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Objectives: To evaluate and compare the injuries of Olympic wrestlers during the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games held in August 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: In this descriptive epidemiological study, injury report forms were used to collect and analyse injury data during the competitions., Results: During 410 matches in the Rio Olympic Games, 21 injuries were recorded among 346 wrestlers (112=women), a rate of 5.1 injuries/100 bouts and 6.1 injuries/100 athletes. During 322 matches in the Tokyo Olympic Games, 28 injuries were recorded among 287 wrestlers (96=women), with 8.7 injuries/100 bouts and 9.8 injuries/100 athletes. However, these apparent differences in injury rates between Tokyo and Rio were not statistically significant (injuries/bout: p=0.057, 95% CI: 0.31 to 1.02; injuries/athlete: p=0.087, 95% CI: 0.33 to 1.08). Mild injuries comprised the greatest proportion of injuries in both Olympic Games. Severe injuries accounted for 0%, 16.7% and 36.4% of injuries in Greco-Roman, Freestyle and Women's wrestling, respectively., Conclusion: Most wrestling injuries in the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games were mild skin injuries in the head and face regions due to direct body contact during standing positions in the 1/8-final round of wrestling competitions. No critical injury was observed during the recent Olympic Games. Attention should be drawn to preventing upper limb joint dislocations as common severe injuries in both Olympic Games. While not statistically significant, the Tokyo Games, after the COVID-19 pandemic, witnessed a higher injury occurrence than the Rio Games., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2024. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Total antioxidative activity, activity of water soluble fraction of antioxidative system, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in brain, liver, myocard, skeletal muscle, kidney and serum at hypothermia 30 degrees C, 20 degrees C and self-warming from 20 degrees C to 37 degrees C were studied. Activity of antioxidative system is sustained at high level, except superoxide dismutase. The latter is activated significantly at 30 degrees C hypothermia prolonged up to 3 h. Dalargin injection 30 min before onset of cooling stabilizes the erythrocyte membrane without enhancement of antioxidative activity in majority of investigated tissues.

We studied the total antioxidant activity, as well as the activity of the water-soluble portion of the antioxidant system and the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase in the brain, liver, heart muscle, skeletal muscle, kidneys and blood serum of 1, 4, 6, 30, and 90-120-day-old rats. High antioxidant activity was detected in the tissues of the newborn animals. In the majority of the tissues, the total antioxidant activity and catalase activity peaked at days 14-30 of development. Some tissue specificity of age-related changes has been found for individual components of the antioxidant system.

The rate of lipid peroxidation was studied in rat brain, liver, skeletal muscles and myocardial tissues in dynamics of hypothermia. Cooling of the animals down to 30 degrees induced lipid peroxidation, which was markedly expressed within 3-hour continuation of the treatment. Profound hypothermia (20 degrees) increased levels of malonic dialdehyde in the tissues studied by 30-160%, while prolongation of the impairment up to 3 hrs resulted in normalization of the lipid peroxidation parameters studied. The artificial hexapeptide dalargin, similar to leu-enkephalin, inhibited the rate of lipid peroxidation in profound hypothermia both in vivo and in vitro.