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Given the increasing magnitude of environmental concerns, it has become crucial to prioritise the transition towards a sustainable and environmentally conscious future. Remanufacturing is a vital strategy in the forefront of the ecological revolution, as it possesses the ability to significantly mitigate waste, preserve resources, and diminish the carbon footprint associated with contemporary enterprises. This abstract examines the concept of remanufacturing as a potential driver for a more environmentally sustainable future. It highlights the innovative progress, economic advantages, and environmental benefits that can be achieved through its extensive implementation. Remanufacturing represents a significant shift in manufacturing practises, going beyond traditional recycling efforts. Remanufacturing is a process that involves the restoration and refurbishment of previously used products to their original specifications, so effectively prolonging the lifespan of consumer goods, machinery, and electronics. This practise has the dual purpose of limiting the disposal of significant quantities of trash and diminishing the need for new, untapped resources, thereby alleviating concerns related to resource depletion and environmental deterioration. In addition to its economic benefits, remanufacturing plays a significant role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. The energy consumption associated with the process of remanufacturing is frequently significantly lower compared to the energy requirements for manufacturing wholly new things. This leads to a significant decrease in carbon emissions, which is a crucial measure in addressing the issue of climate change.

The catalytic activity of Vanadium, Scandium, Titanium and Ferrum (Sc, V, Ti and Fe) doped Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Aluminum Nitride and Boron Phosphide (C60, Si46, Al30N30, Ge72 and B41P41) nanocages for reduction reaction of carbon dioxide are investigated. The ∆Ebinding of V2-C58, Sc2-Si44, V2-Al29N29, Ti2-Ge70 and Fe2-B40P40 nanocages are -5.90, -6.23, -6.13, -7.28 and -6.97 eV, respectively. The ∆Eformation of V2-C58, Sc2-Si44, V2-Al29N29, Ti2-Ge70 and Fe2-B40P40 nanocages are -4.54, -4.84, -4.76, -5.66 and -5.42 eV, respectively. The ∆Ebinding and ∆Eformation of double metal atoms doped nanocages are demonstrated that they are stable nano-structures. The rate-determining step for CH4 and CH3OH production is the catalyst-*CO → catalyst-*CHO on double metal atoms doped nanocages. The overpotential of CH3OH and CH4 production on Ti2-Ge70, Fe2-B40P40, V2-C58, V2-Al29N29 and Sc2-Si44 nanocages are 0.19 to 0.26 V and 0.18 to 0.24 V, respectively. The Sc2-Si44, V2-Al29N29, Ti2-Ge70 and Fe2-B40P40 can catalyze the CO2-RR with high efficiency. The double metal atoms doped nanocages (Ti2-Ge70, Fe2-B40P40, V2-C58, V2-Al29N29 and Sc2-Si44) can be considered as electro-catalysts for CH4 and CO3OH creation from CO2 reduction reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The catalytic ability of Sc-doped C46 and Sc-doped Al23P23 as catalysts of CO2-RR to create the CH4 and CH3OH is investigated. The mechanisms of CO2-RR are examined by theoretical methods and ΔGreaction of reaction steps of CO2-RR mechanisms are calculated. The overpotential of CH4 and CH3OH production on Sc-doped C46 and Sc-doped Al23P23 is calculated. The Sc atoms of Sc-doped C46 and Sc-doped Al23P23 can adsorb the CO2 molecule as the first step of CO2-RR. The CH4 is produced from hydrogenation of *CH3O and the *CO → *CHO reaction step is the rate limiting step for CH4 production. The CH3OH can be formed on Sc-doped C46 and Sc-doped Al23P23 by *CO → *CHO → *CH2O → *CH3O → CH3OH mechanism and HCOOH → *CHO → *CH2O → *CH3O → CH3OH mechanism. The Sc-C46 and Sc-Al23P23 can catalyze the CO2-RR to produce the CH4 and CH3OH by acceptable mechanisms. Methods: Here, the structures are optimized by PW91PW91/6-311+G (2d, 2p) and M06-2X/cc-pVQZ methods in GAMESS software. The frequencies of nanocages and their complexes with species of CO2-RR are investigated by mentioned methods. The transition state of each reaction step of CO2-RR is searched by Berny method to find the CO2-RR intermediates. The ∆Eadsorption of intermediates of CO2-RR on surfaces of nanocages is calculated and the ∆Greaction of reaction steps of CO2-RR is calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]