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Nano powder mixed electrical discharge machining (NPMEDM) is an advanced thermo-physical process. It is used to create complex, precise shapes in hard-to-machine materials, such as nickel-based alloys like Inconel 718, due to their mechanical properties. This study introduces magnetic field assistance to improve the discharge state. Nano aluminum oxide was added to biodegradable soybean oil, serving as the insulating fluid to machine Inconel 718 alloy. The study examined the impact of machining parameters, including current, pulse on time, powder concentration, and magnetic field assistance, on outcomes like white layer thickness, material removal rate, and tool wear rate. Minitab software facilitated a general full factorial multi-level design to analyze the results. Findings showed that adding nano Al2O3 with a magnetic field is crucial in enhancing process performance. The lowest white layer thickness achieved was 20.59 µm, showing a 54.32% improvement. The highest material removal rate was 13.259 mm3/min, with an increase of 42.193%. The tool wear rate also improved; the minimum value was 0.0228 mm3/min, reduced by about 80.44% compared to using no powder in the dielectric fluid. Optimal settings to enhance performance were found to be a current of 8 A, pulse on time of 100 µs, powder concentration of 4 g/l, and a magnetic field intensity of 0.2 T.

The aim in this study was to develop and evaluate a nanofluconazole (FLZ) formulation with increased solubility and permeation rate using nanosuspensions. The FLZ nanosuspensions were stabilized using a variety of stabilizing agents and surfactants in various concentrations. The FLZ nanosuspension was characterized in vitro using particle size, zeta potential, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), and solubility. In addition, the ex vivo ocular permeation of FLZ through a goat cornea was analyzed. The results showed that the particle size of all nanosuspension formulations was in the nanometer range from 174.5 ± 1.9 to 720.2 ± 4.77 nm; that of the untreated drug was 18.34 μm. The zeta potential values were acceptable, which indicated suitable stability for formulations. The solubility of the nanosuspensions was up to 5.7-fold higher compared with that of the untreated drug. The results of the ex vivo ocular diffusion of the FLZ nanosuspensions showed the percentage of FLZ penetrating via the goat cornea increased after using Kollicoat to stabilize the nanosuspension formulation. Consequently, when using a nanosuspension formulation of Kollicoat, the antifungal activity of the drug strengthens.

Objective. The intend of the present study was to assess the diagnostic performance of strain elastography in investigating the thyroid nodule malignancy taking the surgical biopsy as a gold standard reference test.

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-traditional technique widely used in various industries to remove material using electrical discharges. Finding a suitable electrode material that can resist high temperatures and efficiently remove material from the workpiece is a major difficulty in electrical discharge machining (EDM). Due to their exceptional electrical and thermal properties, composite electrodes of various metals have become extremely popular. In this study, a composite electrode (Cu-1%Cr-0.5%WC-1%Ag) manufactured using the stir casting technique will be utilized to evaluate the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process. The study compares the performance between conventional pure copper electrodes and composite electrode utilization of stainless steel 304L as the workpiece material. The results indicate composite electrodes can increase machining effectiveness and reduce electrode wear. Utilizing a current of 10 A, with a pulse on time of 50µs followed by a pulse off time of 50 µs, reduced the tool wear rate to 0.215 gm/min for the composite electrode. By comparison, it was observed that the copper electrodes displayed a tool wear rate of 0.514 gm/min under the same conditions. While the pure copper electrode had the lowest material removal rate (MRR) at 54.5588 mm3/min, the composite electrode had the greatest MRR at 56.8689 mm3/min. The surface Roughness (SR) of the composite electrode was 3.747μm; this value was lower than that of the pure copper electrode, 3.967μm. As a result, composite electrodes present a potentially viable substitute for traditional EDM electrodes.

The process of extracting saffron dye, the main derivative of the saffron plant, is carried out extensively and has been acknowledged for its therapeutic properties. Consequently, the objective of this investigation is to develop a novel, superior plant dye and explore its optical characteristics, structural features, and morphological composition, as well as its antibacterial properties, when extracted from the plant (referred to as saffron dye). The determination of the dye's absorbance and quality was carried out through ultraviolet (UV) analysis, a spectrophotometric technique that quantifies dye extracts at three distinct maximum wavelengths, specifically 257 nm (Picrocins), 330 nm (safranal), and 440 nm (Crocins). Additionally, the infrared absorption and emission spectrum were evaluated utilizing Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, this facilitated the identification of the initial peaks at which the saffron dye underwent absorption, and made it possible to analyze the vibrational behavior of the bonds present at these peaks. The research included examining the surface morphology using atomic force microscopy (AFM), which allowed the surface roughness of the vegetable dye to be determined. Also, the vegetable dye purity was verified. The surface morphology analysis was conducted using both an electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope, owing to their exceptional precision. Consequently, the plant dye exhibited an oval surface appearance characterized by the presence of oval peaks adorned with short filaments, some of which displayed regularity while others were irregular. The elemental composition of the plant dye was also ascertained using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), with varying proportions being observed. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of the plant extract were evaluated, demonstrating bactericidal effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli. Notably, the bactericidal effects were observed against both positive and negative bacteria. As a result, the petal extracts of Crocus sativus L. can be regarded as valuable natural sources of antibacterial agents.

This descriptive quantitative study explored secondary school students’ reasons for receiving or not receiving private mathematics tutoring. It also explored the prevalent teaching methods private mathematics tutors use. A questionnaire was adapted to collect data from 1,309 Year 7 to Year 12 students (ages 11 to 17 years) in three countries: Brunei, Indonesia, and Iraq. The results highlight that students may receive private mathematics tutoring to pass national examinations and improve examination scores. Teachers also adapt to teaching approaches that enable students to achieve these teaching and learning goals. This study provides an initial understanding of the common reasons and teaching methods used in private mathetics tutoring across different contexts that prioritise high-stakes examination culture. The results provide implications for how private mathematics tutoring can be used to support effective teaching and learning compared to the high-stakes reasons it seems it promotes. The results also accentuate the need for families and other stakeholders to reconsider private mathematics tutoring as an opportunity to remediate the challenges students encounter in their normal classroom instruction to improve student learning.

This study is intended to investigate the difference between males and females in terms of using discourse markers. The study hypothesizes that gender influences the frequency and type of discourse markers employed by participants, and that males use more discourse markers than females. It is also hypothesized that the differences between females and males in terms of using discourse markers are not only gendered-based, but can also be attributed to some situational and social factors. The present study follows two types of procedures: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part consists of presenting a theoretical framework of discourse markers, while the practical part consists of selecting samples from “Shaw’s Arms and the Man”, and analyzing them in the light of an eclectic model. The adopted model consists of two levels: situational, and pragmatic. The results of analyzing the selected dramatic texts show that males use more discourse markers than females. Both males and females employ discourse markers for different purposes due to the gendered features socially ascribed to them. The results also show that social relationship, social distance, social status, the mood of the speaker, the topic they talk about, type of text, its setting, and its theme, have a vital impact on the frequency and type of socially employed by males and females.

Background Infertility affects approximately 10-15% of married individuals, and may trigger various emotional reactions. Females undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) are more susceptible to experiencing depression. This study aims to assess the influence of pharmacist counseling on quality of life, depression scores, and pregnancy rates among infertile females undergoing IVF treatment. Method The research examined women who visited the infertility clinic at Kamal Al-Samaraie Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq to achieve pregnancy. These individuals were separated into a control group and an intervention group. The intervention group received an educational program consisting of five visits, while the control group got a conventional hospital procedure. The present research evaluated the quality of life-related to fertility using the FertiQoL (Fertility Quality of Life) questionnaire. It examined the participants’ depression levels using the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression) scale. These assessments were conducted at the commencement and conclusion of the in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycle. Results The present research included 150 women diagnosed with infertility, whose average age was 30.32 ± 5.64 years. The participants had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 27.12 ± 3.57. No statistically significant difference was seen in the FertiQoL evaluation scores between the control and intervention groups at the beginning of the study. The FertiQoL, assessed at the end of the trial, exhibited a statistically significant increase in the interventional group, with a P-value of 0.025. The prevalence of Depression risk patients decreased from 83% to 69%, and the interventional group exhibited a substantially greater proportion of favorable pregnancy outcomes (48%) compared to the control group (29.3%). Conclusion Infertile women who undergo IVF operations have higher rates of depression. Depression may be reduced, and quality of life improved with education and supportive counseling. Pregnancy rates rise as a result of clinical pharmacist counseling. Trial registration This study was registered on Clinical Trials.gov (NCT06022640).

Metabolic syndrome is an associated condition that occurs together and increases the risk of heart disease and diabetes. These conditions include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and high body mass index (BMI) in terms of cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Most of the elderly population may administer three drugs to control the above conditions. Therefore, this study aims to develop an analytical assay for the precise analysis of three components and to formulate a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug-Delivery System (SNEDDS) loaded with three drugs: Rosuvastatin Calcium (RC; antilipidemic), Glibenclamide (GB; antidiabetic), and Candesartan Cilexetil (CC; antihypertensive). A design of the experiment was developed at a level of 32, and the influence of column temperature and flow rate was studied in terms of retention time, peak area, peak asymmetry, and resolution. The assay was subjected to several studies to ensure its validation. Under the optimized conditions—column temperature at 50 °C and flow rate at 0.25 mL/min—the three drugs, RC, GB, and CC, are separated. Their retention times are 0.840, 1.800, and 5.803 min, respectively. The assay was valid in terms of linearity, accuracy, and precision. Moreover, the developed assay shows a good tolerance against any change in the condition. The assay was tested also to separate the drugs in a pharmaceutical formulation as SNEDDs. The assay successfully separates the drug with a good resolution.

Lisinopril (LIS) is antihypertensive drug, classified as a class III drug with high water solubility and low permeability. To overcome the low permeability, 32 factorial designs aimed to formulate LIS as a sustained-release (LIS-SR) matrix pellet by extrusion/spheronization. Matrix pellets were composed of wet mass containing Avicel® and polymeric matrix polymers (sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CS)). Evaluation of the effect of two independent variables, matrix-forming units (SA and CS) on mean line torque, on pellet size, dissolution rate after 6 h, and mucoadhesion strength of the pellets were assessed using Statgraphics software. The tested formulations (F1-F9) showed that mean line torque ranged from 1.583 to 0.461 Nm, with LIS content in the LIS-SR pellets ranged from 87.9 to 103%, sizes varied from 1906 to 1404 µm and high percentages of drug released from pellets formulations (68.48 to 74.18 %), while the mean zeta potential value of mucoadhesive range from −17.5 to –22.9 mV.The selection of optimized formulation must have the following desirability: maximum peak torque, maximum pellets’ particle size, and minimum % LIS release after 6hr. LIS optimized sustained release pellet formula composed of 2,159 % SA and 0.357 % CS was chosen as optimized formula. It’s showed a 1.055 Nm mean line torque was responsible for the increased pellet size to 1830.8 μm with decreased release rate 56.2 % after 6 hr, and −20.33 mV average mucin zeta potential.Ex-vivo mucoadhesion studies revealed that that the optimize formulation, exhibited excellent mucoadhesive properties, after 1 h, about 73% of the pellets were still attached to the mucus membrane. Additionally, ex-vivo permeation determination of LIS from the optimized LIS-SR formulation was found to be significantly higher (1.7-folds) as compared to free LIS.In conclusion: LIS-SR matrix pellets, prepared with an extrusion/spheronization have desirable excellent characteristics in-vitro and ex-vivo sustained-release pellet formulation of LIS-SR was able to sustain the release of LIS for up to 8 h.

PURPOSE: In recent years, there has been a significant shift from this destructive procedure to a reconstructive procedure such as anterior lamellar recession (ALR) and bilamellar tarsal rotation (BLTR). The aim is to report the outcomes and success rates of ALR compared to BLTR in patients with upper lid cicatricial trichiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study is a prospective, interventional, comparative study that was conducted at the Ophthalmology Department of Al-Azhar University Hospital, New Damietta, Egypt. Our study was conducted on 62 eyes of 45 consecutive patients suffering from upper lid cicatricial trichiasis that required surgical intervention (17 patients were bilateral and 28 were unilateral). Thirty-three of them were treated by ALR (group 1), and 29 of them by BLTR (group 2). All statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 26. RESULTS: As regards the immediate postoperative correction, we found that adequate correction was significantly higher in the ALR group at all follow-up periods (P < 0.05). However, the overcorrection and undercorrection were significantly higher in the BLTR group (P < 0.05). Compared to the ALR group, the BLTR group saw a greater undercorrection at 1, 3, and 6 months (9.3%% vs. 0%; P = 0.048, 18.6% vs. 1.8%%; P = 0.009, 18.6%% vs. 1.8%; P = 0.009, 18.6%% vs. 1.8%; P = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSION: ALR is better than BLTR in the treatment of upper lid cicatricial trichiasis.

Faulty board configurations associated with risk management practices are alleged to be the primary sources of most corporate failures. Therefore, experts have suggested that firms should adopt holistic risk management practices. This study investigates the interactive effect of board characteristics with risk management activities on the performance of listed Nigerian non-financial firms. The study is anchored on the agency theory perspective. It is designed as ex post facto inquiry with a population of 113 companies, from which a sample of 96 firms was drawn from firms with a complete set of data. Secondary data were extracted from the NSE Factbook and Thomson Reuter’s DataStream for 2010–2019. The static panel regression technique was utilized to analyze and estimate the interaction between the variables. The findings show that all the independent variables positively impacted ROA of the listed firms. Nevertheless, concerning market evaluation (Tobin-Q), except for board financial experts and audit committee meetings, risk management committee meetings and the presence of chief risk officer showed an insignificant impact. The combined implication is that although firms have complied with the provision of the CG codes on risk governance structure, the improvements associated with risk management aimed at enhancing market evaluation are nonetheless not deeply embedded in these firms. Firms are suggested to implement effective risk management practices to achieve competitive advantages and substantiality. More studies are advocated to extend the literature by expanding the scope.

The development of analytical procedures capable of simultaneous determination of two or more drugs is in crucial demand due to the availability of different formulations that are composed of different APIs. The presented study aimed to optimize and validate a simple, accurate, and sensitive UPLC analytical method for the simultaneous determination of thymoquinone (TQ) and Glibenclamide (GB) using response surface methodology, and apply this method in pharmaceutical formulations. A 32 full design of experiment was utilized to study the impacts of the independent parameters (acetonitrile ACN concentration, A; and column temperature, B) on the drugs’ analytical attributes (viz, retention time, peak area, and peak asymmetry, in addition to the resolution between TQ and GB peaks). The results revealed that the independent parameters exhibited highly significant (p < 0.05) antagonistic effects on retention times for TQ and GB peaks, in addition to the agnostic effect on GB peak symmetry (p-value = 0.001). Moreover, antagonistic impacts (p < 0.05) on the resolution between TQ and GB peaks were found for both independent factors (A and B). The statistical software suggested 46.86% of ACN (A) and 38.80 °C for column temperature (B) for optimum analytical responses. The optimized green method was discovered to be acceptable in terms of selectivity, precision, accuracy, robustness, sensitivity, and specificity. Moreover, the optimized simultaneous method was successfully able to determine the contents of TQ and GB in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery (SNEDD) formulation, in which the results showed that GB and TQ content within the prepared formulations were 1.54 ± 0.023 and 3.62 ± 0.031 mg/gm, respectively. In conclusion, the developed assay was efficient and valid in analyzing TQ and GB simultaneously in bulk and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDs) formulations.

This study discussed the influence of chemical machining parameters such as (machining time, type of etchant, etching temperature, and concentration of the solution) on the surface roughness of ceramic material (silicon carbide) as a workpiece in the chemical machining (CHM) process. To achieve the best value for surface roughness. In this research, four levels of factors affecting the chemical etching process were used, the values of etching temperature (60, 80, 100, and 120) °C, the etchant concentration (50, 60, 70, and 80) %, and machining time (30, 50, 70, and 90) min, and two etchant type (HBr, HCl). Experiments proved the best value of surface roughness is obtained (2.933) µm experimentally and (2.958) µm at a predictable program when using hydrochloric acid (HCl) at a temperature (80) °C, time (50) min, and etchant concentration (50) %. The coefficient determination (R-sq) to predict the surface roughness is ((93.7).

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is one of the non-traditional machining processes commonly used for machining of hard to cut metals. Monel 400 is a nickel based superalloy used in various applications. The composite electrode is developed and applied to enhance the machining process by reducing the time of the process and the cost of the electrode manufacturing. The presented work is aimed to study the effect of copper, graphite, and copper-graphite composite electrodes with different parameters on the Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness of Monel 400. Influences of discharge current (Ip), pulse on time (Ton), and pulse off time (Toff) have been investigated. Based on the Taguchi method, experiments were analyzed using ANOVA through Minitab 20. The results have manifested that compared to copper and graphite electrodes, the copper-graphite electrode achieved better values of material removal rate and surface roughness. The lowest value of surface roughness is 3.1413 μm as a result of the added graphite reinforcement particles.

A novel GL model of a new hyperbolic two-temperatures theory is studied to investigate the propagation of the thermoelastic waves on semiconductor materials. The basic equations are studied during the photo-excitation processes in the context of the photo-thermo-elastic model. The outer surface of the semiconductor medium is illuminated by a laser pulse. By using Laplace transform with the eigenvalues scheme, the analytical solutions of all studying fields are presented. The carrier density variation, the variations of the thermodynamic and the conductive temperatures, the displacement and stress components in a semi-infinite semi-conductor material are estimated. The effects of the hyperbolic two-temperature parameter and the relaxation times on the distributions of wave propagation of physical fields for semiconductor silicon (Si) medium are shown graphically and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address various clinical applications within living tissue, the aim of this work is to analytically study the thermomechanical interaction for a living tissue which is subjected to variable thermal loadings. Human tissues undergoing regional hyperthermia treatment for cancer therapy is based on graded changes of the cells, and as a consequences, the constitutive equations have been formulated using the nonlocal elasticity theory. The heat transport equation for the present problem is formulated in the context of Moore‐Gibson‐Thompson theory of generalized thermoelasticity assimilating the memory‐dependent derivative within a slipping interval. Both the boundaries of the tissue is maintaining the condition of zero traction. The lower boundary of the tissue is subjected to prescribed thermal loading while, the upper boundary is kept at zero temperature. Utilizing the Laplace transform mechanism, the governing equations have been solved and the general solutions have been obtained in the transformed domain. In order to arrive at the solutions in the real space‐time domain, suitable inversion of the Laplace transform has been carried out numerically using the method of Zakian. Numerical findings suggest that thermomechanical waves propagate through skin tissue over finite distances, which helps mitigate the unrealistic predictions made by the Pennes' model. Significant effect due to different effective parameter such as nonlocal parameter and the time‐delay parameter is reported. Also, how a nonlinear kernel function can be more effective in bio‐heat transfer, is outlined in the study also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the glow spectrum from a neon strip lamp, used in homes and all private places, was diagnosed using optical emission spectroscopy (OES), to measure plasma parameters from spectral data (electrons density, electrons temperature, plasma frequency, Debye length). The intensity of the emission spectrum increases with increasing the applied voltage (100-220V). A spectral diagnosis was made of the cold plasma generated by the neon glow system where the glow spectrum produced was prepared for the diagnosis at variable alternating voltages that begin to rise gradually. The diagnosis was made at atmospheric pressure and room temperature of 27 ̊C. The results showed a gradual increase in the intensity of the neon spectrum generated by the system with the amount of gradual increase in the applied voltage. Between (250-850) nm, the behavior of neon spectral lines varied between high and low spectral intensity peaks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bromocriptine mesylate (BM), primarily ergocryptine, is a dopamine agonist derived from ergot alkaloids. This study aimed to formulate chitosan (CS)-coated poly ε-caprolactone nanoparticles (PCL NPs) loaded with BM for direct targeting to the brain via the nasal route. PCL NPs were optimized using response surface methodology and a Box–Behnken factorial design. Independent formulation parameters for nanoparticle attributes, including PCL payload (A), D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) concentration (B), and sonication time (C), were investigated. The dependent variables were nanoparticle size (Y1), zeta potential (Y2), entrapment efficiency (EE; Y3), and drug release rate (Y4). The optimal formulation for BM-PCL NPs was determined to be 50 mg PCL load, 0.0865% TPGS concentration, and 8 min sonication time, resulting in nanoparticles with a size of 296 ± 2.9 nm having a zeta potential of −16.2 ± 3.8 mV, an EE of 90.7 ± 1.9%, and a zero-order release rate of 2.6 ± 1.3%/min. The optimized BM-PCL NPs were then coated with CS at varying concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1%) to enhance their effect. The CS-PCL NPs exhibited different particle sizes and zeta potentials depending on the CS concentration used. The highest EE (88%) and drug load (DL; 5.5%) were observed for the optimized BM-CS-PCL NPs coated with 0.25% CS. The BM-CS-PCL NPs displayed a biphasic release pattern, with an initial rapid drug release lasting for 2 h, followed by a sustained release for up to 48 h. The 0.25% CS-coated BM-CS-PCL NPs showed a high level of permeation across the goat nasal mucosa, with reasonable mucoadhesive strength. These findings suggested that the optimized 0.25% CS-coated BM-CS-PCL NPs hold promise for successful nasal delivery, thereby improving the therapeutic efficacy of BM.

Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a non-traditional machining process that is widely used in the machining of conductive materials. This paper presents the investigation on surface roughness and metal removal rate of stainless steel using the wire-cut EDM process. Process input parameters wire feed (WF), wire tension (WT), servo voltage (SV), pulse on time (TON) and pulse off time (Tuff), and the output parameters surface roughness and metal removal rate. The work piece material was used stainless steel 310 L, zinc-coated brass wire of 0.25mm diameter used as a tool and distilled water is used as dielectric fluid. ANOVA used to measure and evaluate the relative importance of different factors. Experiments are designed and analyzed using the factorial design approach. The experimental results revealed that the most important machining parameter of the pulse of time has the most influence on the metal removal rate and the surface roughness. The maximum best metal removal rate is (0.052277 g/min). When the values are somewhat medium range, they are the best and the wire does not break at this range. Wire feed (7m/min), wire tension (7 kef), servo voltage (30 V), TON (30 sic), Tuff (30 sic). The expected values and measured values are well-matched as observed by additional confirmation experiments.

This paper conducted a systematic review of succession planning (SP) articles published over the last decade. The Systematic Quantitative Assessment Technique was used to identify 174 SP articles. The review covered five key issues: 1) Time distribution, 2) Geographic distribution, 3) Article type, 4) Data collection methods, and 5) Themes explored. The findings revealed that interest in SP fluctuated over the last decade, and that South America and Oceania were the least represented by SP scholarship. The spread between conceptual and empirical SP articles were skewed towards the former, and survey was the most popular data collection method. Five themes were identified, with the most striking finding being that that if the ‘going concern’ principle of organizations is to be achieved, management must make deliberate efforts to formalize the SP process with the clear understanding that it is a continuous, transparent and participatory process, and thus a crucial management imperative.

In this research, we collected 10 samples, 2 soil and 8 vegetables cultivated in orchard area allowing district agricultural land in Al-Khatib at a few distances from Kadhimiya district, and adjacent to the area Al-Huria samples are congested as in table 2 after the chemical digestion of the seamount by using the atomic absorption technique, we found the following results: The highest value of Cadmium in A5 sample was 0.0436 ppm and 0.026933 ppm, the highest value of Lead in the sample A1 (soil of Kadhimiya) was 0.07345 ppm average and the highest value of Brass in A2 was 1.1176 ppm and 0.1762 ppm. The highest value of Cadmium in B4 (Rashad) was 0.0514 ppm and 0.04303 ppm, and the highest value of Lead in B5 (Kirath) was 0.365 ppm and on average 0.2293 ppm, the value of Copper in B4 (Rashad) was 1.1491 ppm and 0.20185 ppm in seriously. The limits are permitted within the WHO (World Health Organization), and therefore, there is no contamination of these items in these regions A and B (allows bastinade Kadhimiya, Khatib) respectively.