapparellas, Giorgos, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Uddin, Riaz, Ullah, Anayat, Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David, Unim, Brigid, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Upadhyay, Era, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Vacante, Marco, Vaezi, Maryam, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Valdez, Pascual R, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Madhur, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Vu, Giang Thu, Wado, Yohannes Dibaba, Waheed, Yasir, Wamai, Richard G, Wang, Yanping, Wang, Yanzhong, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Ward, Paul, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, Wilner, Lauren B, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wu, Ai-Min, Wu, Chenkai, Xie, Yang, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamagishi, Kazumasa, Yandrapalli, Srikanth, Yaya, Sanni, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusuf, Sifat Shahana, Zaidi, Syed Saoud, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zastrozhina, Anasthasia, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhao, Xiu-Ju George, Ziapour, Arash, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher J L, Wang, Haidong, and Kassebaum, Nicholas J
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

31. Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Author: Galles, Natalie C, Liu, Patrick Y, Updike, Rachel L, Fullman, Nancy, Nguyen, Jason, Rolfe, Sam, Sbarra, Alyssa N, Schipp, Megan F, Marks, Ashley, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abbas, Kaja M, Abbasi, Sumra Wajid, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdoli, Amir, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abosetugn, Akine Eshete, Adabi, Maryam, Adamu, Abdu A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah, Advani, Shailesh M, Afzal, Saira, Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmad, Tauseef, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed Rashid, Tarik, Ahmed Salih, Yusra, Akalu, Yonas, Aklilu, Addis, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Al Hamad, Hanadi, Alahdab, Fares, Albano, Luciana, Alemayehu, Yosef, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Liaqat, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amu, Hubert, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Andrei, Tudorel, Ansar, Adnan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Antonazzo, Ippazio Cosimo, Antony, Benny, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, Arulappan, Judie, Awan, Asma Tahir, Awoke, Mamaru Ayenew, Ayza, Muluken Altaye, Azarian, Ghasem, Azzam, Ahmed Y, B, Darshan B, Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Banach, Maciej, Bante, Simachew Animen, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Barrow, Amadou, Bassat, Quique, Bayarmagnai, Narantuya, Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda, Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye, Belay, Habtamu Gebrehana, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhandari, Dinesh, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhaskar, Sonu, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bibi, Sadia, Bijani, Ali, Biondi, Antonio, Boloor, Archith, Braithwaite, Dejana, Buonsenso, Danilo, Butt, Zahid A, Camargos, Paulo, Carreras, Giulia, Carvalho, Felix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Chakinala, Raja Chandra, Charan, Jaykaran, Chatterjee, Souranshu, Chattu, Soosanna Kumary, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chowdhury, Fazle Rabbi, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chung, Sheng-Chia, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera Marisa, Couto, Rosa A S, Dadras, Omid, Dagnew, Amare Belachew, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Derseh, Behailu Tariku, Desai, Rupak, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu, Dhamnetiya, Deepak, Dhimal, Mandira Lamichhane, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dianatinasab, Mostafa, Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dorostkar, Fariba, Edem, Bassey, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Eftekharzadeh, Sahar, El Sayed, Iman, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Elhadi, Muhammed, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Enany, Shymaa, Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj, Esezobor, Christopher Imokhuede, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Ezeonwumelu, Ifeanyi Jude, Ezzikouri, Sayeh, Fares, Jawad, Faris, Pawan Sirwan, Feleke, Berhanu Elfu, Ferede, Tomas Y, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fernandes, João C, Ferrara, Pietro, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Francis, Mark Rohit, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gad, Mohamed M, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gallus, Silvano, Garg, Tushar, Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Gebre, Teshome, Gebregiorgis, Birhan Gebresillassie, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremichael, Berhe, Gessner, Bradford D, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gilani, Syed Amir, Glăvan, Ionela-Roxana, Glushkova, Ekaterina Vladimirovna, Golechha, Mahaveer, Gonfa, Kebebe Bekele, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goudarzi, Houman, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Veer Bala, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, Gutiérrez, Reyna Alma, Haeuser, Emily, Halwani, Rabih, Hamidi, Samer, Hanif, Asif, Haque, Shafiul, Harapan, Harapan, Hargono, Arief, Hashi, Abdiwahab, Hassan, Shoaib, Hassanein, Mohamed H, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heidari, Golnaz, Hezam, Kamal, Holla, Ramesh, Hoque, Mohammad Enamul, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hostiuc, Mihaela, Househ, Mowafa, Hsieh, Vivian Chia-rong, Huang, Junjie, Humayun, Ayesha, Hussain, Rabia, Hussein, Nawfal R, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Inamdar, Sumant, Iqbal, Usman, Irham, Lalu Muhammad, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Joukar, Farahnaz, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamal, Zul, Kamande, Stanley M, Kandel, Himal, Karch, André, Kassahun, Getinet, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Katoto, Patrick DMC, Kelkay, Bayew, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khajuria, Himanshu, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Junaid, Khan, Maseer, Khan, Moien AB, Khang, Young-Ho, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kim, Min Seo, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich, Kosen, Soewarta, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kulkarni, Vaman, Kumar, Avinash, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Nithin, Kwarteng, Alexander, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lami, Faris Hasan, Landires, Iván, Lasrado, Savita, Lassi, Zohra S, Lee, Hankil, Lee, Yeong Yeh, Levi, Miriam, Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Shanshan, Liu, Xuefeng, Lobo, Stany W, Lopukhov, Platon D, Lozano, Rafael, Lutzky Saute, Ricardo, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, Makki, Alaa, Malik, Ahmad Azam, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Matthews, Philippa C, Medina, John Robert Carabeo, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mengesha, Endalkachew Worku, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mersha, Amanual Getnet, Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Milne, George J, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mirzaei, Hamid Reza, Misra, Sanjeev, Mithra, Prasanna, Moghadaszadeh, Masoud, Mohamed, Teroj Abdulrahman, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Mokhtar, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammed, Arif, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohapatra, Archisman, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moni, Mohammad Ali, Montasir, Ahmed Al, Moore, Catrin E, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Moraga, Paula, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, Munro, Sandra B, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Naveed, Muhammad, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, Negoi, Ionut, Neupane Kandel, Sandhya, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nikbakhsh, Rajan, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nixon, Molly R, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nuñez-Samudio, Virginia, Nwatah, Vincent Ebuka, Oancea, Bogdan, Ochir, Chimedsuren, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olakunde, Babayemi Oluwaseun, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Otstavnov, Nikita, Otstavnov, Stanislav S, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakshir, Keyvan, Park, Eun-Cheol, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pathak, Mona, Paudel, Rajan, Pawar, Shrikant, Pereira, Jeevan, Peres, Mario F P, Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, Pinheiro, Marina, Pirestani, Majid, Podder, Vivek, Polibin, Roman V, Pollok, Richard Charles G, Postma, Maarten J, Pottoo, Faheem Hyder, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmawaty, Setyaningrum, Rajesh, Aashish, Ramshaw, Rebecca E, Ranasinghe, Priyanga, Rao, Chythra R, Rao, Sowmya J, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Renzaho, Andre M N, Rezaei, Negar, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rios-Blancas, Maria, Rogowski, Emma L B, Ronfani, Luca, Rwegerera, Godfrey M, Saad, Anas M, Sabour, Siamak, Saddik, Basema, Saeb, Mohammad Reza, Saeed, Umar, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salam, Nasir, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samaei, Mehrnoosh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Sanmarchi, Francesco, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Sarveazad, Arash, Sathian, Brijesh, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Deepak, Saxena, Sonia, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Seylani, Allen, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shetty, Pavanchand H, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Sidemo, Negussie Boti, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sinha, Smriti, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soheili, Amin, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tamiru, Animut Tagele, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tekalegn, Yohannes, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Thakur, Bhaskar, Thapar, Rekha, Thavamani, Aravind, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tohidinik, Hamid Reza, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tripathi, Manjari, Tsegaye, Berhan, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw Wudie, Ullah, Anayat, Ullah, Saif, Ullah, Sana, Unim, Brigid, Vacante, Marco, Velazquez, Diana Zuleika, Vo, Bay, Vollmer, Sebastian, Vu, Giang Thu, Vu, Linh Gia, Waheed, Yasir, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Yiğit, Vahit, Yirdaw, Birhanu Wubale, Yon, Dong Keon, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua, Yuce, Deniz, Yunusa, Ismaeel, Zamani, Mohammad, Zamanian, Maryam, Zewdie, Dejene Tesfaye, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zhong, Chenwen, Zumla, Alimuddin, Murray, Christopher J L, Lim, Stephen S, and Mosser, Jonathan F
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

32. Non-Convulsive Status Epilepticus (NCSE) in ICU: Bedside Usefulness of TCD in Comatose Patient Diagnosis. When the EEG Is Too Far

Author: Othman, Alshimaa Shaban, primary and Abd-Allah, Foad, additional
Published: 2021
Full Text: View/download PDF

33. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2016 Risk Factors, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Afshin, Ashkan, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansari, Hossein, Antó, Josep M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Ballew, Shoshana H, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Batis, Carolina, Battle, Katherine E, Baumgarner, Blair R, Baune, Bernhard T, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Brauer, Michael, and Breitborde, Nicholas JK
Subjects: Epidemiology, Health Sciences, Prevention, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Air Pollution, Body Mass Index, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases, Disabled Persons, Environmental Health, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Occupational Diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Assessment, Sex Distribution, Smoking, Water Supply, Young Adult, GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract: BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.MethodsWe used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined.FindingsSince 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124·1 million DALYs [95% UI 111·2 million to 137·0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122·2 million DALYs [110·3 million to 133·3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83·0 million DALYs [78·3 million to 87·7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89·9 million DALYs [80·9 million to 98·2 million]), high body-mass index (64·8 million DALYs [44·4 million to 87·6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63·8 million DALYs [53·2 million to 76·3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9·3% (6·9-11·6) decline in deaths and a 10·8% (8·3-13·1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14·9% (12·7-17·5) of deaths and 6·2% (3·9-8·7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12·4% (10·1-14·9) of deaths and 12·4% (10·1-14·9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27·3% (24·9-29·7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks.InterpretationIncreasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade.FundingThe Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies.
Published: 2017

34. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE, Hay, Simon I, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adedeji, Isaac A, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Althouse, Benjamin M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Awasthi, Shally, Azarpazhooh, Mahmoud Reza, Azzopardi, Peter, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Robert, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, and Beyene, Addisu Shunu
Subjects: Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Social Determinants of Health, Clinical Research, Burden of Illness, Prevention, Behavioral and Social Science, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Communicable Diseases, Disabled Persons, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Residence Characteristics, Sex Distribution, Wounds and Injuries, GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract: BackgroundMeasurement of changes in health across locations is useful to compare and contrast changing epidemiological patterns against health system performance and identify specific needs for resource allocation in research, policy development, and programme decision making. Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we drew from two widely used summary measures to monitor such changes in population health: disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) and healthy life expectancy (HALE). We used these measures to track trends and benchmark progress compared with expected trends on the basis of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI).MethodsWe used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 for all-cause mortality, cause-specific mortality, and non-fatal disease burden to derive HALE and DALYs by sex for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016. We calculated DALYs by summing years of life lost and years of life lived with disability for each location, age group, sex, and year. We estimated HALE using age-specific death rates and years of life lived with disability per capita. We explored how DALYs and HALE differed from expected trends when compared with the SDI: the geometric mean of income per person, educational attainment in the population older than age 15 years, and total fertility rate.FindingsThe highest globally observed HALE at birth for both women and men was in Singapore, at 75·2 years (95% uncertainty interval 71·9-78·6) for females and 72·0 years (68·8-75·1) for males. The lowest for females was in the Central African Republic (45·6 years [42·0-49·5]) and for males was in Lesotho (41·5 years [39·0-44·0]). From 1990 to 2016, global HALE increased by an average of 6·24 years (5·97-6·48) for both sexes combined. Global HALE increased by 6·04 years (5·74-6·27) for males and 6·49 years (6·08-6·77) for females, whereas HALE at age 65 years increased by 1·78 years (1·61-1·93) for males and 1·96 years (1·69-2·13) for females. Total global DALYs remained largely unchanged from 1990 to 2016 (-2·3% [-5·9 to 0·9]), with decreases in communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) disease DALYs offset by increased DALYs due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The exemplars, calculated as the five lowest ratios of observed to expected age-standardised DALY rates in 2016, were Nicaragua, Costa Rica, the Maldives, Peru, and Israel. The leading three causes of DALYs globally were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and lower respiratory infections, comprising 16·1% of all DALYs. Total DALYs and age-standardised DALY rates due to most CMNN causes decreased from 1990 to 2016. Conversely, the total DALY burden rose for most NCDs; however, age-standardised DALY rates due to NCDs declined globally.InterpretationAt a global level, DALYs and HALE continue to show improvements. At the same time, we observe that many populations are facing growing functional health loss. Rising SDI was associated with increases in cumulative years of life lived with disability and decreases in CMNN DALYs offset by increased NCD DALYs. Relative compression of morbidity highlights the importance of continued health interventions, which has changed in most locations in pace with the gross domestic product per person, education, and family planning. The analysis of DALYs and HALE and their relationship to SDI represents a robust framework with which to benchmark location-specific health performance. Country-specific drivers of disease burden, particularly for causes with higher-than-expected DALYs, should inform health policies, health system improvement initiatives, targeted prevention efforts, and development assistance for health, including financial and research investments for all countries, regardless of their level of sociodemographic development. The presence of countries that substantially outperform others suggests the need for increased scrutiny for proven examples of best practices, which can help to extend gains, whereas the presence of underperforming countries suggests the need for devotion of extra attention to health systems that need more robust support.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

35. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2016 Causes of Death, Naghavi, Mohsen, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Syed Danish, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkaabi, Juma M, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla, Andersen, Hjalte H, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G, Awasthi, Ashish, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Bacha, Umar, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bienhoff, Kelly, Bikbov, Boris, Bisanzio, Donal, Bourne, Rupert RA, Breitborde, Nicholas JK, Bulto, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Bumgarner, Blair R, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Cameron, Ewan, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Charlson, Fiona J, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, and Chimed-Ochir, Odgerel
Subjects: Pediatric, Clinical Research, Infant Mortality, Infectious Diseases, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Infection, Cardiovascular, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases, Disasters, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Nutrition Disorders, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult, GBD 2016 Causes of Death Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundMonitoring levels and trends in premature mortality is crucial to understanding how societies can address prominent sources of early death. The Global Burden of Disease 2016 Study (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 264 causes in 195 locations from 1980 to 2016. This assessment includes evaluation of the expected epidemiological transition with changes in development and where local patterns deviate from these trends.MethodsWe estimated cause-specific deaths and years of life lost (YLLs) by age, sex, geography, and year. YLLs were calculated from the sum of each death multiplied by the standard life expectancy at each age. We used the GBD cause of death database composed of: vital registration (VR) data corrected for under-registration and garbage coding; national and subnational verbal autopsy (VA) studies corrected for garbage coding; and other sources including surveys and surveillance systems for specific causes such as maternal mortality. To facilitate assessment of quality, we reported on the fraction of deaths assigned to GBD Level 1 or Level 2 causes that cannot be underlying causes of death (major garbage codes) by location and year. Based on completeness, garbage coding, cause list detail, and time periods covered, we provided an overall data quality rating for each location with scores ranging from 0 stars (worst) to 5 stars (best). We used robust statistical methods including the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) to generate estimates for each location, year, age, and sex. We assessed observed and expected levels and trends of cause-specific deaths in relation to the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator derived from measures of average income per capita, educational attainment, and total fertility, with locations grouped into quintiles by SDI. Relative to GBD 2015, we expanded the GBD cause hierarchy by 18 causes of death for GBD 2016.FindingsThe quality of available data varied by location. Data quality in 25 countries rated in the highest category (5 stars), while 48, 30, 21, and 44 countries were rated at each of the succeeding data quality levels. Vital registration or verbal autopsy data were not available in 27 countries, resulting in the assignment of a zero value for data quality. Deaths from non-communicable diseases (NCDs) represented 72·3% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 71·2-73·2) of deaths in 2016 with 19·3% (18·5-20·4) of deaths in that year occurring from communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases and a further 8·43% (8·00-8·67) from injuries. Although age-standardised rates of death from NCDs decreased globally between 2006 and 2016, total numbers of these deaths increased; both numbers and age-standardised rates of death from CMNN causes decreased in the decade 2006-16-age-standardised rates of deaths from injuries decreased but total numbers varied little. In 2016, the three leading global causes of death in children under-5 were lower respiratory infections, neonatal preterm birth complications, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma, combined resulting in 1·80 million deaths (95% UI 1·59 million to 1·89 million). Between 1990 and 2016, a profound shift toward deaths at older ages occurred with a 178% (95% UI 176-181) increase in deaths in ages 90-94 years and a 210% (208-212) increase in deaths older than age 95 years. The ten leading causes by rates of age-standardised YLL significantly decreased from 2006 to 2016 (median annualised rate of change was a decrease of 2·89%); the median annualised rate of change for all other causes was lower (a decrease of 1·59%) during the same interval. Globally, the five leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were cardiovascular diseases; diarrhoea, lower respiratory infections, and other common infectious diseases; neoplasms; neonatal disorders; and HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. At a finer level of disaggregation within cause groupings, the ten leading causes of total YLLs in 2016 were ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, road injuries, malaria, neonatal preterm birth complications, HIV/AIDS, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and neonatal encephalopathy due to birth asphyxia and trauma. Ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of total YLLs in 113 countries for men and 97 countries for women. Comparisons of observed levels of YLLs by countries, relative to the level of YLLs expected on the basis of SDI alone, highlighted distinct regional patterns including the greater than expected level of YLLs from malaria and from HIV/AIDS across sub-Saharan Africa; diabetes mellitus, especially in Oceania; interpersonal violence, notably within Latin America and the Caribbean; and cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, particularly in eastern and central Europe. The level of YLLs from ischaemic heart disease was less than expected in 117 of 195 locations. Other leading causes of YLLs for which YLLs were notably lower than expected included neonatal preterm birth complications in many locations in both south Asia and southeast Asia, and cerebrovascular disease in western Europe.InterpretationThe past 37 years have featured declining rates of communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases across all quintiles of SDI, with faster than expected gains for many locations relative to their SDI. A global shift towards deaths at older ages suggests success in reducing many causes of early death. YLLs have increased globally for causes such as diabetes mellitus or some neoplasms, and in some locations for causes such as drug use disorders, and conflict and terrorism. Increasing levels of YLLs might reflect outcomes from conditions that required high levels of care but for which effective treatments remain elusive, potentially increasing costs to health systems.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

36. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2016 SDG, Fullman, Nancy, Barber, Ryan M, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Bikbov, Boris, Bilal, Arebu I, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, and Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Pediatric, Prevention, Rare Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Conservation of Natural Resources, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Offenses, Young Adult, GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of "leaving no one behind". Understanding today's gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990-2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030.MethodsWe used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile estimated between 1990 and 2030, and 100 as the 97·5th percentile during that time. An index representing all 37 health-related SDG indicators was constructed by taking the geometric mean of scaled indicators by target. On the basis of past trends, we produced projections of indicator values, using a weighted average of the indicator and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2016 with weights for each annual rate of change based on out-of-sample validity. 24 of the currently measured health-related SDG indicators have defined SDG targets, against which we assessed attainment.FindingsGlobally, the median health-related SDG index was 56·7 (IQR 31·9-66·8) in 2016 and country-level performance markedly varied, with Singapore (86·8, 95% uncertainty interval 84·6-88·9), Iceland (86·0, 84·1-87·6), and Sweden (85·6, 81·8-87·8) having the highest levels in 2016 and Afghanistan (10·9, 9·6-11·9), the Central African Republic (11·0, 8·8-13·8), and Somalia (11·3, 9·5-13·1) recording the lowest. Between 2000 and 2016, notable improvements in the UHC index were achieved by several countries, including Cambodia, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Turkey, and China; however, a number of countries, such as Lesotho and the Central African Republic, but also high-income countries, such as the USA, showed minimal gains. Based on projections of past trends, the median number of SDG targets attained in 2030 was five (IQR 2-8) of the 24 defined targets currently measured. Globally, projected target attainment considerably varied by SDG indicator, ranging from more than 60% of countries projected to reach targets for under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria, to less than 5% of countries projected to achieve targets linked to 11 indicator targets, including those for childhood overweight, tuberculosis, and road injury mortality. For several of the health-related SDGs, meeting defined targets hinges upon substantially faster progress than what most countries have achieved in the past.InterpretationGBD 2016 provides an updated and expanded evidence base on where the world currently stands in terms of the health-related SDGs. Our improved measure of UHC offers a basis to monitor the expansion of health services necessary to meet the SDGs. Based on past rates of progress, many places are facing challenges in meeting defined health-related SDG targets, particularly among countries that are the worst off. In view of the early stages of SDG implementation, however, opportunity remains to take actions to accelerate progress, as shown by the catalytic effects of adopting the Millennium Development Goals after 2000. With the SDGs' broader, bolder development agenda, multisectoral commitments and investments are vital to make the health-related SDGs within reach of all populations.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2017

37. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Vos, Theo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu Abdullahi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Andersen, Hjalte H, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokphako, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Bob, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, and Beyene, Addisu Shunu
Subjects: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Epidemiology, Public Health, Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Women's Health, Aging, Mental Health, Burden of Illness, Behavioral and Social Science, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases, Disabled Persons, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult, GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract: BackgroundAs mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016.MethodsWe estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).FindingsGlobally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8-75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0-8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0-62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0-7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3-50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8-5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0-49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5-5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5-46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2-5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3-3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0-11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228).InterpretationThe decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-to-date information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.
Published: 2017

38. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases for 10 Causes, 1990 to 2015

Author: Roth, Gregory A, Johnson, Catherine, Abajobir, Amanuel, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abyu, Gebre, Ahmed, Muktar, Aksut, Baran, Alam, Tahiya, Alam, Khurshid, Alla, François, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amrock, Stephen, Ansari, Hossein, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Awasthi, Ashish, Banerjee, Amitava, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till, Barregard, Lars, Bedi, Neeraj, Ketema, Ezra Belay, Bennett, Derrick, Berhe, Gebremedhin, Bhutta, Zulfiqar, Bitew, Shimelash, Carapetis, Jonathan, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos Andres, Castillo-Rivas, Jacqueline, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young, Christensen, Hanne, Cirillo, Massimo, Cooper, Leslie, Criqui, Michael, Cundiff, David, Damasceno, Albertino, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Davletov, Kairat, Dharmaratne, Samath, Dorairaj, Prabhakaran, Dubey, Manisha, Ehrenkranz, Rebecca, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Faraon, Emerito Jose A, Esteghamati, Alireza, Farid, Talha, Farvid, Maryam, Feigin, Valery, Ding, Eric L, Fowkes, Gerry, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye, Gillum, Richard, Gold, Audra, Gona, Philimon, Gupta, Rajeev, Habtewold, Tesfa Dejenie, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hailu, Tesfaye, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hankey, Graeme, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jacobsen, Kathryn, James, Spencer, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, John, Denny, Jonas, Jost, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Karimkhani, Chante, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef, Khan, Abdur, Khang, Young-Ho, Khera, Sahil, Khoja, Abdullah T, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kolte, Dhaval, Kosen, Soewarta, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kumar, G Anil, Kwan, Gene F, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Larsson, Anders, Linn, Shai, Lopez, Alan, Lotufo, Paulo A, and Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El
Subjects: Prevention, Cardiovascular, Burden of Illness, Heart Disease, Aging, Aetiology, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cause of Death, Female, Global Health, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Prevalence, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Survival Rate, Young Adult, cause of death, epidemiology, global health, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Public Health and Health Services, Cardiovascular System & Hematology
Abstract: BackgroundThe burden of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains unclear in many regions of the world.ObjectivesThe GBD (Global Burden of Disease) 2015 study integrated data on disease incidence, prevalence, and mortality to produce consistent, up-to-date estimates for cardiovascular burden.MethodsCVD mortality was estimated from vital registration and verbal autopsy data. CVD prevalence was estimated using modeling software and data from health surveys, prospective cohorts, health system administrative data, and registries. Years lived with disability (YLD) were estimated by multiplying prevalence by disability weights. Years of life lost (YLL) were estimated by multiplying age-specific CVD deaths by a reference life expectancy. A sociodemographic index (SDI) was created for each location based on income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility.ResultsIn 2015, there were an estimated 422.7 million cases of CVD (95% uncertainty interval: 415.53 to 427.87 million cases) and 17.92 million CVD deaths (95% uncertainty interval: 17.59 to 18.28 million CVD deaths). Declines in the age-standardized CVD death rate occurred between 1990 and 2015 in all high-income and some middle-income countries. Ischemic heart disease was the leading cause of CVD health lost globally, as well as in each world region, followed by stroke. As SDI increased beyond 0.25, the highest CVD mortality shifted from women to men. CVD mortality decreased sharply for both sexes in countries with an SDI >0.75.ConclusionsCVDs remain a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Sociodemographic change over the past 25 years has been associated with dramatic declines in CVD in regions with very high SDI, but only a gradual decrease or no change in most regions. Future updates of the GBD study can be used to guide policymakers who are focused on reducing the overall burden of noncommunicable disease and achieving specific global health targets for CVD.
Published: 2017

39. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2015 Risk Factors, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Afshin, Ashkan, Alexander, Lily T, Anderson, H Ross, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Cercy, Kelly, Charlson, Fiona J, Cohen, Aaron J, Dandona, Lalit, Estep, Kara, Ferrari, Alize J, Frostad, Joseph J, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Godwin, William W, Griswold, Max, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kyu, Hmwe H, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Liu, Patrick Y, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Marczak, Laurie, Mensah, George A, Mokdad, Ali H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Neal, Bruce, Reitsma, Marissa B, Roth, Gregory A, Salomon, Joshua A, Sur, Patrick J, Vos, Theo, Wagner, Joseph A, Wang, Haidong, Zhao, Yi, Zhou, Maigeng, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Abraham, Biju, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, José C, Agardh, Emilie Elisabet, Agarwal, Arnav, Agrawal, Anurag, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore KM, Aldhahri, Saleh Fahed, Aldridge, Robert William, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, and Azzopardi, Peter
Subjects: Prevention, Pediatric, Climate-Related Exposures and Conditions, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Generic health relevance, Good Health and Well Being, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Northern, Air Pollution, Indoor, Alcohol Drinking, Biomarkers, Blood Glucose, Body Mass Index, Cholesterol, Cost of Illness, Disabled Persons, Environmental Exposure, Global Health, Humans, Hypertension, Life Expectancy, Malnutrition, Middle East, Occupational Exposure, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Risk-Taking, Smoking, Sodium, Dietary, Substance-Related Disorders, Unsafe Sex, GBD 2015 Risk Factors Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.MethodsWe used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI).FindingsBetween 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accounted for 57·8% (95% CI 56·6-58·8) of global deaths and 41·2% (39·8-42·8) of DALYs. In 2015, the ten largest contributors to global DALYs among Level 3 risks were high systolic blood pressure (211·8 million [192·7 million to 231·1 million] global DALYs), smoking (148·6 million [134·2 million to 163·1 million]), high fasting plasma glucose (143·1 million [125·1 million to 163·5 million]), high BMI (120·1 million [83·8 million to 158·4 million]), childhood undernutrition (113·3 million [103·9 million to 123·4 million]), ambient particulate matter (103·1 million [90·8 million to 115·1 million]), high total cholesterol (88·7 million [74·6 million to 105·7 million]), household air pollution (85·6 million [66·7 million to 106·1 million]), alcohol use (85·0 million [77·2 million to 93·0 million]), and diets high in sodium (83·0 million [49·3 million to 127·5 million]). From 1990 to 2015, attributable DALYs declined for micronutrient deficiencies, childhood undernutrition, unsafe sanitation and water, and household air pollution; reductions in risk-deleted DALY rates rather than reductions in exposure drove these declines. Rising exposure contributed to notable increases in attributable DALYs from high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, occupational carcinogens, and drug use. Environmental risks and childhood undernutrition declined steadily with SDI; low physical activity, high BMI, and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. In 119 countries, metabolic risks, such as high BMI and fasting plasma glucose, contributed the most attributable DALYs in 2015. Regionally, smoking still ranked among the leading five risk factors for attributable DALYs in 109 countries; childhood underweight and unsafe sex remained primary drivers of early death and disability in much of sub-Saharan Africa.InterpretationDeclines in some key environmental risks have contributed to declines in critical infectious diseases. Some risks appear to be invariant to SDI. Increasing risks, including high BMI, high fasting plasma glucose, drug use, and some occupational exposures, contribute to rising burden from some conditions, but also provide opportunities for intervention. Some highly preventable risks, such as smoking, remain major causes of attributable DALYs, even as exposure is declining. Public policy makers need to pay attention to the risks that are increasingly major contributors to global burden.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2016

40. Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author: Deshpande, Aniruddha, Miller-Petrie, Molly K, Lindstedt, Paulina A, Baumann, Mathew M, Johnson, Kimberly B, Blacker, Brigette F, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R.M., Abualhasan, Ahmed, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agudelo-Botero, Marcela, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Anwar E, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akanda, Ali S, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Noore, Alamene, Genet Melak, Alanzi, Turki M, Albright, James, Albujeer, Ammar, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Alebel, Animut, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Muhammad, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., Amini, Saeed, Amit, Arianna Maever L., Amul, Gianna Gayle Herrera, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T., Antony, Benny, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Arabloo, Jalal, Aref, Hany Mohamed Amin, Aremu, Olatunde, Armoon, Bahram, Arora, Amit, Aryal, Krishna K, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asmelash, Daniel, Atalay, Hagos Tasew, Athari, Seyyede Masoume, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Marcel, Awasthi, Shally, Awoke, Nefsu, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Aynalem, Yared Asmare, Azari, Samad, Azman, Andrew S, Babaee, Ebrahim, Badawi, Alaa, Bagherzadeh, Mojtaba, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Banach, Maciej, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Barac, Aleksandra, Barboza, Miguel A, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Basu, Sanjay, Bay, Vo Dinh, Bayati, Mohsen, Bedi, Neeraj, Beheshti, Mahya, Behzadifar, Meysam, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bejarano Ramirez, Diana Fernanda, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A., Benzian, Habib, Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema, Bernstein, Robert S, Bhat, Anusha Ganapati, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Boufous, Soufiane, Brady, Oliver J, Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Britton, Gabrielle B, Brown, Alexandria, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Butt, Zahid A, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Campuzano Rincon, Julio Cesar, Cano, Jorge, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Felix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Franz, Cerin, Ester, Chalise, Binaya, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chin, Ken Lee, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cormier, Natalie Maria, Costa, Vera Marisa, Cromwell, Elizabeth A, Dadi, Abel Fekadu Fekadu, Dahiru, Tukur, Dahlawi, Saad M A, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, Lalit, Dang, Anh Kim, Daoud, Farah, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Darwish, Amira Hamed, Daryani, Ahmad, Das, Jai K, Das Gupta, Rajat, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davis Weaver, Nicole, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, De Neve, Jan-Walter, Demissie, Dereje Bayissa, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Deribe, Kebede, Desalew, Assefa, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhillon, Preeti, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Diaz, Daniel, Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi, Do, Hoa Thi, Dolecek, Christiane, Doyle, Kerrie E, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Effiong, Andem, Eftekhari, Aziz, El Nahas, Nevine, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, El Tantawi, Maha, Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I., El-Khatib, Ziad, Elkout, Hajer, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Enany, Shymaa, Endalew, Daniel Adane, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Etemadi, Arash, Ezekannagha, Oluchi, Faraon, Emerito Jose A., Fareed, Mohammad, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fasil, Alebachew Fasil, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L., Fekadu, Wubalem, Fentahun, Netsanet, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Flohr, Carsten, Foigt, Nataliya A., Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Foroutan, Masoud, Franklin, Richard Charles, Frostad, Joseph Jon, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gad, Mohamed M, Garcia, Gregory M, Gatotoh, Augustine Mwangi, Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghazi Sherbaf, Farzaneh, Gill, Tiffany K, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Ginindza, Themba G, Girmay, Alem, Gizaw, Zemichael, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Goulart, Alessandra C, Grada, Ayman, Green, Manfred S, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guido, Davide, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Rahul, Ha, Giang Hai, Haagsma, Juanita A., Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Dessalegn H, Haile, Michael Tamene, Hall, Brian J., Hamidi, Samer, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Haririan, Hamidreza, Hariyani, Ninuk, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasan, Md. Mehedi, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hayelom, Desta Haftu, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Behnam, Hendrie, Delia, Henok, Andualem, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hidru, Hagos Degefa de, Hird, Thomas R, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hollerich, Gillian I, Hoogar, Praveen, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Househ, Mowafa, Hu, Guoqing, Humayun, Ayesha, Hussain, Syed Ather, Hussen, Mamusha Aman A, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D., Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Ivers, Rebecca Q, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jenabi, Ensiyeh, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Kanchan, Tanuj, Karch, André, Karki, Surendra, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe, Kassa, Gebrehiwot G, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kayode, Gbenga A., Kebede, Mihiretu M, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khalid, Nauman, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Junaid, Khan, Md Nuruzzaman, Khatab, Khaled, Khater, Mona M, Khater, Amir M, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khazaei, Mohammad, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Ali, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Kochhar, Sonali, Kolola, Tufa, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lal, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lam, Hilton, Lami, Faris Hasan, Lansingh, Van Charles, Lasrado, Savita, Lebedev, Georgy, Lee, Paul H, LeGrand, Kate E, Leili, Mostafa, Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Levine, Aubrey J, Lewycka, Sonia, Li, Shanshan, Linn, Shai, Liu, Shiwei, Lopez, Jaifred Christian F, Lopukhov, Platon D, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, Mahadeshwara Prasad, D.R., Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Mahotra, Narayan B., Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Manafi, Navid, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Martinez, Gabriel, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mayala, Benjamin K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mehta, Kala M, Mekonnen, Teferi, Mekonnen, Tefera Chane, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Memiah, Peter T N, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Metekiya, Workua Mekonnen, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miller, Ted R, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Moazen, Babak, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad, Dara K., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Mohammed, Hassen, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H, Moodley, Yoshan, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi-Joo, Mohammad, Moraga, Paula, Morales, Linda, Mosapour, Abbas, Mosser, Jonathan F., Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mozaffor, Miliva, Munro, Sandra B, Muriithi, Moses K., Murray, Christopher J L, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Gurudatta, Nangia, Vinay, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Nazari, Javad, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Negoi, Ionut, Netsere, Henok Biresaw, Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, QuynhAnh P, Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nojomi, Marzieh, Norheim, Ole F, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Oancea, Bogdan, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V., Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo, Osei, Frank B, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao., Pakhale, Smita, Pana, Adrian, Park, Eun-Kee, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Pathak, Ashish, Patle, Ajay, Paulos, Kebreab, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pescarini, Julia Moreira, Pesudovs, Konrad, Pham, Hai Quang, Pigott, David M, Pilgrim, Thomas, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Poljak, Mario, Pollock, Ian, Postma, Maarten J, Pourmalek, Farshad, Pourshams, Akram, Prada, Sergio I, Preotescu, Liliana, Quintana, Hedley, Rabiee, Navid, Rabiee, Mohammad, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi, Siavash, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rajati, Fatemeh, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja C, Rasella, Davide, Rath, Goura Kishor, Rawaf, Salman, Rawal, Lal, Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Resnikoff, Serge, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Ana Isabel, Rickard, Jennifer, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rubino, Salvatore, Saad, Anas M, Sabour, Siamak, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Safari, Yahya, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S. Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salam, Nasir, Saleem, Ahsan, Salem, Hosni, Salem, Marwa Rashad, Salimi, Yahya, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Sayyah, Mehdi, Sbarra, Alyssa N, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Schwebel, David C, Senbeta, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serván-Mori, Edson, Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaheen, Amira A, Shahid, Izza, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, MohammadBagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharma, Rajesh, Sheikh, Aziz, Shetty, B Suresh Kumar, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shivakumar, K M, Si, Si, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Balbir Bagicha Singh, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Ambrish, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Sisay, Malede Mequanent, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Smith, David L, Soares Filho, Adauto Martins, Sobhiyeh, Mohammad Reza, Sokhan, Anton, Soriano, Joan B, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Sykes, Bryan L., Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadesse, Degena Bahrey, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Taye, Bineyam, Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tekelemedhin, Shishay Wahdey, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesfay, Berhe Etsay, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, ThekkePurakkal, Akhil Soman, Thomas, Nihal, Thompson, Robert L, Thomson, Alan J, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Ullah, Irfan, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S. Chudi, Valdez, Pascual R, Varughese, Santosh, Veisani, Yousef, Violante, Francesco S, Vollmer, Sebastian, W/hawariat, Feleke Gebremeskel, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Wang, Yafeng, Wangdi, Kinley, Weiss, Daniel J, Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Werkneh, Adhena Ayaliew, Westerman, Ronny, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wiens, Kirsten E, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolde, Haileab Fekadu, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wonde, Tewodros Eshete, Worku, Getasew Taddesse, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamada, Tomohide, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu, Yip, Paul, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zandian, Hamed, Zar, Heather J, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Yunquan, Ziapour, Arash, Zodpey, Sanjay, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Hay, Simon I, and Reiner, Robert C, Jr
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

41. Mapping geographical inequalities in oral rehydration therapy coverage in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17

Author: Wiens, Kirsten E, Lindstedt, Paulina A, Blacker, Brigette F, Johnson, Kimberly B, Baumann, Mathew M, Schaeffer, Lauren E, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Sr, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abegaz, Kedir Hussein, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abreu, Lucas Guimarães, Abrigo, Michael R M, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Adabi, Maryam, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Sr, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Sr, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Afarideh, Mohsen, Ahmad, Sohail, Ahmadi, Keivan, Ahmed, Anwar E, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Rushdia, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Noore, Sr, Alam, Samiah, Alamene, Genet Melak, Alanzi, Turki M, Alcalde-Rabanal, Jacqueline Elizabeth, Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alipour, Vahid, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almasi, Ali, Sr, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J, Amini, Saeed, Sr, Amit, Arianna Maever L, Sr, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Sr, Anjomshoa, Mina, Anoushiravani, Amir, Sr, Ansari, Fereshteh, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Antony, Benny, Antriyandarti, Ernoiz, Arabloo, Jalal, Aref, Hany Mohamed Amin, Sr, Aremu, Olatunde, Armoon, Bahram, Arora, Amit, Sr, Aryal, Krishna K, Arzani, Afsaneh, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Atalay, Hagos Tasew, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Sr, Athari, Seyyede Masoume, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Marcel, Awoke, Nefsu, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayano, Getinet, Ayanore, Martin Amogre, Sr, Aynalem IV, Yared Asmare, Azari, Samad, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babaee, Ebrahim, Babalola, Tesleem Kayode, Badawi, Alaa, Sr, Bairwa, Mohan, Bakkannavar, Shankar M, Balakrishnan, Senthilkumar, Bali, Ayele Geleto, Banach, Maciej, Sr, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Sr, Barac, Aleksandra, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Basaleem, Huda, Basu, Sanjay, Bay, Vo Dinh, Bayati, Mohsen, Baye, Estifanos, Bedi, Neeraj, Beheshti, Mahya Mahya Beheshti, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belayneh, Yaschilal Muche, Bell, Michellr L, Sr, Bennett, Derrick A, Sr, Berbada, Dessalegn Ajema, Bernstein, Robert S, Bhat, Anusha Ganapati, Sr, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Sr, Bhattarai, Suraj, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Birihane IV, Binyam Minuye, Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Bojia I, Hunduma Amensisa Amensisa, Boufous, Soufiane, Brady, Oliver J, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Briko, Andrey Nikolaevich, Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich, Britton, Gabrielle B, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath, Sr, Busse, Reinhard, Sr, Butt, Zahid A, Cámera, Luis LA Alberto, Sr, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Sr, Cano, Jorge, Car, Josip, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Felix, Sr, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Sr, Castro, Franz, Chanie, Wagaye Fentahun, Sr, Chatterjee, Pranab, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chichiabellu, Tesfaye Yitna Yitna, Jr, Chin, Ken Lee, Sr, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cormier, Natalie Maria, Costa, Vera Marisa, Culquichicon, Carlos, Daba, Matiwos Soboka, Damiani, Giovanni, Sr, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dang, Anh Kim, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Darwish, Amira Hamed, Daryani, Ahmad, Sr, Das, Jai K, Das Gupta, Rajat, Dash, Aditya Prasad, Davey, Gail, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, Davis, Adrian C, Sr, Davitoiu, Dragos Virgil, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, Demis, Asmamaw Bizuneh, Demissie, Dereje Bayissa, Demissie, Getu Debalkie, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Sr, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, Sr, Deribe, Kebede, Sr, Desalew, Assefa, Deshpande, Aniruddha, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Dhillon, Preeti, Dhimal, Meghnath, Dhungana, Govinda Prasad, Diaz, Daniel, Sr, Dipeolu, Isaac Oluwafemi, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doyle, Kerrie E, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duko, Bereket, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, Ebrahimi Kalan, Mohammad, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Sr, Effiong, Andem, Sr, Eftekhari, Aziz, El Nahas, Nevine, El Sayed, Iman, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, El Tantawi, Maha, Elema I, Teshome Bekele, Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, Sr, El-Jaafary, Shaimaa I, Elkout, Hajer, Elsharkawy, Aisha, Elyazar, Iqbal RF, Endalamaw, Aklilu, Endalew, Daniel Adane, Sr, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Sadaf, Sr, Etemadi, Arash, Ezekannagha, Oluchi, Fareed, Mohammad, Faridnia, Roghiyeh, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fazlzadeh, Mehdi, Feigin, Valery L, Sr, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Foigt, Nataliya A, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Sr, Foroutan, Masoud, Franklin, Richard Charles, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Gad, Mohamed M, Gayesa, Reta Tsegaye, Gebre, Teshome, Sr, Gebremedhin, Ketema Bizuwork, Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn, Sr, Gesesew, Hailay Abrha, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghadiri, Keyghobad, Sr, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghimire, Pramesh Raj, Sr, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Sr, Gill, Tiffany K, Ginindza, Themba G G, Gomes, Nelson G M, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goulart, Alessandra C, Goulart, Bárbara Niegia Garcia, Grada, Ayman, Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Sr, Guido, Davide, Guimarães, Rafael Alves, Guo, Yuming, Sr, Gupta, Rajeev, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Dessalegn H, Sr, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamidi, Samer, Handiso, Demelash Woldeyohannes, Haririan, Hamidreza, Sr, Hariyani, Ninuk, Hasaballah, Ahmed I, Hasan, Md Mehedi, Hasanpoor, Edris, Hasanzadeh, Amir, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heibati, Behzad, Heidari, Behnam, Hendrie, Delia, Sr, Henry, Nathaniel J, Herteliu, Claudiu, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hidru I, Hagos Degefa de, Hird, Thomas R, Hoang, Chi Linh, Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Hoogar, Praveen, Hoseini, Mohammad, Hossain, Naznin, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Househ, Mowafa, Hsairi, Mohamed, Sr, Hu, Guoqing, Hussen, Mohammedaman Mama, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Igumbor, Ehimario U, Sr, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Ilic, Milena D, Imani-Nasab, Mohammad Hasan, Iqbal, Usman, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iwu, Chinwe Juliana, Izadi, Neda, Sr, Jaca, Anelisa, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jalali, Amir, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jha, Vivekanand, Ji, John S, Sr, Jonas, Jost B, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Kabir, Ali, Kabir, Zubair, Sr, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalani, Hamed, Kanchan, Tanuj, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karch, André, Karim, Mohd Anisul, Karimi-Sari, Hamidreza, Karki, Surendra, Kasaeian, Amir, Kasahun, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie, Kasahun, Yawukal chane, Kasaye, Habtamu Kebebe, Kassa, Gebrehiwot G, Kassa, Getachew Mullu, Kayode, Gbenga A, Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Kebede, Mihiretu M, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kelbore, Abraham Getachew, Sr, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Sr, Ketema, Daniel Bekele, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khalid, Nauman, Khalilov, Rovshan, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Sr, Khan, Junaid, Khan I, Md Nuruzzaman, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Khatab, Khaled, Sr, Khater, Amir M, Khater, Mona M, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khazaei, Mohammad, Khazaei, Salman, Khosravi, Mohammad Hossein, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kiadaliri, Ali, Kim, Yun Jin, Kimokoti, Ruth W, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kissoon, Niranjan, Sr, KMShivakumar, Shivakumar KM Marulasiddaiah M, Sr, Kochhar, Sonali, Kolola, Tufa, Sr, Komaki, Hamidreza, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Kraemer, Moritz U G, Krishan, Kewal, Kugbey, Nuworza, Kumar, G Anil, Kumar, Manasi, Sr, Kumar, Pushpendra, Kumar, Vivek, Kusuma, Dian, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lacey, Ben, Lad, Sheetal D, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lam, Felix, Lami, Faris Hasan, Sr, Lamichhane, Prabhat, Lansingh, Van Charles, Lasrado, Savita, Laxmaiah, Avula, Lee, Paul H, Sr, LeGrand, Kate E, Leili, Mostafa, Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Sr, Levine, Aubrey J, Li, Shanshan, Sr, Linn, Shai, Liu, Shiwei, Liu, Simin, Lodha, Rakesh, Longbottom, Joshua, Lopez, Jaifred Christian F, Magdy Abd El Razek, Hassan, Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed, Mahadeshwara Prasad, D R, Mahasha, Phetole Walter, Sr, Mahotra, Narayan B, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Sr, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Mamun, Abdullah A, Sr, Manafi, Navid, Sr, Manda, Ana Laura, Manohar, Narendar Dawani Dawanu, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mapoma, Chabila Christopher, Maravilla, Joemer C, Martinez, Gabriel, Sr, Martini, Santi, Martins-Melo, Francisco Rogerlândio, Masaka, Anthony, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mathur, Manu Raj, Mayala, Benjamin K, Mazidi, Mohsen, McAlinden, Colm, Meharie, Birhanu Geta, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Sr, Mehta, Kala M, Mekonnen, Tefera C Chane, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael, Memiah, Peter T N, Memish, Ziad A, Sr, Mendoza, Walter, Menezes, Ritesh G, Mereta, Seid Tiku, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Sr, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Mihretie, Kebadnew Mulatu, Sr, Miller, Ted R, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Moazen, Babak, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad, Amjad, Mohammad, Dara K, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu, Sr, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H, Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moodley, Yoshan, Sr, Moore, Catrin E, Sr, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi-Joo, Mohammad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moraga, Paula, Morales, Linda, Moreno Velásquez, Ilais, Mosapour, Abbas, Mouodi, Simin, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Mozaffor I, Miliva, Muchie, Kindie Fentahun, Sr, Mulaw, Getahun Fentaw, Sr, Munro, Sandra B, Muriithi, Moses K, Murray, Christopher J L, Murthy, GVS, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Sr, Muthupandian, Saravanan, Sr, Nabhan, Ashraf F, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Sr, Nansseu, Jobert Richie, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Sr, Nazari, Javad, Ndwandwe, Duduzile Edith, Sr, Negoi, Ionut, Sr, Netsere, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Sr, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Sr, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nigatu, Dabere, Nigatu, Solomon Gedlu, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nnaji, Chukwudi A, Nojomi, Marzieh, Nong, Vuong Minh, Norheim, Ole F, Sr, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nouraei Motlagh, Soraya, Oancea, Bogdan, Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olagunju, Tinuke O, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Sr, Oren, Eyal, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V V, Sr, Osarenotor, Osayomwanbo, Osei, Frank B, Sr, Owolabi, Mayowa O, P A, Mahesh, Sr, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, Pakhale, Smita, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Paternina-Caicedo, Angel J, Sr, Pathak, Ashish, Sr, Patton, George C, Paudel, Deepak, Sr, Paulos, Kebreab, Sr, Pepito, Veincent Christian Filipino, Pereira, Alexandre, Perico, Norberto, Pervaiz, Aslam, Pescarini, Julia Moreira, Piroozi, Bakhtiar, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Postma, Maarten J, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourmalek, Farshad, Sr, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Prada, Sergio I, Sr, Prasad, Narayan, Preotescu, Liliana, Quintana, Hedley, Rabiee, Navid, Radfar, Amir, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Afarin, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rahman, SHAFIUR, Rajati, Fatemeh, Sr, Rana, Saleem Muhammad, Sr, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rasella, Davide, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Sr, Rawal, Lal, Rawasia, Wasiq Faraz, Renjith, Vishnu, Renzaho, Andre M N, Sr, Resnikoff, Serge, Sr, Reta, Melese Abate, Rezaei, Negar, Rezai, Mohammad sadegh, Riahi, Seyed Mohammad, Ribeiro, Ana Isabel, Rickard, Jennifer, Sr, Rios-Blancas, Maria, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Sr, Ross, Jennifer M, Rubagotti, Enrico, Rubino, Salvatore, Saad, Anas M, Sabde, Yogesh Damodar, Sabour, Siamak, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sr, Safari, Yahya, Safari-Faramani, Roya, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sajadi, S Mohammad, Salahshoor, Mohammad Reza, Salam, Nasir, Sr, Salamati, Payman, Salem, Hosni, Salem I, Marwa R Rashad, Salimi, Yahya, Salimzadeh, Hamideh, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Sr, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M, Sao Jose, Bruno Piassi, Saraswathy, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer, Sarkar, Kaushik, Sr, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sarrafzadegan I, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sathian, Brijesh, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, Sawhney, Monika, Saxena, Sonia, Sr, Schwebel, David C, Sr, Senbeta IV, Anbissa Muleta, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Serván-Mori, Edson, Sr, Shabaninejad, Hosein, Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Sr, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shalash, Ali S, Sr, Shallo, Seifadin Ahmed, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsi, MohammadBagher, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Shannawaz, Mohammed, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharifi, Hamid, Shehata, Hatem Samir, Sr, Sheikh, Aziz, Shetty, B Suresh Kumar, Sr, Shibuya, Kenji, Sr, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Sr, Shifti, Desalegn Markos, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Shiri, Rahman, Sr, Shirkoohi, Reza, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq Jamal, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Singh, Ambrish, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Narinder Pal, Singh, Virendra, Sisay, Malede Mequanent, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Sobhiyeh, Mohammad Reza, Sr, Sokhan, Anton, Soltani, Shahin, Somayaji, Ranjani, Soofi, Moslem, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele, Sr, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Sudaryanto, Agus, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sr, Suleria, Hafiz Ansar Rasul, Sultana, Marufa, Sunguya, Bruno Fokas, Sykes, Bryan L, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tabuchi, Takahiro, Tadesse, Degena Bahrey, Jr, Tarigan, Ingan Ukur, Tasew, Aberash Abay, Tefera, Yonatal Mesfin, Sr, Tekle, Merhawi Gebremedhin, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Tesfay I, Berhe Etsay, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile Haile, Tessema, Belay, Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, Thomas, Nihal, Toma, Alemayehu Toma, Sr, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto, Traini, Eugenio, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Ullah, Irfan, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Sr, Uzochukwu, Benjamin S Chudi, Sr, Valdez, Pascual R, Varughese, Santosh, Sr, Violante, Francesco S, Sr, Vollmer, Sebastian, Sr, W/hawariat, Feleke Gebremeskel, Sr, Waheed, Yasir, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Wang, Yafeng, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weaver, Marcia, Weji, Bedilu Girma, Weldesamuel, Girmay Teklay, Welgan, Catherine A, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Sr, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Sr, Wolde, Haileab Fekadu, Sr, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Wonde, Tewodros Eshete, Sr, Worku, Getasew Taddesse, Sr, Wu, Ai-Min, Xu, Gelin, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yamada, Tomohide, Sr, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yeshaneh, Alex, Yilgwan, Christopher Sabo, Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu, Yip, Paul, Sr, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Sr, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yousof, Hebat-Allah Salah A, Yu, Chuanhua, Yusefzadeh, Hasan, Zadey, Siddhesh, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zandian, Hamed, Zepro, Nejimu Biza, Zerfu, Taddese Alemu, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhao, Xiu-Ju George, Ziapour, Arash, Zodpey, Sanjay, Sr, Zuniga, Yves Miel H, Hay, Simon I, and Reiner, Robert C, Jr
Published: 2020
Full Text: View/download PDF

42. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risks, 1990-2022

Author: Mensah, George A., primary, Fuster, Valentin, additional, Murray, Christopher J.L., additional, Roth, Gregory A., additional, Mensah, George A., additional, Abate, Yohannes Habtegiorgis, additional, Abbasian, Mohammadreza, additional, Abd-Allah, Foad, additional, Abdollahi, Ashkan, additional, Abdollahi, Mohammad, additional, Abdulah, Deldar Morad, additional, Abdullahi, Auwal, additional, Abebe, Ayele Mamo, additional, Abedi, Aidin, additional, Abedi, Armita, additional, Abiodun, Olugbenga Olusola, additional, Ali, Hiwa Abubaker, additional, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, additional, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M.E., additional, Aburuz, Salahdein, additional, Abushouk, Abdelrahman I., additional, Abu-Zaid, Ahmed, additional, Adane, Tigist Demssew, additional, Adderley, Nicola J., additional, Adebayo, Oladimeji M., additional, Aden, Bashir, additional, Adeyeoluwa, Temitayo Esther, additional, Adeyomoye, Olorunsola Israel, additional, Sakilah Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas, additional, Afrashteh, Fatemeh, additional, Afyouni, Shadi, additional, Afzal, Saira, additional, Agasthi, Pradyumna, additional, Agodi, Antonella, additional, Aguilera Arriagada, Constanza Elizabeth, additional, Agyemang-Duah, Williams, additional, Ahinkorah, Bright Opoku, additional, Ahmad, Aqeel, additional, Ahmad, Danish, additional, Ahmad, Firdos, additional, Ahmad, Muayyad M., additional, Ahmed, Ayman, additional, Ahmed, Haroon, additional, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, additional, Ahmed, Syed Anees, additional, Ajami, Marjan, additional, Akinosoglou, Karolina, additional, Ala, Moein, additional, Ali AL-Ahdal, Tareq Mohammed, additional, Alalalmeh, Samer O., additional, Al-Aly, Ziyad, additional, Alam, Nazmul, additional, Al-amer, Rasmieh Mustafa, additional, Alashi, Alaa, additional, Albashtawy, Mohammed, additional, AlBataineh, Mohammad T., additional, Alema, Haileselasie Berhane, additional, Alemi, Sharifullah, additional, Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta, additional, Saeed Al-Gheethi, Adel Ali, additional, Alhabib, Khalid F., additional, Naji Alhalaiqa, Fadwa Alhalaiqa, additional, Ali, Mohammed Usman, additional, Ali, Rafat, additional, pursuing, PhD., additional, Shujait Ali, Syed Shujait, additional, Alicandro, Gianfranco, additional, Alikhani, Reyhaneh, additional, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, additional, Alla, François, additional, Almahmeed, Wael, additional, Al-Marwani, Sabah, additional, Alonso, Jordi, additional, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M., additional, Alvi, Farrukh Jawad, additional, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, additional, Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J., additional, Alwafi, Hassan, additional, Aly, Hany, additional, Amegbor, Prince M., additional, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, additional, Amindarolzarbi, Alireza, additional, Amini-Rarani, Mostafa, additional, Amiri, Sohrab, additional, Ammirati, Enrico, additional, Anand, Tanu, additional, Ancuceanu, Robert, additional, Anderlini, Deanna, additional, Anil, Abhishek, additional, Ansari, Golnoosh, additional, Anyanwu, Philip Emeka, additional, Anyasodor, Anayochukwu Edward, additional, Carace Apostol, Geminn Louis, additional, Arabloo, Jalal, additional, Arafat, Mosab, additional, Aravkin, Aleksandr Y., additional, Aremu, Olatunde, additional, Armocida, Benedetta, additional, Ärnlöv, Johan, additional, Arowosegbe, Oluwaseyi Olalekan, additional, Artamonov, Anton A., additional, Artanti, Kurnia Dwi, additional, Arulappan, Judie, additional, Aruleba, Idowu Thomas, additional, Arumugam, Ashokan, additional, Aryan, Zahra, additional, Asghari-Jafarabadi, Mohammad, additional, Astell-Burt, Thomas, additional, Ataei, Mahshid, additional, Athar, Mohammad, additional, Atreya, Alok, additional, Aujayeb, Avinash, additional, Awotidebe, Adedapo Wasiu, additional, Aynalem, Amdehiwot A., additional, Azizi, Zahra, additional, Azzam, Ahmed Y., additional, Babu, Abraham Samuel, additional, Badar, Muhammad, additional, Bader, Feras, additional, Badiye, Ashish D., additional, Bagga, Arvind, additional, Bagherieh, Sara, additional, Asl, Farshad Bahrami, additional, Bai, Ruhai, additional, Baker, Jennifer L., additional, Bakkannavar, Shankar M., additional, Bako, Abdulaziz T., additional, Bakshi, Ravleen Kaur, additional, Balogun, Saliu A., additional, Baltatu, Ovidiu Constantin, additional, Bam, Kiran, additional, Banach, Maciej, additional, Bandyopadhyay, Soham, additional, Banik, Biswajit, additional, Chandra Banik, Palash, additional, Bansal, Kannu, additional, Baradaran, Hamid Reza, additional, Barbic, Franca, additional, Barchitta, Martina, additional, Bardhan, Mainak, additional, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, additional, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, additional, Barone-Adesi, Francesco, additional, Barteit, Sandra, additional, Barua, Lingkan, additional, Bashiri, Azadeh, additional, Bayati, Mohsen, additional, Bayileyegn, Nebiyou Simegnew, additional, Behboudi, Emad, additional, Behnoush, Amir Hossein, additional, Béjot, Yannick, additional, Belay, Sefealem Assefa, additional, Belete, Melaku Ashagrie, additional, Belgaumi, Uzma Iqbal, additional, Bell, Michelle L., additional, Belo, Luis, additional, Bendak, Salaheddine, additional, Benfor, Bright, additional, Bennett, Derrick A., additional, Bensenor, Isabela M., additional, Benziger, Catherine P., additional, Beran, Azizullah, additional, Berman, Adam E., additional, Bermudez, Amiel Nazer C., additional, Bertolacci, Gregory J., additional, Beyene, Habtamu B., additional, Beyene, Kebede A., additional, Srikanth Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, additional, Bhardwaj, Nikha, additional, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, additional, Bhardwaj, Prarthna V., additional, Bhat, Vivek, additional, Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur, additional, Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh, additional, Bikbov, Boris, additional, Bikov, Andras, additional, Birck, Marina G., additional, Biswas, Bijit, additional, Bitaraf, Saeid, additional, Bodunrin, Aadam Olalekan, additional, Bogale, Eyob Ketema, additional, Bogale, Kassawmar Angaw, additional, Boloor, Archith, additional, Hashemi, Milad Bonakdar, additional, Borhany, Hamed, additional, Boyko, Edward J., additional, Braithwaite, Dejana, additional, Brant, Luisa C., additional, Brauer, Michael, additional, Breitner, Susanne, additional, Briko, Andrey, additional, Bulto, Lemma N., additional, Bustanji, Yasser, additional, Butt, Zahid A., additional, Calina, Daniela, additional, Cao, Fan, additional, Cárdenas, Rosario, additional, Carr, Sinclair, additional, Carreras, Giulia, additional, Carrero, Juan J., additional, Carvalho, Márcia, additional, Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio, additional, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A., additional, Cattaruzza Luca Cegolon, Maria Sofia, additional, Cerin, Ester, additional, Chahine, Yaacoub, additional, Kai Chan, Jeffrey Shi, additional, Chan, Mei Yen, additional, Chan, Raymond N.C., additional, Charalampous, Periklis, additional, Charan, Jaykaran, additional, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, additional, Chen, An-Tian, additional, Chen, Catherine S., additional, Chen, Haowei, additional, Chennapragada, Suma Sri, additional, Chew, Derek S., additional, Chi, Gerald, additional, Ching, Patrick R., additional, Chitheer, Abdulaal, additional, Jemma Cho, So Mi, additional, Cho, William C.S., additional, Chong, Bryan, additional, Chopra, Hitesh, additional, Choudhary, Rahul, additional, Chowdhury, Enayet Karim, additional, Chowdhury, Rajiv, additional, Chu, Dinh-Toi, additional, Chukwu, Isaac Sunday, additional, Giuseppe Cicero, Arrigo Francesco, additional, Cindi, Zinhle, additional, Cioffi, Iolanda, additional, Coberly, Kaleb, additional, Coffey, Sean, additional, Columbus, Alyssa, additional, Conde, Joao, additional, Conti, Sara, additional, Corso, Barbara, additional, Cortés, Sandra, additional, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, additional, Costa, Vera Marisa, additional, Couto, Rosa A.S., additional, Cowart, Emma Johnson, additional, Criqui, Michael H., additional, Cruz, Jessica A., additional, Dadana, Sriharsha, additional, Dadras, Omid, additional, Dai, Xiaochen, additional, Dai, Zhaoli, additional, Dalaba, Maxwell Ayindenaba, additional, Moura Damasceno, Albertino Antonio, additional, Damiani, Giovanni, additional, D'Amico, Emanuele, additional, Das, Saswati, additional, Das, Subasish, additional, Dashti, Mohsen, additional, Dashtkoohi, Mohammad, additional, Dastmardi, Maedeh, additional, Davletov, Kairat, additional, Debele, Aklilu Tamire, additional, Debopadhaya, Shayom, additional, DeCleene, Nicole K., additional, Delgado-Enciso, Ivan, additional, Delgado-Saborit, Juana Maria, additional, Demessa, Berecha Hundessa, additional, Demetriades, Andreas K., additional, Deng, Xinlei, additional, Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar, additional, Dereje, Nebiyu Dereje, additional, Asrat Derese, Awoke Masrie, additional, Desai, Hardik Dineshbhai, additional, Desai, Rupak, additional, Chellaiyan Devanbu, Vinoth Gnana, additional, Rahman Dewan, Syed Masudur, additional, Dey, Sourav, additional, Dhulipala, Vishal R., additional, Diaz, Daniel, additional, Diaz, Michael J., additional, Ding, Delaney D., additional, Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge, additional, Do, Thanh Chi, additional, Phuong Do, Thao Huynh, additional, Doaei, Saeid, additional, Dohare, Sushil, additional, Dong, Wanyue, additional, D'Oria, Mario, additional, Mombaque dos Santos, Wendel, additional, Douiri, Abdel, additional, Dowou, Robert Kokou, additional, Dsouza, Ashel Chelsea, additional, Dsouza, Haneil Larson, additional, Dsouza, Viola, additional, Du, Mi, additional, Duraes, Andre Rodrigues, additional, Durojaiye, Oyewole Christopher, additional, Dutta, Sulagna, additional, Dziedzic, Arkadiusz Marian, additional, Ebrahimi, Alireza, additional, Efendi, Defi, additional, Efendi, Ferry, additional, Effendi, Diyan Ermawan, additional, Eini, Ebrahim, additional, Ekholuenetale, Michael, additional, Ekundayo, Temitope Cyrus, additional, El Sayed, Iman, additional, El Tantawi, Maha, additional, Elbarazi, Iffat, additional, Elgar, Frank J., additional, Elgendy, Islam Y., additional, Elhadi, Muhammed, additional, El-Huneidi, Waseem, additional, Emamverdi, Mehdi, additional, Emeto, Theophilus I., additional, Erkhembayar, Ryenchindorj, additional, Eshetie, Tesfahun C., additional, Espinosa-Montero, Juan, additional, Etaee, Farshid, additional, Fabin, Natalia, additional, Fadhil, Ibtihal, additional, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, additional, Falzone, Luca, additional, Sofia e Sá Farinha, Carla, additional, Faris, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud, additional, Faro, Andre, additional, Faruque, Mithila, additional, Farwati, Medhat, additional, Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara, additional, Fatehizadeh, Ali, additional, Fazeli, Pooria, additional, Feigin, Valery L., additional, Feng, Xiaoqi, additional, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, additional, Feroze, Abdullah Hamid, additional, Ferrara, Pietro, additional, Ferreira, Nuno, additional, Filip, Irina, additional, Fleszar, Laura, additional, Flood, David, additional, Folayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, additional, Fomenkov, Artem Alekseevich, additional, Fonseca, Diogo A., additional, Fornari, Carla, additional, Foschi, Matteo, additional, Franklin, Richard Charles, additional, Fukumoto, Takeshi, additional, BlimaFux, PhD., additional, Gaal, Peter Andras, additional, Gadanya, Muktar A., additional, Gaidhane, Shilpa, additional, Gaipov, Abduzhappar, additional, Gakidou, Emmanuela, additional, Galali, Yaseen, additional, Gallus, Silvano, additional, Gandhi, Aravind P., additional, Ganesan, Balasankar, additional, Gautam, Rupesh K., additional, Gebregergis, Miglas W.W., additional, Gebrekidan, Kahsu Gebrekirstos, additional, Geleijnse, Johanna M., additional, Gerema, Urge, additional, Ghajar, Alireza, additional, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, additional, Ghasemi, MohammadReza, additional, Dabaghi, Ghazal Ghasempour, additional, Ghasemzadeh, Afsaneh, additional, Ghazy, Ramy Mohamed, additional, Gholamalizadeh, Maryam, additional, Ghuge, Arun Digambarrao, additional, Gill, Paramjit Singh, additional, Gill, Tiffany K., additional, Gillum, Richard F., additional, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., additional, Golchin, Ali, additional, Goleij, Pouya, additional, Gorini, Giuseppe, additional, Goulart, Alessandra C., additional, Goyal, Anmol, additional, Goyal, Kashish, additional, Guan, Shi-Yang, additional, Guarducci, Giovanni, additional, Gudeta, Mesay Dechasa, additional, Guha, Avirup, additional, Guicciardi, Stefano, additional, Gulisashvili, David, additional, Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga, additional, Guo, Cui, additional, Gupta, Anish Kumar, additional, Gupta, Bhawna, additional, Gupta, Indarchand Ratanlal, additional, Gupta, Kartik, additional, Gupta, Mohak, additional, Gupta, Rajat Das, additional, Gupta, Rajeev, additional, Gupta, Renu, additional, Gupta, Sapna, additional, Gupta, Veer Bala, additional, Gupta, Vijai Kumar, additional, Gupta, Vivek Kumar, additional, Gurmessa, Lami, additional, Gutiérrez, Reyna Alma, additional, Habibzadeh, Farrokh, additional, Hadei, Mostafa, additional, Haeri Boroojeni, Helia Sadat, additional, Halimi, Aram, additional, Haller, Sebastian, additional, Halwani, Rabih, additional, Hamadeh, Randah R., additional, Hamdy, Nadia M., additional, Hamidi, Samer, additional, Han, Chieh, additional, Han, Qiuxia, additional, Hankey, Graeme J., additional, Hannan, Md. Abdul, additional, Hargono, Arief, additional, Haro, Josep Maria, additional, Hasan, Faizul, additional, Hasan, Ikramul, additional, Hasani, Hamidreza, additional, Hashemian, Maryam, additional, Hasnain, Md Saquib, additional, Hassan, Amr, additional, Hassan, Ikrama, additional, Haubold, Johannes, additional, Havmoeller, Rasmus J., additional, Hay, Simon I., additional, Hayat, Khezar, additional, Hbid, Youssef, additional, Hegazi, Omar E., additional, Hegena, Tadele Yohannes, additional, Heidari, Mohammad, additional, Helfer, Bartosz, additional, Herrera-Serna, Brenda Yuliana, additional, Herteliu, Claudiu, additional, Hesami, Hamed, additional, Hessami, Kamran, additional, Heydari, Keyvan, additional, Hezam, Kamal, additional, Hiraike, Yuta, additional, Hoan, Nguyen Quoc, additional, Holla, Ramesh, additional, Hossain, Md Mahbub, additional, Hossain, Md. Belal, additional, Hosseinzadeh, Hassan, additional, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, additional, Hostiuc, Mihaela, additional, Hostiuc, Sorin, additional, Hsairi, Mohamed, additional, Huang, Junjie, additional, Hultström, Michael, additional, Huynh, Hong-Han, additional, Hwang, Bing-Fang, additional, Ibrahim, Khalid S., additional, Idowu, Oluwatope Olaniyi, additional, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, additional, Ilic, Irena M., additional, Ilic, Milena D., additional, Immurana, Mustapha, additional, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, additional, Iqhrammullah, Muhammad, additional, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, additional, Ismail, Faisal, additional, Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, additional, Isola, Gaetano, additional, Iwagami, Masao, additional, J, Linda Merin, additional, Jaafari, Jalil, additional, Jacob, Louis, additional, Jafarzadeh, Abdollah, additional, Jaggi, Khushleen, additional, Jahrami, Haitham, additional, Jain, Akhil, additional, Jain, Nityanand, additional, Jairoun, Ammar Abdulrahman, additional, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, additional, Jamora, Roland Dominic G., additional, Javadi, Nilofer, additional, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, additional, Jayaram, Shubha, additional, Jebai, Rime, additional, Jeben, Rebuma Sorsa, additional, Jee, Sun Ha, additional, Jha, Anil K., additional, Jha, Ravi Prakash, additional, Jha, Vivekanand, additional, Jiang, Heng, additional, Jin, Yinzi, additional, Jobanputra, Yash B., additional, Johnson, Catherine Owens, additional, Jokar, Mohammad, additional, Joo, Tamas, additional, Joseph, Abel, additional, Joseph, Nitin, additional, Joshua, Charity Ehimwenma, additional, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, additional, Jürisson, Mikk, additional, Kabir, Ali, additional, Kabir, Zubair, additional, Kadashetti, Vidya, additional, Kahe, Farima, additional, Kalani, Rizwan, additional, Kalankesh, Laleh R., additional, Kalantar, Farnaz, additional, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, additional, Kalra, Sanjay, additional, Kamath, Ashwin, additional, Kamath, Sagarika, additional, Kamireddy, Arun, additional, Kanchan, Tanuj, additional, Kandel, Himal, additional, Kanmanthareddy, Arun R., additional, Kanmodi, Kehinde Kazeem, additional, Kansal, Sushil Kumar, additional, Kapner, Daniel John, additional, Kar, Sitanshu Sekhar, additional, Karakasis, Paschalis, additional, Karki, Prabin, additional, Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar, additional, Kasraei, Hengameh, additional, Kassahun, Eskeziaw Abebe, additional, Kassebaum, Nicholas J., additional, Katoto, Patrick D.M. C., additional, Kaydi, Neda, additional, Kazemi, Foad, additional, Kazemian, Sina, additional, Kazeminia, Sara, additional, Kerr, Jessica A., additional, Kesse-Guyot, Emmanuelle, additional, Keykhaei, Mohammad, additional, Khadembashiri, Mohamad Mehdi, additional, Khadembashiri, Mohammad Amin, additional, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, additional, Khajuria, Himanshu, additional, Khalaji, Amirmohammad, additional, Khalid, Nauman, additional, Khalilian, Alireza, additional, Khalilov, Rovshan, additional, Khan, Asaduzzaman, additional, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, additional, Khan, Junaid, additional, Khan, M Nuruzzaman, additional, Khan, Maseer, additional, Khan, Mohammad Jobair, additional, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, additional, Khan, Yusra H., additional, Khan suheb, Mahammed Ziauddin, additional, Khanmohammadi, Shaghayegh, additional, Khatab, Khaled, additional, Khateri, Sorour, additional, Khayat Kashani, Hamid Reza, additional, Kheirallah, Khalid A., additional, Khidri, Feriha Fatima, additional, Kian, Saeid, additional, Kifle, Zemene Demelash, additional, Kimokoti, Ruth W., additional, Kisa, Adnan, additional, Kisa, Sezer, additional, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, additional, Kompani, Farzad, additional, Koren, Gerbrand, additional, Kotnis, Ashwin Laxmikant, additional, Koul, Parvaiz A., additional, Koyanagi, Ai, additional, Krishan, Kewal, additional, Krishna, Hare, additional, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, additional, Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, additional, Kuddus, Md Abdul, additional, Kuddus, Mohammed, additional, Kulimbet, Mukhtar, additional, Kulkarni, Vishnutheertha, additional, Kumar, Akshay, additional, Kumar, Ashish, additional, Kumar, Naveen, additional, Kumar, Nithin, additional, Kumar, Rahul, additional, Kumsa, Netsanet Bogale, additional, Kunle, Kunle Rotimi, additional, Kusuma, Dian, additional, Kyriopoulos, Ilias, additional, La Vecchia, Carlo, additional, Lacey, Ben, additional, Ladan, Muhammad Awwal, additional, Laflamme, Lucie, additional, Lahariya, Chandrakant, additional, Lahiri, Arista, additional, Ching Lai, Daphne Teck, additional, Lallukka, Tea, additional, Lan, Qing, additional, Landires, Iván, additional, Lanfranchi, Francesco, additional, Larijani, Bagher, additional, Larsson, Anders O., additional, Lasrado, Savita, additional, Latief Epidemiology, Kamaluddin, additional, Latifinaibin, Kaveh, additional, Lau, Jerrald, additional, Lauriola, Paolo, additional, Le, Khuong, additional, Dao Le, Long Khanh, additional, Hanh Le, Nhi Huu, additional, Thu Le, Thao Thi, additional, Thanh Le, Trang Diep, additional, Bich Le, Trang Thi, additional, Ledda, Caterina, additional, Lee, Munjae, additional, Lee, Paul H., additional, Lee, Seung Won, additional, Lee, Wei-Chen, additional, Lee, Yo Han, additional, LeGrand, Kate E., additional, Leinsalu, Mall, additional, Leonardi, Matilde, additional, Lerango, Temesgen L., additional, Li, An, additional, Li, Ming-Chieh, additional, Li, Wei, additional, Li, Xiaopan, additional, Li, Yichong, additional, Lim, Lee-Ling, additional, Lim, Stephen S., additional, Lin, Ro-Ting, additional, Lindstrom, Megan, additional, Linn, Shai, additional, Liu, Gang, additional, Liu, Simin, additional, Liu, Xiaofeng, additional, Liu, Xuefeng, additional, Livingstone, Katherine M., additional, Llanaj, Erand, additional, Lopukhov, Platon D., additional, Sci (Med), Cand of, additional, Loreche, Arianna Maever, additional, Lorenzovici, László, additional, Lorkowski, Stefan, additional, Lotufo, Paulo A., additional, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, additional, Lugo, Alessandra, additional, Ma, Zheng Feei, additional, Madadizadeh, Farzan, additional, Maddison, Ralph, additional, Magaña Gómez, Javier A., additional, Magne, Julien, additional, Prasad, D. R. Mahadeshwara, additional, Mahalleh, Mehrdad, additional, Mahmoud, Mansour Adam, additional, Mahmoudi, Elham, additional, Mahmoudvand, Behnaz, additional, Makram, Omar Mohamed, additional, Rad, Elaheh Malakan, additional, Malekzadeh, Reza, additional, Malhotra, Kashish, additional, Malik, Iram, additional, Ahmed Malik, Muhammad Sajeel, additional, Mallhi, Tauqeer Hussain, additional, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, additional, Manilal, Aseer, additional, Manla, Yosef, additional, Mansoori, Yasaman, additional, Mansouri, Borhan, additional, Mansouri, Pejman, additional, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, additional, Marateb, Hamid Reza, additional, Marino, Mirko, additional, Martini, Daniela, additional, Martini, Santi, additional, Maryam, Sharmeen, additional, Marzo, Roy Rillera, additional, Masoudi, Alireza, additional, Masoudi, Sahar, additional, Matei, Clara N., additional, Mathangasinghe, Yasith, additional, Mathews, Elezebeth, additional, Mathur, Manu Raj, additional, Mattumpuram, Jishanth, additional, Maude, Richard James, additional, Maugeri, Andrea, additional, Mayeli, Mahsa, additional, Mazidi, Mohsen, additional, McGrath, John J., additional, McPhail, Steven M., additional, Mechili, Enkeleint A., additional, Carabeo Medina, John Robert, additional, Meena, Jitendra Kumar, additional, Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Kamran, additional, Mendez Mendez-Lopez, Max Alberto, additional, Mendoza, Walter, additional, Menezes, Ritesh G., additional, Mengist, Belayneh, additional, Meo, Sultan Ayoub, additional, Meresa, Haftu Asmerom, additional, Meretoja, Atte, additional, Meretoja, Tuomo J., additional, Mestrovic, Tomislav, additional, Dinushi Mettananda, Kukulege Chamila, additional, Mettananda, Sachith, additional, Mhlanga, Laurette, additional, Mi, Tianyue, additional, Jonasson, Junmei Miao, additional, Miazgowski, Tomasz, additional, Michalek, Irmina Maria, additional, Miller, Ted R., additional, Nhat Minh, Le Huu, additional, Minja, Neema W., additional, Mohammad Sadeghi, Pouya Mir, additional, Mirdamadi, Niloofar, additional, Mirica, Andreea, additional, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., additional, Mirza, Moonis, additional, Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari, Mohammad, additional, Mithra, Prasanna, additional, Moghimi, Zahra, additional, Mohamed, Jama, additional, Mohamed, Mouhand F.H., additional, Mohamed, Nouh Saad, additional, Mohammadi, Soheil, additional, Mohammed, Hussen, additional, Mohammed, Mustapha, additional, Mohammed, Salahuddin, additional, Mohammed, Shafiu, additional, Moka, Nagabhishek, additional, Mokdad, Ali H., additional, Vardanjani, Hossein Molavi, additional, Momtazmanesh, Sara, additional, Monasta, Lorenzo, additional, Montazeri, Fateme, additional, Ghalibaf, AmirAli Moodi, additional, Moradi, Yousef, additional, Moraga, Paula, additional, Morawska, Lidia, additional, Morovatdar, Negar, additional, Morrison, Shane Douglas, additional, Morze, Jakub, additional, Mostafavi, Ebrahim, additional, Mostofinejad, Amirmahdi, additional, Mougin, Vincent, additional, Mousavi, Parsa, additional, Mousavi, Seyed Ehsan, additional, Mozaffarian, Dariush, additional, Msherghi, Ahmed, additional, Muccioli, Lorenzo, additional, Mueller, Ulrich Otto, additional, Mukherjee, Sumoni, additional, Munjal, Kavita, additional, Murillo-Zamora, Efrén, additional, Mustafa, Ghulam, additional, Muthu, Sathish, additional, Mwita, Julius C., additional, Myung, Woojae, additional, Nagarajan, Ahamarshan Jayaraman, additional, Nagaraju, Shankar Prasad, additional, Naik, Ganesh R., additional, Naik, Gurudatta, additional, Nair, Tapas Sadasivan, additional, Najafi, Mohammad Sadeq, additional, Ansari, Noureddin Nakhostin, additional, Nangia, Vinay, additional, Swamy, Sreenivas Narasimha, additional, Nargus, Shumaila, additional, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, additional, Nascimento, Gustavo G., additional, Nasoori, Hadis, additional, Natto, Zuhair S., additional, Nauman, Javaid, additional, Naveed, Muhammad, additional, Nayak, Biswa Prakash, additional, Nayak, Vinod C., additional, Negash, Hadush, additional, Negoi, Ionut, additional, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, additional, Shahrokh Abadi, Reza Nejad, additional, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, additional, Nejjari, Chakib, additional, Nematollahi, Mohammad Hadi, additional, Nepal, Samata, additional, Ng, Nawi, additional, Nguyen, Dang H., additional, Nguyen, Phat Tuan, additional, Nguyen, Van Thanh, additional, Niazi, Robina Khan, additional, Nijjar, Shawn S., additional, Nizam, Muhammad A., additional, Noman, Efaq Ali, additional, Nomura, Shuhei, additional, Noreen, Mamoona, additional, Norrving, Bo, additional, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, additional, Nri-Ezedi, Chisom Adaobi, additional, Ntsekhe, Mpiko, additional, Nurrika, Dieta, additional, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, additional, Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, additional, Obamiro, Kehinde O., additional, O'Donnell, Martin James, additional, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, additional, Oguntade, Ayodipupo Sikiru, additional, Oguta, James Odhiambo, additional, Okeke, Sylvester Reuben, additional, Okekunle, Akinkunmi Paul, additional, Okidi, Lawrence, additional, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, additional, Okwute, Patrick Godwin, additional, Olagunju, Andrew T., additional, Olaiya, Muideen Tunbosun, additional, Olana, Matifan Dereje, additional, Olatubi, Matthew Idowu, additional, Moraes Oliveira, Gláucia Maria, additional, Olorukooba, Abdulhakeem Abayomi, additional, Olufadewa, Isaac Iyinoluwa, additional, Oluwafemi, Yinka Doris, additional, Oluwatunase, Gideon Olamilekan, additional, Omer, Goran Latif, additional, Ommati, Mohammad Mehdi, additional, Ong, Kanyin Liane, additional, Ong, Sokking, additional, Onyedibe, Kenneth Ikenna, additional, Ordak, Michal, additional, Ortega-Altamirano, Doris V., additional, Ortiz, Alberto, additional, Ortiz-Prado, Esteban, additional, Osman, Wael M.S., additional, Osuagwu, Uchechukwu Levi, additional, Otoiu, Adrian, additional, Otstavnov, Stanislav S., additional, Owolabi, Mayowa O., additional, Padukudru P A, Mahesh, additional, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, additional, Padubidri, Jagadish Rao, additional, Varnosfaderani, Mahsa Pahlavikhah, additional, Palicz, Tamás, additional, Palladino, Raffaele, additional, Pan, Feng, additional, Pan, Hai-Feng, additional, Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R., additional, Papadopoulou, Paraskevi, additional, Park, Seoyeon, additional, Passera, Roberto, additional, Patel, Jay, additional, Patil, Shankargouda, additional, Patoulias, Dimitrios, additional, Patthipati, Venkata Suresh, additional, Pawar, Shrikant, additional, Peden, Amy E., additional, Pedersini, Paolo, additional, Peng, Minjin, additional, Filipino Pepito, Veincent Christian, additional, Peprah, Emmanuel K., additional, Pereira, Marcos, additional, Pereira, Maria Odete, additional, Peres, Mario F.P., additional, Perianayagam, Arokiasamy, additional, Perico, Norberto, additional, Petermann-Rocha, Fanny Emily, additional, Pham, Hoang Tran, additional, Philip, Anil K., additional, Pigott, David M., additional, Pilgrim, Thomas, additional, Piradov, Michael A., additional, Plotnikov, Evgenii, additional, Poddighe, Dimitri, additional, Polibin, Roman V., additional, Poluru, Ramesh, additional, Pourali, Ghazaleh, additional, Pourshams, Akram, additional, Singh Pradhan, Pranil Man, additional, Prasad, Manya, additional, Sady Prates, Elton Junio, additional, Purohit, Bharathi M., additional, Puvvula, Jagadeesh, additional, Qattea, Ibrahim, additional, Qian, Gangzhen, additional, Qureshi, Maryam Faiz, additional, Rabiee rad, Mehrdad, additional, Radfar, Amir, additional, Rafiei Alavi, Seyedeh Niloufar, additional, Rafique, Ibrar, additional, Raggi, Alberto, additional, Rahim, Fakher, additional, Rahim, Md Jillur, additional, Rahimi, Mehran, additional, Rahman, Mosiur, additional, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, additional, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, additional, Rahmani, Bita, additional, Rahmani, Shayan, additional, Rahmanian, Vahid, additional, Rai, Pramila, additional, Rajaa, Sathish, additional, Rajabpour-Sanati, Ali, additional, Rajput, Prashant, additional, Ram, Pradhum, additional, Ram, Prasanna, additional, Ramalingam, Sudha, additional, Ramasamy, Shakthi Kumaran, additional, Ramazanu, Sheena, additional, Ramesh, Pushkal Sinduvadi, additional, Rana, Juwel, additional, Rana, Kritika, additional, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, additional, Rancic, Nemanja, additional, Rane, Amey, additional, Ranjan, Shubham, additional, Ranta, Annemarei, additional, Rao, Indu Ramachandra, additional, Rao, Mithun, additional, Rao, Sowmya J., additional, Rashedi, Sina, additional, Rashedi, Vahid, additional, Rashid, Ahmed Mustafa, additional, Rasul, Azad, additional, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, additional, Babu, Giridhara Rathnaiah, additional, Ravikumar, Nakul, additional, Rawaf, Salman, additional, Razeghian-Jahromi, Iman, additional, Razo, Christian, additional, Rama Krishna Reddy, Murali Mohan, additional, Mohamed Redwan, Elrashdy Moustafa, additional, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, additional, Reyes, Luis Felipe, additional, Rezaei, Nazila, additional, Rezaeian, Mohsen, additional, Ribeiro, Antonio Luiz P., additional, Ribeiro, Daniela, additional, Rikhtegar, Reza, additional, Roever, Leonardo, additional, Romadlon, Debby Syahru, additional, Ronfani, Luca, additional, Sekhar Rout, Himanshu Sehar, additional, Roy, Nitai, additional, Roy, Priyanka, additional, Rynkiewicz, Andrzej, additional, Saad, Aly M.A., additional, Saadatian, Zahra, additional, Sabour, Siamak, additional, Sacco, Simona, additional, Sachdeva, Rajesh, additional, Saddik, Basema, additional, Sadeghi, Erfan, additional, Saeed, Umar, additional, Safaeinejad, Fahimeh, additional, Sharif-Askari, Fatemeh Saheb, additional, Sharif-Askari, Narjes Saheb, additional, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, additional, Sahoo, Soumya Swaroop, additional, Sajedi, Seyed Aidin, additional, Sajid, Mirza Rizwan, additional, Sakshaug, Joseph W., additional, Salam, Nasir, additional, Salami, Afeez Abolarinwa, additional, Saleh, Mohamed A., additional, Salehi, Sana, additional, Salem, Marwa Rashad, additional, Salem, Mohammed Z.Y., additional, Samadzadeh, Sara, additional, Samargandy, Saad, additional, Samuel, Vijaya Paul, additional, Samy, Abdallah M., additional, Sanabria, Juan, additional, Sanjeev, Rama Krishna, additional, Santric-Milicevic, Milena M., additional, Nadeem Saqib, Muhammad Arif, additional, Sarasmita, Made Ary, additional, Saravanan, Aswini, additional, Sarikhani, Yaser, additional, Sarkar, Tanmay, additional, Sarmiento-Suárez, Rodrigo, additional, Sarode, Gargi Sachin, additional, Sarode, Sachin C., additional, Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu, additional, Sathyanarayan, Anudeep, additional, Sawhney, Monika, additional, Sayyah, Mehdi, additional, Scarmeas, Nikolaos, additional, Schaarschmidt, Benedikt Michael, additional, Schuermans, Art, additional, Schumacher, Austin E., additional, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, additional, Schwebel, David C., additional, Sedighi, Mansour, additional, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, additional, Semnani, Farbod, additional, Senapati, Sabyasachi, additional, Sengupta, Pallav, additional, Senthilkumaran, Subramanian, additional, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., additional, Sethi, Yashendra, additional, Seyedi, Seyed Arsalan, additional, Seylani, Allen, additional, Shabany, Maryam, additional, Shafeghat, Melika, additional, Shafie, Mahan, additional, Shah, Pritik A., additional, Shahbandi, Ataollah, additional, Shahid, Izza, additional, Shahid, Samiah, additional, Shahid, Wajeehah, additional, Shahwan, Moyad Jamal, additional, Shaikh, Masood Ali, additional, Sham, Sunder, additional, Shamim, Muhammad Aaqib, additional, Shanawaz, Mohd, additional, Sharfaei, Sadaf, additional, Sharifan, Amin, additional, Sharifi-Rad, Javad, additional, Sharma, Purva, additional, Sharma, Saurab, additional, Sharma, Ujjawal, additional, Sharma, Vishal, additional, Sheikh, Aziz, additional, Shiferaw, Desalegn Shiferaw, additional, Shigematsu, Mika, additional, Shin, Min-Jeong, additional, Shiri, Rahman, additional, Shishani, Kawkab, additional, Shittu, Aminu, additional, Shiue, Ivy, additional, Shivakumar, K.M., additional, Shrestha, Sunil, additional, Shuval, Kerem, additional, Sibhat, Migbar Mekonnen, additional, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, additional, Simpson, Colin R., additional, Singh, Abhinav, additional, Singh, Aditya, additional, Singh, Ambrish, additional, Singh, Jasvinder A., additional, Singh, Paramdeep, additional, Singh, Rajat, additional, Singh, Surjit, additional, Siraj, Md Shahjahan, additional, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, additional, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, additional, Sleet, David A., additional, Soleimani, Hamidreza, additional, Solikhah, Solikhah, additional, Soliman, Sameh S.M., additional, Son, Juyeon, additional, Song, Suhang, additional, Song, Yi, additional, Soriano, Joan B., additional, Spartalis, Michael, additional, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T., additional, Stafford, Lauryn K., additional, Stark, Benjamin A., additional, Steiropoulos, Paschalis, additional, Stortecky, Stefan, additional, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, additional, Sultana, Abida, additional, Sundström, Johan, additional, Swain, Chandan Kumar, additional, Damavandi, Payam Tabaee, additional, Tabatabaei, Seyyed Mohammad, additional, Malazy, Ozra Tabatabaei, additional, Tabatabaeizadeh, Seyed-Amir, additional, Tabatabai, Shima, additional, Tabb, Karen M., additional, Tabish, Mohammad, additional, Tabuchi, Takahiro, additional, Tadese, Fentaw, additional, Abkenar, Yasaman Taheri, additional, Taiba, Jabeen, additional, Talaat, Iman M., additional, Tampa, Mircea, additional, Lukenze Tamuzi, Jacques J.L., additional, Tan, Ker-Kan, additional, Tang, Haosu, additional, Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, additional, Tat, Nathan Y., additional, Tavangar, Seyed Mohammad, additional, Tehrani, Hadi, additional, Teimoori, Mojtaba, additional, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, additional, Hani Temsah, Reem Mohamad, additional, Teramoto, Masayuki, additional, Thangaraju, Pugazhenthan, additional, Thankappan, Kavumpurathu Raman, additional, Thapa, Rajshree, additional, Thapar, Rekha, additional, Thavamani, Aravind, additional, Thayakaran, Rasiah, additional, Thomas, Nikhil Kenny, additional, Tian, Jing, additional, Tichopad, Ales, additional, Tillawi, Tala, additional, Tonelli, Marcello, additional, Topor-Madry, Roman, additional, Touvier, Mathilde, additional, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, additional, Tran, Jasmine T., additional, Tran, Nghia Minh, additional, Van Tran, Phu, additional, Trihandini, Indang, additional, Tripathi, Avnish, additional, Tromans, Samuel Joseph, additional, Truong, Vien T., additional, Tri Tai Truyen, Thien Tan, additional, Tsatsakis, Aristidis, additional, Tsegay, Guesh Mebrahtom, additional, Tsermpini, Evangelia Eirini, additional, Tumurkhuu, Munkhtuya, additional, Tung, Kang, additional, Ubah, Chukwudi S., additional, Udoakang, Aniefiok John, additional, Udoh, Arit, additional, Ullah, Atta, additional, Ullah, Sana, additional, Umair, Muhammad, additional, Umar, Tungki Pratama, additional, Unim, Brigid, additional, Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran, additional, Upadhyay, Era, additional, Usman, Jibrin Sammani, additional, Vahabi, Seyed Mohammad, additional, Vaithinathan, Asokan Govindaraj, additional, Valizadeh, Rohollah, additional, Van den Eynde, Jef, additional, Varga, Orsolya, additional, Varma, Siddhartha Alluri, additional, Vart, Priya, additional, Varthya, Shoban Babu, additional, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, additional, Vellingiri, Balachandar, additional, Vervoort, Dominique, additional, Villafañe, Jorge Hugo, additional, Violante, Francesco S., additional, Viskadourou, Maria, additional, Volovat, Simona Ruxandra, additional, Vos, Theo, additional, Vujcic, Isidora S., additional, Wafa, Hatem A., additional, Wahab, Feras, additional, Wang, Cong, additional, Wang, Fang, additional, Wang, Nelson, additional, Wang, Shu, additional, Wang, Yanzhong, additional, Wang, Yuan-Pang, additional, Wei, Melissa Y., additional, Werdecker, Andrea, additional, Wickramasinghe, Nuwan Darshana, additional, Wijeratne, Tissa, additional, Wilandika, Angga, additional, Wilson, Shadrach, additional, Wolfe, Charles D.A., additional, Wongsin, Utoomporn, additional, Wu, Zenghong, additional, Xiao, Hong, additional, Xu, Suowen, additional, Xu, Xiaoyue, additional, Yadav, Lalit, additional, Yano, Yuichiro, additional, Yaribeygi, Habib, additional, Yasufuku, Yuichi, additional, Nia, Iman Yazdani, additional, Ye, Pengpeng, additional, Yesuf, Subah Abderehim, additional, Yezli, Saber, additional, Yiğit, Arzu, additional, Yiğit, Vahit, additional, Yilma, Mekdes Tigistu, additional, Yon, Dong Keon, additional, Yonemoto, Naohiro, additional, Yousefi, Zabihollah, additional, Yperzeele, Laetitia, additional, Yu, Chuanhua, additional, Yunusa, Ismaeel, additional, Zafari, Nima, additional, Tajrishi, Farbod Zahedi, additional, Zakham, Fathiah, additional, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, additional, Zeineddine, Mohammad A., additional, Zemedikun, Dawit T., additional, Zeng, Youjie, additional, Zhai, Chunxia, additional, Zhang, Chen, additional, Zhang, Haijun, additional, Zhang, Hongwei, additional, Zhang, Liqun, additional, Zhang, Ning, additional, Zhang, Yunquan, additional, Zhao, Hanqing, additional, Zheng, Peng, additional, Zhong, Chenwen, additional, Zhou, Shuduo, additional, Zhu, Bin, additional, Zhu, Lei, additional, Zielińska, Magdalena, additional, Zikarg, Yossef Teshome, additional, Zmaili, Mohammad, additional, Zoeckler, Leo Zucker, additional, Zou, Zhiyong, additional, Zumla, Alimuddin, additional, Zweck, Elric, additional, and Zyoud, Samer H., additional
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

43. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Collaborators, GBD 2013 Risk Factors, Forouzanfar, Mohammad H, Alexander, Lily, Anderson, H Ross, Bachman, Victoria F, Biryukov, Stan, Brauer, Michael, Burnett, Richard, Casey, Daniel, Coates, Matthew M, Cohen, Aaron, Delwiche, Kristen, Estep, Kara, Frostad, Joseph J, Astha, KC, Kyu, Hmwe H, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Ng, Marie, Slepak, Erica Leigh, Thomas, Bernadette A, Wagner, Joseph, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abraham, Jerry Puthenpurakal, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Adelekan, Ademola, Adofo, Koranteng, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, José C, Afshin, Ashkan, Agardh, Emilie E, Khabouri, Mazin J Al, Lami, Faris H Al, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Ali, Mohammed K, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amankwaa, Adansi A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Cunningham, Solveig Argeseanu, Arnlöv, Johan, Arsenijevic, Valentina S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, Atkins, Lydia S, Atkinson, Charles, Avila, Marco A, Awuah, Baffour, Badawi, Alaa, Bahit, Maria C, Bakfalouni, Talal, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Balalla, Shivanthi, Balu, Ravi Kumar, Banerjee, Amitava, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Barrientos-Gutierrez, Tonatiuh, Basto-Abreu, Ana C, Basu, Arindam, Basu, Sanjay, Basulaiman, Mohammed O, Ruvalcaba, Carolina Batis, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Benjet, Corina, and Bennett, Derrick A
Subjects: Nutrition, Prevention, Clinical Research, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Environmental Exposure, Female, Global Health, Health Behavior, Humans, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Nutritional Status, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Exposure, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Sanitation, GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundThe Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor study 2013 (GBD 2013) is the first of a series of annual updates of the GBD. Risk factor quantification, particularly of modifiable risk factors, can help to identify emerging threats to population health and opportunities for prevention. The GBD 2013 provides a timely opportunity to update the comparative risk assessment with new data for exposure, relative risks, and evidence on the appropriate counterfactual risk distribution.MethodsAttributable deaths, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) have been estimated for 79 risks or clusters of risks using the GBD 2010 methods. Risk-outcome pairs meeting explicit evidence criteria were assessed for 188 countries for the period 1990-2013 by age and sex using three inputs: risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL). Risks are organised into a hierarchy with blocks of behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks at the first level of the hierarchy. The next level in the hierarchy includes nine clusters of related risks and two individual risks, with more detail provided at levels 3 and 4 of the hierarchy. Compared with GBD 2010, six new risk factors have been added: handwashing practices, occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, childhood wasting, childhood stunting, unsafe sex, and low glomerular filtration rate. For most risks, data for exposure were synthesised with a Bayesian meta-regression method, DisMod-MR 2.0, or spatial-temporal Gaussian process regression. Relative risks were based on meta-regressions of published cohort and intervention studies. Attributable burden for clusters of risks and all risks combined took into account evidence on the mediation of some risks such as high body-mass index (BMI) through other risks such as high systolic blood pressure and high cholesterol.FindingsAll risks combined account for 57·2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 55·8-58·5) of deaths and 41·6% (40·1-43·0) of DALYs. Risks quantified account for 87·9% (86·5-89·3) of cardiovascular disease DALYs, ranging to a low of 0% for neonatal disorders and neglected tropical diseases and malaria. In terms of global DALYs in 2013, six risks or clusters of risks each caused more than 5% of DALYs: dietary risks accounting for 11·3 million deaths and 241·4 million DALYs, high systolic blood pressure for 10·4 million deaths and 208·1 million DALYs, child and maternal malnutrition for 1·7 million deaths and 176·9 million DALYs, tobacco smoke for 6·1 million deaths and 143·5 million DALYs, air pollution for 5·5 million deaths and 141·5 million DALYs, and high BMI for 4·4 million deaths and 134·0 million DALYs. Risk factor patterns vary across regions and countries and with time. In sub-Saharan Africa, the leading risk factors are child and maternal malnutrition, unsafe sex, and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing. In women, in nearly all countries in the Americas, north Africa, and the Middle East, and in many other high-income countries, high BMI is the leading risk factor, with high systolic blood pressure as the leading risk in most of Central and Eastern Europe and south and east Asia. For men, high systolic blood pressure or tobacco use are the leading risks in nearly all high-income countries, in north Africa and the Middle East, Europe, and Asia. For men and women, unsafe sex is the leading risk in a corridor from Kenya to South Africa.InterpretationBehavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks can explain half of global mortality and more than one-third of global DALYs providing many opportunities for prevention. Of the larger risks, the attributable burden of high BMI has increased in the past 23 years. In view of the prominence of behavioural risk factors, behavioural and social science research on interventions for these risks should be strengthened. Many prevention and primary care policy options are available now to act on key risks.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015

44. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

Author: Collaborators, Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Vos, Theo, Barber, Ryan M, Bell, Brad, Bertozzi-Villa, Amelia, Biryukov, Stan, Bolliger, Ian, Charlson, Fiona, Davis, Adrian, Degenhardt, Louisa, Dicker, Daniel, Duan, Leilei, Erskine, Holly, Feigin, Valery L, Ferrari, Alize J, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Fleming, Thomas, Graetz, Nicholas, Guinovart, Caterina, Haagsma, Juanita, Hansen, Gillian M, Hanson, Sarah Wulf, Heuton, Kyle R, Higashi, Hideki, Kassebaum, Nicholas, Kyu, Hmwe, Laurie, Evan, Liang, Xiofeng, Lofgren, Katherine, Lozano, Rafael, MacIntyre, Michael F, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Odell, Shaun, Ortblad, Katrina, Roberts, David Allen, Roth, Gregory A, Sandar, Logan, Serina, Peter T, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Steiner, Caitlyn, Thomas, Bernadette, Vollset, Stein Emil, Whiteford, Harvey, Wolock, Timothy M, Ye, Pengpeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Ãvila, Marco A, Aasvang, Gunn Marit, Abbafati, Cristiana, Ozgoren, Ayse Abbasoglu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Aziz, Muna I Abdel, Abera, Semaw F, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Jerry P, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Aburto, Tania C, Achoki, Tom, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adelekan, Ademola, Ademi, Zanfina, Adou, Arsène K, Adsuar, Josef C, Arnlov, Johan, Agardh, Emilie E, Khabouri, Mazin J Al, Alam, Sayed Saidul, Alasfoor, Deena, Albittar, Mohammed I, Alegretti, Miguel A, Aleman, Alicia V, Alemu, Zewdie A, Alfonso-Cristancho, Rafael, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alla, Francois, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Peter J, AlMazroa, Mohammad AbdulAziz, Alsharif, Ubai, Alvarez, Elena, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Ameli, Omid, Amini, Heresh, Ammar, Walid, Anderson, Benjamin O, Anderson, H Ross, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Apfel, Henry, Arsenijevic, Valentain S Arsic, Artaman, Al, Asghar, Rana J, Assadi, Reza, and Atkins, Lydia S
Subjects: Burden of Illness, Infectious Diseases, Brain Disorders, Pain Research, Mental Health, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Good Health and Well Being, Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Chronic Disease, Cost of Illness, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Disabled Persons, Female, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Neglected Diseases, Prevalence, Residence Characteristics, Sex Distribution, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult, Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract: BackgroundUp-to-date evidence about levels and trends in disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) is an essential input into global, regional, and national health policies. In the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 (GBD 2013), we estimated these quantities for acute and chronic diseases and injuries for 188 countries between 1990 and 2013.MethodsEstimates were calculated for disease and injury incidence, prevalence, and YLDs using GBD 2010 methods with some important refinements. Results for incidence of acute disorders and prevalence of chronic disorders are new additions to the analysis. Key improvements include expansion to the cause and sequelae list, updated systematic reviews, use of detailed injury codes, improvements to the Bayesian meta-regression method (DisMod-MR), and use of severity splits for various causes. An index of data representativeness, showing data availability, was calculated for each cause and impairment during three periods globally and at the country level for 2013. In total, 35 620 distinct sources of data were used and documented to calculated estimates for 301 diseases and injuries and 2337 sequelae. The comorbidity simulation provides estimates for the number of sequelae, concurrently, by individuals by country, year, age, and sex. Disability weights were updated with the addition of new population-based survey data from four countries.FindingsDisease and injury were highly prevalent; only a small fraction of individuals had no sequelae. Comorbidity rose substantially with age and in absolute terms from 1990 to 2013. Incidence of acute sequelae were predominantly infectious diseases and short-term injuries, with over 2 billion cases of upper respiratory infections and diarrhoeal disease episodes in 2013, with the notable exception of tooth pain due to permanent caries with more than 200 million incident cases in 2013. Conversely, leading chronic sequelae were largely attributable to non-communicable diseases, with prevalence estimates for asymptomatic permanent caries and tension-type headache of 2·4 billion and 1·6 billion, respectively. The distribution of the number of sequelae in populations varied widely across regions, with an expected relation between age and disease prevalence. YLDs for both sexes increased from 537·6 million in 1990 to 764·8 million in 2013 due to population growth and ageing, whereas the age-standardised rate decreased little from 114·87 per 1000 people to 110·31 per 1000 people between 1990 and 2013. Leading causes of YLDs included low back pain and major depressive disorder among the top ten causes of YLDs in every country. YLD rates per person, by major cause groups, indicated the main drivers of increases were due to musculoskeletal, mental, and substance use disorders, neurological disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases; however HIV/AIDS was a notable driver of increasing YLDs in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, the proportion of disability-adjusted life years due to YLDs increased globally from 21·1% in 1990 to 31·2% in 2013.InterpretationAgeing of the world's population is leading to a substantial increase in the numbers of individuals with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Rates of YLDs are declining much more slowly than mortality rates. The non-fatal dimensions of disease and injury will require more and more attention from health systems. The transition to non-fatal outcomes as the dominant source of burden of disease is occurring rapidly outside of sub-Saharan Africa. Our results can guide future health initiatives through examination of epidemiological trends and a better understanding of variation across countries.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2015

45. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Feigin, Valery L, Nichols, Emma, Alam, Tahiya, Bannick, Marlena S, Beghi, Ettore, Blake, Natacha, Culpepper, William J, Dorsey, E Ray, Elbaz, Alexis, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Fisher, James L, Fitzmaurice, Christina, Giussani, Giorgia, Glennie, Linda, James, Spencer L, Johnson, Catherine Owens, Kassebaum, Nicholas J, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Marin, Benoît, Mountjoy-Venning, W Cliff, Nguyen, Minh, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Patel, Anoop P, Piccininni, Marco, Roth, Gregory A, Steiner, Timothy J, Stovner, Lars Jacob, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Theadom, Alice, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wallin, Mitchell Taylor, Wright, Claire, Zunt, Joseph Raymond, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Acharya, Dilaram, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Shahi Salman, Rustam, Alahdab, Fares, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Atalay, Hagos Tasew, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayuk, Tambe B, Badawi, Alaa, Banach, Maciej, Banoub, Joseph Adel Mattar, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Baune, Bernhard T, Bedi, Neeraj, Behzadifar, Masoud, Behzadifar, Meysam, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Beuran, Mircea, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bililign, Nigus, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Blazes, Christopher Kynrint, Brayne, Carol, Butt, Zahid A, Campos-Nonato, Ismael R, Cantu-Brito, Carlos, Car, Mate, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Félix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cerin, Ester, Chaiah, Yazan, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chatziralli, Irini, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Christensen, Hanne, Christopher, Devasahayam J, Cooper, Cyrus, Cortesi, Paolo Angelo, Costa, Vera M, Criqui, Michael H, Crowe, Christopher Stephen, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Daryani, Ahmad, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, De la Hoz, Fernando Pio, De Leo, Diego, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Deribe, Kebede, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diaz, Daniel, Dinberu, Mesfin Tadese, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doku, David Teye, Dubey, Manisha, Dubljanin, Eleonora, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Edvardsson, David, El-Khatib, Ziad, Endres, Matthias, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esteghamati, Alireza, Esteghamati, Sadaf, Farhadi, Farzaneh, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Farzaei, Mohammad Hosein, Fatima, Batool, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Feyissa, Garumma Tolu, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Ganji, Morsaleh, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Garcia-Gordillo, Miguel A, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo, Gelaw, Belayneh K, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Geremew, Demeke, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam, Gidey, Mahari Y, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gill, Tiffany K, Girma, Efrata Tufa, Gnedovskaya, Elena V, Goulart, Alessandra C, Grada, Ayman, Grosso, Giuseppe, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hagos, Tekleberhan B, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hamadeh, Randah R, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J, Hao, Yuantao, Haro, Josep Maria, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Simon I, Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heidari, Behnam, Henok, Andualem, Heydarpour, Fatemeh, Hoang, Chi Linh, Hole, Michael K, Homaie Rad, Enayatollah, Hosseini, Seyed Mostafa, Hu, Guoqing, Igumbor, Ehimario U, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jobanputra, Yash B, Jonas, Jost B, Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamil, Teshome Abegaz, Kanchan, Tanuj, Karami, Manoochehr, Karch, André, Karimi, Narges, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassa, Zemenu Yohannes, Kaul, Anil, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khafaie, Morteza Abdullatif, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khazaie, Habibolah, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar A, Kiirithio, Daniel N, Kim, Anthony S, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Young-Eun, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnamurthi, Rita V, Kuate Defo, Barthelemy, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kumar, Manasi, Lacey, Ben, Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lansingh, Van C, Latifi, Arman, Leshargie, Cheru Tesema, Li, Shanshan, Liao, Yu, Linn, Shai, Lo, Warren David, Lopez, Jaifred Christian F, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lucas, Robyn M, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Mackay, Mark T, Mahotra, Narayan Bahadur, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manafi, Navid, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, März, Winfried, Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa, Massenburg, Benjamin Ballard, Mate, Kedar K V, McAlinden, Colm, McGrath, John J, Mehta, Varshil, Meier, Toni, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Melese, Addisu, Memiah, Peter T N, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Mengistu, Desalegn Tadese, Mengistu, Getnet, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Miller, Ted R, Mini, GK, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Moazen, Babak, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Naser, Mohammadi, Moslem, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam, Mohammadibakhsh, Roghayeh, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi, Mousa, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H, Monasta, Lorenzo, Mondello, Stefania, Moodley, Yoshan, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moradi, Ghobad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Moradinazar, Mehdi, Moraga, Paula, Moreno Velásquez, Ilais, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Muhammed, Oumer Sada, Muruet, Walter, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Mustafa, Ghulam, Naderi, Mehdi, Nagel, Gabriele, Naheed, Aliya, Naik, Gurudatta, Najafi, Farid, Nangia, Vinay, Negoi, Ionut, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Newton, Charles Richard James, Ngunjiri, Josephine W, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Long Hoang, Ningrum, Dina Nur Anggraini, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Nixon, Molly R, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Nourollahpour Shiadeh, Malihe, Nyasulu, Peter S, Ogah, Okechukwu Samuel, Oh, In-Hwan, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olagunju, Tinuke O, Olivares, Pedro R, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Oren, Eyal, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, PA, Mahesh, Pakpour, Amir H, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Patel, Sangram Kishor, Pereira, David M, Petzold, Max, Pillay, Julian David, Piradov, Michael A, Polanczyk, Guilherme V, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Poulton, Richie, Poustchi, Hossein, Prakash, Swayam, Prakash, V, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Rajati, Fatemeh, Ram, Usha, Ranta, Anna, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Salman, Reinig, Nickolas, Reis, Cesar, Renzaho, Andre M N, Resnikoff, Serge, Rezaeian, Shahab, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rios González, Carlos Miguel, Roberts, Nicholas L S, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roro, Elias Merdassa, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Sabbagh, Parisa, Sacco, Ralph L, Sachdev, Perminder S, Saddik, Basema, Safari, Hosein, Safari-Faramani, Roya, Safi, Sare, Safiri, Saeid, Sagar, Rajesh, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salamati, Payman, Salehi Zahabi, Saleh, Salimi, Yahya, Samy, Abdallah M, Sanabria, Juan, Santos, Itamar S, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Sartorius, Benn, Sarvi, Shahabeddin, Sathian, Brijesh, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawant, Arundhati R, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Shabaninejad, Hosein, Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakir, Raad A, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Shamsizadeh, Morteza, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharif-Alhoseini, Mahdi, She, Jun, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheth, Kevin N, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shiue, Ivy, Siabani, Soraya, Siddiqi, Tariq J, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig, Silberberg, Donald H, Silva, João Pedro, Silveira, Dayane Gabriele Alves, Singh, Jasvinder A, Sinha, Dhirendra Narain, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Smith, Mari, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Sobhani, Soheila, Soofi, Moslem, Soyiri, Ireneous N, Sposato, Luciano A, Stein, Dan J, Stein, Murray B, Stokes, Mark A, Sufiyan, Mu'awiyyah Babale, Sykes, Bryan L, Sylaja, PN, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Te Ao, Braden James, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Thakur, Jarnail Singh, Thrift, Amanda G, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Tudor Car, Lorainne, Ukwaja, Kingsley Nnanna, Ullah, Irfan, Usman, Muhammad Shariq, Uthman, Olalekan A, Valdez, Pascual R, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasanthan, Rajagopalan, Veisani, Yousef, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Violante, Francesco S, Vlassov, Vasily, Vosoughi, Kia, Vu, Giang Thu, Vujcic, Isidora S, Wagnew, Fasil Shiferaw, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weiss, Jordan, Whiteford, Harvey A, Wijeratne, Tissa, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Xu, Gelin, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yamada, Tomohide, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yip, Paul, Yisma, Engida, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaman, Sojib Bin, Zamani, Mohammad, Zandian, Hamed, Zare, Zohreh, Zhang, Yunquan, Zodpey, Sanjay, Naghavi, Mohsen, Murray, Christopher J L, and Vos, Theo
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

46. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Johnson, Catherine Owens, Nguyen, Minh, Roth, Gregory A, Nichols, Emma, Alam, Tahiya, Abate, Degu, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adeoye, Abiodun Moshood, Agarwal, Gina, Agrawal, Sutapa, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Alahdab, Fares, Ali, Raghib, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anjomshoa, Mina, Arabloo, Jalal, Arauz, Antonio, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Awasthi, Ashish, Banach, Maciej, Barboza, Miguel A, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Basu, Sanjay, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Belayneh, Yaschilal Muche, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Boris, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Butt, Zahid A, Cahuana-Hurtado, Lucero, Carrero, Juan J, Carvalho, Félix, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Castro, Franz, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Chaiah, Yazan, Chiang, Peggy Pei-Chia, Choi, Jee-Young J, Christensen, Hanne, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cortinovis, Monica, Damasceno, Albertino Antonio Moura, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Daryani, Ahmad, Davletov, Kairat, de Courten, Barbora, De la Cruz-Góngora, Vanessa, Degefa, Meaza Girma, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diaz, Daniel, Dubey, Manisha, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Edessa, Dumessa, Endres, Matthias, FARAON, EMERITO JOSE A, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fischer, Florian, Flor, Luisa Sorio, Ganji, Morsaleh, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo, Geta, Birhanu, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Gill, Paramjit Singh, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Gómez-Dantés, Hector, Goulart, Alessandra C, Grosso, Giuseppe, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rajeev, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I., Hegazy, Mohamed I, Heidari, Behnam, Herial, Nabeel A, Hosseini, Mohammad Ali, Hostiuc, Sorin, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Jonas, Jost B., Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy, Jürisson, Mikk, Kahsay, Amaha, Kalani, Rizwan, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamil, Teshome Abegaz, Kanchan, Tanuj, Karch, André, Karimi, Narges, Karimi-Sari, Hamidreza, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Kazemeini, Hossein, Kefale, Adane Teshome, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A., Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Adnan, Kivimäki, Mika, Koyanagi, Ai, Krishnamurthi, Rita K, Kumar, G Anil, Lafranconi, Alessandra, Lewington, Sarah, Li, Shanshan, Lo, Warren David, Lopez, Alan D, Lorkowski, Stefan, Lotufo, Paulo A., Mackay, Mark T, Majdan, Marek, Majdzadeh, Reza, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Manafi, Navid, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mehta, Varshil, Mengistu, Getnet, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Miazgowski, Bartosz, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Miller, Ted R, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadoo-khorasani, Milad, Mohammed, Shafiu, Mohebi, Farnam, Mokdad, Ali H, Mokhayeri, Yaser, Moradi, Ghobad, Morawska, Lidia, Moreno Velásquez, Ilais, Mousavi, Seyyed Meysam, Muhammed, Oumer Sada S, Muruet, Walter, Naderi, Mehdi, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Gurudatta, Nascimento, Bruno Ramos, Negoi, Ruxandra Irina, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Long Hoang, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Norrving, Bo, Noubiap, Jean Jacques, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olagunju, Tinuke O, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Pandian, Jeyaraj Durai, Patel, Shanti, Perico, Norberto, Piradov, Michael A, Polinder, Suzanne, Postma, Maarten J, Poustchi, Hossein, Prakash, V, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rafiei, Alireza, Rahim, Fakher, Rahimi, Kazem, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Muhammad Aziz, Reis, Cesar, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Ricci, Stefano, Roberts, Nicholas L S, Robinson, Stephen R, Roever, Leonardo, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Sabbagh, Parisa, Safari, Hosein, Safari, Saeed, Safiri, Saeid, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Salehi Zahabi, Saleh, Samy, Abdallah M., Santalucia, Paola, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Santric Milicevic, Milena M, Sartorius, Benn, Sawant, Arundhati R, Schutte, Aletta Elisabeth, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shams-Beyranvand, Mehran, Sheikh, Aziz, Sheth, Kevin N., Shibuya, Kenji, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiue, Ivy, Siabani, Soraya, Sobaih, Badr Hasan, Sposato, Luciano A., Sutradhar, Ipsita, Sylaja, PN, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Te Ao, Braden James, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Thrift, Amanda G, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Truelsen, Thomas Clement, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Ullah, Irfan, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vaduganathan, Muthiah, Valdez, Pascual R, Vasankari, Tommi Juhani, Vasanthan, Rajagopalan, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vosoughi, Kia, Vu, Giang Thu, Waheed, Yasir, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Westerman, Ronny, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wondafrash, Dawit Zewdu, Xu, Gelin, Yadollahpour, Ali, Yamada, Tomohide, Yatsuya, Hiroshi, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zamani, Mohammad, Zarghi, Afshin, Zhang, Yunquan, Zodpey, Sanjay, Feigin, Valery L., Vos, Theo, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

47. Global, regional, and national burden of brain and other CNS cancer, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Patel, Anoop P, Fisher, James L, Nichols, Emma, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Agius, Dominic, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Tahiya, Allen, Christine A, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Awasthi, Ashish, Badali, Hamid, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Bijani, Ali, Bjørge, Tone, Carvalho, Félix, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Choi, Jee-Young J, Daryani, Ahmad, Degefa, Meaza Girma, Demoz, Gebre Teklemariam, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubey, Manisha, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Foreman, Kyle J, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Geramo, Yilma Chisha Dea, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hamidi, Samer, Harvey, James D, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Kasaeian, Amir, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Kim, Yun Jin, Mengistu, Getnet, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mokdad, Ali H, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Gurudatta, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Nguyen, Long Hoang, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nixon, Molly R, Olagunju, Andrew T, Pereira, David M, Pinilla-Monsalve, Gabriel David, Poustchi, Hossein, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Reiner, Robert C, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Safari, Hosein, Safiri, Saeid, Samy, Abdallah M, Sarvi, Shahabeddin, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Sharif, Mehdi, Sharma, Rajesh, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shirkoohi, Reza, Singh, Jasvinder A, Smith, Mari, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Khanh Bao, Ullah, Irfan, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Zadnik, Vesna, Zaidi, Zoubida, Ellenbogen, Richard G, Vos, Theo, Feigin, Valery L, Murray, Christopher J L, and Fitzmaurice, Christina
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

48. Global, regional, and national burden of epilepsy, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Beghi, Ettore, Giussani, Giorgia, Nichols, Emma, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Adib, Mina G., Agrawal, Sutapa, Alahdab, Fares, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayele, Yohanes, Barboza, Miguel A, Belachew, Abate Bekele, Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bitew, Helen, Carvalho, Félix, Chaiah, Yazan, Daryani, Ahmad, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubey, Manisha, Endries, Aman Yesuf Yesuf, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Fijabi, Daniel Obadare, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Tsadik, Afewerki Gebremeskel, Gebremichael, Teklu Gebrehiwo, Gezae, Kebede Embaye, Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam, Weldegwergs, Kidu Gidey, Degefa, Meaza Girma, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Hagos, Tekleberhan B, Haj-Mirzaian, Arvin, Haj-Mirzaian, Arya, Hassen, Hamid Yimam, Hay, Simon I, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Kasaeian, Amir, Kassa, Tesfaye Dessale, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kisa, Adnan, Krohn, Kristopher J, Kulkarni, Chanda, Nirayo, Yirga Legesse, Mackay, Mark T, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Manhertz, Treh, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonen, Tesfa, Meles, Hagazi Gebre, Mengistu, Getnet, Mohammed, Shafiu, Naghavi, Mohsen, Mokdad, Ali H, Mustafa, Ghulam, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Nguyen, Long Hoang, Nixon, Molly R, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Olagunju, Andrew T, Olagunju, Tinuke O, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Phillips, Michael R, Pinilla-Monsalve, Gabriel David, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Reinig, Nickolas, Sachdev, Perminder S, Safari, Hosein, Safari, Saeed, Safiri, Saeid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Samy, Abdallah M., Sarvi, Shahabeddin, Sawhney, Monika, Shaikh, Masood A, Sharif, Mehdi, Singh, Gagandeep, Smith, Mari, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Temsah, Mohamad-Hani, Temsah, Omar, Tortajada-Girbés, Miguel, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tsegay, Amanuel Amanuel Tesfay, Ullah, Irfan, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Westerman, Ronny, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Feigin, Valery L., Vos, Theo, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

49. Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Nichols, Emma, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Vollset, Stein Emil, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemi, Rufus O, Alahdab, Fares, Asgedom, Solomon W, Awasthi, Ashish, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Baune, Bernhard T, Béjot, Yannick, Belachew, Abate B, Bennett, Derrick A., Biadgo, Belete, Bijani, Ali, Bin Sayeed, Muhammad Shahdaat, Brayne, Carol, Carpenter, David O, Carvalho, Félix, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cerin, Ester, Choi, Jee-Young J, Dang, Anh Kim, Degefa, Meaza G, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dubey, Manisha, Duken, Eyasu Ejeta, Edvardsson, David, Endres, Matthias, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Faro, Andre, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Fischer, Florian, Gebre, Abadi K, Geremew, Demeke, Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Gupta, Rajeev, Hachinski, Vladimir, Hagos, Tekleberhan B, Hamidi, Samer, Hankey, Graeme J., Haro, Josep M, Hay, Simon I, Irvani, Seyed Sina N, Jha, Ravi P, Jonas, Jost B., Kalani, Rizwan, Karch, André, Kasaeian, Amir, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khanna, Tripti, Khoja, Tawfik A M, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kisa, Adnan, Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna, Kivimäki, Mika, Koyanagi, Ai, Krohn, Kristopher J, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Lorkowski, Stefan, Majdan, Marek, Malekzadeh, Reza, März, Winfried, Massano, João, Mengistu, Getnet, Meretoja, Atte, Mohammadi, Moslem, Mohammadi-Khanaposhtani, Maryam, Mokdad, Ali H, Mondello, Stefania, Moradi, Ghobad, Nagel, Gabriele, Naghavi, Mohsen, Naik, Gurudatta, Nguyen, Long H, Nguyen, Trang H, Nirayo, Yirga L, Nixon, Molly R, Ofori-Asenso, Richard, Ogbo, Felix A, Olagunju, Andrew T, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Passos, Valéria M de Azeredo, Pereira, David M., Pinilla-Monsalve, Gabriel D, Piradov, Michael A, Pond, Constance D, Poustchi, Hossein, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Reiner, Robert C, Jr., Robinson, Stephen R, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Rostami, Ali, Russ, Tom C, Sachdev, Perminder S, Safari, Hosein, Safiri, Saeid, Sahathevan, Ramesh, Salimi, Yahya, Satpathy, Maheswar, Sawhney, Monika, Saylan, Mete, Sepanlou, Sadaf G., Shafieesabet, Azadeh, Shaikh, Masood A, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Shigematsu, Mika, Shiri, Rahman, Shiue, Ivy, Silva, João P, Smith, Mari, Sobhani, Soheila, Stein, Dan J, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tovani-Palone, Marcos R, Tran, Bach X, Tran, Tung Thanh, Tsegay, Amanuel T, Ullah, Irfan, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Vlassov, Vasily, Wang, Yuan-Pang, Weiss, Jordan, Westerman, Ronny, Wijeratne, Tissa, Wyper, Grant M.A., Yano, Yuichiro, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yousefifard, Mahmoud, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zare, Zohreh, Vos, Theo, Feigin, Valery L., and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2019
Full Text: View/download PDF

50. Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author: Logroscino, Giancarlo, Piccininni, Marco, Marin, Benoît, Nichols, Emma, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Alahdab, Fares, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Awasthi, Ashish, Chaiah, Yazan, Daryani, Ahmad, Do, Huyen Phuc, Dubey, Manisha, Elbaz, Alexis, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Farhadi, Farzaneh, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Eduarda, Filip, Irina, Foreman, Kyle J., Gebre, Abadi Kahsu, Gnedovskaya, Elena V., Hamidi, Samer, Hay, Simon I., Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Ji, John S., Kasaeian, Amir, Kim, Yun Jin, Mantovani, Lorenzo Giovanni, Mashamba-Thompson, Tivani Phosa, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mokdad, Ali H., Nagel, Gabriele, Nguyen, Trang Huyen, Nixon, Molly R, Olagunju, Andrew T, Owolabi, Mayowa Ojo, Piradov, Michael A, Qorbani, Mostafa, Radfar, Amir, Reiner, Robert C, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Sarvi, Shahabeddin, Sharif, Mehdi, Temsah, Omar, Tran, Bach Xuan, Truong, Nu Thi, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Winkler, Andrea Sylvia, Yimer, Ebrahim M, Feigin, Valery L., Vos, Theo, and Murray, Christopher J L
Published: 2018
Full Text: View/download PDF

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Region

Database

Publisher

527 results on '"Abd-Allah, Foad"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources