Search

We investigate the rational solitons of the Kraenkel–Manna–Merle (KMM) system in ferrites via symbolic computation with the ansatz functions technique and logarithmic transformation. The KMM system describes the propagations of the ferromagnetic particles in ferrite materials. Multiwave solitons are reported by using the three-wave technique. Homocentric breathers (HBs) approach is also applied to build new forms of exact solutions. We construct M-shaped solitons and their dynamics are shown via the appropriate values of parameters. Two types of interactions for rational soliton with kink wave are investigated. Additionally, kink cross-rational solitons (KCRSs) and periodic cross-rational solitons (PCRSs) are examined via suitable transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi are often infected by mycoviruses. Mycoviruses, like their plant and animal counterparts, can only replicate within healthy host cells. They are missing with a mobility protein that is required for animals and plant viruses. They can only spread from cell to cell through biological processes including cell division, sporulation, and fusion. The vast majority of mycoviruses are unable to infect cells through the extracellular matrix. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) makes up most of the mycoviruses genomes, whereas positive, single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) makes up just a tiny percentage. Recently, DNA mycoviruses have been discovered. New mycoviruses are detected and identified using recently discovered metagenomic approaches. Although evidence of the presence of these viruses exists in nearly every phylum of fungi, the vast majority are still a mystery. Despite their significance, mycoviruses are typically asymptomatic, which makes them very useful. Uneven development, unusual colouration, and even alterations to sexual reproduction in some hosts have all been attributed to Mycoviruses. Their primary effect a reduction in the virulence of their host has given them increased significance for controlling plant diseases. The term "hypovirulence" is used to describe diminished pathogenicity. Mycoviruses have gained prominence due to the hypovirulence phenomenon, which can potentially lessen the damage to crops and trees caused by their host fungus. In Pakistan, few mycoviruses have been discovered. This review article discusses the history, taxonomy, and usage of mycoviruses as biological agents, their interaction with the fungal host, reports of mycoviruses, and challenges of research on mycoviruses in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed to explore the phytotoxic potential of Sonchus oleraceus L. on the emergence and seedling growth of Echinocloa cruss-galli L. and quantification of allelochemicals present in leaves, stem and fruit of S. oleraceus weed. The experiment comprised of aqueous extracts of leaf, roots and fruits applied at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8% (w/v) along with a control (0%). Data regarding seed emergence, emergence index, emergence percentage, root length, shoot length and seedling dry weight were recorded. All the tested concentrations of all the parts of S. oleraceus significantly inhibited the seed emergence, emergence index, emergence percentage (%), growth and delayed mean emergence time and time taken to 50% emergence of E. cruss-galli. However, maximum mean emergence time (5.20 days) and time taken to 50% emergence (3.49 days), were noted at 8% concentration of fruit and leaf aqueous extracts, respectively. Fruit aqueous extract at 8% concentration caused the lowest germination index (1.70), germination percentage (40%), root length (0.09 cm), shoot length (0.45 cm) and dry weight (0.16 g) of E. cruss-galli. Results suggested that the extract of S. oleraceus weed at concentration (8%) can be used as potential bio-herbicide for the control of E. crussgalli weed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allelopathy plays crucial role in effective weed control. Opium (Papaver somniferum L.) crop release different allelochemicals at maturity which have potential to act as natural weed killer in different crops. Phytotoxic effect of poppy (P. somniferum) was examined on emergence and initial seedling growth of red rice (Oryza punctate L.). Aqueous extract of different plant parts (leaves, stem and flower) was used at various concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4% and 8%) along with distilled water as control. The aqueous extracts of leaves, stem and flower of P. somniferum significantly inhibited the emergence, seedling growth as well as root length (cm), shoot length (cm), fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) of O. punctata. Maximum mean emergence time (9.18 days) and minimum shoot length (1.13 cm) emergence index (0.89) and emergence percentage (6.67%) was observed under fruit extract at 8% concentration. P. somniferum aqueous extract of stem at 8% concentration took maximum time to complete 50% emergence and gave minimum root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of O. punctata. Based on these finding it can be concluded that the phyto-chemicals present in P. somniferum can be used as eco-friendly O. punctata growth inhibitor to manage this weed in crops especially under organic cropping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malocclusion is one of the most prevalent dental problems observed in children which may cause oral health problems, loss of function and psychosocial problems related to impaired dentofacial aesthetics. Malocclusion and dental caries have a negative impact on Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and dental caries in school children, using Index Of Orthodontic Treatment Need (Dental Health Component) IOTN (DHC) and Decayed, Missing, Filled, Teeth (DMFT) score. Also to evaluate any relationship between malocclusion/ orthodontic treatment need and dental caries. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 574 school children aged 11 to 16 years having permanent dentition, no history of orthodontic treatment and no dental anomalies. Each student's number of DMFT was computed and the IOTN (DHC) was recorded based on contact point displacement only. Results of the current study which comprised of 574 school children, with 320 males and 254 females, exhibited a mean IOTN grade of 2.4 ± 1.016 and a mean DMFT score of 2.57 ± 2.7. The prevalence of malocclusion was found to be 75.6% while the prevalence of dental caries was 64.6%. The Pearson correlation coefficient found a significant correlation between IOTN and DMFT scores. The brushing frequency and gender did not correlate with DMFT scores, while sugar intake, age and SES had a significant correlation with DMFT. Taking IOTN into consideration, age and diet showed no correlation with it, whereas gender and Socio Economic Status (SES) status displayed a significant correlation with IOTN grades. The current study yielded a significant correlation between malocclusion and dental caries. Healthy diet and proper brushing technique are important to maintain a healthy dentition, despite the presence of malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temporomandibular disorders affect a considerable percentage of population. Myofascial pain is the most common of temporomandibular pain due to occlusal disharmony, jaw clenching, anxiety and other factors. The objective of this study was to compare the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders with magnetic resonance imaging to determine validity for correct clinical diagnosis of patients having myofascial pain. The diagnoses from the clinical examination of 54 joints in 27 patients were compared with magnetic resonance imaging diagnoses. The readers of magnetic resonance images were blinded to the clinical diagnoses. Comparative cross sectional study was undertaken. 38 joints (70.4%) were clinically diagnosed with myofascial pain whereas 29 joints (53.7%) were shown to have myofascial pain by MRI examination. The results of our study showed that clinical diagnosis according to research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders is insufficiently reliable for diagnostic accuracy in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging, a gold standard. The kappa value for the agreement between clinical and magnetic resonance imaging diagnoses was 0.045. Kappa statistics measures the agreement in excess of chance with kappa values ranging between 0 and 1; values lower than 0.4 are considered to have poor agreement and 1.0 represents perfect agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malocclusion is one of the most prevalent dental problems observed in children which may cause oral health problems, loss of function and psychosocial problems related to impaired dentofacial aesthetics. Malocclusion and dental caries have a negative impact on Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and dental caries in school children, using Index Of Orthodontic Treatment Need (Dental Health Component) IOTN (DHC) and Decayed, Missing, Filled,Teeth (DMFT) score.Also to evaluate any relationship between malocclusion/ orthodontic treatment need and dental caries. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 574 school children aged 11 to 16 years having permanent dentition, no history of orthodontic treatment and no dental anomalies. Each student's number of DMFT was computed and the IOTN (DHC) was recorded based on contact point displacement only. Results of the current study which comprised of 574 school children, with 320 males and 254 females, exhibited a mean IOTN grade of 2.4 ± 1.016 and a mean DMFT score of 2.57 ± 2.7. The prevalence of malocclusion was found to be 75.6% while the prevalence of dental caries was 64.6%. The Pearson correlation coefficient found a significant correlation between IOTN and DMFT scores. The brushing frequency and gender did not correlate with DMFT scores, while sugar intake, age and SES had a significant correlation with DMFT. Taking IOTN into consideration, age and diet showed no correlation with it, whereas gender and Socio Economic Status (SES) status displayed a significant correlation with IOTN grades. The current study yielded a significant correlation between malocclusion and dental caries. Healthy diet and proper brushing technique are important to maintain a healthy dentition, despite the presence of malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome of wire osteosynthesis with bone plating in the management of zygomatic complex (ZMC) fractures. The rationale was to enable the oral and maxillofacial surgeon to select either of the treatment procedure with confidence., Methods: In this quasi experimental study, Sixty five patients of ZMC fractures were randomly allocated in groups of bone plating and wire osteosynthesis. This was done through envelope draw method. Three points fixation with either of the treatment modality was undertaken. Titanium bone plating or stain less steel wire osteosynthesis was carried out at frontozygomatic suture, infra orbital rim and at zygomaticomaxillary buttress., Results: In this quasi experimental study, three patients failed to follow up. There were 31 patients in each group. Infra orbital step defect was observed in one patient of wire osteosynthesis and two patients of bone plating. Mild facial deformity was observed in two patients of wire osteosynthesis while none in that of bone plating., Conclusion: There is insignificant difference of proportion of infra orbital step defect and facial deformity between wire osteosynthesis and bone plating.

Background: Root resorption is one of the most common and undesirable sequelea of orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount of root resorption in permanent incisors during 3 month active period of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy using periapical radiographs., Methods: Periapical radiographs of a total of 138 permanent teeth (n = 138, mandibular n1 = 52, maxillary n2 = 86) were evaluated for root resorption. All patients were treated with 3M MBT multi-bonded, pre-adjusted appliances with 0.022 inch slots. Initial levelling and alignment was achieved with 0.0175 inch co-axial wires. All four incisors (maxillary and mandibular) were measured for any change in root length. The change in root length between T0 (pre-treatment) and T1 (post-treatment) was measured in millimetres and expressed in terms of percentage of original root length., Results: The mean pre treatment (T0) root length for the maxillary teeth (n1 = 62) was 19.27 +/- 2.86 mm and 20.01 +/- 2.57 mm for the mandibular teeth (n2 = 31). The post-treatment (T1) root length for the maxillary teeth was 18.96 +/- 2.85 mm and 19.49 +/- 2.4 mm for the mandibular teeth showing a mean resorption of 0.31 mm and 0.52 mm for the maxillary and mandibular teeth respectively., Conclusion: Root resorption was strongly correlated with active orthodontic appliance therapy with maxillary and mandibular incisors being most susceptible. It was found that root resorption can be detected even in the early levelling and alignment stages of orthodontic treatment.