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The removal of COD from wastewater generated by petroleum refinery has been investigated by adopting electrocoagulation (EC) combined with adsorption using activated carbon (AC) derived from avocado seeds. The process variables influencing COD removal were studied: current density (2-10 mA/cm²), pH (4-9), and AC dosage (0.2-1 g/L). Response surface methodology (RSM) based on Box--Behnken design (BBD) was used to construct a mathematical model of the EC/AC process. Results showed that current density has the major effect on the COD removal with a percent of contribution 32.78% followed by pH while AC dosage has not a remarkable effect due to the good characteristics of AC derived from avocado seeds. Increasing current density gives better results while neutral conditions are suitable for EC/AC. The optimized conditions for higher removal of COD adopting the combined process were a current density of 10 mA/cm², AC dosage of 0.2 g/L, and pH of 6.8 in which a removal efficiency of 81.6% was attained. The combining of EC with adsorption showed that adding a suitable amount of AC derived from avocado seeds resulted in enhancement of COD removal from 63.45% to 81.4%. Based on this high removal efficiency, the EC/AC could be adopted instead of traditional EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental pollution is experiencing an alarming surge within the global ecosystem, warranting urgent attention. Among the significant challenges that demand immediate resolution, effective treatment of industrial pollutants stands out prominently, which for decades has been the focus of most researchers for sustainable industrial development aiming to remove those pollutants and recover some of them. The liquid membrane (LM) method, specifically electromembrane extraction (EME), offers promise. EME deploys an electric field, reducing extraction time and energy use while staying eco-friendly. However, there's a crucial knowledge gap. Despite strides in understanding and applying EME, optimizing it for diverse industrial pollutants and environmental conditions remains uncharted. Future research must expand EME's applicability, assess its environmental impact versus other methods, and boost scalability, cost-effectiveness, and energy efficiency in industry. Advances in novel liquid membrane materials can enhance extraction efficiency and selectivity, aiming to provide efficient, sustainable industrial pollutant treatment. This research provides a review of the existing practices in the field of liquid membranes when coupled with the application of an electric field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, clean water has become increasingly scarce because of the highly consumption by human and industry. Therefore, a huge amount of wastewater was discharged to the environment and their treatment is essential by using cost-effective methods. In this study, wastewater from petroleum refinery was processed by an electrochemical oxidation using two types of anodic materials graphite and SnO2 film deposited on Cu substrate. SnO2 anode was prepared from nitrate media and characterized by XRD and SEM. Experiments were conducted to determine the performance of each electrode at a current density of 12 mA/cm2 in the absence of NaCl addition. The SnO2 electrode showed better processing ability than the graphite electrode at the same current density in case of no addition of NaCl. Addition NaCl resulted in increasing the activity of graphite in the treatment of wastewater but never exceeded the efficiency of SnO2. The best removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) at a current density of 12 mA/cm2 and 150 min was 79% in case of SnO2 in comparison with 72% in case of using graphite with addition of NaCl. Energy consumption in case of SnO2 was 9.93 kWh/kg COD which is very low in comparison with the using of graphite (49.6 kWh/kg COD). The decay of COD was found to obey pseudo first order for anodic oxidation using SnO2 or graphite electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)