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Leontodon hispidulus Boiss is a wild annual plant growing in Egypt. The present study aims for the first time, to evaluate the phytochemical profile of the main secondary metabolites of the optimized ethanolic extract of the plant using Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It also aims to assess the anticancer activity of its different fractions against the prostate carcinoma cell line. Moreover, an in-silico docking study was performed using the Hexokinase-two enzyme. LC-qToF-MS analysis revealed the tentative identification of 36 phenolic compounds including the glycosides of (luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, isorhamnetin, and daidzein), coumarines (esculin, esculetin, and daphnetin), and phenolic acids (chlorogenic, caffeic, quinic, P-coumaric, and rosmarinic). GC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 18 compounds where palmitic acid, myristic acid, alpha-amyrin, and beta-amyrin were the major ones. The cytotoxic activity results revealed that methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions showed the highest cytotoxic activity against the PC3 cell line, with IC 50 values of 19, and 19.6 μg/ml, respectively. Interestingly, the docking study demonstrated that apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide, quercetin-4'-O-glucoside, esculin, rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid, and α-amyrin exhibited high affinity to the selected target, HEK-2 enzyme., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Pectinase is a particular type of enzyme that can break down pectin compounds and is extensively utilised in the agricultural field. In this study, twenty yeast isolates were isolated and assayed for pectinase activity. Molecular identification by PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of isolate no. 18 had the highest pectinase activity of 46.35 U/mg, was identified as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18, and was submitted under accession no. (OM275426) in NCBI. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18 was further enhanced through sequential mutagenesis, resulting in a mutant designated as Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 with a specific activity of 114.2 U/mg. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the best culture conditions for the pectinase-producing yeast mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 were pH 5, 72-h incubation, 2.5% xylose, and 2.5% malt extract, with a pectinase-specific activity of 156.55 U/mg. Then, the obtained sequences of the endo-polygalacturonase PGI gene from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18 and mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 were isolated for the first time, sequenced, and submitted to NCBI accession numbers OQ283005 and OQ283006, respectively. The modelled 3D structure of the endo-PGI enzyme (485 residues) was validated using Ramachandran's plot, which showed 87.71, 85.56, and 91.57% in the most favourable region for template Rhodotorula mucilaginosa KR, strain Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18, and mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54, respectively. In molecular docking studies, the results of template Rhodotorula mucilaginosa KR endo-PG1 showed an interaction with an affinity score of - 6.0, - 5.9, and - 5.6 kcal/mol for active sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18 endo-PG1 showed an interaction affinity with a score of - 5.8, - 6.0, and - 5.0 kcal/mol for active sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 endo-PG1 showed an interaction affinity of - 5.6, - 5.5, - 5.5 and - 5.4 kcal/mol for active sites 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The endo-PGI genes of both the yeast strain Rhodotorula mucilaginosa PY18 and mutant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa E54 were successfully cloned and expressed in E. coli DH5α, showing significantly higher endo-PG1 activity, which recorded 94.57 and 153.10 U/mg for recombinant Rhodotorula mucilaginosa pGEM-PGI-PY18 and recombinant mutant Rhotorula pGEM-PGI-E54, respectively., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

This study addresses the environmental risks associated with the accumulation of keratin waste from poultry, which is resistant to conventional protein degradation methods. To tackle this issue, microbial keratinases have emerged as promising tools for transforming resilient keratin materials into valuable products. We focus on the Metalloprotease (MetPr) gene isolated from novel Pichia kudriavzevii YK46, sequenced, and deposited in the NCBI GenBank database with the accession number OQ511281. The MetPr gene encodes a protein consisting of 557 amino acids and demonstrates a keratinase activity of 164.04 U/ml. The 3D structure of the protein was validated using Ramachandran's plot, revealing that 93% and 97.26% of the 557 residues were situated within the most favoured region for the MetPr proteins of template Pichia kudriavzevii strain 129 and Pichia kudriavzevii YK46, respectively. Computational analyses were employed to determine the binding affinities between the deduced protein and beta keratin. Molecular docking studies elucidated the optimal binding affinities between the metalloprotease (MetPr) and beta-keratin, yielding values of - 260.75 kcal/mol and - 257.02 kcal/mol for the template strains Pichia kudriavzevii strain 129 and Pichia kudriavzevii YK46, respectively. Subsequent molecular cloning and expression of the MetPr gene in E. coli DH5α led to a significantly higher keratinase activity of 281 ± 12.34 U/ml. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of the MetPr gene and its encoded protein for keratin waste biotransformation, with implications for addressing environmental concerns related to keratinous waste accumulation., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

In this study, 25 actinomyces isolates were obtained from 10 different poultry farms and tested for their keratinase activity. The isolate with the highest keratinase activity was identified through molecular identification by PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to be Streptomyces spp. and was named Streptomyces werraensis KN23 with an accession number of OK086273 in the NCBI database. Sequential mutagenesis was then applied to this strain using UV, H2O2, and SA, resulting in several mutants. The best keratinolytic efficiency mutant was designated as SA-27 and exhibited a keratinase activity of 106.92 U/ml. To optimize the keratinase expression of mutant SA-27, the Response Surface Methodology was applied using different parameters such as incubation time, pH, carbon, and nitrogen sources. The optimized culture conditions resulted in a maximum keratinase specific activity of 129.60 U/ml. The genetic diversity of Streptomyces werraensis KN23 wild type compared with five mutants was studied using Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR). The highest total and polymorphic unique bands were revealed in the S. werraensis KN23 and SA-18 mutant, with 51 and 41 bands, respectively. The dendrogram based on combined molecular data grouped the Streptomyces werraensis and mutants into two clusters. Cluster I included SA-31 only, while cluster II contained two sub-clusters. Sub-cluster one included SA-27, and sub-cluster two included SA-26. The sub-cluster two divided into two sub-sub clusters. Sub-sub cluster one included SA-18, while sub-sub cluster two included one group (SA-14 and S. werraensis KN23)., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder without a cure. Hence, developing an effective treatment or protective agent is crucial for public health. The present study aims to characterize orange peel extract (OPE) through in vitro and in silico studies. Furthermore, it examines the protective effect of OPE against experimentally-induced Alzheimer's disease in rats. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of OPE was 255.86 ± 1.77 and 52.06 ± 1.74 (mg/100 g), respectively. Gallic acid, the common polyphenol in OPE detected by HPLC was 3388.60 μg/100 g. OPE antioxidant IC 50 was 67.90 ± 1.05, 60.48 ± 0.91, and 63.70 ± 0.30 by DPPH, ABTS and Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity methods, respectively. In vitro anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) IC 50 was 0.87 ± 0.025 mg/mL for OPE and 2.45 ± 0.001 mg/mL for gallic acid. Molecular docking analysis for human AChE (4EY7) with donepezil, gallic acid, and acetylcholine showed binding energy ΔG values of -9.47, -3.72, and -5.69 Kcal/mol, respectively. Aluminum chloride injection (70 mg/Kg/day for 6 weeks) induced Alzheimer's-like disease in male rats. OPE (100 and 200 mg/kg/d) and gallic acid (50 mg/kg/d) were administered orally to experimental animals for 6 weeks in addition to aluminum chloride injection (as protective). OPE was found to protect against aluminum chloride-induced neuronal damage by decreasing both gene expression and activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and a decrease in amyloid beta (Aβ42) protein level, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), and nitric oxide (NO), and increased reduced glutathione (GSH) level and activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the brain tissues. Additionally, gene expressions for amyloid precursor protein (APP) and beta secretase enzyme (BACE1) were downregulated, whereas those for presinilin-2 (PSEN2) and beta cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) were upregulated. Furthermore, the reverse of mitochondrial alternation and restored brain ultrastructure might underlie neuronal dysfunction in AD. In conclusion, our exploration of the neuroprotective effect of OPE in vivo reveals that OPE may be helpful in ameliorating brain oxidative stress, hence protecting from Alzheimer's disease progression.

To the best of our knowledge, there have been no phytochemical studies concerning the wild plant Leontodon hispidulus Boiss. (Asteraceae). Optimization of the green extraction process of the plant aerial parts, identification of main phenolic compounds, evaluation of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of the optimized extract have been carried out. HPLC-analysis was performed using 95% ethanolic extract. 3-Level Box-Behnken Design was applied for optimization of extraction yield and total phenolic content using 3-factors (ethanol/water ratio, material/solvent ratio and extraction time). Antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by ABTS-assay, prostate and cervical carcinoma human cell lines and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, respectively. HPLC-analysis showed the presence of quercetin, rutin, kaempferol, chlorogenic and ρ-coumaric acids. Increasing both ethanol/water ratio and material/solvent ratio decreased the yield, while, it increased by prolongation of the extraction time. High material/solvent ratio increased the phenolic content. The optimized extract showed high total phenolic content (104.18 µg/mg) using 201 ml of 74.5% ethanol/water at 72 h and good biological activities. Antioxidant activity was found to be 41.89 mg Trolox-equivalent/gm, with 80% free radicals inhibition. For anti-inflammatory activity, 100 mg/kg of the extract inhibited the edema in rats by 83.5% after 4 h of carrageenan injection as compared to 81.7% inhibition by indomethacin. Prostate carcinoma cell line was more sensitive to the anticancer activity of the extract than cervical carcinoma cell line (IC 50  = 16.5 and 23 μg/ml, respectively). The developed extraction procedure proved to be efficient in enriching the extract with phenolic compounds with promising anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

COVID-19 is still a global pandemic that has not been stopped. Many traditional medicines have been demonstrated to be incredibly helpful for treating COVID-19 patients while fighting the disease worldwide. We introduced 10 bioactive compounds derived from traditional medicinal plants and assessed their potential for inhibiting viral spike protein (S-protein), Papain-like protease (PLpro), and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) using molecular docking protocols where we simulate the inhibitors bound to target proteins in various poses and at different known binding sites using Autodock version 4.0 and Chimera 1.8.1 software. Results found that the chicoric acid, quinine, and withaferin A ligand strongly inhibited CoV-2 S -protein with a binding energy of -8.63, -7.85, and -7.85 kcal/mol, respectively. Our modeling work also suggested that curcumin, quinine, and demothoxycurcumin exhibited high binding affinity toward RdRp with a binding energy of -7.80, -7.80, and -7.64 kcal/mol, respectively. The other ligands, namely chicoric acid, demothoxycurcumin, and curcumin express high binding energy than the other tested ligands docked to PLpro with -7.62, -6.81, and -6.70 kcal/mol, respectively. Prediction of drug-likeness properties revealed that all tested ligands have no violations to Lipinski's Rule of Five except cepharanthine, chicoric acid, and theaflavin. Regarding the pharmacokinetic behavior, all ligand predicted to have high GI-absorption except chicoric acid and theaflavin. At the same way chicoric acid, withaferin A, and withanolide D predicted to be substrate for multidrug resistance protein (P-gp substrate). Caffeic acid, cepharanthine, chicoric acid, withaferin A, and withanolide D also have no inhibitory effect on any cytochrome P450 enzymes. Promisingly, chicoric acid, quinine, curcumin, and demothoxycurcumin exhibited high binding affinity on SARS-CoV-2 target proteins and expressed good drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties. Further research is required to investigate the potential uses of these compounds in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.

Toxin-contaminated foods and beverages are a major source of illness, may cause death, and have a significant negative economic impact worldwide. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a potent toxin that may induce cancer after chronic low-level exposure. This study developed a quantitative recombinant AflR gene antiserum ELISA technique for aflatoxin B1 detection in contaminated food products. Aflatoxin B1 residuals from 36 food samples were analyzed with HPLC and VICAM. DNA was extracted from aflatoxin-contaminated samples and the AflR gene amplified using PCR. PCR products were purified and ligated into the pGEM-T vector. Recombinant plasmids were sequenced and transformed into competent E. coli (BL21). Molecular size and B-cell epitope prediction for the recombinant protein were assessed. The purified protein was used to induce the production of IgG antibodies in rabbits. Serum IgG was purified and labeled with alkaline phosphatase. Finally, indirect-ELISA was used to test the effectiveness of polyclonal antibodies for detection of aflatoxin B1 in food samples.

With growing consumer awareness, exploitation of renewable resources is cost-effective and environment friendly. This work examines the potential of citrus peels as natural antioxidants and antimicrobials for food preservation. Extraction yield, total soluble phenols and flavonoids of various citrus peels (sweet orange, lemon, tangerine and grapefruit) were optimized by varying the solvent type. While the highest extract yield (~16 ​g/100g) was obtained from the sweet orange peels in methanol, extraction with ethanol maximized the concentration of total phenols and flavonoids (~80 ​mg catechol equivalents/100 ​g dry weight). In addition, sweet orange peel extract showed the highest DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging values. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of sweet orange peels revealed more than 40 polyphenolic compounds including phenolic acids and flavonoids, some of which have not been previously reported. The predominant polyphenols were narirutin, naringin, hesperetin-7- O -rutinoside naringenin, quinic acid, hesperetin, datiscetin-3- O -rutinoside and sakuranetin. The incorporation of sweet orange peel extract into two vegetable oils enhanced their oxidative stability. In addition, all citrus peel extracts possessed high antimicrobial activity against several food-borne pathogens, and the activity was highest for the sweet orange peel extract. Overall results suggested the great potential of sweet orange peels as natural antioxidant and antimicrobials, which can be efficiently extracted using a simple and low-cost method, for enhancing the storage stability and safety of vegetable oils., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests., (© 2021 Published by Elsevier B.V.)

In plants, Fruits and their wastes are the main sources of bioactive compounds. Currently, Annona fruits have attracted the attention of people interested in health-promoting foods due to their phytochemical content that their activities were not studied before. This study aimed to explore the potential antioxidant, antimicrobial, and in vitro anticancer activity of two cultivars Annona squamosa (Annona b. and Annona h.) seed, peel, and pulp. We also meausred phenolic, flavonoid, sulfated polysaccharide, tannins, and triterpenoids. Polyphenol identification was determined using RP-HPLC. Results of the antioxidant activity revealed that the highest activity was observed for Annona h. seed extract using DPPH and ABTS assays with IC 50 6.07 ± 0.50 and 9.58 ± 0.53 µg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity against various pathogenic strains revealed that the peel extracts of both Annona b. and Annona h. exhibited the best antimicrobial activity. We also assessed the IC 50 values for anticancer activity in all six Annona b. and Annona h samples against four cancer cell lines colon (Caco-2), prostate (PC3), liver (HepG-2), and breast (MCF-7) using MTT assay. Annona b. and Annona h seed extracts had the lowest IC 50 values for four cancer cell lines with 7.31 ± 0.03 and 15.99 ± 1.25 for PC-3 and MCF-7, respectively. Both seed extracts, Annona b. and Annona h., showed significantly down-regulated mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and up-regulated p53 in all treated cell lines. Apoptosis was evaluated using nuclear staining, flow cytometric analysis, and immunohistochemistry of the proliferation marker (Ki-67). Additional studies are required to characterize the bioactive compounds responsible for the observed activities of Annona seed and determine its mechanism as an anticancer drug.

The total haemocyte count (THC) and the possible ultrastructural alterations induced in the haemocytes of the fourth larval instars of the Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), 96 h post-feeding on a semi-synthetic diet, treated with the LC50 of Spodoptera littoralis multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliMNPV) and the LC50 of azadirachtin alone, and the LC25 of SpliMNPV combined with the LC25 of azadirachtin were studied and compared to the control. Single treatment with the virus and azadirachtin or combined treatment significantly decreased the THC compared to the control. There are five types of haemocytes in S. littoralis: prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes and oenocytoids. The most common symptoms in granulocytes and plasmatocytes, the main affected cell types, due to viral infection were the presence of virogenic stroma, peripheral dispersion of the chromatin and disappearance of the nucleoli. However, the most common symptoms in these two types of haemocytes due to treatment with azadirachtin were the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum filled with fibrous materials, due to probably apoptosis, in their cisternae and disorganization of mitochondria (looped, vacuolated and swollen). In addition, the cytoplasm of granulocytes was vacuolated with the appearance of autophagic lysosomes, while plasmatocytes showed ruptured cell membrane and folded nuclear envelope. Combined treatment with the NPV and azadirachtin induced the same pathological changes which were recorded from individual treatment with the virus or azadirachtin to the same haemocytes. It can be concluded that the change in the THC and ultrastructure of granulocytes and plasmatocytes may affect the cellular-mediated immune response in S. littoralis. Moreover, it seems likely that mitochondria were the target site of azadirachtin, as they were affected in both granulocytes and plasmatocytes treated with azadirachtin alone or in combination with SpliMNPV., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study was carried out on fully grown pupae of greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L., gamma-irradiated to 100, 150, 300 and 400Gy. The four doses given to male parents in the F(1) generation decreased the average number of eggs per mated female, the percentage of egg hatching and the percentage of mating in both the male and female lines; the effects increased with the dose. Dose dependence of the reduction in the fecundity and the percentage of egg hatching among the female line pairings (female descendants of irradiated parental male pupae) was more significant than among the male line pairings (male descendants of irradiated parental male pupae). We also examined morphological changes in the irradiated blood cells using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Vacuolization of the cytoplasm, disorganization and swelling of mitochondria were found.

Fifteen Baladi and 20 Angora intact males raised together from birth until 8 months of age were grown on a commercial concentrate mixture fed at the rate of 0·6 kg/head/day with chopped wheat straw fed at 0·5 kg/head/day for 14 weeks. Body measurements were taken before slaughter and carcass measurements and offal weights after it. The right sides of all carcasses were dissected into cuts, weighed and deboned. Fat was separated from the 9-10-11 rib joints and estimated. The two breeds did not significantly differ in birth weight, weaning weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, most body measurements, all carcass measurements and most offal weights. Sigmificant differences were only found in body length, height at withers, weights of spleen and kidney fat. However, the Baladi had significant heavier loin and shoulder (P < 0·05) and breast and flank (P < 0·05) than the Angora which had heavier legs (P < 0·05). The carcasses of the two breeds had very similar percentage of edible meat (68·38 versus 68·65), lean (57·47 versus 57·38) and fat in the rib joint (10·91 versus 11·27)., (Copyright © 1987. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)