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The City of Phoenix (COP) Aviation Department has prepared a Comprehensive Asset Management Plan (CAMP) Short Range Development Plan for the Sky Harbor International Airport (Sky Harbor) in Phoenix, Arizona, to guide development at the airport over the next 20 years (herein referred to as the Sky Harbor CAMP Project). The plan proposes improvements to the airfield and the construction of two new Crossfield Taxiways, expansion of the passenger terminal, a grade change of the Union Pacific Railroad within the study area, development of a North Cargo Area, and redevelopment of the South Area. Implementation of the Sky Harbor CAMP Project requires the approval of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the Federal Railroad Administration. The FAA must approve the changes to the airport layout and the use of federal funds; the Federal Railroad Administration must approve the use of federal funds. Because federal decisions are needed, the project is subject to compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). The COP Aviation Department is currently preparing an environmental assessment to disclose the potential impacts of the plan for compliance with NEPA. SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) was tasked with identifying historic properties within the APE to assist the FAA and the COP to comply with NEPA and NHPA review responsibilities. Historic property identification for the Sky Harbor CAMP Project was conducted in several stages, including background research, archaeological reconnaissance, and an architectural survey of the built environment. Because the planning period for the Sky Harbor CAMP Project extends to 2030, properties constructed up to 1980 would reach historic age by that time. Therefore, evaluating properties constructed up to 1980 (i.e., pre-1981) considers the 10-year lifespan of the Sky Harbor CAMP Project as a whole.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is preparing an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) pursuant to the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) to evaluate potential impacts of a proposed Airport Development Program and its reasonable alternatives at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport (Airport). The FAA is responsible for complying with NEPA and FAA Orders 1050. 1E, Environmental Impacts: Policies and Procedures (U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA 2004), and 5050.4A, Airport Environmental Handbook (U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA 1985), when an airport sponsor seeks approval for projects that require revisions to an airport layout plan, such as the revisions being proposed by the City of Phoenix (Appendix C). The FAA also is responsible for considering the effects of such undertakings on historic properties eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (National Register) in compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. In addition, impacts on certain historic resources must be considered in compliance with Section 4(f) of the Department of Transportation Act [recodified at Title 49, U.S. Code, Section 303(c)]. This technical report was prepared to support the EIS and Section 106 consultations by documenting the inventory of cultural resources—including historical buildings, structures, and objects; archaeological sites; and traditional cultural places—within the area of potential effects. This report also evaluates the eligibility of those inventoried resources for the National Register, and assesses effects of the proposed Airport Development Program on National Register-eligible resources.

This volume, which focuses on archaeological data recovery efforts at Dutch Canal Ruin, is the second of four prepared for the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center Development Project. Dutch Canal Ruin is located in the southern half of Section 10, Township 1 North, Range 3 East (Volume 1:1). Investigators identified 20 individual loci during the testing phase within the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center at Dutch Canal Ruin and excavated a sample of eight loci (Areas 1 through 8). During the monitoring of the remote parking facility in the eastern portion of the project area, SWCA discovered and excavated additional features and included them in the data recovery analysis (Areas 9 and 10). SWCA thus investigated half of the loci (Areas 1 through 10) in the project area during data recovery. The majority of the remains that constituted Dutch Canal Ruin, including the canals, were associated with the pre-Classic periods. Investigators assigned 2 loci to the Classic and post-Classic periods and 10 to the pre-Classic periods but concluded that 6 could not be assigned and 1 contained both pre-Classic and Classic period components. Occupation at Dutch Canal Ruin began at seasonal field house loci during the Snaketown phase; at this time the first canals were constructed. Field house settlements and seasonal occupation continued through the Colonial period, with activities related primarily to agriculture. Although investigators identified Sedentary period remains in four loci, the early occupants of Dutch Canal Ruin apparently used the canals only until approximately a.d. 900 and then may have shifted their land-use strategies to the procurement of wild economic resources associated with the previous agricultural disturbance; they eventually allowed the area to return to its natural setting and environment. The portion of the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center that contained Dutch Canal Ruin appeared to have been abandoned during the Soho phase, possibly as early as the Sacaton phase. The only features discovered in the project area that may have been associated with the Soho phase were four burials, including one from the Squaw Peak Parkway. Two intruded into pre-Classic period canals, one intruded into a pre-Classic period pit structure, and one was found adjacent to a canal. Burial goods from two of the interments suggested a Classic period association, which was supported by stratigraphic data in three cases. Interpreting the temporal placement of these burials was problematic; they may have represented limited use of the area during the Classic period in the form of resource procurement activities. Interment within the abandoned canals and the pit structure may have been a matter of convenience, in that the depressions offered by these features would have facilitated ease of burial. The Hohokam reoccupied Dutch Canal Ruin during the Civano phase. These later inhabitants constructed more canals through the site area and occupied habitation areas, which remained small and simple, on a permanent basis. These settlements probably never exceeded one or two households, although the density of material culture items suggested that occupation had been intensive (permanent) and perhaps long in duration. At least one habitation locus, Area 8, appeared to have been inhabited during the Polvoron phase of the post-Classic period. The Classic and post- Classic period occupations at Dutch Canal Ruin shared similarities with Pueblo Salado, a Classic and post-Classic period site south of Dutch Canal Ruin that is discussed in Volume 3 of this series. Reoccupation of Dutch Canal Ruin may have resulted from an expansion of the Pueblo Salado settlement and use of the area for its agricultural potential. In summary, Dutch Canal Ruin was used extensively as an agricultural zone during much of the Hohokam occupation of the Phoenix Basin. Some of the earliest canals within Canal System 2 extended through the site. Inhabitants of nearby village sites, such as La Ciudad, Los Solares, Pueblo Grande, and La Villa/Casa Chica, may have exploited the Dutch Canal Ruin area during the pre-Classic periods because of the deep alluvial soils. The area may have been abandoned as an agricultural zone after the Colonial period because of devastating floods. During the Sacaton and Soho phases, Dutch Canal Ruin may have been used casually for the exploitation of wild plant resources and hunting. The Hohokam established a permanent occupation during the Civano phase and extended their occupation into the post-Classic period. These later occupants relied on canal irrigation agriculture and wild resources for their subsistence. Dutch Canal Ruin was in an area considered high risk by today’s standards, yet the Hohokam persisted in using this area, initially during the late Pioneer and Colonial periods and later during the Classic and post-Classic periods. The investigations at this site have provided information on the types of land-use patterns and settlement strategies used by the Hohokam during these periods on the geologic floodplain of the Salt River and have added to the growing data base concerning the Hohokam of the Phoenix Basin. Although this volume focuses on descriptive statistics and data presentation for the 10 investigated areas of Dutch Canal Ruin, it also presents detailed analyses of the site’s ceramics, flaked and ground stone, and botanical and faunal assemblages; a reconstruction of site chronology; and a discussion of the site within a regional perspective. The appendixes provide raw data from various analyses. For further interpretive and synthetic information, see Volume 4.

The Phoenix Sky Harbor Center Project evolved as a result of the planned development of an area slightly larger than 800 acres west of Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. This volume focuses on the testing phase of the project undertaken by the Community and Economic Development Department of the City of Phoenix in consultation with the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office. Historic records of the area and recent studies within the project boundaries indicated that prehistoric remains affiliated with the Hohokam culture were likely to be present within the greater project area. Because of the potential for gaining information from these resources, the city implemented an extensive testing program. Two testing projects were actually conducted within the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center. In late 1988 and early 1989, BRW, Inc., tested what was then referred to as the Mera Bank parcel, a 60- acre area bounded by Buckeye Road, Mohave Street, 18th Street, and the Squaw Peak Parkway (BRW 1989). This volume focuses on the larger portions of the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center and includes the research design for the testing phase, a historic review of the project area (with a discussion of previous archaeological research in the project area), and the relationship of the project resources to Canal System 2. The volume also discusses geomorphologic studies, including the effects of geomorphology on project resources, and the spatial distributions and temporal associations of the resources and their importance in the prehistory of the Phoenix Basin. Also included in this volume are the research design and the plan of work for data recovery, which were developed directly from the results of the testing phase. The Phoenix Sky Harbor Center is designed to accommodate light industry. Because of its proximity to Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport, some of the businesses located here provide airport support services. The physical changes to the project area involved construction of new buildings, realignment of roadways, and upgrading and replacing of utilities. In those areas identified as clear zones (located at the ends of the runways for Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport), surface parking facilities were planned. Plans for the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center thus included a wide range of development projects and uses that could potentially destroy significant archaeological resources. Prior to the City of Phoenix’s development of the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center, the project area was principally residential. Businesses were located along major traffic arteries such as 16th Street, 24th Street, and Buckeye Road. For implementation of the planned development, the City of Phoenix acquired most of the property and removed the majority of structures and roadways. An archaeological testing program was devised because surface expressions of archaeological remains within the project area were limited to a few scattered artifact concentrations. In consultation with the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office, staff members of the City of Phoenix determined that systematic backhoe trenching would be appropriate for evaluating potential subsurface cultural deposits and for developing a plan to mitigate impacts to those resources discovered. Areas such as the remote parking lots under construction at the end of the north runway were monitored, an approach that was considered appropriate because the potential for finding subsurface remains in this area was low, and ground disturbing activities were limited. All resources encountered in the monitored areas were recorded during the construction phase to avoid delays. The results of the testing phase identified two sites having the potential to provide valuable research data, Dutch Canal Ruin (AZ T: 12:62, ASM) and Pueblo Salado (AZ T:12:47, ASM), and both were considered eligible for addition to the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion (d) of 36 CFR part 60. Both Dutch Canal Ruin and Pueblo Salado contained habitation areas in association with agricultural field areas and canal irrigation features. By defining the resource locales in the project area, the City of Phoenix was able to proceed with development in areas where the work would not impinge on cultural resources. A mitigative data recovery plan was therefore developed to reduce potential impacts to the resources and to recover important information about the prehistory of the project area. The two sites differed in composition, function, and temporal associations, requiring a research strategy that included excavation and analytical methods designed to retrieve appropriate information from both sites. During the course of the field work, the research design and plan of work functioned as working documents, allowing investigators to change research strategies as necessary. The Phoenix Sky Harbor Center Project provided another opportunity to conduct Hohokam archaeological investigations in urban Phoenix. It was the first project of its size—1.00 mile (1609 m) east-west by nearly 1.25 miles (2012 m) north-south—to be conducted within the central metropolitan area. As currently understood, the greater part of both sites lay within the project area, and up to a mile of continuous canal alignments was available for study. Given the spatial constraints usually placed on projects conducted in urban settings, the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center Project provided a unique research opportunity. The research focused on land-use patterns on the geologic floodplain of the Salt River. Dutch Canal Ruin provided an opportunity to examine pre-Classic period land-use strategies principally centered on field houses and canal irrigation. The irrigation settlements and canals, some of the earliest documented in Canal System 2, dated to the late Pioneer and early Colonial periods. The project area was abandoned before the Classic period. At Pueblo Salado, settlement was established during the Soho phase and continued through the Civano phase and into the Polvoron phase. Dutch Canal Ruin was reoccupied during the Civano and Polvoron phases. Archaeological investigations in the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center have produced important data on land use, canal networks, settlement strategies, and the post-Classic period of the Hohokam. Project testing and data recovery contributed to the regional data base and resulted in the development of models for canal settlements within Canal System 2. Examination of socio-economic associations indicated that Pueblo Salado maintained a high level of autonomy within the Hohokam regional system. Investigators also examined the effects of alluviation and urbanization on cultural resources and developed models to assist in planning future undertakings in urban settings. This project was successful in meeting all of the research goals for the testing phase and most of the research goals for the data recovery phase. Mitigation efforts likewise were successful. The City of Phoenix should be recognized for its sensitivity in continuing to protect its cultural properties, resources that highlight our past and our heritage.