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Çocuk öğrenmek isteyen canlı bir varlıktır. Farklı yaş gruplarına mensup çocuklar ulaşamadığı, göremediği, dokunamadığı nesnelere kitaplar aracılığıyla ulaşır. Kitaplar çocuğun dilsel, sosyal, kültürel alanlarda gelişmesine, iletişim kurma yolundaki becerisine katkı sağlar. Okuduğu kitaplardaki hayal dünyasını dış dünyayla birleştirip ifade etmek isteyen çocuk, bunu okuduğu kitaplardaki sözcük ya da sözcük birleşiklerini kullanarak gerçekleştirir. Yapısalcı bir yaklaşımla gerçekleştirilen araştırmanın amacı, çocuk kitaplarında geçen birleşik yapılı sözcüklerin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemiyle yapılandırılmıştır. Araştırmanın verilerini Bilgin Adalı’nın Zaman Bisikleti 1, Sevim Ak’ın Lodos Yolcuları, Mustafa Kutlu’nun Yıldız Tozu, Cemil Kavukçu’nun Bir Öykü Yazalım Mı?, Tarık Dursun’un Kırmızı Otobüs kitapları oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verilerinin toplanması belgesel tarama ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. İncelenen kitaplardaki birleşik yapılı kelimeler belirlenip tablolara aktarılmış ve yorumlanmıştır. İncelenen 5 kitapta 642 birleşik fiil, 371 birleşik ad, 142 birleşik zarf, 84 birleşik sıfat, 9 birleşik zamir, 9 birleşik ünlem ve 7 birleşik bağlaç olmak üzere toplam 1264 sözcük tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum birleşik fiil, birleşik ad ve birleşik zarf için yeterli, diğer birleşik türler için yetersiz olarak yorumlanmıştır., A child is a living being who wants to learn. Children of different age groups reach the objects they cannot reach, see or touch through books. Books contribute to the development of the child in linguistic, social and cultural areas and to his ability to communicate. The child, who wants to combine the world of imagination in the books he reads with the outside world, does this by using the word types and idioms in the sentences in the books he reads. The aim of the research is to determine how these word types and idioms come together with more than one word and form a compound structure in children’s books, in order to determine their formation forms. The research was structured with the qualitative research method. The data of the research were obtained from Bilgin Adalı’s book named Zaman Bisikleti 1, Sevim Ak’s book named Lodos Yolcuları, Mustafa Kutlu’s book named Yıldız Tozu, Cemil Kavukçu’s book Bir Öykü Yazalım Mı? and Tarık Dursun’s book named Kırbızı Otobüs. The collection of research data was carried out by documentary scanning. Compound words in the examined books were determined, transferred to tables and interpreted. A total of 1264 words, including 642 compound verbs, 371 compound nouns, 142 compound adverbs, 84 compound adjectives, 9 compound pronouns, 9 compound exclamation and 7 compound conjunctions, were identified in the 5 books examined. This situation was interpreted as sufficient for compound verb, compound noun and compound adverb, but insufficient for other compound words.

This paper introduces a 12 bit 2.5 bit/cycle SAR-based pipeline ADC employing a self-bias gain boosting amplifier. The single-stage amplifier achieves a low-frequency gain of 37 dB, while consuming 1.3 mW of power consumption with 1.3 V of analog power supply. A 2.5 bit/cycle SAR ADC realizes as the sub-ADC in each stage, and reduces both power consumption and silicon area. A two-channel sampling architecture is employed to double the sampling rate and thereby maximize circuit efficiency. A digital calibration technique is used to reduce non-linearity and mismatches due to the RDAC, as well as gain error and offset of the open-loop residue amplifier. The prototype ADC was fabricated in TSMC 40-nm technology, and consumes 10.71 mW with 1.1 V / 1.3 V digital / analog power supplies. When operating at 125 MS/s, the ADC achieves an SFDR of 66.59 dB before calibration and 80.3 dB after calibration when measured at Nyquist frequency. The experimental results show a Walden FoM of 101 fJ/c.-s. before calibration and 47 fJ/c.-s. after calibration.

Emerging wireless communication services require the efficient use of available spectrum and improved co-existence of different standards placed in adjacent frequency bands. Co-existence with leakage from primary users in adjacent channels, which falls in the band of interest, is a primary concern for existing and emerging technologies. In this paper, a mixed signal IC technique based on direct sequence spread spectrum is proposed to improve co-existence of radar systems with commercial wireless communication systems. A sinusoid-like pseudo-random sequence is introduced to reduce leakage from radar systems into adjacent channels. The proposed approach reduces the radar signal leakage on adjacent channels by about 22dB when compared with the conventional binary pseudo-random sequence. The proposed technique randomizes narrow and wideband systematic in-band interference, after which interference power can be effectively attenuated through averaging techniques. Experimental results from a 40nm CMOS technology modulator/demodulator prototype demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed architecture. The modulator and demodulator system requires a silicon area of 0.0459mm2 and consumes 4.33mW in total.

Developing parallel to today's rapidly changing world, short stories that people can read in one sitting in the rush of modern life is a literary genre that refers to inferential facts and gives little place to the fictions of person, space, and time. They are case stories that are the postmodern expression of modern life. When story texts, one of the fictional reflection forms of real life that people make sense of with language, are analyzed with a text-oriented approach, it is aimed to reach the deep layers of meaning with a close reading on the surface of the text. The short short story is a literary genre that emerged especially in the 1980s-90s, with its own unique narrative features, including very few details in the descriptions of time and space, and containing a small number of people. Murathan Mungan, whose postmodernist features are seen especially in the stories he published after 1980, is a writer who has produced works in many literary types such as theatre, poetry, novels, and short stories. In the study, the short short stories, Nihayet and Saklı Yas, from Mungan’s storybook Kibrit Çöpleri, which brought a different color and breath to our literature, were tried to be analyzed with a text-focused approach. Based on the collocative words, it has been observed that Mungan's perspective on life and death is reflected in the stories, a pessimistic tone dominates the stories, and they are based on the theme of death., Hızla değişen günümüz dünyasına koşut gelişen, modern yaşamın koşuşturmacası içindeki insanın bir oturuşta okuyabileceği kısa kısa öyküler, çıkarımsal gerçeklere göndermeler yapan; kişi, uzam ve zaman kurgulamalarına çok az yer veren yazınsal bir türdür. Modern yaşamın postmodern ifadesi olan durum öyküleridir. İnsanın dille anlamlandırdığı gerçek hayatın kurgusal yansıma biçimlerinden öykü metinleri metin odaklı bir yaklaşımla çözümlendiğinde, metnin yüzeyinde gerçekleştirilen yakın bir okuma ile derindeki anlam katmanlarına ulaşmak hedeflenir. Kısa kısa öykü, kendine özgü anlatım özelliklerine sahip, zaman ve uzam betimlemelerinde çok az ayrıntıya yer veren, az sayıda kişi barındıran, özellikle 1980-90’lı yıllarda ortaya çıkmış bir yazınsal türdür. 1980 sonrası yayımladığı öykülerinde postmodernist özelliklerin görüldüğü Murathan Mungan, tiyatro, şiir, roman, öykü gibi pek çok türde eser vermiş bir yazardır. Çalışmada, edebiyatımıza farklı bir renk ve soluk getiren Mungan’ın Kibrit Çöpleri isimli öykü kitabından Nihayet ve Saklı Yas adlı kısa kısa öyküleri metin odaklı bir yaklaşımla çözümlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Eşdizimlenen sözcüklerden hareketle, Mungan’ın hayata ve ölüme dair bakış açısının öykülere yansıdığı, karamsar bir tonun öykülere hakim olduğu ve ölüm izleği üzerine kuruldukları gözlenmiştir.

Semiology is an analytical approach that examines how narrative texts are structured by revealing their structural features. It provides to reveal the grammar of the narrative by determining the semantic and discursive planes that structure the texts. It was defined by one of its founders, Ferdinand de Saussure, as the study of “the life of signs within society.” In this study, the semiotic analysis of Cemil Kavukçu’s story titled Ablam, which has an important place in Turkish literature after 1980 with its storyteller identity, is aimed. This qualitative study was carried out with the document analysis model. For this purpose, first of all, the text is divided into chapter and sections, and the general arrangement of the narrative is revealed. Then, within the framework of Greimas’s example of actors, the actors are determined and the axes that establish the relations between them are determined, the action, competence, action and sanction processes and modalities that make up the narrative program are shown. Then, figurative contrasts were determined, space and description, use of time, point of view and thematic roles were revealed. Since bodily expressions have a very prominent function in the construction of meaning, they were also included in the study. Thus, the grammar of Cemil Kavukçu’s narrative has been revealed. In addition, it has been concluded that semiotic analysis is related to many of the reading comprehension achievements within the framework of Turkish teaching., Göstergebilim, anlatısal metinlerin yapısal özelliklerini ortaya koyarak onların nasıl yapılandırıldıklarını inceleyen bir çözümleme yaklaşımdır. Metinleri yapılandıran anlamsal ve söylemsel düzlemleri belirleyerek anlatının gramerini ortaya çıkarmayı sağlar. Kuramcılarından biri olan Ferdinand de Saussure tarafından “toplum içindeki göstergelerin yaşamının” incelenmesi olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada 80 sonrası Türk yazınında öykücü kimliği ile önemli bir yer edinen Cemil Kavukçu’nun Ablam adlı öyküsünün göstergebilimsel çözümlemesi amaçlanmıştır. Nitel nitelikli bu çalışma doküman incelemesi modeliyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bunun için öncelikle metin bölümlere ve kesitlere ayrılmış, anlatının genel düzenlenişi ortaya konmuştur. Ardından Greimas’ın eyleyenler örnekçesi çerçevesinde eyleyenler saptanarak bunlar arasındaki ilişkileri kuran eksenler belirlenmiş, anlatı izlencesini oluşturan eyletim, edinç, edim ve yaptırım süreçleri ve kiplikler gösterilmiştir. Ardından figüratif karşıtlıklar saptanmış, uzam ve betimleme, zaman kullanımı, bakış açısı ve izleksel roller ortaya konmuştur. Bedensel ifadeler anlamın yapılandırılmasında çok belirgin işleve sahip olduğundan onlar da incelemeye dahil edilmiştir. Böylece Cemil Kavukçu anlatısının grameri ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca Türkçe öğretimi çerçevesinde göstergebilimsel çözümlemenin okuduğunu anlama kazanımlarının birçoğuyla ilintili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

A CMOS active rectifier for implantable medical devices capable of high current and high voltage operation is presented. The rectifier uses a combination of cross-coupled PMOS devices and NMOS-based active diodes to enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE). Active diodes are realized using digitally-assisted switched-offset comparators to reduce losses due to reverse current. The switched offset is optimized using the digitally-assisted loop by continually sensing the AC input to prevent conduction losses. High voltage operation is achieved using a combination of 18V and 5V devices available in the ON semiconductor triple gate 0.18µm CMOS process. The active rectifier operates over a wide range of frequencies from 100kHz to 1MHz to support wireless power transfer for implantable devices. For an AC input voltage of 5V at frequency of 200kHz, the proposed active rectifier achieves a peak rectified output voltage of 4.66V and peak PCE of 92% for a load of 50Ω.

A 2.3-3.9 GHz fractional-N phase locked loop (PLL) with charge pump and a time-to-digital converter (TDC) based calibration for reference and fractional spurs reduction suitable for frequency synthesizers used in 5G mobile communication systems is introduced in this paper. The charge pump PLL includes a digital phase processor composed by a TDC, digital filters and a DTC and it is used for monitoring, tracking, and filtering both reference and fractional spurs simultaneously. Calibrated sub-ranging TDCs and DTC with 1 ps resolution are employed. A non-invasive master-slave calibration methodology is applied to TDCs and DTC with Vernier delay line structure to achieve the required INL and DNL performances. Fabricated in a mainstream 40-nm technology, the PLL is characterized, showing a reference spur level of −108.3 dBc and a fractional spur under −95.0 dBc. The frequency synthesizer's total power consumption when operating at 3.3 GHz is 15.7 mW.

A new automatic tuning scheme for bandstop filters is proposed. The method is based on tuning the filter parameters such as center frequency, bandwidth and attenuation by using phase comparison, where the phase difference between the input and the output of the bandstop filter is detected by D flip flops. The tuning circuit consists of D flip-flops, counters, switches, DACs, and passive components. The tuning method was verified by simulation and experimental results. Simulation results show the frequency tuning error of $$0.13\%$$ and the bandwidth tuning error of $$0.88\%$$ at 1.5 GHz with a bandwidth of 478 MHz. Experimental results were obtained using discrete components, showing the frequency tuning error of $$0.22\%$$ and the bandwidth tuning error of $$0.66\%$$ at 1 kHz with a bandwidth of 200 Hz.

A highly linear I-channel receiver prototype is presented for a 3–6-GHz broadband radio system with a 200-MHz baseband bandwidth and verified to operate under congested spectrum environments. A direct conversion receiver developed from this prototype is suitable for a cognitive radio, a fifth-generation (5G) receiver, and other wireless systems with a total (in-band signal plus blocker) power of above −6.0 dBm. The broadband receiver consists of a low-noise transconductance amplifier (LNTA), a passive mixer, a wideband transimpedance amplifier, and a power-efficient minimally invasive baseband filter. The LNTA with high linearity employs a cross-coupled structure and resistive degeneration to achieve low noise and high linearity simultaneously. The common-gate-based LNTA achieves 2.3-dB noise figure in simulation. Fabricated in a mainstream 40-nm CMOS technology, the worst case measured system noise figure is under 5.8 dB at 3-MHz baseband frequency, and the conversion gain is larger than 12.8 dB with passband variations under 2 dB from 1- up to 200-MHz signal bandwidth. Over 3–6 GHz, the receiver’s in-band input third-order intercept point (IIP3) and input P1db are higher than 15.1 and 3.0 dBm, respectively, whereas the power consumption varies from 64.1 to 69.6 mW.

Digitizing RF signals using few bit ADCs can provide system advantages in terms of reduced power dissipation, wider sampling bandwidth, and decreased demand for digital throughput. The diversity of established applications based on few bit ADCs, together with the recent surge of interest in the topic for 5G wireless communications and millimeter-wave radar, has created a need for practical design guidance governing their use in general RF systems. This paper, therefore, summarizes the state-of-the-art in few bit ADCs, comparing the dynamic range considerations involved with those of conventional RF receiver design. A simple analytic model for the monobit ADC is extended to multiple bits. Parametric analysis, independent of sampling considerations and system-specific signal processing, is used to illustrate the variation in the ADC output signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) versus both the number of quantization bits and the input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). At low and negative input SNR, increasing ADC resolution beyond 3-4 bits yields little advantage in output SNDR. Experiment confirms analytic predictions for the specific conditions under which the loss of signal fidelity due to quantization can be made negligible. In addition, parametric analysis of two-tone intermodulation distortion shows clear disadvantages to quantizing with

A highly-linear I-channel receiver prototype is presented for a 3 to 6 GHz broadband radio system with a 200 MHz baseband bandwidth and verified to operate under congested spectrum environments. A direct conversion receiver developed from this prototype is suitable for a cognitive radio, fifth-generation (5G) receiver, and other wireless systems with a total (in-band signal plus blocker) power above −6.0 dBm. The broadband receiver consists of a low-noise transconductance amplifier, a passive mixer, a wideband transimpedance amplifier and a power-efficient minimally-invasive baseband filter. The low-noise transconductance amplifier with high linearity employs a cross-coupled structure and resistive degeneration to achieve low noise and high linearity simultaneously. The common-gate based LNTA achieves 2.3 dB noise figure in simulation. Fabricated in a mainstream 40 nm CMOS technology, the worst-case measured system noise figure is under 5.8 dB at 3 MHz baseband frequency, and the conversion gain is larger than 12.8 dB with passband variations under 2 dB from 1 MHz up to 200 MHz signal bandwidth. Over 3 to 6 GHz, the receiver's in-band IIP3 and input P1db are higher than 15.1 dBm and 3.0 dBm, respectively, whereas the power consumption varies from 64.1 mW to 69.6 mW.

Bu çalışmada iğne ve yem türlerinin, avlanan balık av kompozisyonu ve birim çabada av miktarı (BÇAM) üzerindeki etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İğne ve yem türlerinin av miktarına, birim çabada av miktarına (BÇAM), boy ve ağırlık dağılımlarına etkisi, Ege Denizi’nde kullanılan deneysel dip paragatları ile saptanmıştır. Toplam 12 adet tekrar ile 4800 adet iğne kullanılarak Nisan 2014 ve Eylül 2014 ayları arasında örnekleme yapılmıştır. İki yem tipi olarak Sardalya (Sardina pilchardus) ve Sülünez (Solen marginatus) ve iki iğne tipi olarak J-iğne ve C-iğne test edilmiştir. BÇAM her tür için ve farklı iğne-yem tiplerine göre hesaplanmıştır. 3 aileye ait farklı 9 türden 623 adet balık yakalanmıştır. Toplam avın %60’ından fazlasının sülünez ve %50’den fazlasının J tipi iğne ile yakalandığı bulunmuştur. BÇAM için J tipi iğne ile avcılık istatistiksel olarak önemli değere yakın (p=0.06) ve sülünez ile avcılık istatistiksel olarak önemli (p=0.02) bulunmuştur. Yem türünün BÇAM ve balık boyutu üzerindeki etkisi, iğne türünden daha önemli bulunmuştur. İğne-yem kombinasyonu türlere göre farklılık göstermektedir ve sardalya ile yemlenen C tipi iğne, çalışma alanında en çok hedeflenen balık olan Sparus aurata için en iyi kombinasyon olarak belirlenmiştir. Toplanan veriler için ıskarta oranı ağırlığa göre % 34.0 toplam tür sayısı açısından% 42.5 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Türlerin kondüsyon değeri (K) 1.05 ile 1.68 arasında değişmekte ve yem türüne göre farklılık göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada kullanılan iğne-yem kombinasyonu ile yakalanmış yüksek ticari değeri bulunan türlerin çoğu, yasal avlanma boyu ve cinsi olgunluk çalışmalarına göre, minimum avlanma boyundan büyüktür., This study aimed to determine the impact of hook and bait type on the catch composition and catch per unit effort. Effects of hook and bait types on catch composition, catch per unit effort (CPUE), length and weight distributions in demersal longline fishery were determined by experimental surveys on demersal longline sets in the Aegean Sea. A total of 12 samplings corresponding to 4800 hook fishing effort were performed between April 2014 and September 2014. Two bait types; sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and grooved razor shell (Solen marginatus) and two hook types; J-hook and C-hook were tested. CPUE values were calculated for each species and assessed between different hook-bait combinations. A total of 623 individuals were captured belonging to 3 families and 9 species. It was found that more than 60% of total catch was captured by grooved razor shell and more than 50% of the total catch was caught with J type hook. J hook was found to be close to significant (p=0.06) and grooved razor shell was found significant (p=0.02) for CPUE. The effect of bait type was found to be more significant than that of hook type for CPUE and length distribution. Hook-bait combination differed according to species and C hook baited with sardine was determined to be the best combination for Sparus aurata as the most targeted fish in the study area. Discard ratio was calculated to be 34% in terms of weight and 42.5% in terms of total number of individuals for pooled data. The condition value (K) of the species ranged from 1.05 to 1.68 and differed according to bait type. Most of the high commercial value species caught with any hook-bait combination experimented within this study are larger than minimum fishing length according to minimum landing size regulations of Turkish fishery and maturity studies.

Efsaneler toplumdan topluma zamandan zamana bağlı olarak, bazı değişikliklerle nesilden nesile aktarılan genellikle sözlü geleneğe ait halk anlatılarıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı efsane kavramı üzerinde durarak efsanelerde yer alan yiyecek ve içecekleri tespit etmek, yiyecek ve içecekleri Türk kültürü açısından değerlendirip yorumlamaktır. Araştırma nitel araştırma özelliği göstermektedir ve doküman incelemesi tekniği ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Demir’in (2013) "Türk Efsaneleri", Helimoğlu Yavuz’un (2013) "Diyarbakır Efsaneleri", Sakaoğlu’nun (1976) "101 Anadolu Efsanesi" ve yine Sakaoğlu’nun (2003) "101 Türk Efsanesi" adlı eserleri çalışmanın materyalini oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verileri belgesel tarama ile toplanmıştır. Rakamlarla kodlama yapılarak veri toplama işlemi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler önce yiyecek-içecek olarak ayrı bir sınıflamaya tabi tutulmuş, sonrasında ise yiyecekler farklı kategorilerde ele alınmıştır. Veriler bunlar üzerinden betimlenerek yorumlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında toplanan veriler betimsel analiz ile çözümlenmiştir. Yapılan araştırma sonucunda yaklaşık 1246 efsaneden elde edilen bulgulara göre efsanelerde en fazla geçen içeceğin 693 kullanım sıklığıyla su, yiyeceğin de 142 kullanım sıklığıyla ekmek olduğu gözlenmiştir. Efsanelerde ekmeğin ve suyun temel anlamda kullanılmasının yanında; ekmeğin nimet, suyun da kutsal ve şifalı olduğuna değinilmiştir. Bundan hareketle Türklerde yemek kültürünün birçok alanda olduğu gibi efsanelerde de etkisini gösterdiği sonucuna varmak mümkündür.

This paper proposes a technique to improve the blocker-tolerance of continuous-time ∆Σ modulators (CTDSMs) by embedding a third-order minimally-invasive filter (MIF) in the ∆Σ loop. The noise-transfer-function (NTF) restoration is achieved by re-using the same filter network, eliminating the need for a matched filter. We present detailed system-level analysis and design choices. We also present simulation results of the proposed technique on a 170 MHz BW, 11-bit ENOB, 4th-order cascaded-integrator-feed-forward (CIFF) loop-filter based CTDSM with loop filter and DACs implemented at the schematic level in a 40nm CMOS technology.