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Apical buds obtained from Asparagus plant vitro culture and somatic embryos obtained from stem cultivation, explants in MS medium supplemented with mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D and mg¹ᶫ 1 and Kinetin have been used in this research to produce artificial seeds. We encapsulated apical buds and somatic embryo using 2% sodium alginate and calcium chloride to prepare the artificial seeds. We placed artificial seeds at room temperature (about 25 ° C), in the cold, the temperature of 4 ° C and -18 ° C for different times (15,30,60,90 days) and evaluated the growing power of these seeds in MS and ½MS mediums for further investigations about the viability of seeds. The highest conversion percentage of seedlings in encapsulated embryos (70.01) was related to seed harvested from embryos treated with BA and the highest conversion percentage of seedlings in apical buds (96.54) was obtained from cultivated untreated seeds in MS medium. Encapsulated arteries and buds maintained germination energy and viability with increasing storage time after 90 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C despite viability reduction while un-capsulated embryos and buds completely lost viability after 60 days of storage at 4 and 25 ° C and seeds stored at -18 ° C completely lost viability after 15 days of storage. In general, the percentage of seed germination and conversion to seedling is higher in seeds cultivated in MS medium compared to seeds cultivated in ½MS medium., En esta investigación se han utilizado yemas apicales obtenidas de cultivo vitro vegetal de espárragos y embriones somáticos obtenidos del cultivo de tallos, explantes en medio MS suplementado con mg¹ᶫ 1, 2, 4-D y mg¹ᶫ 1 y Kinetin para producir semillas artificiales. Encapsulamos yemas apicales y embriones somáticos utilizando alginato de sodio al 2% y cloruro de calcio para preparar las semillas artificiales. Colocamos semillas artificiales a temperatura ambiente (alrededor de 25 ° C), en el frío, la temperatura de 4 ° C y -18 ° C para diferentes tiempos (15,30,60,90 días) y evaluamos el poder de crecimiento de estas semillas. en medios MS y ½MS para futuras investigaciones sobre la viabilidad de las semillas. El mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en embriones encapsulados (70.01) se relacionó con la semilla recolectada de embriones tratados con BA y el mayor porcentaje de conversión de plántulas en yemas apicales (96.54) se obtuvo de semillas cultivadas sin tratar en medio MS. Las arterias y las yemas encapsuladas mantuvieron la energía de germinación y la viabilidad con un mayor tiempo de almacenamiento después de 90 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C a pesar de la reducción de la viabilidad, mientras que los embriones y las yemas no encapsulados perdieron completamente la viabilidad después de 60 días de almacenamiento a 4 y 25 ° C y las semillas almacenado a -18 ° C perdió completamente la viabilidad después de 15 días de almacenamiento. En general, el porcentaje de germinación de semillas y conversión a plántula es mayor en semillas cultivadas en medio MS en comparación con semillas cultivadas en medio ½MS.

Metamaterials are known to demonstrate exotic electromagnetic and optical properties. The extra control over manipulation of waves and fields afforded by metamaterials can be exploited towards exploring various platforms, e.g., optical integrated circuits. Nanophotonic integrated circuits have been the topic of past and ongoing research in multiple fields including, but not limited to, electrical engineering, optics and materials science. In the present work, we theoretically study and analyze metamaterial properties that can be potentially utilized in the future design of optical integrated circuits. On this path, we seek inspiration from electronics to tackle multiple issues in developing such layered nanocircuitry. We identify modularity, directionality/isolation and tunability as three useful features of electronics and we theoretically explore mimicking them in nanoscale optics. Using epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) and mu-near-zero (MNZ) properties we propose concepts to transplant some aspects of modular design of electronic passive circuits and filters into nanophotonics. We also exploit ENZ materials to develop “transformer-like” functionality in optical nanocircuits. To bring directional selectivity and isolation to this domain we develop concepts for both spatial filtering of light using ENZ layered structures as well as identifying new regimes of nonreciprocal one-way surface wave propagation on the surface of magneto-optical materials. In order to have tunability in some of the proposed concepts in this work, we numerically study a wire-medium metamaterial whose permittivity can be tuned at will. All the proposed structures have simple geometries and layered structures wherever possible, which are more convenient for analysis, design and future implementation.