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There is currently an intense debate about the potential for additional organic carbon storage in soil, the strategies by which it may be accomplished and what the actual benefits might be for agriculture and the climate. Controversy forms an essential part of the scientific process, but on the topic of soil carbon storage, it may confuse the agricultural community and the general public and may delay actions to fight climate change. In an attempt to shed light on this topic, the originality of this article lies in its intention to provide a balanced description of contradictory scientific opinions on soil carbon storage and to examine how the scientific community can support decision-making despite the controversy. In the first part, we review and attempt to reconcile conflicting views on the mechanisms controlling organic carbon dynamics in soil. We discuss the divergent opinions about chemical recalcitrance, the microbial or plant origin of persistent soil organic matter, the contribution of particulate organic matter to additional organic carbon storage in soil, and the spatial and energetic inaccessibility of soil organic matter to decomposers. In the second part, we examine the advantages and limitations of big data management and modeling, which are essential tools to link the latest scientific theories with the actions taken by stakeholders. Finally, we show how the analysis and discussion of controversies can guide scientists in supporting stakeholders for the design of (i) appropriate trade-offs for biomass use in agriculture and forestry and (ii) climate-smart management practices, keeping in mind their still unresolved effects on soil carbon storage.

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International audience; Background and aims Grassland management practices alter plant litter input into soil in terms of quantity and quality via defoliation, nutrient input and trampling. These alterations may impact litter decomposition and soil organic matter (SOM) quality and quantity. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of four grassland management practices (unmanaged, low and high intensity grazing, and mowing) on organic matter (OM) input quality and its relation with SOM composition. Methods We considered three types of OM input: aboveground and belowground material from living plants and partly degraded aboveground litter. We assessed their quality based on their elemental (C and N) contents, their stable carbon isotope (C-13) and their lignin composition. Results The results showed that C/N ratios differed among plant-derived OM input types but did not vary among treatments. In contrast, lignin biogeochemistry and lignin/N ratios of plant tissues were differentiated according to input type and treatment. High grazing intensity resulted in the lowest lignin/N ratios of aboveground litter. Lignin chemistry of all plant OM input types under grazing treatments indicated low maturity stage. Despite the similar lignin contribution to soil carbon under all grassland management practices, soil lignin was more degraded under mowing than under the other practices. Conclusions We conclude that grassland management may have an impact on SOM composition by altering plant OM input composition rather than its stoichiometry.

This paper presents plans and efforts on European Union (EU) Member States (MSs) (including Norway and Iceland)-specific support for monitoring emissions and removals from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) which are built on existing and forthcoming Copernicus data and services. Land use and change between land uses are mapped using at top level and appropriate sub-categories in accordance to the current the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines to allow MSs to calculate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals. We discuss findings on (1) technical needs in Member State (MS) for meeting technical requirements of reporting the GHG emissions and removals, (2) definition and implementation of improved national and pan-European methodologies and technical solutions such as tools or software or integrated data sets meeting the needs of the LULUCF regulation including the calculation of carbon stock change and the GHG emissions and removals and (3) training and workshops for the relevant services in MSs.

The introduction of temporary grassland into an annual crop rotation is recognized to improve soil ecosystem services, and resulting legacies can be beneficial for the following crops. In this context, the aim of the present study was to evaluate legacy effects of introducing temporary grassland into an annual crop rotation on five ecosystem services (i) soil structure maintenance (aggregate stability), (ii) water regulation (saturated hydraulic conductivity), (iii) biodiversity conservation (microbial biomass and microbial metabolic activity, as well as microorganism, enchytraeid, springtail and earthworm communities), (iv) pathogen regulation (soil suppressiveness to Verticillium dahliae), and (v) forage production and quality. Three crop rotation schemes, maintained for twelve years, were compared in four random blocks, one being an annual crop rotation without grassland (0%), another with a medium percentage of grassland (50%, corresponding to 3 years of continuous grassland in the crop rotation), and a third one with a high percentage of grassland in the crop rotation (75%, corresponding to 6 years of continuous grassland in the crop rotation). The results showed that the grassland introduction into an annual crop rotation improved, whatever the duration of the grassland, soil structure maintenance and biodiversity conservation, while it decreased pathogen regulation and did not modify water regulation. Comparing the two crop rotations that included grassland, indicated a stronger beneficial grassland legacy effect for the higher proportion of grassland concerning soil structure maintenance and biodiversity conservation. By contrast, water regulation, pathogen regulation and forage production were not affected by the legacy of the 75% grassland during the rotation. Overall, our findings demonstrated the extent to which grassland legacies are affecting the current state of soil properties and possible ecosystem services provided. To improve ecosystem services, soil management should take legacy effects into account and consider longer timeframes to apply beneficial practices., This work was supported by the EU SoilMan project (grant number 01LC1620) funded through the 2015–2016 BiodivERsA COFUND call for research proposals, with national funders the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), the French National Research Agency (ANR), the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), the Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI), the European Regional Development Fund (Centre of Excellence EcolChange). We would like to thank the National Research Infrastructure “Agro-écosystèmes, Cycles Biogéochimique et Biodiversité” (ACBB) http://www.soere-acbb for providing access to an excellent field experiment and the “the AnaEE France (ANR-11-INBS-0001)”, “AllEnvi” and “CNRS-INSU” which support it. We thank Météo France for meteorological data.

International audience; This study tested the possible root biomass improvements in crop rotations after the conversion of grasslands, and crop samples from maize, winter wheat, and winter barley were collected during 2011-2013 from a long-term experimental site in Lusignan, France (http://www.soere-acbb). Root biomass C quantification was performed using delta C-13 isotopic signatures to determine the presence of both C3 and C4 plants. We also calculated the recovery rate of maize root biomass C. The results showed that after crop rotations, 0-60 cm root biomass C values were 44.1, 34.2, and 18.7 g C m(-2) for maize, winter wheat, and winter barley respectively. The Root biomass C of crops after conversion to grassland was approximately 2-3 times those observed after crop rotations. However, incorporating ley grassland duration into crop rotations showed limited improvements in shoot biomass C and grain yield of the crops, regardless of the decreased rate of N fertilizer for maize. Moreover, root biomass C had a significant relationship with N supply from residues (P

International audience; Many temperate grasslands are used for dairying, and ongoing research aims to better understand these systems in order to increase animal production and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. However, it is difficult to fully understand management effects on SOC because most changes are slow and difficult to distinguish from natural variability, even if changes are important over years to decades. Eddy covariance (EC) measurements can overcome this problem by continuously measuring net carbon exchange from pastures, but net balances are very sensitive to even small systematic measurement errors. Combining EC measurements with detailed process-based modelling can reduce the risks inherent in total reliance on EC measurements. Modelling can also reveal information about the underlying processes that drive observed fluxes. Here, we describe carbon exchange patterns of five paddocks situated at four different locations in New Zealand and France where EC data and detailed physiological modelling were available. The work showed that respiration by grazing animals was often only incompletely captured in EC measurements. This was most problematic when fluxes were based on gap-filling, which could have estimated incorrect fluxes during grazing periods based on observations from periods without grazing. We then aimed to extract plant physiological insights from these studies. We found appreciable carbon uptake rates even at temperatures below 0 degrees C. After grazing, carbon uptake was reduced for up to 2 weeks. This reduction was larger than expected from reduced leaf area after grazing, but the factors contributing to that difference have not yet been identified. Detailed physiological models can also extrapolate findings to new management regimes, environmental conditions or plant attributes. This overcomes the limitation of experimental studies, which are necessarily restricted to actual site and weather conditions allowing models to make further progress on predicting management effects on SOC.

In subtropical lowlands, the introduction of soybean and livestock in rotation are an alternative to rice monoculture. Due to the nutrient cycling process improved by animal grazing in winter fertilized pastures, soybean may not respond to mineral fertilization under a no-till integrated crop&ndash, livestock system (ICLS). Thus, the objectives of this study were to evaluate (i) the soybean yield response to different fertilization levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and (ii) the relationship between soybean yield and soil chemical properties sampled in different soil layers, in a no-till ICLS in subtropical lowlands. Two field studies were conducted in a system that included a soybean-flooded rice rotation integrated with cattle grazing during the winter season. During the 2015/2016 cropping season, five levels of P and K fertilization were applied to the soil. During the 2017/2018 cropping season, the relationships between soybean yield and soil chemical properties were evaluated under no fertilization treatment. Soybean yield under an ICLS did not respond to P and K fertilization, even when the soil P level was below the critical threshold. The associations between soybean yield and soil chemical properties were greatest in the 10&ndash, 20 cm soil layer as compared with the 0&ndash, 10 cm soil layer, especially for available P, followed by pH and soil organic matter (SOM). The crop rotation and ICLS adoption under no-till reduced the soybean reliance for mineral fertilization prior to cropping. Results of this study inform producers of possible fertilization adjustments, in which supplementing mineral fertilizer for soybean may not be necessary.

Lowland soils represent 4 to 6% of the earth's surface, covering an area of 7 to 9 million km2. Most of these areas can be used for flooded rice cultivation, as a paddy field. These soils commonly have low fertility due to the traditional flooded rice cultivation systems, which are based on intensive soil tillage and rice monocropping. On the other hand, soil conservation management systems, such as no-tillage and integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) may increase the soil fertility and consequently improve rice yield. In lowlands, these practices are contributing to sustainable soil management. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate soil fertility properties by measuring soil organic matter (SOM) and soil available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) contents, five years after the adoption of different paddy-farming systems in an Albaqualf soil. The long-term ICLS experiment is located in Cristal county, Rio Grande do Sul State, in Southern Brazil. The systems consisted of two ICLS under no-tillage (NT), in comparison to the traditional system (S1) of flooded rice cultivation under soil disturbance, rice monocropping, and winter fallow. The ICLS systems were based in: rice cultivation in summer season and pasture (annual ryegrass) with cattle grazing in winter season (S2), and crop rotation (rice and soybean) in summer season and livestock production in winter season (S3). In 2013, at the beginning of the experiment, and after five years (2018), soil samples were collected in the 0–10 and 10–20 cm layers, and then the SOM, and available P and K contents were analyzed. Regarding the rice yield, S2 and S3 always had higher rice yields than S1. The S2 and S3 showed increases in yields of 8.9 and 16.4% in relation to S1, with average yields of 11.3 and 12.1 Mg ha-1, respectively. In addition to S3 having the highest rice yields, it also had high soybean yields for lowland environment in the period evaluated, with an average of 3.8 Mg ha-1. After five years, S2 and S3 increased SOM contents by 27% and 50%, respectively, in the 0–20 cm soil layer. Similar behavior was verified in available P, with decrease of 4.6 mg dm-3 in S1 and increase of 16.0 mg dm-3 in the S3 compared to the initial evaluation. The available K content was higher in S3 (79.3 mg dm-3), followed by S2 (68.1 mg dm-3) and S1 (59.5 mg dm-3) on average of two years evaluated, in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Therefore, the results shows that NT adoption, combined with crop rotation and ICLS, improve soil fertility attributes, which results in high rice yields over time, reaching the sustainable intensification of lowlands.

Grassland management practices, such as grazing with varying animal density and mowing may impact the processes leading to soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation. Although, they serve similar agricultural purposes, they differ in their effect on plant physiology and their influence on SOC remains uncertain. We hypothesised that both practices affect SOC storage differently due to an altered plant C input and changed growth and physiological response leading consequently to contrasting soil microbial activity.Based on this, our experiment included the investigation of three grassland treatments: grazing at two intensities and mowing which are located at the experimental station of SOERE ACBB (Clermont-Ferrand, France). Additionally, we included bare soil and unmanaged abandoned site considering as negative and positive controls, accordingly. The aim of the study was to estimate how grazing and mowing affect SOC chemical characteristics and its link with microbial activity.Our results show highest SOC contents under low grazing intensity, whereas SOC content under high grazing intensity was lower and did not differ from abandoned grassland. SOC content under mowing was lowest among all treatments but still higher compared to bare soil. Microbial biomass C (MBC) followed a similar pattern under high grazing intensity and positive control whereas it was similar under mowing and low grazing intensity and lowest under bare soil. Absolute enzyme activities showed a similar tendency as SOC content. However, enzyme activities per MBC resulted in highest values under low grazing intensity and similarly lower values under all other treatments.These results demonstrate that microbial parameters responded to management in various ways most probably related to the differences in dung and litter inputs. We suggest that dung input under high grazing intensity increased MBC and consequently compensated for plant removal thus keeping SOC contents increasing. Consequently, grazing at both intensities allows to maintain SOC at similar levels as in absence of management. While on unmanaged land high SOC may be related to absence of harvest, on grazed land it may be related to stimulation of microbial activity due to animal activity. Mowing treatment on the other hand did not allow to increase SOC.We conclude that the presence of animals in the system is essential to improve soil heath, biogeochemical cycling, and SOC storage.

Agriculture is intimately affected by climate change (atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, precipitation and patterns of climate extremes), and there are major societal concerns about climate change effects on agriculture lands and hence food security in the 21st century. Despite those concerns, there is still only poor understanding of the possible impacts of climate change on the productivity and carbon dynamics of rain-fed pastoral systems in France, particularly their direction and magnitude over long time scales. The present study uses 3 scenarios (e.g. RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5) of possible future climatic conditions and assesses their effects on productivity and SOC stocks of mowed and rotationally grazed grasslands. We used the CenW ecosystem model to simulate carbon, water, and nitrogen cycles in response to changes in environmental drivers and management practices. The simulations indicated that grassland productivity was increased through CO2 fertilization and higher water use efficiencies but that SOC losses between 5% and 23% (if CO2 fertilization is not accounted for in the simulations) are expected due to higher temperatures and biomass exports. Such losses may further affect climate feedback loop and jeopardize the agroecosystem sustainability. More extreme climate events were expected under more pessimistic climate change scenarios with very different outcomes if the CO2 fertilization effect is accounted for or not. This study showed that under the current management practices implemented at the study site, soil C losses were expected over the 21st century under climate change conditions, highlighting the need to modify/adapt farming practices.

To investigate the impact of integrating ley grassland in crop rotations on soil C changes at depths of 0–30 and 0–60 cm, field data regarding C input, soil C and crop production were collected during 2005–2016 from a long-term experimental site in Lusignan, southwestern France. Root biomass C was sampled annually, and the stable C isotope signature (δ13C) was determined to quantify the amount of C input from the root biomass. The results showed that integrating ley grassland in crop rotations increased the C input in the 0–30 and 0–60 cm soil layers. Carbon stocks also increased in the 0–30 cm soil layer but not always in the 0–60 cm layer. However, during the first full rotation (2005–2013), treatments involving 3-year and 6-year grasslands showed 37.5% and 62.5% losses of their crop production, respectively. In crop rotations, integrating ley grassland together with high-nitrogen (N) or low-N fertilisation did not impact the C input, changes in soil C in either the 0–30 or 0–60 cm soil layer, or even crop production, while grass production decreased by 22.2–66.6% under low-N fertilisation. Compared with cropland, permanent grassland did not show a greater C input, whereas the latter showed a C stock increase of 0.6–1.4 Mg C ha−1 yr−1. The analysis of 2005–2013 crop rotation data suggested that both above- and belowground C inputs should be considered as a single total C input. An estimated baseline C input rate of 1.9 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 was suggested to maintain soil C stocks for some of the crop rotations at the site. Considering the balance of food production and soil C stocks, crop rotation in conjunction with 3 years of high-N-fertilised grassland is recommended.

International audience; Effective indicators of plant nitrogen (N) nutrition are needed to improve N management in grasslands. This is particularly the case for mixtures that rely on N fixation by legumes as a major N input, because no reference tool such as the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) exists under these conditions. The aims of this study were to test the reliability of a plant-based index, the N concentration of upper leaves in the canopy (Nup), as a possible alternative for NNI in both pure and mixed grasslands. Data were gathered from four experiments covering a range of pure and mixed grasslands under different N fertilization levels. A cross-validation of Nup predictions against NNI in pure stands, and against two NNI-derived indices in mixtures, was performed. The Nup values appeared to be linearly related to NNI in pure stands of both grasses and legumes. The relationship was identical for the two groups of species and explained up to 86% of NNI variability. In mixtures, Nup also displayed a linear relationship with the two other tested indices, explaining 65% and 78% of variability. The conclusions of the three indices diverged with respect to strongly unbalanced mixtures, where the assumptions regarding the computation of NNI-derived indices were not met. Excluding these situations, the overall relationship between Nup and NNI proved to be identical for mixtures and pure stands. The results suggest that Nup is a valid criterion for plant N nutrition which applies to a broad range of grassland species and to mixture conditions.

International audience; Evaluation of the temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition is critical for forecasting whether soils in a warming world will lose or gain carbon and, therefore, accelerate or mitigate climate warming. It is usually described, using Arrhenius kinetics, as increasing with the stability of the substrate in laboratory conditions, where substrate availability is non-limiting and where chemical recalcitrance, therefore, predominantly regulates stability. However, conditions of non-limiting subtrate availability are rare in the undisturbed soil, where physicochemical protection of substrates may control their stability. The aim of this study was to assess the temperature sensitivity of decomposition of SOM with contrasting stability in the field. Our conceptual approach was based on in situ measurements of soil CO2 efflux at a range of temperatures from root exclusion plots of increasing age (1 month and three decades) and, therefore, with SOM of increasing stability. From a set of short-term measurements in spring, using diurnal temperature variation, the relative temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) with increasing SOM stability, and was weak (Q(10) < 1.3) in long-term root exclusion plots. This result was confirmed in a similar set of short-term measurements repeated later in the year, in summer, as well as from an analysis perfomed at the seasonal timscale. We provide direct field evidence that the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition decreases with increasing stability, in direct contrast with Arrhenius kinetics prediction, and therefore show that stability of SOM in the field cannot be the sole result of chemical recalcitrance. We conclude that the physicochemical protection of SOM, which controls SOM stability in the field, constrains the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition under field conditions. (C) 2019 The Author(s).

Sustainable soil carbon sequestration practices need to be rapidly scaled up and implemented to contribute to climate change mitigation. We highlight that the major potential for carbon sequestration is in cropland soils, especially those with large yield gaps and/or large historic soil organic carbon losses. The implementation of soil carbon sequestration measures requires a diverse set of options, each adapted to local soil conditions and management opportunities, and accounting for site-specific trade-offs. We propose the establishment of a soil information system containing localised information on soil group, degradation status, crop yield gap, and the associated carbon-sequestration potentials, as well as the provision of incentives and policies to translate management options into region- and soil-specific practices., Reducing soil degradation and improving soil management could make an important contribute to climate change mitigation. Here the authors discuss opportunities and challenges towards implementing a global climate mitigation strategy focused on carbon sequestration in agricultural soils, and propose a framework for guiding region- and soil-specific management options.

International audience; Phosphorus fertilization and liming are alternatives used to increase forage production in Southern Brazil grasslands (Pampa grasslands) and to avoid its replacement by cultivated exotic crops. However, changes in natural soil fertility can significantly affect the equilibrium of natural vegetation communities. We hypothesized that triple and simple superphosphate and limestone using would lead to greater increase in dry matter production and to changes in the botanical composition and richness of Pampa grassland plant species than the use of lesser soluble P sources (phosphate rock) or no liming treatment. To test our hypotheses, we assessed a 21-year-old field trial to identify its forage production pattern, based on P sources and liming application. The vegetation was studied in 2009 and 2018, based on the following variables: Shannon and Pielou indices, species richness, dry matter and plant groups (species grouped based on growth form, life period, photosynthetic pathway, morphology and growing season). Soil chemical properties in the 0-10 cm layer were also evaluated in 2018. According to the long-term evaluation, two high dry matter yield periods were observed after P fertilization (55 % and 25 % higher dry matter yield, on average). Each of these periods was followed by decreased dry matter yield, regardless of the P source. Species richness did not show changes overtime, although there was high turnover of plant species. Soluble fertilizer usage resulted in increased dry matter production and in the replacement of large proportions of species, mainly in tussock grasses and forbs groups. The contribution of legume species for dry matter production increased due to the combined effect of phosphate fertilizers and limestone. However, maintaining forage production levels higher than without phosphorus fertilization requires regular supply of soluble phosphorus fertilizers, which, in the present case, cannot exceed three years.

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We identified and quantified specific biomarkers of shoots and roots (cutin and suberin-derived compounds, respectively) of three grassland species (Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Lolium perenne L.) in soil under different land use (grass, crop and bare soil) of the SOERE-ACBB experimental site in Lusignan (France). We also investigated the fate of these markers in soil after conversion from grassland (C3 plants) to Zea mays L. (maize) (C4 plant) with natural 13C isotope abundances. Our results indicated that 9-hydroxy hexadecanedioic acid and 8(9)(10),16-dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid may be used as biomarkers for above-ground biomass, whereas 1,22-docosandioic acid, 22-hydroxy docosanoic acid and 24-hydroxy tetracosanoic acid might be the best below-ground biomarkers for the plants investigated under the experimental conditions studied. The presence, concentration and shoot–root allocation pattern of these markers were different from those described for other species, which demonstrates the importance of verifying biomarker specificity for each species. Concentrations of cutin and suberin were largest in soil under maize and smallest under bare soil; this corresponded to the biomass added to the two soils. Suberin decreased by 40–64% and cutin by 24–40% during a 6-year bare fallow, which indicates that root markers were more sensitive than shoot markers to degradation. Changes in 13C isotopic signatures of specific biomarkers after 6 years of maize showed a faster turnover of root than shoot biomarkers, in spite of the much smaller root inputs from maize than from grasses. The sequestration of suberin in soil was more rapid but less durable than that of cutin.

In terrestrial ecosystems, plants are the transducers that provide the energy for microbial metabolism through root exudation, cell sloughing, and the input of leaf and root litter. They have profound impacts on biogeochemical cycles and are pivotal control points in the soil for the regulation of ecosystem biogeochemistry. Plant biomass is composed of C-, N-, and P-containing molecules, which are synthesized during plant growth after assimilation of atmospheric CO2 and mineral nutrients, thus leading to coupling of elemental cycles. Plant-derived litter compounds will undergo different fates depending upon their properties, their localization, and availability to the soil microbial biomass. Microbial degradation leads to decoupling of C, N, and P cycles, and it results in CO2 emission and nutrient release. Soluble N and P forms are susceptible to be lost from the system if not taken up by plants or microorganisms. On the other hand, microbial activity stimulated by plant-derived organic matter input may also reuse these mineral N and P and recouple them with C. All three processes may be influenced by plant activity. Plants are able to control microbial processes by exudation of signalling molecules and to closely interact with rhizosphere microorganisms. In addition, CNP coupling and decoupling may be controlled by plants through their symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. The aim of this chapter is to shed light on plants' impact on the processes involved in the coupling and decoupling processes, which control stoichiometric relationships in different ecosystems, and to show how they control carbon sequestration and other ecosystem services. By understanding the plants' control on CNP cycles, important advances for the understanding of biogeochemical feedbacks, which may ultimately constrain long-term ecosystem responses to global change, can be achieved.

Increasing soil carbon stocks in agricultural grasslands has a strong potential to mitigate climate change. However, large uncertainties around the drivers of soil respiration hinder our ability to identify management practices that enhance soil carbon sequestration. In a context where more intense and prolonged droughts are predicted in many regions, it is critical to understand how different management practices will temper drought-induced carbon losses through soil respiration. In this study, we compared the impact of changing soil volumetric water content during a drought on soil respiration in permanent grasslands managed either as grazed by dairy cows or as a mowing regime. Across treatments, root biomass explained 43% of the variability in soil respiration (p &lt, 0.0001). Moreover, analysis of the isotopic composition of CO2 emitted from the soil, roots, and root-free soil suggested that the autotrophic component largely dominated soil respiration. Soil respiration was positively correlated with soil water content (p = 0.03) only for the grazed treatment. Our results suggest that the effect of soil water content on soil respiration was attributable mainly to an effect on root and rhizosphere activity in the grazed treatment. We conclude that farm management practices can alter the relationship between soil respiration and soil water content.

Qualité des Milieux Naturels

‘4 per 1,000’ initiative will boost soil carbon for climate and food security

Chapitre 5; National audience