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The importance of this investigation is to examine the heat and mass transportation of magneto nanofluid movement along a heated sheet with exponential temperature-dependent density, entropy optimization, thermal buoyancy, activation energy, and chemical reaction aspects. The influence of these factors in cutting tools by means of machining and nanofluid lubrication is a significant process in cutting zone, chip cleaning, lubricating, and cooling productivity in milling. The corresponding energy activation and chemical process are essential to understand the thermal behavior of nanofluid. The appropriate transformations are used to solve nonlinear partial differential equations within the framework of ordinary differential equations using stream functions and similarity variables. The Keller box method is employed to efficiently solve these equations computationally under the Newton–Raphson approach. Through tables and figures, the fluid velocity, temperature distribution, and concentration consequences are sketched using various controlling parameters. It is seen that the fluid temperature function increases with noticeable amplitude as the Eckert factor, variable density, chemical-reaction, and activation energy increase. It is found that the noticeable enhancement in heat and mass transportation is deduced for maximum Brownian motion and thermophoresis. This work is important in various applications such as cutting fluids, drilling, brake oil, engine oil, minimum quantity lubrication, enhanced oil recovery, and controlled friction between the tool-chip and tool-work during machining operations.

The term “thermal conductance” is used to describe a material’s ability to transport or conduct heat. Materials with high thermal conductivity are employed as heating elements, while those with poor thermal conductivity are used for insulation purposes. It is known that the thermal conductivity of pure metals decreases as temperature increases. In this study, the primary focus is on the physical assessment of thermal conductivity, entropy, and the improvement rate of thermal density in a magnetic nanofluid. To achieve this, nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations. These equations are further solved using a computational method known as the Keller box technique. Various flow parameters, such as the Eckert number, density parameter, magnetic-force parameter, thermophoretic number, buoyancy number, and Prandtl parameter, are examined for their impact on velocity, temperature distribution, and concentration distribution. For the asymptotic results, the appropriate range of parameters, such as 1.0 ≤ ξ ≤ 5.0, 0.0 ≤ n ≤ 0.9, 0.1 ≤ Ec ≤ 2.0, 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 7.0, 0.1 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.5, and 0.1 ≤ Nb ≤ 0.9, is utilized. The key findings of this study are related to the assessment of heat transfer in a magnetic nanofluid considering thermal conductivity, entropy generation, and temperature density. It is observed that the temperature distribution increases as entropy generation increases. From a physical perspective, thermal conductivity acts as a facilitating factor in enhancing heat transfer. The study concludes by emphasizing the consistency achieved through a comparison of the latest findings with previously reported analyses.

This study investigates the effects of activation energy and chemical reactions on the boundary layer flow around a wedge that is moving in a nanofluid. To represent the problem, nonlinear partial differential equations are utilized. These equations can be reduced to nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. These equations are numerically solved using the Keller Box technique, and then their numerical and pictorial solutions are studied using MATLAB. The study looks at the relationship between the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles and important factors such as the Prandtl number, constant moving parameter, activation energy, and reaction rate. The parametric range of factors such as 0.1 ≤ λ ≤ 1.0, 0.1 ≤ Le ≤ 3.0, 0.1 ≤ E ≤ 2.0, 0.1 ≤ Pr ≤ 7.0, 0.1 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.5, 0.1 ≤ Nb ≤ 1.0, 0.1 ≤ σ ≤ 3.4, 0.1 ≤ δ ≤ 2.5, and 0.1 ≤ β ≤ 2.0 is utilized. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation is conducted into the remedies for skin friction and heat transmission rate. It is deduced that a growing magnitude in moving fluid velocity is noted for lower Prandtl, moving factor, reaction factor, and greater activation energy. It is depicted that the maximum enhancing magnitude in temperature and concentration with good distributions is examined for each pertinent factor. The growing magnitude of heat transport is noted for lower Lewis and temperature-difference factors but increases as pressure-gradient and Brownian factor rise.

SMEs always need survival tools or strategies such as orientation and capabilities to survive in the competitive market, as they can help in improving performance. Therefore, this research has highlighted important capabilities and orientations influencing SMEs’ performance in Oman. It has examined the effect of supply chain orientation and market orientation on SMEs’ performance with mediating role of innovation capabilities and operational capabilities. Moreover, it investigated the role of strategic flexibility as a moderator between innovation capabilities and SMEs’ performance in Oman. The survey method was used to collect primary data from managers and supervisors of SMEs functional in Oman. Data analysis was done using AMOS, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted. The moderation was examined by using the Hayes process macro on SPSS. The results revealed that market orientation and SC orientation positively influence SMEs’ innovation capabilities, operational capabilities, and performance. These capabilities also help in enhancing performance. Moreover, they mediate the relationship between “supply chain orientation and SMEs’ performance” and “market orientation and SMEs’ performance.” Furthermore, strategic flexibility does not moderate the effect of innovation capabilities on SMEs’ performance.

Abstract Background Academic adjustment is a significant predictor of the academic success of students. The aim of this study is to examine how academic adjustment plays an important role as a moderator in perceived social support, psychological capital, and success outcome relationships among university students. Methods Three hundred seventy-three valid questionnaires were collected from different departments of different universities using convenience sampling method. Smart PLS 3.0 was used for data analysis. Results The study results indicated that perceived social support and psychological capital have a significant direct impact on academic adjustment and academic success. The results of the study also demonstrated that the relationships between perceived social support, psychological capital, and successful outcomes are partially and moderated by academic adjustment. Conclusion This research develops a predictive model for examining students’ academic adjustment to university and the outcomes of success based on social capital theory and conservation of resources theory. The current study suggests that it is necessary for policymakers to make full use of their ability to enable students to adjust to university life effectively. Higher education institutions should therefore pay full attention to the development of students’ academic skills that contribute to academic success.

The present examination of mass and heat communication looks at the impact of induced magnetic field, variable thermal conductivity, and activation energy on the flow of second-order liquid across a stretched surface. The mass-heat transfer is also treated using the Model for generalized Fourier and Fick's Laws. The model equations are transformed as needed to produce a system of nonlinear ODEs, which are then numerically solved with the help of BVP4C integrated MATLAB approach. The heat-mass flow parameters are analyzed by the table and graphs. An increment in the estimations of 2nd grade fluid parameter (β) with magnetic field parameter (M) increase the speed sketch. For the stronger estimations of Schmidt number (Sc), parameter of magnetic field (M) and Eckert number (Ec) have the growing behavior on the temperature profile.

Abstract Non-Newtonian fluids are extensively employed in many different industries, such as the processing of plastics, the creation of electrical devices, lubricating flows, and the production of medical supplies. A theoretical analysis is conducted to examine the stagnation point flow of a 2nd-grade micropolar fluid into a porous material in the direction of a stretched surface under the magnetic field effect, which is stimulated by these applications. The stratification boundary conditions are imposed on the surface of the sheet. Generalized Fourier and Fick’s laws with activation energy is also considered to discuss the heat and mass transportation. To obtain the dimensionless version of the flow modeled equations, an appropriate similarity variables are used. These transfer version of equations is solved numerically by the implement of the BVP4C technique on MATLAB. The graphical and numerical results are obtained for various emerging dimensionless parameters and discussed. It is noted that by the more accurate predictions of $$\varepsilon$$ ε and M, the velocity sketch is decreased due to occurrence of resistance effect. Further, it is seen that larger estimation of micropolar parameter improves the angular velocity of the fluid.

Abstract Background Cervical cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Paucity of data on cervical cancer burden in countries like Pakistan hamper requisite resource allocation. Objective To estimate the burden of cervical cancer in Pakistan using available data sources. Methods We performed a systematic review to identify relevant data on Pakistan between 1995 to 2022. Study data identified through the systematic review that provided enough information to allow age specific incidence rates and age standardized incidence rates (ASIR) calculations for cervical cancer were merged. Population at risk estimates were derived and adjusted for important variables in the care-seeking pathway. The calculated ASIRs were applied to 2020 population estimates to estimate the number of cervical cancer cases in Pakistan. Results A total of 13 studies reported ASIRs for cervical cancer for Pakistan. Among the studies selected, the Karachi Cancer Registry reported the highest disease burden estimates for all reported time periods: 1995–1997 ASIR = 6.81, 1998–2002 ASIR = 7.47, and 2017–2019 ASIR = 6.02 per 100,000 women. Using data from Karachi, Punjab and Pakistan Atomic Energy Cancer Registries from 2015–2019, we derived an unadjusted ASIR for cervical cancer of 4.16 per 100,000 women (95% UI 3.28, 5.28). Varying model assumptions produced adjusted ASIRs ranging from 5.2 to 8.4 per 100,000 women. We derived an adjusted ASIR of 7.60, (95% UI 5.98, 10.01) and estimated 6166 (95% UI 4833, 8305) new cases of cervical cancer per year. Conclusion The estimated cervical cancer burden in Pakistan is higher than the WHO target. Estimates are sensitive to health seeking behavior, and appropriate physician diagnostic intervention, factors that are relevant to the case of cervical cancer, a stigmatized disease in a low-lower middle income country setting. These estimates make the case for approaching cervical cancer elimination through a multi-pronged strategy.

BackgroundSocial media has served as a lucrative platform for spreading misinformation and for promoting fraudulent products for the treatment, testing, and prevention of COVID-19. This has resulted in the issuance of many warning letters by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). While social media continues to serve as the primary platform for the promotion of such fraudulent products, it also presents the opportunity to identify these products early by using effective social media mining methods. ObjectiveOur objectives were to (1) create a data set of fraudulent COVID-19 products that can be used for future research and (2) propose a method using data from Twitter for automatically detecting heavily promoted COVID-19 products early. MethodsWe created a data set from FDA-issued warnings during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. We used natural language processing and time-series anomaly detection methods for automatically detecting fraudulent COVID-19 products early from Twitter. Our approach is based on the intuition that increases in the popularity of fraudulent products lead to corresponding anomalous increases in the volume of chatter regarding them. We compared the anomaly signal generation date for each product with the corresponding FDA letter issuance date. We also performed a brief manual analysis of chatter associated with 2 products to characterize their contents. ResultsFDA warning issue dates ranged from March 6, 2020, to June 22, 2021, and 44 key phrases representing fraudulent products were included. From 577,872,350 posts made between February 19 and December 31, 2020, which are all publicly available, our unsupervised approach detected 34 out of 44 (77.3%) signals about fraudulent products earlier than the FDA letter issuance dates, and an additional 6 (13.6%) within a week following the corresponding FDA letters. Content analysis revealed misinformation, information, political, and conspiracy theories to be prominent topics. ConclusionsOur proposed method is simple, effective, easy to deploy, and does not require high-performance computing machinery unlike deep neural network–based methods. The method can be easily extended to other types of signal detection from social media data. The data set may be used for future research and the development of more advanced methods.

ObjectiveThe study was conducted to examine academic cheating behaviors and perceived online effectiveness on academic performance during the period of COVID-19 among schools, colleges, and university students in Pakistan.MethodologyA cross-sectional research design was used in the current study. Convenience sampling was used to collect the data. The study included a total sample of N = 8,590 students, with males (n = 3,270, 38%) and females (n = 5,320, 61%) participating. The data was divided into three categories: high schools (n = 1,098, 12.7%), colleges (n = 4,742, 55.2%), and universities (n = 2,570, 32.1%). School students had an average age of (M = 15, SD = 4.65), college students had an average age of (M = 20, SD = 5.64), and university students had an average age of (M = 24, SD = 5.01).ResultThe results indicated that 60% of students admitted to cheating during online exams most of the time; 30% of students admitted to cheating at least once during an online exam. The study found that students (from high school, college, and university) obtained higher grades in online exams as compared to physical exams. Furthermore, significant gender differences were found on the scales of online learning effectiveness in school, college, and university students (t = 2.3*, p = 0.05 vs. t = 4.32**, p = 0.000 vs. t = −3.3*, p = 0.04). Similarly, on the scale of academic performance, students have significant gender differences. Multivariate regression analysis confirms that students’ 26% academic performance was increased due to cheating (F (2, 8,588) = 16.24, p = 0.000). Students believe online learning is effective because academic grades are easily obtained.ConclusionCheating is more common and easier in online courses, according to more than half of respondents, and they take advantage of this. Academicians are heavily encouraged to develop morality and ethics in their students so that their institutions can produce ethical professionals for the educational community.

Background: Revising the size of the gastric pouch during the conversion of one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB)/mini-gastric bypass to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an important point. Even in patients undergoing RYGB, marginal ulcer is regarded as a known complication. Materials and Methods: In our Centre of Excellence in Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, 2492 patients underwent OAGB from February 2012 to January 2019. Twelve of 2492 patients were enrolled in this clinical case series because of persistent gastroesophageal reflux-like symptoms which underwent conversional RYGB. All patients regularly received proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) for 6 months after the surgery. After this period, the cases with symptomatic reflux were invited to be visited in the clinic by a bariatric surgeon and a gastroenterologist and received 6 months of PPI therapy until their symptoms disappeared. Twelve refractory reflux cases underwent conversional RYGB after 1 year. An enteroenterostomy was created in all the patients 75 cm distal to the gastrojejunostomy without resizing the gastric pouch, and the jejunal loop was cut just before the gastrojejunostomy. Results: Before conversional surgery, mean ± standard deviation (SD) body mass index (BMI) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)-Q score were found to be 26.45 ± 2.34 kg/m2 and 10.08 ± 0.56, respectively. At 1 year after conversion, mean ± SD BMI in the patients was 28.12 ± 4.71, and GERD-Q score was 5.08 ± 1.5. Conclusion: It seems that resizing the gastric pouch is not necessary during the conversion of OAGB to RYGB.

This article mainly focuses on the influence of heat and mass transportation of micropolar second grade nanofluid toward porous medium of an exponentially stretched surface. The significance of activation energy and viscous dissipation with magnetic effect are taken into deliberated. Furthermore, to analyze the heat and mass transport scrutiny the concentration and thermal slip boundary conditions are assessed on the surface of the sheet. The convenient similarity variables are adopted to transfer the non-linear governing PDEs into the dimensionless ODEs and their corresponding boundary conditions also transformed. The nonlinear coupled ODEs are numerically solved by the usage of BVP4C MATLAB technique. The obtained numerical estimations are displayed graphically to display the significance of the various parameters against the velocity, temperature, microrotation, concentration distributions. It is noticed that larger estimations of micropolar and second grade parameter improves the fluid velocity consequently, while opposite trend is found for the higher estimation of porous medium parameter. Further, it is observed that the skin friction rate is boosted by the increment of ε and β , whereas opposite trend is noted against the mass transfer rate and heat transfer rate.

Purpose – This study aims to identify the impact of corporate governance on performance of sugar mills. In order to study this relation, a model is constructed in which ownership structure and independent directors are taken as independent variables. Whereas firm performance is analyzed by using proxy variables such as return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE) and sales growth. Moreover, size of board, working capital management (WCM) and philanthropy are taken as mediating variables between governance variables and firm performance. Design/methodology/approach – The data of 32 sugar mills listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange for the period of four years (i.e. 2014–2017) is used for this research. Moreover, to investigate the model, generalized least squares statistical method is used to measure the relationship between variables. Findings – The results revealed that there is significant but positive relationship between independent directors and ROA while ownership structure and ROE have significant but negative relationship. Thus, the board of directors should make it sure that all stakeholders and organizations should increase the nonfamily ownership in firms for better corporate performance. Moreover, philanthropy and WCM mediate the relationship between corporate governance and firms' performance. Practical/implications – This research work will be helpful in the corporate governance, and further researchers can conduct their study by considering executive/nonexecutive director and institutional owners as governance variables. Originality/value – This paper fulfills an identified need to study how Corporate Governance effect the performance of firm.

Gastric duplication cyst (GDC) in adults is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. Here, we report the case of a GDC containing gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) in a 60-year-old male patient who presented with abdominal pain. Laparoscopic resection with safe margins was performed following endosonographic localisation of the lesion. Pathologic evaluation revealed GDC containing GIST, and all surgical margins were free from tumours. The patient was discharged with good condition after 2 days and after 3 months of follow-up, the patient was symptom free and had no complications. Gastric duplication is a rare disease and may contain heterotopic tissue or even neoplastic lesions. Definite treatment is complete surgical removal that can be achieved laparoscopically with the aid of intraoperative ultrasonography for precise localisation of the indeterminate lesions.

Numerical investigation of a chemically reactive second grade fluid flow towards an exponentially stretching sheet into a porous medium induced by thermal and concentration slips boundary conditions is carried out. Further, nonlinear thermal radiations, Joule heating, MHD and thermophoretic impacts are also taken into account. The modified Fourier and Fick’s law is used to analyse the thermal and solutal energy features. The nonlinear systems of partial differential equations, as well as boundary conditions, are transformed into systems of nonlinear ordinary differential equations by imposing appropriate similarity variables. Then these transformed equations are solved using the BVP4C Matlab approach numerically. The graphs and tables of a number of emerging parameters are plotted and discussed. It is noticed that by the improvement of the second grade fluid parameter, the velocity profile is reduced. Moreover, the upsurge of Eckert numbers Ec1 and Ec2 and thermal slip parameter S1 enhance the temperature of the fluid in the flow domain.

With the recent advancements in communication technologies, the realization of computation-intensive applications like virtual/augmented reality, face recognition, and real-time video processing becomes possible at mobile devices. These applications require intensive computations for real-time decision-making and better user experience. However, mobile devices and Internet of things have limited energy and computational power. Executing such computationally intensive tasks on edge devices either leads to high computation latency or high energy consumption. Recently, mobile edge computing has been evolved and used for offloading these complex tasks. In mobile edge computing, Internet of things devices send their tasks to edge servers, which in turn perform fast computation. However, many Internet of things devices and edge server put an upper limit on concurrent task execution. Moreover, executing a very small size task (1 KB) over an edge server causes increased energy consumption due to communication. Therefore, it is required to have an optimal selection for tasks offloading such that the response time and energy consumption will become minimum. In this article, we proposed an optimal selection of offloading tasks using well-known metaheuristics, ant colony optimization algorithm, whale optimization algorithm, and Grey wolf optimization algorithm using variant design of these algorithms according to our problem through mathematical modeling. Executing multiple tasks at the server tends to provide high response time that leads to overloading and put additional latency at task computation. We also graphically represent the tradeoff between energy and delay that, how both parameters are inversely proportional to each other, using values from simulation. Results show that Grey wolf optimization outperforms the others in terms of optimizing energy consumption and execution latency while selected optimal set of offloading tasks.

As the volume of published medical research continues to grow rapidly, staying up-to-date with the best-available research evidence regarding specific topics is becoming an increasingly challenging problem for medical experts and researchers. The current COVID19 pandemic is a good example of a topic on which research evidence is rapidly evolving. Automatic query-focused text summarization approaches may help researchers to swiftly review research evidence by presenting salient and query-relevant information from newly-published articles in a condensed manner. Typical medical text summarization approaches require domain knowledge, and the performances of such systems rely on resource-heavy medical domain-specific knowledge sources and pre-processing methods (e.g., text classification) for deriving semantic information. Consequently, these systems are often difficult to speedily customize, extend, or deploy in low-resource settings, and they are often operationally slow. In this paper, we propose a fast and simple extractive summarization approach that can be easily deployed and run, and may thus aid medical experts and researchers obtain fast access to the latest research evidence. At runtime, our system utilizes similarity measurements derived from pre-trained medical domain-specific word embeddings in addition to simple features, rather than computationally-expensive pre-processing and resource-heavy knowledge bases. Automatic evaluation using ROUGE—a summary evaluation tool—on a public dataset for evidence-based medicine shows that our system's performance, despite the simple implementation, is statistically comparable with the state-of-the-art. Extrinsic manual evaluation based on recently-released COVID19 articles demonstrates that the summarizer performance is close to human agreement, which is generally low, for extractive summarization.

Islamic considerations can be a useful tool to complement laws where statutory legislation comes short of covering newly-emerging propositions supposed to be covered by the laws of the land. This research works is based on the concept of equity in the UK which plays a moderating role in the legal framework of the UK. Islamic considerations and complementary sharia principles are also concomitant in the Saudi legal system. This article encompasses an analysis of sharia principles and their role to supplement laws in Pakistan. In addition, it also sheds light on the comparable analysis of Istihsan in Sharia Law with its analogous doctrine of equity in the UK. The methodology used to conduct study for the article is doctrinal employing exploratory philosophy along with inductive approach. The conclusions drawn from the discussion of this article would have a significant impact on the on-going debate of Islamic Legal Principles and would have a significant contribution in the existing literature. Moreover, the discussion and theories debated in the article will provide a base for the future studies in the relevant area.

Accurate dry weight estimation (DW) to achieve euvolemia is one of the key objectives of hemodialysis (HD). While conventionally DW is estimated by clinical examination, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been proposed as an objective method to determine DW and has been tested extensively in the Western population. We aim to validate BIA for determining DW in a Pakistani population against the conventional clinician’s method. This is a single-center validation study conducted at two outpatient HD units of Aga Khan Hospital, Karachi. One hundred and forty-eight DW readings of patients who were on maintenance HD were taken both by BIA technology and by clinical assessment. The clinician was blinded to readings obtained by BIA. Data analysis was carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19. Median age of patients was 63 years (range 12–89). Nearly 54.1% of the samples were female (n = 80). Spearman’s correlation between the clinician’s estimate and BIA-derived DW showed a correlation coefficient of 0.982, which was statistically significant (P

General System Theory (GST) has presented some key concepts that Strategic HRM researchers use to link different HR Systems with organizational strategic goals and performance. In order to apply General System Theory’s underpinnings in Strategic HR literature and to establish the point that GST’s key concepts can be used to explore HR systems, it is necessary to first prove that HR as a distinct function of any organization and can be declared as a system. It is possible, if researchers can prove that all or most of the key concepts presented by GST are present in organization’s HR function and thus Systems Theory/Thinking principles can be applied to design and manage HR function. This conceptual paper takes a look at literature and analyzes all related assumptions of general systems theory in the context of HRM and concluded that HRM can be declared as a system.

This study presents the estimation of regional quantiles of Annual Total Rainfall (ATR) for 30 meteorological stations using index flood procedure based on L-moments. Discordancy measure based on L-moments was used to screen the ATR. As a matter of the fact, highly elevated areas of Pakistan receive more rainfall, the study area was divided into four different regions. Further to justify the homogeneity of these regions, L-moment based heterogeneity measure (H) was calculated for each region using four parameter Kappa distribution. For each region, best distribution was found among Pearson type III (PE3), Generalized Normal (GNO), Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Generalized Logistic (GLO) and Generalized Pareto (GPA) distribution using Z-statistic and L-moment ratio diagram. Regional quantiles on the basis of best-fit distribution for each region were determined and further for robustness, the accuracy measures for the estimated regional quantiles were calculated using Monte Carlo simulations. It was found that PE3 was the most suitable choice for large return period for first three regions while for small return period GNO and GEV. Similarly, for region IV GEV was declared as the best fit for lower return period’s up to 20 years while for a period of 50, 100, 500 and 1000 years GNO was the best one.

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and iron oxide impregnated carbon nanotubes (CNTs-iron oxide) were investigated for the adsorption of hazardous toluene and paraxylene (p-xylene) from aqueous solution. Pure CNTs were impregnated with iron oxides nanoparticles using wet impregnation technique. Various characterization techniques including thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, elemental dispersion spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and nitrogen adsorption analysis were used to study the thermal degradation, surface morphology, purity, and surface area of the materials. Batch adsorption experiments show that iron oxide impregnated CNTs have higher degree of removal of p-xylene (i.e., 90%) compared with toluene (i.e., 70%), for soaking time 2 h, with pollutant initial concentration 100 ppm, at pH 6 and shaking speed of 200 rpm at 25°C. Pseudo-second-order model provides better fitting for the toluene and p-xylene adsorption. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models demonstrate good fitting for the adsorption data of toluene and p-xylene.

Background. Stroke is an important morbidity for low and middle income countries like Bangladesh. We established the first stroke registry in Bangladesh. Methods. Data was collected from stroke patients who were admitted in Department of Neurology of BIRDEM with first ever stroke, aged between 30 and 90 years. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhage, and posttrauma features were excluded. Results. Data was gathered from 679 stroke patients. Mean age was 60.6 years. Almost 68% of patients were male. Small vessel strokes were the most common accounting for 45.4% of all the patients followed by large vessel getting affected in 32.5% of the cases. Only 16 (2.4%) died during treatment, and 436 (64.2%) patients had their mRS score of 3 to 5. Age greater than 70 years was associated with poor outcome on discharge [OR 1.79 (95% CI: 1.05 to 3.06)] adjusting for gender, duration of hospital stay, HDL, and pneumonia. Age, mRS, systolic blood pressure, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and stroke severity explained the Barthel score. Conclusion. Mortality was low but most of patient had moderate to severe disability at discharge. Age, mRS, systolic blood pressure, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and stroke severity influenced the Barthel score.

Medical professionals need statistical acumen for research management. Evidence-based practice of bio-statistics guides researchers to correctly apply different statistical techniques.1 It helps in correct interpretation of results, making right conclusion and rational decision. Lack of formal training in bio-statistics can result in drawing wrong conclusion. p-Value fallacy is an example.1 Understanding p-value is important but it’s more important to understand what it doesn’t imply. Numerous misconceptions about p-value are known.2 Statistical cognitions are the cognitive processes to make a clear understanding of different statistical concepts.3 These processes are context-specific, identified through qualitative inquiries to ensure evidence-based statistical communication. Lack of such studies makes statistical communication challenging, leading to perplexity among the end users. Statistics anxiety means getting anxious while doing statistical analysis or taking a course on statistics. It has some overlapping as well as some distinctive constructs with mathematics anxiety.4,5 Apprehension related to manual calculation contributes towards mathematics anxiety while attitude towards statistics constitutes statistics anxiety. Applied bio-statistics for health professionals in the current time involve almost no manual calculations. Health professionals have to understand different statistical techniques, decide when to use them and how to interpret results. Procrastination induced by statistics anxiety generates a vicious cycle of avoiding statistics and therefore more statistics anxiety among medical professionals. Courses teaching bio-statistics should be designed using contextually relevant qualitative information. It is important to focus teaching the health professionals about when to use a particular test, how to interpret it and how to execute a particular test using statistical softwares rather than spending a lot of time on manual calculations. Tutors need to get familiar with different constructs of statistics anxiety along with the technique to handle each construct. Administration of the statistics anxiety scale at the beginning of the course might be helpful to identify individuals in need of more attention. Problem-based learning in teaching statistics might help taking the attention of the health professionals towards the problem.6 Real world examples while using problem-based learning will keep the participants involved. Errors made in such sessions can be corrected there and then. Teaching strategies in which the trainer build on the existing knowledge of the students are recommended.7 Using humor in the presentations is a way that can attract trainees and reduce statistics anxiety.8 Open book exams which are not strictly timed, increase critical thinking and improve performance, especially when the trainees study in couples or groups. Reassurance from the tutor that the students can complete the course is also very helpful.8 Statistics anxiety is inversely related to course performance in research methods courses. This anxiety results in delay among students in enrolling in the statistics courses and academic procrastination. Most of the developing countries have limited funding allocated to research and development. Therefore as compared to clinical work which has direct monetary reward, research skills are mostly lacking a reward, commensurate to the skillset, knowledge and experience of the researcher. This inherent lack of motivation to learn research skills is an important impediment in learning research skills like statistics. Further, low number of trained and experienced bio-statisticians makes the situation even more difficult. Considering the fact that health professionals in developing countries have lack of motivation and have statistics anxiety, it is very important to make a plan for teaching statistics with the help of contextual evidence. If most of the health professionals lack knowledge in a particular discipline, it is evident that that discipline is rarely discussed. Therefore it results in a number of misconceptions. The plan to teach statistics should first be to understand these misconceptions and then make a strategy to remove them. This is possible through qualitative inquiries to discover the learner’s perspective of different concepts like p- value, type I error, type II error etc. Making teachings on the basis of these qualitative inquiries will ensure evidence-based statistical communication. Furthermore, statistics anxiety needs to be considered and dealt with like any other anxiety. It is important to remove this anxiety by sequential and planned evidence-based statistical communication. This should be incorporated into the curriculum of different disciplines in such a way that teaching is spread apart to give slow exposure followed by evaluation and feedback. Concentrated courses in which complicated statistical concepts are thrown to the students all at once should be avoided. In addition to this, it is important for trainer to enable health professionals to know about different statistical concepts and tests, their appropriate usage, use of softwares to execute these tests and to interpret the output of these softwares. Details related to formulas and derivations should be avoided. Before starting a course on statistics, it is important to find the number of trainees in a course on statistics having statistics anxiety. It is also important to stratify the individuals according to the severity of statistics anxiety. In this way trainer can plan customized training approaches to groups having different levels of statistics anxiety. Finally, it is important to teach the application of statistical concepts during the practice of clinical medicine on regular basis. Clinicians who have some understanding of statistics are in a much better position to teach statistics to health professionals during their routine teaching sessions as compared to individuals with background only in statistics. It is through giving real world examples during the practice of clinical subjects that health professionals get a better understanding of applied statistics.

The present research focuses on the MHD second-grade nanofluid flow with induced magnetic field and viscous dissipation over an exponentially stretching surface. The solutal and thermal energy equations are analyzed in the presence of thermophoretic effect and variable thermal conductivity. The solutal and thermal slip boundary conditions are imposed on the surface of the sheet. In the mathematical modeling, the Brownian motion, and thermophoresis consequences are also discussed. The physical appearance of the induced magnetic field on the second-grade nanofluid is the central aim of this investigation. The mathematical flow model which is in the form of nonlinear PDEs is transformed into the system of couple ODEs by the usage of suitable similarity variables. These couple equations are tackled numerically with the help Bvp4c Matlab approach. The illustration of parameters on the flow model is discussed via graphs and tables. It is noted that the induced magnetic field profile and velocity of fluid intensify for the stronger values of second-grade parameter. Further, the numerical result shows that skin friction rate boosts via greater estimation of second-grade parameter and it reduces for magnetic Prandtl number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "thermal conductance" is used to describe a material's ability to transport or conduct heat. Materials with high thermal conductivity are employed as heating elements, while those with poor thermal conductivity are used for insulation purposes. It is known that the thermal conductivity of pure metals decreases as temperature increases. In this study, the primary focus is on the physical assessment of thermal conductivity, entropy, and the improvement rate of thermal density in a magnetic nanofluid. To achieve this, nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations. These equations are further solved using a computational method known as the Keller box technique. Various flow parameters, such as the Eckert number, density parameter, magnetic-force parameter, thermophoretic number, buoyancy number, and Prandtl parameter, are examined for their impact on velocity, temperature distribution, and concentration distribution. For the asymptotic results, the appropriate range of parameters, such as 1.0 ≤ ξ ≤ 5.0, 0.0 ≤ n ≤ 0.9, 0.1 ≤ Ec ≤ 2.0, 0.7 ≤ Pr ≤ 7.0, 0.1 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.5, and 0.1 ≤ Nb ≤ 0.9, is utilized. The key findings of this study are related to the assessment of heat transfer in a magnetic nanofluid considering thermal conductivity, entropy generation, and temperature density. It is observed that the temperature distribution increases as entropy generation increases. From a physical perspective, thermal conductivity acts as a facilitating factor in enhancing heat transfer. The study concludes by emphasizing the consistency achieved through a comparison of the latest findings with previously reported analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effects of activation energy and chemical reactions on the boundary layer flow around a wedge that is moving in a nanofluid. To represent the problem, nonlinear partial differential equations are utilized. These equations can be reduced to nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. These equations are numerically solved using the Keller Box technique, and then their numerical and pictorial solutions are studied using MATLAB. The study looks at the relationship between the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles and important factors such as the Prandtl number, constant moving parameter, activation energy, and reaction rate. The parametric range of factors such as 0.1 ≤ λ ≤ 1.0, 0.1 ≤ Le ≤ 3.0, 0.1 ≤ E ≤ 2.0, 0.1 ≤ Pr ≤ 7.0, 0.1 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.5, 0.1 ≤ Nb ≤ 1.0, 0.1 ≤ σ ≤ 3.4, 0.1 ≤ δ ≤ 2.5, and 0.1 ≤ β ≤ 2.0 is utilized. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation is conducted into the remedies for skin friction and heat transmission rate. It is deduced that a growing magnitude in moving fluid velocity is noted for lower Prandtl, moving factor, reaction factor, and greater activation energy. It is depicted that the maximum enhancing magnitude in temperature and concentration with good distributions is examined for each pertinent factor. The growing magnitude of heat transport is noted for lower Lewis and temperature-difference factors but increases as pressure-gradient and Brownian factor rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of this investigation is to examine the heat and mass transportation of magneto nanofluid movement along a heated sheet with exponential temperature-dependent density, entropy optimization, thermal buoyancy, activation energy, and chemical reaction aspects. The influence of these factors in cutting tools by means of machining and nanofluid lubrication is a significant process in cutting zone, chip cleaning, lubricating, and cooling productivity in milling. The corresponding energy activation and chemical process are essential to understand the thermal behavior of nanofluid. The appropriate transformations are used to solve nonlinear partial differential equations within the framework of ordinary differential equations using stream functions and similarity variables. The Keller box method is employed to efficiently solve these equations computationally under the Newton–Raphson approach. Through tables and figures, the fluid velocity, temperature distribution, and concentration consequences are sketched using various controlling parameters. It is seen that the fluid temperature function increases with noticeable amplitude as the Eckert factor, variable density, chemical-reaction, and activation energy increase. It is found that the noticeable enhancement in heat and mass transportation is deduced for maximum Brownian motion and thermophoresis. This work is important in various applications such as cutting fluids, drilling, brake oil, engine oil, minimum quantity lubrication, enhanced oil recovery, and controlled friction between the tool-chip and tool-work during machining operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After applying a magnetic field, the behavior of the partly ionized liquids is completely different from that of the ordinary fluids. In this study, we concentrated on the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model-based three-dimensional partly ionized bio-convective flow of a second-order fluid on a bidirectional permeable stretching surface. The development of the thermal and solutal flow models takes into account the impacts of non-uniform sources and sinks, Ohmic viscous dissipation, and chemical reactions. In addition, the surface boundary effects of electron and ion collisions with convective boundary conditions are seen. The mathematical flow model is transformed appropriately to create an ordinary differential equations, which is then numerically solved with MATLAB's BVP4C approach. To demonstrate the physical relevance of the flow field along various developing parameters, graphical and tabular results are created. It is noteworthy to note that while fluid temperature decreases with stronger values of the second-order fluid parameter, fluid velocity improves in both directions. In addition, it is shown that raising the thermal and concentration relaxation parameters, respectively, causes a drop in the fluid temperature and nanoparticle concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]