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Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming but fortunately can be removed via chemical conversion processes that often involve a reduction step. Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is an effective way to promote chemical reduction processes but requires a catalyst for energetically demanding reactions. In this study, the rapid conversion of CO2 into solid carbon via a DBD plasma is reported using dispersed liquid metal Ga which is first converted into GaOOH particles to ultimately form a GaOOH/C nanocomposite. Raman and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) experiments indicate that amorphous activated carbon is formed after the plasma treatment. Further analysis demonstrates that highly dispersed sub‐nano‐sized carbon particles containing oxygen functional groups are formed uniformly on the GaOOH surface. The CO2 conversion mechanism suggests that plasma electrons activate CO2 molecules, while plasma‐generated oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface help dissociate CO2 into solid carbon. This work opens a new approach for synthesizing materials comprising of highly dispersed sub‐nano‐sized carbon on a metal oxide support suitable for other applications such as adsorption, heterogenous catalysis, and energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When it comes to efficiently developing and implementing a language program, doing a needs analysis is necessary. Thus, to fulfill students' English language demands in the International Class Program (ICP) of the Biology Department at Universitas Negeri Makassar, it is important to ascertain the learning requirements of students. This study aimed to find out students’ expectations about English learning materials, and to assess their efforts to achieve it. This study employed a mixed-method approach to assess the needs of the students, integrating both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The research included a total of 34 participants, comprising 31 second-year students enrolled in ICP of the Biology Department, 1 English lecturer, and 2 alums of the same program. The questionnaire and the interview were the instruments used to gather information. The study's results showed that students need English learning materials that are related to what they are studying. To improve their English, it was very important for the students to have access to the right English materials. Researchers looked at the learning needs of the students and found that they all had different levels of English ability. The students thought that reading and speaking were the most important skills to learn in order to be fluent in English. The most common problem the students had was incorrect grammar use. The students who took part in the ICP had different ways of learning, as shown by the analysis of goal needs. Some of these ways were reading English-language books and watching videos or movies. The most important ones were to improve their self-esteem and get ready for future job prospects. Reading English-language books, watching movies, and listening to music were the main things that students did to improve their English language skills.

Pancasila and Citizenship Education (PCE) are crucial for developing active, critical, and responsible citizens. Critical thinking is a key competency students should acquire through PCE. This study aims to analyse and evaluate the effectiveness of the Project Citizen learning model utilising a Scientific Approach in enhancing students' critical thinking skills. The long-term objective is to provide junior high school teachers with examples of innovative learning models applicable to all subjects and recommend to relevant agencies to implement the Project Citizen model in PCE to boost critical thinking abilities. This research focuses on creating effective learning models and frameworks for instilling character values in schools. Using a quantitative quasi-experimental design, the study's population consists of all Public Junior High School 3 Kendari students, with a sample drawn from two eighth-grade classes. Data collection involved attitude scale questionnaires, observations, and interviews. Statistical methods were used for quantitative data analysis, while qualitative data were analysed descriptively. The analysis included normality tests, homogeneity tests, comparisons of means, and calculations of normalised gains. Hypothesis testing revealed a significant difference in the effectiveness of the Project Citizen model based on the Scientific Approach compared to conventional teaching methods in improving critical thinking skills at Public Junior High School 3 Kendari.

Financing allows companies to obtain financial assistance or capital to develop businesses and generate profits. This study aimed to explain the utilization of financing, particularly productive financing, in the development of the furniture business at UD Asnur Mandiri. This study used a qualitative field research approach and data collection techniques such as observation, interview, and documentation. The collected data was then analyzed comprehensively. The analysis revealed that UD Asnur Mandiri could develop its business through the use of productive financing. The indicators of business development demonstrate the utilization of financing to boost raw materials, labor, production, customer base, and revenue. Therefore, the use of financing by UD. Asnur Mandiri significantly influences its business development.

The primary aim of this research is to analyze the financial challenges encountered by sharia-compliant palm oil companies, along with assessing the variances in financial distress prognostications among the Altman Z-Score, Zmijewski, and Grover methodologies. Employing secondary data, this study adopts a descriptive quantitative approach. Data collection spans three years (2020–2022) utilizing a documentation strategy. Through purposive sampling, six companies are selected for analysis. Financial trouble predictions are conducted utilizing Altman Z-Score, Zmijewski, Grover, and One Way Anova methods prior to hypothesis testing. The study reveals disparate outcomes among the Grover, Zmijewski, and Altman Z-Score methodologies. Notably, the Zmijewski approach exhibits the highest accuracy rate of 83% among the predictive models for financial distress.

Conjugate gradient algorithms come in a wide range of flavors. The conjugate gradient technique primarily concentrates on the spectral parameter. It follows the standard method proposed by Hastens and Stiefel, In this study, we have devised an innovative approach to spectral conjugate gradient methods we get a new direction conjugate gradient method to solve unconstrained optimization problems, which is based on non-linear function using an inexact line searching introduced a novel direction. In specific scenarios, this groundbreaking direction not only guarantees global convergence but also ensures a downward trajectory. Our numerical experiments unequivocally demonstrate that when compared to traditional CG techniques, depending on the number of functions (NOF), the number of iterations (NOI), and time (CPU), and evaluated using the Dolan-More performance profile, our novel method consistently exhibits superior performance across a diverse set of unconstrained function minimization test. and the convergence condition under some Hypotheses by using a strong -Wolfe line search.

A new species of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia from Malaysia is described and illustrated. Thismia malayana introduced here was found in two localities: in the lowlands of Gunung Angsi Forest Reserve, Negeri Sembilan, and in the hilly dipterocarp forests of Gunung Benom in Tengku Hassanal Wildlife Reserve, Pahang. Thismia malayana falls into the section Thismia subsect. Odoardoa, as it has creeping vermiform roots and free equal tepals. It is characterised by the following taxonomically important features: a sepia-brown, urceolate-curved floral tube, free equal tepals with terminal appendages, prominent bright yellow annulus and bright violet-blue stamens each bearing five appendages (one pair of club-shaped inwards-pointing, one pair of acute outwards-pointing, and one central appendage). According to the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List, T. malayana is provisionally classified as Vulnerable.

Abstract The transverse momentum (p T) spectra of protons (p), deuterons (d), and tritons (t) in 200 GeV gold–gold (Au + Au) collisions at RHIC are examined across a range of centrality bins using the Levy Tsallis (TS) statistical model. The model's predictions closely match the experimental results from PHENIX (p) and STAR (d and t) Collaborations. Kinetic freeze-out temperatures of hadrons are obtained from particle spectra. The results showed that the kinetic freeze-out temperature decreases as collisions move from center to the periphery. This work found mass-dependent kinetic freeze-out temperatures, heavier particles arrive to the freeze-out phase before lighter ones. Comparison with same data fitted by blast wave function with Tsallis statistics (BWTS) showed that T 0 values are increasing from central to peripheral collisions, while in case of TS function (current analysis) it decreases. This behavior puts a question mark on the reliability of using such functions for temperature extraction.

In the rapidly developing digital age, websites have become indispensable for interaction, information dissemination and transaction. To improve the performance of web applications, choosing the right rendering technology is critical. Next.js is a framework designed to overcome React's limitations in server-side rendering. This study investigates the effectiveness of Client-side Rendering (CSR), Server-side Rendering (SSR), and Static Site Generation (SSG) on the Next.js-based Filmku website using the loading time method. The study concentrates on page loading speed, complete page rendering speed, and user experience. The authentication page takes 422 ms to complete the CSR process, which is 57.41% slower than the SSG finish time of 180 ms and 34.88% slower than SSR, which completes the authentication page in 274 ms. On the Profile page, SSG completes the page rendering process much faster, taking only 524 ms, which is 25.79% faster than SSR's completion time of 706 ms and even 13.75% faster than CSR's completion time of 608 ms. The SSG rendering method completed in 1,135 ms on the main page, which is 15.93% faster than the CSR completion time of 1,350 ms and 25.57% faster than the SSR completion time of 1,525 ms. It is evident that SSG has a faster rendering speed compared to the other methods. However, it should be noted that CSR may result in slower initial page load times. SSR can provide stable rendering times, but it can also burden the server as every client request is fully processed on the server.

Nonlinearities in optical fibers are regarded as the most significant barriers that endanger the effectiveness of the optical transmission system and pose a threat to communication quality. Four-wave mixing (FWM) is one of the most important nonlinear effects that greatly reduces the wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) system performance at high data rates over extended transmission distances. This research examines, and assesses, numerically, the behavior of a 4-channel, 40 Gbps WDM system under the effect of the FWM under various tuning parameters, including dispersion, input power, and wavelength spacing. The system model was built using OptiSystem software, and then three different modulation formats, namely, Non-return-to-zero-frequency shift keying, Return-to-zero frequency shift keying, and differential phase shift keying (DPSK) are used to assess the FWM power penalty. The results demonstrate that the FWM power penalty obtained with 1 nm wavelength separation in the DPSK method is dramatically reduced to −35 dBm. This study also demonstrates that when power variation is taken into consideration, the DPSK modulation scheme delivers a lower bit error rate in comparison to other modulation schemes.

Indonesia is one of the largest palm oil producers in the world. The palm oil industry must look at the market competition map, starting from competing countries and other export opportunities to absorb palm oil products to increase state revenues. This paper analyzes the new challenges and opportunities for Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in Indonesia in international trade. Analytical tools were Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA), Dynamic Product Export and X-model Potential Export. The results showed that Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil commodities obtained an RCA value of more than 1 and an RSCA value of close to 1. Indonesia is more competitive than Malaysia. The X-model showed that Indonesian CPO market share optimism is only in India and the rest is less potent. Malaysian CPO market share also has less potential. Therefore, Indonesia’s new challenges are export tariffs, obstructed access, insufficient downstream production and a black campaign. The opportunity for participation in the CPO export market is only in India compared to Malaysia, which has less potential. The two countries have less potential in destinations such as the Netherlands, USA, China and Kenya. Indonesia can take external policies by establishing cooperation with export destination countries, such as trade agreements, so that information about Indonesian palm oil is well received. Meanwhile, internal policies strengthen domestic downstream industry policies, such as the food, health, and renewable energy industries, to strengthen the domestic economy and improve the welfare of Indonesian palm oil farmers.

The climate change that the world is witnessing has cast a greater shadow on the Middle East. Iraq, one of the region's countries, is experiencing harsh thermal conditions. With the increase in population growth in the country, there was a significant development in the housing sector, which exacerbated the thermal loads that the residential sector requires to overcome harsh weather conditions. This leads to increased energy consumption. To reduce this consumption and energy waste, a simulation study was conducted using the TRNSYS program to analyze the thermal behavior of a building whose walls consist of Gypsum, Juss, brick, and mortar, as well as the roof consisting of Gypsum, Juss, and high-density concrete covered with sand and shtyger under weather conditions of Baghdad city with coordinates 33° N latitude and 44° E longitude, and to study the essential parameters such as building envelope, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and internal sources that have a direct impact on the residential buildings. These parameters were processed and optimized to minimize the thermal loads annually. The results show that the optimal WWR is 25% in the south orientation. The annual thermal load can be reduced by about 49 % when covering the building envelope with a thermal insulation type (stone wall) with a thickness of 5 cm.

To evaluate the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and choroidal thickness (CT) in Parkinson disease (PD) patients. A comparative cross-sectional, hospital-based study. 39 PD and 39 controls were recruited, who were gender and age matched. Subjects that fulfilled the inclusion criteria underwent optical coherence tomography for evaluation of RNFL thickness and choroidal thickness (CT). There was significant reduction of RNFL thickness in average (adjusted mean 88.87 µm vs. 94.82 µm, P=0.001), superior (adjusted mean 110.08 µm vs. 119.10 µm, P=0.002) and temporal (adjusted mean 63.77 µm vs. 70.36 µm, P=0.004) in PD compared to controls. The central subfoveal CT was significantly thinner in PD compared to controls (adjusted mean 271.13 µm vs. 285.10 µm, P=0.003). In PD group, there was significant weak negative correlation between the duration of PD with average RNFL thickness (r=–0.354, P=0.027), moderate negative correlation between the duration of PD with central subfoveal CT (r=–0.493, P=0.001), and weak negative correlation between the stage of PD with central subfoveal CT (r=–0.380, P=0.017). PD group had significant thinner average, superior and temporal RNFL thickness and CT compared to controls.

Implementing a cropping intensity program with rice cultivation four times a year (CI 400) can be achieved using early maturing varieties of rice. However, this development needs to pay attention to the adaptability of the varieties planted to ensure successful implementation. The adaptability approach is a combination of assessing stability and productivity potential. This concept has been developed and applied in several studies, including research on rice. However, this approach is considered less comprehensive because it is non-parametric and only focuses on one stability analysis. Therefore, a systematic integration of various stability analyses, including index methods, is needed to comprehensively assess adaptability, particularly for early-maturing rice in South Sulawesi. This region is characterized by a dynamic climate zone and is one of the top four highest rice producers in Indonesia. Meanwhile, this study aims to develop a comprehensive adaptability index and select the best early-maturing rice varieties, especially in South Sulawesi. The investigation was conducted in Bone, Soppeng, and Gowa over two seasons using a nested randomized complete block design, with organized replications in each environment (location-season). Additionally, there was a significant focus on the application of five early-maturing and two check rice varieties, with each factor repeated three times at each location, totaling 126 experimental units. The results showed that the adaptability index, by combining stability rank accumulation with yield min max standardization, was effective at assessing the yield potential and stability of early-maturing rice varieties in supporting CI 400. Inpari 13 had the best index value at 0.55, followed by Cakrabuana at 0.31; hence both were recommended as adaptive early-maturing rice varieties, especially in South Sulawesi.

Zakat is an important instrument in alleviating poverty, considering the large potential of zakat both locally and nationally. This law stipulates that zakat management aims to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of services in zakat management and increase the benefits of zakat to realize community welfare and reduce poverty. This research aims to find out how to apply the principles of customer focus, process improvement, and total involvement for the components of leadership, employee loyalty, and partner involvement. The research method uses descriptive qualitative methods with a case study approach data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. Primary data comes from Baznas leaders and implementers, while secondary data is collected from East Lombok Regency Baznas zakat management documents and related research or scientific work. Data analysis was carried out in three stages, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The findings from this research show that: 1. Baznas East Lombok Regency has provided good services to Muzakki and Mustahiq. 2. In terms of improving the Baznas process, East Lombok Regency has carried out improvement steps every year which cover four existing areas, namely process improvement in the field of collection, process improvement in the distribution and utilization field, process improvement in the field of planning and reporting and process improvement in the field of administration, HR and general fields. 3. Regarding total involvement, Baznas East Lombok Regency has involved leaders, amilin, and partners in managing zakat.

Adversity quotient is a cognitive, affective, and motor ability that is an important provision for someone to be able to navigate life. A good adversity quotient affects students' academic competence. This study aims to reveal the teacher's role in increasing the adversity quotient of students and the design form of developing a character education management model that teachers can use to increase the adversity quotient of students in elementary schools. The research method used the RD method in the preliminary stage. This research was conducted on school principals, teachers, and elementary school students. Sources of data were the school principal, teachers, and students through a questionnaire totaling 50 people. The results of the study show that: (1) An overview of students' adversity quotient that can be grown through character education is endurance, independence, self-control, focus, and critical thinking; (2) The teacher's role in increasing students' adversity quotient is not yet optimal, so it needs to get attention and time to implement properly; (3) The need for a character education management model that can be used by teachers starts from planning, implementing, and evaluating. The novelty of this research is the design of a character education management model that teachers can use to increase students' adversity quotient according to their needs and characteristics. This research is useful for teachers and students in elementary schools in increasing students’ adversity quotient. The benefits and significance of this character education management model can improve the quality and character of graduates.

The introduction of the surrounding natural environment in the surrounding environment can attract the attention or interest of children with the media around them. This study aims to analyze and find out how nature-based learning management with an exploratory approach can increase scientific knowledge in students. The research method in this study uses a qualitative method with a case study type. This research was conducted at the Harapan Insan Kamil Kindergarten institution, located on the coast of Randutatah village, Probolinggo Regency. To get an overview of the object, the researcher made observations at the location and interviewed several components of the school, including the principal, two teachers at Harapan Insan Kamil Kindergarten, and two student guardians. The study results show that the management concept of the surrounding environment exploration approach in increasing scientific knowledge is carried out using program planning, implementation, and evaluation systems. The implications obtained through an exploratory environmental management approach can develop students' scientific knowledge, displayed through imaginative pictures and storytelling. Hence, this research improves students' science, carried out with environmental exploration techniques.

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangan E-Pub bahan ajar penelitian tindakan berbasis P-BL (P-BL) untuk meningkatkan kemampuan publikasi ilmiah mahasiswa magister pendidikan jasmani. Tujuan khusus adalah; 1) menjelaskan karakteristik buku “e-pub buku ajar penelitian tindakan berbasis P-BL” yang dikembangkan. 2) dendeskripsikan validitas 3) mendeskripsikan kepraktisan buku. 4) Mendeskripsikan keefektifan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah penelitian dan pengembangan 4D (define, design, development, disseminate). Subyek penelitian adalah seluruh mahasiswa program studi pendidikan jasmani yang memprogram matakuliah penelitian tindakan pembelajaran. Instrumen penelitian dikembangkan beradasakan aspek; a) kevalidan produk, b) kepraktisan produk, dan c) kefektifian produk. Teknik analisis data secara deskripstif kuantitatif dan deskripstif kualitatif. Hasil pengembangan pada tahap define dan design mengahsilkan e-pub buku ajar penelitian tindakan berbasis P-BL. Pada tahap development yang terdiri dari tiga tahap pengembangan yaitu: 1) tahap penyusunan draf buku satu, 2) uji validasi pakar menghasil draft buku dua, dan 3) uji coba kelas/ pengguna yang menghasilkan draft buku tiga. Tahap development mengacu pada aspek kevaliadan, kepraktisan dan kefektifan, ketiga aspek tersebut telah terpenuhi dengan sangat valid, praktis dan efektif. Dari tahap pengembangan yang dilakukan menyimpulkan bahwa e-pub buku ajar penelitian tindakan berbasis P-BL telah berhasil dikembangkan dan efektif membantu mahasiswa meningkatkan kemampuan publiaksi ilmiahpada jurnal nasional terakreditasi.

This study aims to determine the mechanical and thermal properties of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic nanocomposite with Oil Palm Boiler Ash (OPBA) filler made by coprecipitation method and synthesized with PEG 6000 surfactant with OPBA - PEG 6000 filler variations. The filler composition used was HDPE/OPBA (100/0, 98/2, 96/4, 94/6, 92/8, 90/10) %wt. Nanocomposites were prepared using a Rheomixer HAAKE Polylab OS System at 150°C and 60 rpm for 10 minutes. Mechanical properties of HDPE with increased OPBA filler content is beyond a certain threshold, the tensile strength of the HDPE composite may start to decrease. This decrease can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, as the filler content increases, the HDPE matrix may become less effective in transferring stress, resulting in reduced load-bearing capacity. This is confirmed from the SEM results that the filler agglomerates and cracks occur in the composite. The composite material may exhibit a lower Young's modulus compared to pure HDPE with low Young's modulus tend to have high elongation at break which indicatie a flexible and ductile composite. The melting point of peaks 1 and 2 on 0% filler and other fillers did not change significantly even at certain compositions the melting point decreased after adding filler

The objective of this study was to evaluate the extent of radon contamination in twenty-six drinking water samples from natural springs were collected from Dhirkot Azad Kashmir, along with four bottled mineral water samples. Radon gas escapes from the earth’s crust due to uranium ores and diffuses into the atmosphere. This study assessed the levels of radon concentration, the yearly effective radiation dose, and carcinogenic risk from radon exposure in drinking water samples. The radon concentration varied from 0.28 to 30.25 Bq/L. The mean radon concentration of all samples was found to be 7.86 ± 2.3 Bq/L. The radon concentrations in bottled drinking water were found to be lower than those in natural springs. The statistical and GIS analyses included the use of interpolation and Pearson’s correlation matrix. Seven samples had radon concentration that surpassed the standard limit established by the US-EPA, which is 11 Bq/L. The average annual effective dose from inhalation and ingestion was found to be lower than the value (0.1 mSv/y) provided by the WHO, but for some natural spring water samples, it exceeded the risk limit. The cancer risk revealed that 40% of the samples had an elevated lifetime cancer risk from radon exposure. Overall, the majority of the results obtained aligned with the worldwide guidelines established by the US-EPA. However, there were a few instances where the limits were exceeded, and constant monitoring is recommended. This study establishes a baseline for radon concentration in the area and provides a basis for future studies.