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The rising application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has emphasized the need for consistent and standardized terminology, especially concerning peripheral percutaneous cannulation of the pulmonary artery (PPC-PA). The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) Nomenclature Task Force produced the ELSO Maastricht Treaty for extracorporeal life support (ECLS) Nomenclature to address this challenge. However, adherence to nomenclature recommendations has been poor in publications describing PPC-PA. We aim to describe common nomenclature errors and provide a user-guide for abbreviations that can be used by authors, reviewers, and journal staff to ensure properadherence to standardized nomenclature in publications describing PPC-PA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the abbreviations used in SMS messages in the Bosnian language. Abbreviations recorded in the analyzed corpus are diverse in origin, shortening mechanisms, and morphological and syntactic features. Recognized abbreviations are first classified according to the type of shortened units – into abbreviations formed from words (nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numbers, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles) and abbreviations formed from groups of words, sentences, or utterances. Within the classes defined in that way, abbreviations are divided about the mechanism of shortening and described. Abbreviations in SMS messages are in some cases formed by the norms of the standard language but usually deviate from the standard forms. The same words and constructions can be abbreviated in several different ways, and abbreviations most often vary in terms of the use of upper and lower case letters as well as the writing or omission of a period at the end. Abbreviations are most often created by final elision, i.e. by omitting the end of the word and reducing the word to the beginning. They are also created by reducing the word to the first letter and some other meaningful letters inside the word or at the end of the word. In the corpus, not a single word of the Bosnian language was found in which numbers and letters are used as logograms or are incorporated into larger expressions that are read as rebuses. A particularly interesting phenomenon in shortening is the unmotivated multiplication of graphemes at the end of some abbreviations. A significant number of abbreviations created by dropping vowels and some consonants or reducing them to only some consonants are confirmed in the corpus.

In this article we aim to investigate the comic potential of backronyms in French. Backronym are a linguistic phenomenon in which established acronyms are ingeniously reinterpreted to produce a comic effect. The study explores the underlying mechanisms that make backronyms effective in generating humour, highlighting their ability to play with the original meaning of acronyms. By analyzing various examples, the article highlights the transformative impact of backronyms on language and humour. It explores the creative process involved in creating these linguistic transformations and highlights the role of wordplay in conditioning laughter. Finally, the study acknowledges backronyms as a fascinating linguistic expression that adds a comic dimension to everyday communication, emphasising the dynamic and inventive nature of language evolution.

Introduction: Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) constitute a group of metabolic disorders characterized by the accumulation of substrates within lysosomes. For their treatment, disease-specific enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is employed. In cases of hypersensitivity reactions that may occur during these treatments, desensitization of enzyme therapy becomes necessary. Repeated desensitization procedures may result some degree of tolerance. This study presents cases of patients received abbreviated desensitization protocols following repeated desensitization procedures. Method: During the period between September 2019 and January 2024, pediatric patients who experienced anaphylactic reactions to ERT and whose desensitization protocols were abbreviated after receiving uneventful treatment with desensitization for at least a year were included in the study. Result: Six patients, four with Pompe disease, one with mucopolysaccharidosis type 2, and one with mucopolysaccharidosis type 4, had been receiving uninterrupted ERT by desensitization for at least 1 year. The mean age of the patients was 117.6 months (median: 104.5, IQR: 85.2–144). All patients experienced anaphylaxis as the initial reaction. Skin and intradermal tests were repeated on patients prior to protocol abbreviation. Premedication previously given to all patients was discontinued, and desensitization protocols were subsequently shortened by increasing the infusion rate and/or reducing the number of steps. Conclusion: The study investigated patients whose desensitization protocols were abbreviated. It demonstrated that some level of tolerance could be attained through repeated applications. This approach aims to identify concise, safe, and efficient protocols, thereby reducing hospitalizations, nosocomial infections, and treatment expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Сленг как лингвистическое явление вызывает интерес по сей день. Статья посвящена вопросу игрового сленга. Авторами приведено оптимальное определение «игрового сленга», а также его разновидностей. Целью данной статьи является анализ игрового сленга малого толкового онлайн словаря-справочника русскоязычного сообщества “World of Warcraft” – массовой многопользовательской ролевой онлайн-игры, существующей с 2004 года. Объектом исследования выступили языковые единицы, представленные в «WOW словаре», размещённом в открытом доступе в сети «Интернет». В статье также уделяется внимание англицизмам, которые составляют значительный пласт лексики в данном словаре. Авторы сделали акцент на лексикографическом и лексикологическом аспектах в своём исследовании, что позволило не только провести лексикографический анализ словаря, но также проанализировать способы словообразования, представленные в этом словаре. Выводы исследования подчеркивают уникальность и значимость игрового сленга для дальнейших лингвистических исследований.

This article addresses bilingualism in Slovenian Istria, where both Slovenian and Italian are official languages, and it examines translations of administrative texts from the websites of four bilingual municipalities: Ankaran, Koper, Izola, and Piran. The study briefly reviews prior analyses whose findings served as the foundation for this research, and it outlines characteristic and widely used full-form lexical units as well as acronyms and abbreviations in normative and informative bilingual texts. It then discusses problems in terminological uniformity, proposing appropriate translation strategies to provide coherent use of terminology as well as clearer texts.

There is often a need for fast and effective communication in modern medicine. Time is often critical when providing care to multiple patients. Medical abbreviations are a form of shorthand that allows healthcare professionals to communicate with one another easily. However, the time and expense of writing acronyms are reduced in case they are clear and familiar to every person involved in communication. Misunderstanding between members of the medical staff often lead to misinterpretations of acronyms and hazard to patients’ health and lives. The aim of this study is to identify and analyze such interrelated phenomena as positive and negative sides of using abbreviations as a way of terminology in medicine, arguments of each of the positions, in order to reduce negative consequences of using abbreviations in modern medical documentation. The material of the study is abbreviations used in modern medical practice. The method of continuous sampling of medical abbreviations from scientific literature and medical documentation was used. The results of the study showed that the most common errors associated with the use of medical abbreviations were the ones in prescribing, incorrect dose/quantity and incorrect preparation of medication. About 80 % of the abbreviations contained in the notes and statements that were handed out were unclear to patients and required clarification by health care providers. Medicine must be based on accurate and correct information, literacy of professional actions, and a sense of the highest responsibility. In this regard, it is necessary to use only standard abbreviations and introduce a ban on the use of abbreviations with ambiguous interpretation. Information in prescriptions, instructions, and statements should be clear and unambiguous, in order to avoid awkward and mundane situations affecting the quality of patients’ perception of the information. All of these factors can contribute to the improvement of the quality of medical care and the patient’s quality of life accordingly.

The article deals with the neologisms of J. Rowling who is famous for her creation of Harry Potter series and she is also known for her clever use of language, including the invention of new words and phrases. These neologisms add depth and richness to the wizarding world she has created. There are several ways of creating author's neologisms, among which syntactic (word-forming derivation), semantic (changes in the meaning of a word, its reinterpretation) and borrowing prevail. It is revealed that J. Rowling formed neologisms using word-forming derivation (suffixing, word formation and abbreviation and semantic derivation but there are no neologisms formed by the morphological type of stem formation in the first two books. The main functions performed by neologisms in the novel are originality, creativity and expressiveness. These neologisms have become integral parts of the Harry Potter universe and have contributed to its enduring popularity. They demonstrate Rowling's creativity as a writer and her ability to bring her fictional world to life through language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses bilingualism in Slovenian Istria, where both Slovenian and Italian are official languages, and it examines translations of administrative texts from the websites of four bilingual municipalities: Ankaran, Koper, Izola, and Piran. The study briefly reviews prior analyses whose findings served as the foundation for this research, and it outlines characteristic and widely used full-form lexical units as well as acronyms and abbreviations in normative and informative bilingual texts. It then discusses problems in terminological uniformity, proposing appropriate translation strategies to provide coherent use of terminology as well as clearer texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates continuities and changes in abbreviation practices from late Middle English to twenty-first-century digital platforms. Adopting a diachronic perspective and lexicological framework, it quantitatively analyses frequency patterns across fifteenth-century memoranda, letters and administrative receipts, seventeenth-century letters and depositions, late nineteenth-century letters, early twentieth-century letters and a subcorpus of WhatsApp instant messages dating from 2018–19. It then presents analyses of the frequencies of various abbreviation forms, such as clippings, and abbreviated lexemes, such as their use for names, over time. The article then provides a qualitative analysis of these lexeme categories over the centuries, with a focus on specific examples. Major changes to overall abbreviation density across time are identified. The forms of abbreviation also go through major change, but the types of lexemes that are abbreviated stay more consistent over time. For example, abbreviations being used for closed-class function words such as the and that are dominant from the earliest data we have looked at to the present day. Overall, the study demonstrates how situating new media abbreviation practices within a historical continuum can enhance our understanding of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to offer a classification of shortened terms and terminological phrases in Maritime English using the lexico-semantic method. It is based on examples excerpted from learning materials designed for cadets and students of Navigation at Varna Naval Academy, all of them compiled in the Learner’s English-Bulgarian Maritime Dictionary and forming a large corpus representative of the domain they are used in. Shortening here is chosen as an umbrella term for initialisms, acronyms, clippings and blends. The topic is worth discussing because it reveals techniques of shortening in maritime English thereby raising learners’ awareness to a variety of English they are going to face in their future work in a multinational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

В статье ставится цель представить лингвистическое, прагматическое и социокультурное описание сокращений английского языка, ассоциируемых с британской монархией. Разработана и представлена авторская тематическая классификация анализируемых сокращений, уделено внимание восприятию и интерпретации сокращений, сопряженных с явлением омонимии и другими лингвистическими и прагматическими факторами. Являясь национально маркированными единицами лексической системы британского варианта английского языка, анализируемые сокращения содержат фоновую (лингвострановедческую социокультурную) информацию, обладают особыми культурно-историческими и иными ассоциациями. Анализируемые сокращения занимают определенное место в фоновых знаниях британцев как носителей языка и культуры. Очевидна их ценность для лингвострановедческого и переводческого аспектов обучения английскому языку и важность изучения в сопоставительном плане.

This article explores the debate surrounding the abbreviation for cucurbituril, a type of macrocycle. The different abbreviations, such as Q[n], Qn, CB[n], or CBn, reflect variations in pronunciation and stress patterns of the word. The article argues that both stress patterns are acceptable in English and suggests adhering to the original pronunciation with stress on the first syllable. It emphasizes the importance of clarity and cohesion in academic terminology and abbreviations. The article also examines the use of abbreviations in the natural sciences, specifically focusing on the abbreviation for cucurbituril. The author presents data showing that "CB" is used in 92% of cases, while "Q" is used in 8% of cases, and argues for "CB" to become the sole abbreviation due to its higher usage. However, they also acknowledge the argument for using "Q" as a shorter abbreviation. The article concludes by discussing the potential confusion that can arise from different abbreviations and the use of brackets. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Sciences & Humanities Studies / Društvene i Humanističke Studije (DHS) is the property of Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, University of Tuzla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

В статье рассматривается один из главных источников распространения сленговой лексики – социальная сеть «ВКонтакте». Проанализированы основные причины использования лексем сленга, появившегося в результате специальной военной операции (СВО) с точки зрения словообразования. В ходе работы было проведено исследование с использованием метода сплошной выборки, где в качестве анализируемого предмета выступали посты социальной сети «ВКонтакте». По результатам анализа сленга, появившегося в результате специальной военной операции, в виртуальной среде «ВКонтакте» был сделан вывод о причинах его появления и создана классификация новых лексем с точки зрения словообразования. В заключении рассмотрен вопрос о замещении и сосуществовании жаргонных лексем с общеязыковым вариантом. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в возможности дальнейшего словообразовательного анализа лексем, возникших в результате специальной военной операции.

Актуальность темы статьи обусловлена востребованностью перевода медицинской литературы с английского языка на русский. Целью статьи является акцентирование внимания на трудностях, которые возникают при данном узкоспециализированном виде перевода. В исследовании использованы описательный, структурный методы и метод компонентного анализа. На основании перевода медицинской литературы студентами Тверского ГМУ Минздрава РФ автор статьи выделяет и анализирует основные трудности, которые возникают при переводе медицинских текстов с английского языка на русский, такие как: ложная синонимия, перевод аббревиатур, наличие медицинских англицизмов, интерпретация эпонимов. В статье подчеркивается необходимость превентивного фокусирования внимания на вышеупомянутых проблемах перевода с английского языка на русский для грамотной и адекватной интерпретации медицинской литературы.

The article is devoted to English neologisms in tourism and ways of their formation. Neologisms are defined as recently coined or existing words or word combinations which name new phenomena or concepts and which are moderately used by most members of a particular speech community. The study of neologisms in various spheres of functioning is always relevant, as it makes it possible to identify and analyze current changes in modern life. The research is focused on the neologisms which name new types of travel (apitourism, weather tourism, grief tourism, flashpacking), in particular, different types of post-COVID vacations (GOAT, revenge travel) have become very popular as many people were deprived of the chance to travel for a certain period of time. New types of holidaymakers (liveaboards, babymooners, half-tourists), professions (disco nannies, director of first impressions), and the related phenomena (spread booking, ghost flights, air curtain, place lag) are analyzed in the framework of the current paper. The availability of budget travel, which has provided a variety of options for all kinds of travelers, brings both positive and negative consequences as it stimulates the local economy but can also damage the local ecosystems and be detrimental to the local population which is reflected in the neological coinages (extractive tourism, overtourism). The research focuses on the word-forming potential of neologisms in tourism as well, in particular, the analysis showed that most of the considered units were formed by compounding (48% of neologisms of the sample) and blending (44%). The least popular ways of forming neologisms in tourism are affixation (4% of neologisms in the sample), abbreviation and conversion (each method in 2% of neologisms in the sample). At the end of the article, general conclusions are presented, Table 1 ‘Word-formation types of neologisms in tourism’ and suggestions for further neologism research are provided.

Copyright of Erzincan University Journal of Education Faculty / Erzincan Üniversitesi Egitim Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Erzincan University Faculty of Education Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to the substantiation and description of the deciphering stimulus of the abbreviation – a word or phrase, which is a decoding of the abbreviated component of the abbreviation in an equivalent phrase. The aim of the article is a comprehensive description of the system of deciphering stimuli of compound words of the Russian language within the framework of a synchronous approach to abbreviation. The goal is achieved by resolving the contradiction between the abbreviation pair and the abbreviation equivalence nest, the difference between which is the number of phrases corresponding to the abbreviated word. The relevance of the study is due to the actual textual practice of multiple interpretation of a compound word through several phrases, which are usually not taken into account in traditional dictionaries of abbreviations describing abbreviation pairs. Compound abbreviated words and equivalent phrases (2400 units) are used as empirical material, selected by continuous sampling from texts found in the Google.ru search engine, as well as from dictionaries of abbreviations and abbreviations. The novelty of the presented study lies in the fact that it states for the first time the existence in the language of a branched system of deciphering stimuli that perform parallel multiple deciphering of the abbreviated component of the abbreviation. The result of the study is the discovery of the mechanism of formation of the equivalent relations of the abbreviation in the equivalence nest, which is due to the synchronous action of deciphering stimuli – stereotypical decodings of the abbreviated component of the abbreviation. The authors argue that the presence of several equivalent phrases in one abbreviation is explained precisely by the existence of several deciphering stimuli in one abbreviated component. The authors pay special attention to the description of different structural types of decoding stimuli and the system of their meanings.

The article is devoted to the problem of using abbreviations relevant for professional terminology. After studying various definitions of the concept of “abbreviation” and “abbreviation” the authors give examples of the usage of these techniques in legal English. Aim of the study. This study is devoted to the analysis of the concept of “abbreviation” in legal English terms. Materials and methods. The research material was the legal terminology of the English language. The methods of scientific research are the method of theoretical analysis, descriptive and comparative methods. Results. The article presents the results of the analysis of the concepts of “abbreviation”, “abbreviation” and “acronym”. The study brings out that the most commonly used abbreviations are initial ones, and most abbreviations are used for speech resources saving. Practical implications. The practical significance of the research lies in the fact that the results obtained can be used in teaching students written and oral translation from English into Russian and from Russian into English.

Today in Southern Bessarabia, as well as around the world, the development of information and communication technologies is rapidly gaining momentum. We feel the influence of bloggers, opinion leaders, and active community representatives on the general public opinion. Virtual media are an effective platform for covering important society issues and achievements of the region, town, village, or district that are interesting and effective due to modern realities. There is definite transition from traditional ways of communication to new and progressive ones, which replace the usual communicative practices. This can be attributed to certain reasons, such as the growing popularity of virtual media among different age groups and, consequently, the emergence of new concepts and realities that require specific language units to nominate them. As a universal means of communication and information exchange, the Internet is a reflection of linguistic reality and the changing lingual and cultural environment. At the same time, there is a process of enriching the lexical and semantic structure of languages, including borrowings, numerous neologisms and newborn abbreviations. Various genres of virtual media communication are realized in new textual and discursive practices. The trend of democracy and simplification is reflected in all areas of speech, which are manifested in online texts that leads to changes in official language standards of communication and attracts the attention of many scholars. The desire to deepen the informativeness of the statement naturally acts as a catalyst for constant changes in media language that is why such research problems need comprehensive study.

Abstract Background The conditions related to the Covid-19 pandemic and quarantine have endangered the mental health of people in the community, especially psychiatric patients. This study aims to determine the mental health services usage of outpatient psychiatric patients who attended a public mental health clinic in Tehran, during the quarantine. The study sample consisted of 387 patients with an active record in the mental health clinic. They were selected using systematic random sampling. Data was gathered with the telephone interviews using the researcher-made checklist. The data were then collected and analyzed. Results Participants in this study included 141 male and 264 female patients. One-hundred forty-two patients (36.7%) felt better during this period, and the rest got worse or did not make a difference. Among the patients who felt the need to visit, 144 (47.2%) referred for services, of which 81.7% had visited in person. Among the applicants, 84 (56%) succeeded in receiving the service. A total of 53.5% of patients had used at least one face to face, telephone, or online visit. Among them, women are compared to men (p = 0.002), educated people to low education (p < 0.001), and adults to children and the elderly (p = 0.02), and Tehran residents to foreigners (p = 0.01) used significantly more services. Conclusions Experience with pandemic quarantine conditions has shown that face-to-face use of these services faces significant barriers. In this situation, the expansion of online services can help improve the condition of patients and should be on the agenda of mental health policymakers.

The paper identifies the challenges of translating variants of medical documents that include acronyms and abbreviations, which are standard in medicine, pharmacology, and healthcare contexts and documents, thus intending to examine the inconsistency of abbreviation and acronym use in a medical context. The study adopts the descriptive approach to investigate the inconsistency of medical abbreviations in English that include multiple medical meanings/versions of acronyms and abbreviations to be translated into Arabic. The samples considered in this study are documents frequently utilised in the medical context in hospitals, including graphic signs, medical reports, admission forms, and prescriptions. The documents included 18 medical abbreviations and acronyms to be translated from English into Arabic. The results revealed that the abbreviations and acronyms used in medical documents showed a discrepancy in the translation, and many versions of translations are possible. Therefore, the findings underpinned the main challenges of translating acronyms and abbreviations from English as a source language into Arabic as a target language and the consequentiality of training for the medical translators to overcome these challenges. The study concludes that medical abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms are more frequent and multi-version and lack consistency in several documents, including medical reports, resulting in many challenges. This may also lead to erroneous versions in translation. Thus, it is recommended translators’ vigilance be raised to overcome the obstacles that impede translation accuracy.

The popularity of various types of abbreviations makes it necessary to rediscuss their categorization and possible disambiguation. We rely on categorization types applied in cognitive linguistics, also confronting definitions and forms stemming from both linguistic and software-based approaches. A major distinction is observed between abbreviations resulting from one-word and multi-word sequences, leading to various subtypes with prototypical, less central, and hybrid cases. Although guidelines offer advice on their use, these rules should be re-evaluated in specific settings, such as subtitling and translation. While previous research on the topic focused on journal articles, we have collected a database of nearly 13,000 abbreviations and acronyms from five American TV series with the help of a specially designed algorithm. Our research also highlights the importance of punctuation, exemplifying some of the most frequent ones with alternative versions (with or without period) and discusses the Romanian and Hungarian translations of a well-known American agency. The concluding remarks mention that even if subtitle conventions are not severely regulated, a database of acronyms may significantly improve quality, especially in the case of TV series.

Copyright of University of Sharjah Journal for Humanities & Social Sciences is the property of University of Sharjah - Scientific Publishing Unit and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses the phenomenon of homonymy in the field of abbreviation. Until now, homonymy has rarely been considered along with the topic of abbreviations, and yet it is all closely interconnected, since the frequency of using homonymous abbreviations in English literature is quite high. Despite the fact that there are quite numerous, albeit fragmentary, studies on the problems of abbreviation in modern languages, there is a small amount of research in the field of abbreviation-homonymous relations, abbreviated lexical units remain in many respects a mystery in linguistic terms, since in relation to them one has to consider from a specific point of view such fundamental problems as the problem of the structure of a word and its meaning, the problem of a morpheme, etc. This complexity explains the heterogeneity of opinions, and sometimes a contradictory approach to homonymous abbreviated lexical units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Настоящая статья посвящена исследованию аббревиации в качестве средства лингвокреативной деятельности. В статье приводится краткая классификация аббревиации в китайском языке. Типы аббревиации рассматриваются через призму лингвокреативности, в частности, анализируются семантические группы к которым относятся те или иные типы аббревиатур. Делается вывод о неоднородности использования аббревиации в репрезентации в ходе становления концепта. Автор приходит к выводу о повышении активности аббревиации как средства лингвокреативности на современном этапе развития языка. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы лингвистами-когнитивистами для углубления понимания процесса лигвокреативности, а поскольку лингвокреативность можно рассматривать как средство трансфера знаний, работа также вносит вклад в развитие этой научной области.

Audiovisual Translation (AVT) is translating multimodal text from the source language into the target language. The study is concerned with the AVT fansubbing translation analysis of English-Arabic abbreviation forms found in the (fifth state) movie. The researchers selected three translations produced by fansubbers of the abovementioned movie. Moreover, it is hypothesized that amateur fansubbers whose translations were chosen for the analysis are expected to reach a high level of failure on the linguistic level. Also, they are probably receiving a lower level of failure on the technical level. Besides, the selected fansubbers are not likely to make a happy marriage between the linguistic level and the technical one in rendering the English abbreviation forms into Arabic. It concluded that the rate of failure on the linguistic level is 81%, while the level of failure on the technical level is 54 %. Fansubbers didn't balance between technical and linguistic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tells the story of the journey of an Andalusian manuscript that was inscribed in Medina, transcribed and preserved in Islamic Andalusia, then was lost for many years, and found later with remnants of manuscripts that crossed the horizons and settled in the most ancient treasuries of Morocco. Talking about the only manuscript copy of the book "Mukhtasar Abu Musab al-Zuhri (d. 242 AH)" stirs up feelings of grief over the fate of thousands of Andalusian manuscripts, the end of which was not like the end of the copy we are examining now. But at the same time, it instills hope in the souls for finding other assets that were and are still missing. The first appearance of the Andalusian manuscript copy of the "Mukhtasar Abi Musab Al-Zuhri" was in the Al-Mustansiriya treasury, which was consulted by senior Muslim scholars from the East and the West, who used explored its treasures, studied its manuscripts, and copied parts of them. The books of this treasury remained - including "Abu Musab's Summary". - in the Cordoba Palace until most of them were sold during the siege of the Berbers, and the rest were plundered when the Berbers entered Cordoba. But the copy we are studying was preserved in an unknown place, and it remained unexplored for many years. In this research, I tried to trace the historical and geographical itinerary of the manuscript copy of the book "Mukhtasar Abi Musab" from the date of its transcription in Andalusia in 359 AH, until it was kept in the treasury of the Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque in 1353 AH, the revived and brought to life again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the author carried out an analysis of compound words in the Ukrainian language of the beginning of the 20th century. The research is based on three popular Russian-Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries published in the period from 1918 to 1933: Moscow-Ukrainian Dictionary (1918) by Victor Dubrovskyi, Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary (1918) by Sergiy Ivanytskyi and Fedir Shumlyanskyi, and the academic Russian-Ukrainian Dictionary (1924-1933) edited by Agathangel Krymskyi and Sergiy Yefremov. A comprehensive study became possible due to uniquely built digital lexicographic systems and a noun database. They were created on the basis of the paper dictionaries listed above (digitized copies). All compound words were selected from the noun database, methods of their creation were studied, the main thematic groups were highlighted and described. Compound nominations, especially nouns, are quite common in the Ukrainian language of the beginning of the 20th century. Together, there are about six thousand of them in the three analyzed dictionaries. The majority of the recorded nouns was represented by lexemes spelled as one word. These nominations have been coined mainly by means of joining word stems (by composition). The minority of the discovered nouns was represented by hyphenated words. The origin of such nouns was mainly caused by compounding (juxtaposition). One of the dictionaries also recorded a small number of abbreviations. All compound nouns were combined into thematic groups. The most common thematic groups are: 1) names of people (which contains a number of subgroups); 2) names of plants; 3) names of animals; 4) names of devices, appliances, tools, etc.; 5) names of names of buildings, structures, institutions, premises, etc.; 6) and abstract concepts. The studied dictionaries recorded a significant amount of compound nouns of Ukrainian origin. Nevertheless, borrowed lexemes and names consisting of foreign-language components were also observed. Significant parts of the borrowed lexemes are international terms. Apart from the well- known names, lexicographic works of the beginning of the 20th century contain a significant amount of less-known, unknown, dialectal, and regional vocabulary. Russian-Ukrainian bilingual dictionaries of the post-revolutionary period are extremely important works which have not been studied sufficiently yet. The comparative analysis of vocabulary, semantics, grammar, etc. based on the material of these sources is a promising linguistic task. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Resumo: Hoje em dia, o tradutor tem um sem-número de recursos para auxiliá-lo em seu ofício, sendo que saber usá-los faz parte da subcompetência de tradução denominada instrumental (HURTADO ALBIR, 2005, 2015a, 2015b; PACTE, 2009). Sem dúvida, é necessário ter competência para surfar em meio a tanto material, grande parte do qual disponibilizada em formato eletrônico. Mas, se, por um lado, o tradutor precisa saber usar os recursos a ele oferecidos, por outro, é preciso desenvolver material que seja prático, eficaz e confiável. A falta de material de referência para lidar com a tradução de abreviaturas médicas foi a base para a construção de um glossário bilíngue (português/ inglês) de abreviaturas na área da reumatologia. Ainda que essas formas reduzidas sejam recorrentes no texto médico, elas continuam a desafiar o tradutor. Este artigo descreve algumas das fases de construção desse glossário e discute a relação entre a elaboração de material de referência e a subcompetência instrumental. Palavras-chave: subcompetência instrumental; tradução médica; abreviatura; glossário bilíngue. Abstract: Nowadays translators have countless resources to assist them in their task. Knowing how to use these resources is part of the instrumental sub-competence (HURTADO ALBIR, 2005, 2015a, 2015b; PACTE, 2009). Undoubtedly, it is necessary to have translation competence to surf amid a barrage of material, much of which is made available in electronic format. But if, on the one hand, translators need to know how to use the resources offered to them, on the other, it is necessary to develop material that is practical, effective and reliable. The lack of reference material to deal with the translation of medical abbreviations was the basis for the creation of a (Portuguese/ English) bilingual glossary of abbreviations in the field of rheumatology. Although these shortened forms are recurrent in the medical text, they continue to challenge translators. This article describes some of the phases of the creation of this glossary and discusses the relationship between the preparation of reference material and the instrumental sub-competence. Keywords: instrumental sub-competence; medical translation; abbreviation; bilingual glossary.

This study aims to show the suitability of the abbreviation used on YouTube social media. It provided a description of the problems that arise regarding the emergence of various forms of abbreviations, as well as analyzed the meaning contained in the abbreviations in Youtube account header. It employed a qualitative descriptive approach (in the form of a content analysis process and data of a collection of tangible words). The technique of providing data utilizes the free-of-conversation listening technique. The approach used in this study was a qualitative approach with Miles Huberman's analytical model. The data analysis model used was the flow model of analysis. The sources of the data the title on Najwa Shihab's Youtube channel. This study analyzed twenty two data that utilize abbreviations on them. It contained eight data in the abbreviation domain. In the realm of fragments, seven data have been found. The acronym domain in this study consisted of eight data. Then, in the contraction and letter symbols, there was one datum. With regard to the majority of the most frequent occurrences of each type of abbreviation in the header of Najwa Shihab's youtube account were 32% abbreviations, 28% fragments, 32% acronyms, 4% contractions, and 4% letter symbols.

This paper analyses the integration of proper names into the lexicon when they are reduced to initialisms, acronyms and clippings. We confirm their apparently abnormal inclusion in “common” dictionaries, despite their not being semantically or referentially modified, and analyse their distribution compared to that of other reduced units, marked abbr. in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary (our corpus of reference). We notice a strong tendency to include reduced names of institutions (hybrid between animate and inanimate reference, mostly collective). We then discuss the reasons for their inclusion in dictionaries, which we take to be a sign of their lexicalization, and conclude to an extreme illustration of opacification, demotivation and wordification, all of which achieved via reduction. Beyond the simple orthographic and phonological form these reduced proper names assume, we also show via a case study that their syntactic and semantic profile differs slightly from that of their full forms, which further justifies their differentiated lexical treatment.

One of the current means of communication that students widely use is WhatsApp (WA), and in communicating, they often use non-standard language. This paper identifies 1) non-standard words, affixes, phrases, and rephrases with their abbreviations, 2) slang vocabulary and its abbreviations, and 3) regional and foreign vocabularies often obtained by BIPA students in WA and their abbreviations. This analytical descriptive research method analyzes slang, foreign, regional, and abbreviations obtained through WA. The informants are KNB students from the 2018/2019 class, totaling six people. The data collection technique was that they sent conversations in WA groups for two days, 18-19 June 2019, and wrote down the words they had just obtained. As a result, 1) standard-non-standard root words, affixes, and abbreviated phrases are in 7 forms, while repeated words are in two forms; 2) the slang vocabulary obtained is in the form of phonemes, abbreviations, and acronyms; 3) foreign, regional, and mixed vocabulary obtained in 5 forms and there are original forms. In conclusion, the language obtained by BIPA students is not only found in slang but also in regional and foreign expressions. The research implication is that the WA group can be a means of acquiring a non-formal variety of Indonesian for international students. Abstrak Salah satu sarana berkomunikasi saat ini yang banyak digunakan oleh mahasiswa adalah WhatsApp (WA) dan dalam berkomunikasi mereka sering menggunakan bahasa tidak baku. Tulisan ini mengidentifikasi 1) kata-kata baku-nonbaku, kata berimbuhan, frasa, dan kata ulang dengan penyingkatannya; 2) kosakata gaul dan penyingkatannya, dan 3) kosakata daerah serta asing yang sering diperoleh pemelajar BIPA dalam ber-WA serta penyingkatannya. Metode penelitian ini deskriptif analitis dengan menganalisis kata gaul, asing, daerah, dan singkatan yang diperolehnya melalui WA. Informan adalah mahasiswa KNB angkatan 2018/2019 yang berjumlah 6 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data adalah mereka mengirimkan percakapan dalam grup WA selama dua hari, 18-19 Juni 2019 serta menuliskan kata-kata yang baru mereka peroleh. Hasilnya, 1) kata dasar baku-nonbaku, kata berimbuhan, dan frasa yang disingkat ada dalam 7 bentuk, sedangkan kata ulang dalam dua bentuk; 2) kosakata gaul yang diperoleh ada berupa fonem-fonetik, singkatan, akronim; 3) kosakata asing, daerah, dan campuran yang diperoleh ada dalam 5 bentuk dan ada bentuk aslinya. Simpulan, bahasa yang diperoleh pemelajar BIPA tidak hanya ditemukan bahasa gaul, tetapi juga ungkapan daerah dan asing. Implikasi penelitian adalah grup WA dapat menjadi sarana pemerolehan bahasa Indonesia ragam nonformal bagi mahasiswa asing.

Background: The conditions related to the Covid-19 pandemic and quarantine have endangered the mental health of people in the community, especially psychiatric patients. This study aims to determine the mental health services usage of outpatient psychiatric patients who attended a public mental health clinic in Tehran, during the quarantine. The study sample consisted of 387 patients with an active record in the mental health clinic. They were selected using systematic random sampling. Data was gathered with the telephone interviews using the researcher-made checklist. The data were then collected and analyzed. Results: Participants in this study included 141 male and 264 female patients. One-hundred forty-two patients (36.7%) felt better during this period, and the rest got worse or did not make a difference. Among the patients who felt the need to visit, 144 (47.2%) referred for services, of which 81.7% had visited in person. Among the applicants, 84 (56%) succeeded in receiving the service. A total of 53.5% of patients had used at least one face to face, telephone, or online visit. Among them, women are compared to men (p = 0.002), educated people to low education (p < 0.001), and adults to children and the elderly (p = 0.02), and Tehran residents to foreigners (p = 0.01) used significantly more services. Conclusions: Experience with pandemic quarantine conditions has shown that face-to-face use of these services faces significant barriers. In this situation, the expansion of online services can help improve the condition of patients and should be on the agenda of mental health policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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