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Participatory budgeting, as a paradigm for democratic innovations, engages citizens in the distribution of a public budget to projects, which they propose and vote for implementation. So far, voting algorithms have been proposed and studied in social choice literature to elect projects that are popular, while others prioritize a proportional representation of voters' preferences, for instance, the rule of equal shares. However, the anticipated impact and novelty in the broader society by the winning projects, as selected by different algorithms, remains totally under-explored, lacking both a universal theory of impact for voting and a rigorous unifying framework for impact and novelty assessments. This article tackles this grand challenge towards new axiomatic foundations for designing effective and fair voting methods. This is through new and striking insights derived from a large-scale analysis of biases over 345 real-world voting outcomes, characterized for the first time by a novel portfolio of impact and novelty metrics. We find strong causal evidence that equal shares comes with impact loss in several infrastructural projects of different cost levels that have been so far over-represented. However, it also comes with a novel, yet over-represented, impact gain in welfare, education and culture. We discuss the broader implications of these results and how impact loss can be mitigated at the stage of campaign design and project ideation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Co-creating the future: participatory cities and digital governance'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing complexity of space missions due to technological advancements, model‐based systems engineering (MBSE) has become a new paradigm for systems engineering (SE), providing a more formal and accurate system engineering process while reducing costs. However, MBSE does not offer a comprehensive approach for effective system function design. This study introduces a conceptual design approach that integrates axiomatic design (AD) and design structure matrix (DSM) into the MBSE paradigm and applies it to functional and logical design. The research focuses on utilizing the design knowledge encapsulated by system models to facilitate the development of new systems. System models have the potential to bridge different design domains in AD, reveal implicit associations, and offer functional and structural analysis capabilities. To validate our approach, we conducted a case study on an Emergency Response Remote Sensing mission system. This case study demonstrates that our proposed methodology lends formality to traditional AD by deriving AD matrices and DSMs from a system model, thereby enhancing the system's structure while curtailing elemental alterations during iterative design processes. The novelty of this research lies in realizing the integration of traditional design theory with the model paradigm of SE, leading to an effective design solution during the functional and logical design stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology has a pivotal role in wind energy production, encompassing turbine design, control systems, and grid integration solutions. However, selecting the optimal technology investment presents a multifaceted challenge due to rapid industry evolution. Site-specific considerations, economic viability, reliability, durability, and integration with existing infrastructure all weigh heavily in the decision-making process. Environmental and societal impacts are rigorously supposed to be assessed for responsible energy production. A comprehensive approach, including a thorough evaluation of vendor and supplier capabilities, is deemed indispensable. To address these complexities, this study introduces an innovative approach to optimize wind turbine selection within established locations. The proposed methodology integrates the Fuzzy Best Worst Method (FBWM) and the Information Axiom, chosen for their adaptability in handling subjective expert responses. This combination aligns seamlessly with the nuanced nature of wind turbine technology assessment. The study offers a comprehensive review of relevant multi-criteria decision-making techniques, elaborates on the FBWM and Fuzzy Information Axiom (FIA) approach, and presents a practical application. In the study, operational cost, maintenance cost, and power curve emerge as pivotal criteria. Ultimately, the study provides a robust framework for making informed and impactful technology investments in wind energy production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet children's needs for beds at different stages of growth, a product design model integrating the KANO Model, the Hierarchical Analysis Method, and Axiomatic Design (KANO-AHP-AD) was adopted to conduct a design study on the growability of solid wood children's beds. In accordance with the KANO model, the demands for children's beds coming from questionnaires among families with children were classified and sorted, and the demand indicators were then summarized. Secondly, AHP was introduced to establish a multilevel hierarchical model, construct a judgment matrix of design elements, and calculate the weights of these elements to improve the accuracy of users' demand weights. Then, AD was used to complete the mapping of the demand domain, function domain, and design domain of children's beds and to judge their reasonableness through the matrix. Such a design allows users to evaluate and verify the rationality of the program. Through modular design techniques, the growability requirements were fulfilled. A low number of product modules were freely combined to form product types with multiple functions to meet customers' needs for personalization and functional diversification. The work has value for the design of growable children's beds, thus contributing to sustainable development and environmental protection causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To improve the detachability performance and remanufacturing capability of existing agricultural micro-tillers, a modular design concept is introduced into the product design and development process, with Axiomatic Design (AD) and the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) serving as the methodological guidance and theoretical framework. In the design process, "Z-mapping" is used to reconstruct the demand/function/structure of the agricultural micro-tiller, decompose the total functions step by step, and establish a design matrix to transform the initial user requirements into specific functional indicators and design parameters. Geometric correlation is used as the design evaluation index to assign values to the matrix to establish a DSM for the correlations between agricultural micro-tiller design parameters. Using system clustering to optimize the distribution of matrix values, a total of five functional modules were identified to achieve a modular design scheme and design a prototype for agricultural micro-tillers. This design solution has significantly better disassembly performance than existing products, effectively enhancing the remanufacturing capability of existing equipment, proving the effectiveness of the Kano-AD-DSM-based design strategy, and providing a new theoretical reference for the innovative design of other small agricultural equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, product design has experienced fundamental changes. Design criteria have changed from focusing on product performance to sustainable criteria. This has increased the contrast between traditional and new requirements and consequently increases the design complexity. In this regard, traditional methods are incapable of solving the problems of product design. Therefore, many efforts have been made to solve these challenges to improve the design process. As a result of these efforts, various design methodologies such as multidisciplinary design optimization and knowledgebased engineering were developed. These approaches could support the evolutionary improvement of current product designs or the study of the novel complex product or could reduce the coupling between various FRs and design parameters (DPs). In this article, the authors discuss the effect of using the Axiomatic Design approach in the aircraft conceptual design process. The results obtained in this study indicate the high efficiency of this method in reducing the coupling between the FRs defined for the aircraft, as well as in reducing repetitive activities, thus optimizing the time and cost of the aircraft design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New product development (NPD) is crucial for helping companies to maintain competitive advantages. In this study, a methodological framework is presented combining a novel Kano model and fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) for improving the product development capability in the whole NPD process. In the Kano model, a novel mixed-class classification method is presented to classify each evaluation indicator agreed on by the majority, and to calculate the affiliation value based on category strength (CS) to display the degree to which the indicator belongs to a certain attribute. A new importance ratio is also proposed to adjust the importance of each indicator attribute. This helps to achieve higher customer satisfaction and improve the attractiveness of the product or service. FAD is then used to measure the gap between customer satisfaction and the company's expected levels of satisfaction in terms of product functions. This enables the company to obtain more comprehensive information for decision-making. A case study is provided to verify the practicability of the proposed method. Sensitivity analysis proves the robustness of the results based on the number of respondents. Finally, comparative analysis with existing approaches demonstrates the strengths of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sketches the antilogism of Christine Ladd-Franklin and historical advancement about antilogism, mainly constructs an axiomatic system Atl based on first-order logic with equality and the wholly-exclusion and not-wholly-exclusion relations abstracted from the algebra of Ladd-Franklin, with soundness and completeness of Atl proved, providing a simple and convenient tool on syllogistic reasoning. Atl depicts the empty class and the whole class differently from normal set theories, e.g. ZFC, revealing another perspective on sets and set theories. Two series of Dotterer and the theorem proved by Russinoff are re-characterized in antilogistic formulas corresponding to the square of opposition and twenty-four moods of syllogism. Then the restricted equivalence between two forms of antilogism and minimal inconsistency is built up, implying the internal connection between antilogisms and minimal inconsistency and leaving two related conjectures not proved. Besides, this paper provides a new explanation for the reason why contrariety, subcontrariety, and subalternation and the nine special moods require the non-empty assumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a systematic approach based on axiomatic design incorporating lean and ergonomic principles within the proposed design. The contribution to the body of knowledge is to keep construction workers safe by fostering a secure construction environment. Axiomatic design and lean approaches are combined to address human factors and eliminate wastes that hinder a safe construction environment. The application of the proposed system is set in the context of the construction industry. The methodology provides the construction sector with a road map toward reducing the occurrence of accidents and serves as a complementary approach between lean and ergonomic principles. The design solution has been validated and partially applied in a metro construction firm. Results show that the design solution can improve the efficiency of the construction phases by adopting a value-maximization strategy and has the potential to improve the safety and ergonomics of construction projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we take an axiomatic approach to the design of ecological footprint indices. Our focus is put on the heterogeneity of land with respect to types and regions, at the core of an inherent aggregation problem. We propose an axiomatic characterization of the ecological footprint index with two fundamentally new axioms, symmetry and independence, which can resolve the problem of land heterogeneity. It is shown that a unique index, up to an affine transformation, exists meeting the axiom system. This index simplifies the aggregation procedure considerably and avoids the need for a synthetic unit of measurement, like global hectares, as well as complex transformations of variables by means of weighting schemes. Our findings reveal differences with the Global Footprint Network (GFN) index, in particular with regard to the treatment of land heterogeneity. Finally, the axiomatic methodology employed may open up perspectives for the development of ecological measures in general, and especially of measures for sustainability and tipping points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geothermal energy is considered a renewable, environmentally friendly, especially carbon-free, sustainable energy source that can solve the problem of climate change. In general, countries with geothermal energy resources are the ones going through the ring of fire. Therefore, not every country is lucky enough to own this resource. As a country with 117 active volcanoes and within the world’s ring of fire, it is a country whose geothermal resources are estimated to be about 40% of the world’s geothermal energy potential. However, the percentage used compared to the geothermal potential is too small. Therefore, this is the main energy source that Indonesia is aiming to exploit and use. However, the deployment and development of this energy source are still facing many obstacles due to many aspects from budget sources due to high capital costs, factory construction location, quality of resources, and conflicts of the local community. In this context, determining the optimal locations for geothermal energy sites (GES) is one of the most important and necessary issues. To strengthen the selection methods, this study applies a two-layer fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making method. Through the layers, the Ordinal Priority Approach (OPA) is proposed to weight the sub-criteria, the main criterion, and the sustainability factors. In layer 2, the Neutrosophic Fuzzy Axiomatic Design (NFAD) is applied to rank and evaluate potential locations for geothermal plant construction. Choosing the right geothermal energy site can bring low-cost efficiency, no greenhouse gas emissions, and quickly become the main energy source providing electricity for Indonesia. The final ranking shows Papua, Kawah Cibuni, and Moluccas as the three most suitable cities to build geothermal energy systems. Kawah Cibuni was identified as the most potential GES in Indonesia, with a score of 0.46. Papua is the second most promising GES with a score of 0.45. Next is the Moluccas, with a score of 0.39. However, the three least potential sites among the 15 studied sites are Lumut Balai, Moluccas and Patuha, with scores of 0.08, 0.11 and 0.17, respectively. The conclusion of this study also classifies positions into groups to aid in decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advantages of new technologies and rising demand from customers, it is necessary to improve the manufacturing process. This necessity was recognized by the industry; therefore, the concept of Industry 4.0 has been implemented in various areas of manufacturing and services. The backbone and main aspect of Industry 4.0 is digitalization and the implementation of technologies into processes. While this concept helps manufacturers with the modernization and optimization of many attributes of the processes, Industry 5.0 takes a step further and brings importance to the human factor of industry practice, together with sustainability and resilience. The concept of Industry 5.0 contributes to the idea of creating a sustainable, prosperous, and human-friendly environment within companies. The main focus of the article is to analyze the existing literature regarding what is missing from the successful implementation of human centricity into industry practice, namely in small and medium-sized factories (SMEs). These findings are then presented in the form of requirements and barriers for the implementation of human centricity into SME factories, which can serve as guidelines for implementing human-centered manufacturing using axiomatic design theory in SMEs, which can serve as a roadmap for practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the configuration process of open architecture products (OAPs), adaptive change is inevitable to meet customers' personalised demands. However, the coupling between modules makes adaptive changes of open architecture products more difficult. For the coupling between modules in open architecture product design, an approach to analysing the coupling between modules is proposed. The implications of adaptive change for open architecture products are explained, and the interface relationships among the common platform, customised modules, and personalised modules are analysed. The coupling modes of three cases are discussed, i.e. the coupling between modules under the same branch, between modules under different branches with only functional collaboration, and between modules under different branches with function-structure correlation. The coupling degrees are calculated with consideration of the number of connections between modules and their comprehensive correlation degree. The structural complexity of the module is considered by development cost, development time, change cost, and change time, which is expressed with the information content in axiomatic design. Based on structural complexity, the dependency, and coupling degree between modules, the calculation method of change impact degree between modules is presented. The method on coupling analysis between modules in open architecture product design for personalised electric winches is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To scientifically enhance user perception in decision-making for designing interactive spaces in schools for children with intellectual disabilities, we propose an innovative design model that integrates the Kano model, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Axiomatic Design (AD) theories based on user needs. Initially, multi-method research was used to gather the original user requirements which were then refined through data cleaning to establish the initial user needs. The Kano model was then employed to categorize these initial user needs. AHP was then used to construct a hierarchical analysis model for the interactive spaces in schools for children with intellectual disabilities, creating a judgment matrix to accurately calculate demand weight values at each level. Subsequently, AHP was used to select the most important demand items. The independence axiom of AD theory was used to achieve a "Z"-shaped mapping between the functional requirements (FRs) and design parameters (DPs) for the interactive spaces in schools for children with intellectual disabilities. This mapping was analyzed using a matrix approach to assess the design rationality and optimize solutions, thereby transforming user needs into design parameters. Finally, the design parameters were used to create interactive spaces through computer-aided design, and the resulting design plans were evaluated. Experimental results indicate that this design scheme effectively translates subjective concepts into specific design parameters through a qualitative and quantitative approach. This significantly enhances the user needs of interactive spaces in schools for children with intellectual disabilities and provides a scientific basis for the architectural design of these schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Despite the proven evidence of ever-growing productivity gains in the manufacturing industry as a result of years of research and investment in advanced technologies, such as robotics, the adoption of robots in construction is still lagging. The existing literature lacks technical frameworks and guidelines that account for the one-of-a-kind nature of construction projects and the myriad of materials and dimensional components in construction activities. This study seeks to address existing technical uncertainty and productivity issues associated with the application of robotics in the assembly-type manufacturing of industrialized construction. Design/methodology/approach: To facilitate the selection of suitable robotic arms for industrialized construction activities, primarily assembly-type manufacturing tasks of offsite production processes, an activity-based ranking system based on axiomatic design principles is proposed. The proposed ranking system utilizes five functional requirements derived from robot characteristics—speed, payload, reach, degrees of freedom and position repeatability—to evaluate robot performance in an industrialized construction task using simulations of a framing station. Findings: Based on design parameters obtained from activity-based simulations, seventy six robotic arms suitable for the framing task were scored and ranked. According to the sensitivity analysis of proposed functional requirements, speed is the key functional requirement that has a notable effect on productivity of a framing station and is thus the determinant in robot performance assessment for framing tasks. Originality/value: The proposed ranking system is expected to augment automation in construction and serve as a preliminary guideline to help construction professionals in making informed decisions regarding the adoption of robotic arms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee is a vital industrial crop that generates significant economic value across the globe. The poor standard of production management from Thai entrepreneurs has caused significant issues in agricultural planning and the coffee supply chain. This research aims to design a method for measuring the performance of the coffee supply chain using axiomatic design and a business model canvas, and to create a sustainability measurement model for a hill tribe's coffee production in northern Thailand. Axiomatic design (AD) was used to help analyze and design customer requirements. In order to identify the real needs of customers, a business model canvas (BMC) was applied to develop a Thai coffee sustainability measurement model. A developed sustainability measurement model for the Thai coffee supply chain was applied to generate the design of matrices and indicators through economic, environmental, and social indicators. The results showed that the farmers’ profit from sorted cherry coffee could be increased by 77–80 %. The farmers could significantly reduce their reliance on chemical pesticides and fertilizers by up to 65–75 % in coffee plantations, and community participation increases from 60 to 70 % to 80–90 %. According to the methods and management practices described, entrepreneurs could adopt the techniques to run their businesses sustainably and achieve high production efficiency in the future.

This study aims to effectively support decision-makers in evaluating leading e-commerce companies in Vietnam from a sustainability perspective. In addition, this study evaluates and analyzes criteria that affect the performance of e-commerce companies in Vietnam to find the best practices for e-commerce implementation of managers. In this way, companies can save costs and increase marketing and promotion efficiency, helping to reach more customers. In doing so, an integrated framework based on MCDM is proposed for the first time in e-commerce industry assessment. In the first stage, the fuzzy decision making trial and evaluation Laboratory method is applied to determine the weights of 9 criteria based on collected data. This study lists prominent quantitative evaluation criteria, taking into account the sustainability aspect. In the second phase, ranking the top 12 e-commerce companies in Vietnam according to their performance based on these nine criteria was done by applying the neutrosophic fuzzy axiomatic design method. According to an analysis of the data, the external financial assistance coefficient (12.7%) is the most crucial factor determining how competitive international e-commerce businesses are. The results of this study can help underperforming companies make strategic decisions to improve their performance. Integrating these two techniques provides a new method for evaluating global trading companies that have hitherto remained unaddressed in the trading industry and, therefore, leave a gap that needs to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As interest in additive manufacturing (AM) continues to increase, it has become more important to have a robust method to help potential users select the AM process that best suits their technological needs while providing the greatest potential benefits in terms of sustainability and its effect on people. This paper presents the development of a framework for selecting the best AM process for a given application by considering both sustainability and human factors through the combination of axiomatic design and the analytic hierarchy process. Thirty-one participants with varying levels of expertise (novice and advanced users) were involved in the study, considering the frequency of 3D printer usage (novice users: never, rarely; expert users: sometimes, almost always, always) for prototyping parts. They employed fused deposition modeling (FDM) and stereolithography (SLA) (both 3D desktop printers) and collected data on five evaluation criteria. The participation of experts helped establish a novel methodology, with material cost deemed most important (49.8%), followed by cycle time (28%), energy consumption (11.7%), error rate (6.6%), and equipment noise (3.9%). The results showed that FDM was the optimal equipment option for advanced users. By examining the information content of the other options, it was found that FDM demanded less information than SLA, regardless of the user's level of expertise. The proposed method is appropriate to assess the sustainability aspect of FDM and SLA; however, it can be further improved by adding indicators such as environmental impact, recyclability, and ergonomic and occupational health factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The product design process, fraught with uncertainties and ambiguities in its requirements and constraints, commonly traverses multiple stages, each emphasizing distinct design aspects. This engenders heterogeneity in decision-making criteria, rendering the effective integration of information from various stages of product design decision-making (PDDM) a pivotal task in identifying the optimal design solution. Surprisingly, limited research has attended to the challenge of consolidating such heterogeneous information across multiple PDDM stages. To bridge this gap, our study employs real numbers, interval numbers, and linguistic terms to capture the heterogeneous judgments of decision-makers. We fuse the Maximization Deviation Method with the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for determining indicators' weights, while decision-makers' weights are derived through a dual consideration of uncertainty measure using fuzzy entropy and a distance-minimization model applied to the PDDM matrix for achieving consistency. Leveraging the advantage of axiomatic design, product design alternatives are evaluated based on their PDDM information content of PDDM matrices. Given the multistage nature of product design, stages' weights are computed by assessing the information content and consistency degree of PDDM matrices at each stage. Ultimately, our approach achieves multistage heterogeneous decision-making fusion in product design through information axiom weighting. A case study involving the decision-making process for a specific numerical control machine design illustrates the efficacy of our method in integrating multistage heterogeneous PDDM data, yielding a comprehensive perspective on the viability of product design schemes. Results show that the ranking sequence of the product design schemes solidifies to x3 > x2 > x1 in stages 2 and 3 of PDDM, diverging from the initial order observed in stage 1 (x2 > x3 > x1), while the fused result from the multistage heterogeneous PDDM analysis aligns with the later stages' rankings, indicating the credibility and persuasiveness are fortified. This methodology thus offers a robust framework for synthesizing and navigating the uncertainties and complexities inherent in multistage heterogeneous PDDM contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumer product usability has been addressed using tools that evaluate objects to improve user interaction. However, such diversity in approach makes it challenging to select a method for the type of product being assessed. This article compiles the concepts used since the origin of usability in product design. It groups them by attributes to formulate a usability index proposal. Due to the nature of the data, fuzzy, hierarchical, and axiomatic tools were applied to a trial group of experts and users. Three questionnaires were designed and administered throughout a five-stage process to collect and select attributes, rank them in importance, assign fuzzy values, obtain their numerical representation of use, and assign a qualitative category. By analyzing a case study, this research demonstrates the value of the index by comparing the use of computer mice. Unlike other approaches to evaluating usability, the proposed index incorporates the hierarchical importance of attributes. It allows for participants to express their opinions, transforming subjective responses into linguistic values represented in triangular areas, resulting in a more accurate representation of reality. Additionally, the complexity of the human–object interaction is treated by an information axiom to compute the usability index on a scale from 0 to 1, which reflects the probability of the product meeting the desired usability attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White meat consumption is increasing day by day, and accordingly, there is an increase in the amount of wastewater resulting from the processes. Today, the reuse of wastewater has become a goal within the scope of the Green Deal. For this reason, wastewater treatment with high pollution and volume has gained importance. In this study, the fuzzy axiomatic design (FAD) method, one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, has been used. With this method, coagulation, electrocoagulation (EC), dissolved air flotation (DAF), and anaerobic treatment alternatives preferred in poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) treatment were compared with each other and their information contents were calculated. The information content from the smallest to the largest is EC, DAF, coagulation, and anaerobic treatment, respectively. This treatment method was chosen because the smallest information content is in electrocoagulation. EC was applied to bloody PSW containing 1% blood by volume. The effectiveness of Fe and Al electrodes for PSW treatment in the batch EC reactor has been compared. The effective surface areas of 2 anodes and 2 cathodes connected bipolarly in the processes are 288 cm2. The electrolyte, pH, time, and current density effects on energy consumption were also investigated. The optimum conditions for Al and Fe electrodes were found to be 0.5 g·L−1 NaCl concentration, pH 5, 0.639 mA·cm−2 current density, and 5 min time. Under optimum conditions for the Fe electrode, COD, TOC, TN, and oil-grease removal efficiencies were determined as 76.3%, 71.8%, 70%, and 74%, respectively. Moreover, the highest COD, TOC, TN, and oil-grease removal efficiencies were achieved with an Al electrode (82.2%, 82.3%, 82.7%, and 78.9%, respectively). The experimental data were fit to a variety of isotherms and kinetic models to determine the characteristics of the EC. The results indicated that the pseudo-second-order equation provided the best fit for COD removal. Under optimum conditions, the operating cost was calculated as $3.39 and $3.09 for Al and Fe electrodes, respectively. In this study, the fuzzy axiomatic design method was used for the first time to select the most appropriate treatment method for PSW. In addition, blood, a major problem for the poultry slaughterhouse industry, was mixed with PSW at a ratio of 1% (v/v) and treated with EC for the first time with high removal efficiency. By treating PSW, which has a high pollution load, with electrocoagulation, the pollution load of the water to be given to secondary treatment has been greatly reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollination is a crucial ecological process with far-reaching impacts on natural and agricultural systems. Approximately 85% of flowering plants depend on animal pollinators for successful reproduction. Over 75% of global food crops rely on pollinators, making them indispensable for sustaining human populations. Wind, water, insects, birds, bats, mammals, amphibians, and mollusks accomplish the pollination process. The design features of flowers and pollinators in angiosperms make the pollination process functionally effective and efficient. In this paper, we analyze the design aspects of the honeybee-enabled flower pollination process using the axiomatic design methodology. We tabulate functional requirements (FRs) of flower and honeybee components and map them onto nature-chosen design parameters (DPs). We apply the "independence axiom" of the axiomatic design methodology to identify couplings and to evaluate if the features of a flower and a honeybee form a good design (i.e., uncoupled design) or an underperforming design (i.e., coupled design). We also apply the axiomatic design methodology's "information axiom" to assess the pollination process's robustness and reliability. Through this exploration, we observed that the pollination process is not only a good design but also a robust design. This approach to assessing whether nature's processes are good or bad designs can be valuable for biomimicry studies. This approach can also inform design considerations for bio-inspired innovations such as microrobots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]