2,378 results on '"AVERAGE PRICES"'
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2. Inversión en energía geotérmica para uso doméstico en México.
- Author
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Trejo García, José Carlos, García Ríos, Pedro Emmanuel, and Martínez García, Miguel Ángel
- Abstract
Copyright of Mexican Journal of Economics & Finance / Revista Mexicana de Economia y Finanzas is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Ejecutivos de Finanzas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. MATHEMATICAL MODELS DESCRIBING THE DYNAMICS IN AVERAGE PRICES AND PURCHASED QUANTITIES OF FRESH FRUITS.
- Author
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DIMOVA, Delyana
- Subjects
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FRUIT , *RASPBERRIES , *APRICOT , *MATHEMATICAL models , *PEACH , *QUADRATIC equations - Abstract
Data on product categories and hierarchical relationships among them are presented in a built relational database. Fresh fruits category, including 14 product types (cherries and morellos, apples, peaches and apricots, grapes, etc.) is the subject of consideration in this work. The article presents mathematical models describing the dynamics in average prices and purchased quantities of fresh fruits, average per household in Bulgaria. The examined period covers generally 17 years from 2001 to 2017. Linear and quadratic equations have been constructed and analyzed. The results show a growth in purchased quantities, average per household for almost all studied fresh fruits. A similar situation occurs with the other examined indicator. An increase in the average prices of the 14 fruit types has also been observed for the surveyed period, while for some of them (grapes, plums, pears, cherries and morellos, strawberries and raspberries), compared with the rest, this process has been more intensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
4. THE EVOLUTION OF AVERAGE PRICES FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN ROMANIA DURING 2007-2017.
- Author
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GIMBĂȘANU, Gabriela and TUDOR, Valentina
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PRODUCE trade , *AGRICULTURAL prices , *BIOLOGICAL evolution , *GRAIN trade , *BARLEY , *CORN , *CEREALS as food - Abstract
This paper analyzes the evolution of the average price for agricultural products in Romania, as compared to the evolution of cereal prices in the European Union, in order to highlight the price differences as well as the causes that generate these differences. Also, this article will highlight the most suitable moments for valorising wheat, barley, corn production. In this paper we have proposed to analyze the evolution of average prices of agricultural products in Romania during the reference period 2007-2019 in order to identify in what trends are the best prices of the year in which the cereals can be sold and what extra income farmers can get by selling grain at the right time when market pressure is low and demand is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
5. Commercial consumers pay attention to marginal prices or average prices? Implications for energy conservation policies.
- Author
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Luo, Kaifang, Qiu, Yueming (Lucy), and Xing, Bo
- Subjects
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ELECTRIC power consumption , *MARGINAL pricing , *PRICES , *ENERGY conservation , *CONSUMERS , *ENERGY policy , *INSTRUMENTAL variables (Statistics) , *DEMAND forecasting - Abstract
Any energy conservation policy intervention associated with energy price variation needs to consider whether consumers respond to marginal or average pricing. To the best of our knowledge, there is no such evidence for commercial electricity consumers (such as office buildings and malls), although commercial consumers are responsible for nearly 18% of electricity consumption in the United States. This study examines a four-tiered decreasing-block pricing schedule for commercial consumers. Based on individual-consumer-level data, we analyze the daily electricity consumption of 597 commercial accounts in Phoenix metropolitan, Arizona, from May 1, 2013, to December 31, 2016. We run 2SLS models with policy-induced price variation as instrumental variables to estimate the effects of marginal and average prices on commercial electricity consumption at each cutoff point. We also study the heterogenous response across industry sectors. Our analysis shows that commercial consumers respond to both marginal and average prices, but have different responses with respect to how much electricity they consume. Higher-usage consumers tend to respond more to average prices, whereas lower-usage consumers are more sensitive to marginal prices. Our findings indicate that conservation policies should be tailored differently for commercial electricity consumers. Nonlinear electricity pricing structures can reduce energy consumption, particularly for commercial consumers who have lower energy demand if the pricing structure shifts from decreasing to increasing blocks. In contrast, a flat rate with a higher price level can limit the electricity consumption of high-use consumers. As for an industry-wise policy design, nonlinear pricing can be effectively used to reduce aggregate consumption in the construction, manufacturing, real estate, and rental and leasing industries, professional, scientific, and technical services, other services (except public administration), and public administration industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Neue Statistik der Strom- und Erdgasdurchschnittspreise
- Author
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Peter, Florian
- Subjects
Strompreis ,ddc:519 ,Durchschnittspreise ,Preisstatistik ,electricity price ,average prices ,price statistics ,Energie ,natural gas price ,Erdgaspreis ,energy - Abstract
Für die neue Statistik der Strom- und Erdgasdurchschnittspreise hat das Statistische Bundesamt erstmals im Jahr 2020 Durchschnittspreise für Strom und Erdgas beim Verkauf an Endkunden im Haushaltssektor und Nicht-Haushaltssektor erfasst. Die ermittelten Preise werden gegliedert nach verschiedenen Jahresverbräuchen, Preisbestandteile wie Steuern, Netzentgelte sowie Vertrieb und Energie getrennt ausgewiesen. Mit der ersten Erhebung für den Berichtszeitraum zweites Halbjahr 2019 wurden erstmals die Vorgaben der Verordnung über europäische Erdgas- und Strompreisstatistik aus dem Jahr 2016 umgesetzt. Der Aufsatz erläutert die Anforderungen der neuen EU-Verordnung sowie deren Umsetzung in Deutschland. In 2020, the Federal Statistical Office for the first time calculated the average prices of electricity and natural gas sold to final household and non-household customers in order to compile the new statistics on average electricity and natural gas prices. The prices are structured according to different annual consumption bands. Price components such as taxes and network costs as well as distribution and energy are shown separately. The first survey was conducted for the reporting period covering the second half of 2019 and for the first time implemented the requirements of the Regulation on European statistics on natural gas and electricity prices of 2016. The article explains the requirements of the new EU Regulation and its implementation in Germany.
- Published
- 2021
7. Endogeneity and measurement errors when estimating demand functions with average prices: an example from the movie market.
- Author
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Fernandez-Blanco, Victor, Orea, Luis, and Prieto-Rodriguez, Juan
- Subjects
ENDOGENEITY (Econometrics) ,ECONOMETRICS ,ECONOMIC demand ,PRICING ,MOTION pictures - Abstract
Due to a lack of information about the prices faced by consumers, demand functions are sometimes estimated using average prices, namely total revenue divided by the number of consumers. Examples of this type of estimation can be found for cinema, sporting events and the performing arts since box office revenue is frequently available, though it is also common in other industrial markets. We construct a straightforward theoretical model showing that this practice introduces a specific type of measurement error that generates a major source of endogeneity into empirical research. Our theoretical framework also allows us, however, to find proper instruments for the endogenous price variables. An empirical application is provided using Spanish data on cinema attendance to illustrate the validity of the strategy proposed here to address this sort of endogeneity in an instrumental variable framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Forecasting the Mean and the Variance of Electricity Prices in Deregulated Markets.
- Author
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Mazumdar, Mainak and Ruibal, Claudio M.
- Subjects
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ELECTRICITY pricing , *DEREGULATION , *PRICING , *OLIGOPOLIES , *ECONOMIC competition - Abstract
A fundamental bid-based stochastic model is presented to predict electricity hourly prices and average price in a given period. The model captures both the economic and physical aspects of the pricing process, considering two sources of uncertainty: availability of the units and demand. This work is based on three oligopoly models --Bertrand, Cournot and Supply Function Equilibrium (SFE) due to Rudkevich, Duckworth, and Rosen-- and obtains closed form expressions for expected value and variance of electricity hourly prices and average price. Sensitivity analysis is performed on the number of firms, anticipated peak demand and price elasticity of demand. The results show that as the number of firms in the market decreases, the expected values of prices increase by a significant amount. Variances for the Cournot model also increase. But the variances for the SFE model decrease, taking even smaller values than Bertrand's. Thus if the Rudkevich model is an accurate representation of the electricity market, the results show that an introduction of competition may decrease the expected value of prices but the variances may actually increase. Finally, using a refinement of the model it has been demonstrated that an accurate temperature forecast can reduce significantly the prediction error of the electricity prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
9. Forecasting the Mean and the Variance of Electricity Prices in Deregulated Markets.
- Author
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Claudio M. Ruibal and Mazumdar, M.
- Subjects
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ELECTRIC rates , *STOCHASTIC models , *PRICES , *DEREGULATION , *ECONOMIC equilibrium , *ECONOMIC competition , *OLIGOPOLIES , *UNCERTAINTY , *ECONOMIC demand , *SUPPLY & demand - Abstract
A fundamental bid-based stochastic model is presented to predict electricity hourly prices and average price in a given period. The model captures both the economic and physical aspects of the pricing process, considering two sources of uncertainty: availability of the units and demand. This work is based on three oligopoly models—Bertrand, Cournot, and supply function equilibrium (SFE) due to Rudkevich, Duckworth, and Rosen—and obtains closed form expressions for expected value and variance of electricity hourly prices and average price. Sensitivity analysis is performed on the number of firms, anticipated peak demand, and price elasticity of demand. The results show that as the number of firms in the market decreases, the expected values of prices increase by a significant amount. Variances for the Cournot model also increase, but the variances for the SFE model decrease, taking even smaller values than Bertrand's. Thus, if the Rudkevich model is an accurate representation of the electricity market, the results show that an introduction of competition may decrease the expected value of prices but the variances may actually increase. Finally, using a refinement of the model, it has been demonstrated that an accurate temperature forecast can reduce significantly the prediction error of the electricity prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Breaking Down Barriers : Unlocking Africa's Potential through Vigorous Competition Policy
- Author
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World Bank Group and African Competition Forum
- Subjects
PRICE LEVELS ,WHOLESALERS ,MARKET DEVELOPMENTS ,MARKET POWER ,MARKET COMPETITION ,PRICE SUBSIDIES ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,CONSUMER PRICES ,EXPORT MARKETS ,STOCKS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,MARKET ENTRY ,SUBSTITUTE ,ENERGY PRICE ,PRICE LEVEL ,FAIR ,SERVICES MARKET ,INVESTMENTS ,ADVERTISING ,MARKET POSITION ,SALE ,STOCK ,COMPETITIVENESS ,CONTESTABLE MARKET ,DISTRIBUTION ,COMMON MARKET ,PRICING STRATEGIES ,MARKET REFORMS ,PRODUCER PRICES ,RELEVANT MARKETS ,PRICE CEILING ,PRICE CONTROL ,STORAGE ,TYING ,EMERGING MARKETS ,PRICE FIXING ,PRICE DISCRIMINATION ,WHOLESALER ,AGRICULTURAL PRICE ,MARKETS ,AUCTION ,MARKET STRUCTURE ,PRICE WARS ,RETAIL STORES ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,PRICES ,DOMESTIC MARKETS ,COMMERCIAL MARKETS ,RETAIL LEASES ,SUPPLIER ,PRICING ,MARKET CONCENTRATION ,PRODUCER PRICE ,PRICE INCREASE ,PRICE INDEX ,MARKET FAILURE ,PRODUCTS ,PRICE MAINTENANCE ,MARKET ,SUPPLY ,AVERAGE PRICE ,COMMODITY PRICE ,AUCTIONS ,MARKETING ,INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS ,DEMAND ,PRICE CONTROLS ,SERVICE MARKET ,BRAND ,MARKET PRICES ,RETAIL PRICES ,PRODUCT MARKET ,CONTESTABILITY ,SURPLUS ,PRODUCT ,PRODUCER PRICE INDEX ,MARKET BEHAVIOR ,ACCESS TO MARKETS ,SERVICES MARKETS ,RETAIL INDUSTRY ,DIRECT MARKET ,SUBSTITUTES ,RETAIL PRICE ,VALUE ,PRODUCT MARKETS ,MARKET DEVELOPMENT ,BARRIERS TO ENTRY ,MONOPOLY ,MARKET PENETRATION ,COMPETITIVE PRICES ,CONTESTABLE MARKETS ,SUPPLIERS ,PRICE REGULATION ,SUPPLY CHAIN ,MARKET STUDY ,TURNOVER ,PRICE ,MARKETPLACE ,SPREAD ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,EXPORT MARKETING ,MARKET PRICE ,MARKET STABILIZATION ,PRICE VOLATILITY ,COMPETITION ,COMMERCE ,MARKET DISTORTIONS ,BRANDS ,EXPENDITURES ,EXCLUSIONARY PRACTICES ,MARKET STUDIES ,COMPETITIVE PRICE ,MONOPOLIES ,SUPPLY CHAINS ,INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS ,RELEVANT MARKET ,MARKET SHARE ,PRICE COMPETITION ,MARKET FAILURES ,MARKET DEMAND ,LABOR MARKETS ,SALES ,AVERAGE PRICES ,BIDDING ,RETAIL ,PREDATORY PRICING ,VOLATILITY ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
This report shows how competition policy can help African countries boost inclusive and sustainable development. Prepared by the World Bank Group (WBG) in partnership with the African Competition Forum, the study reviews the implementation of competition frameworks in Africa and examines competition issues that affect market performance in three important sectors for Africa's competitiveness: cement, fertilizers, and telecoms. It uses the WBG's Markets and Competition Policy Assessment Tool to identify how competition rule and their enforcement could be made more effective, and to highlight economic and regulatory characteristics of cement, fertilizers and telecoms markets that dampen competition and increase the risk of anticompetitive business practices. Conservative estimates put forward by this report suggest that addressing weak competition in principle staple foods across three countries would have the effect of lifting around 500,000 people above the poverty line by lowering consumer prices. Fundamental market reforms to increase competition in key input services would also boost economic growth. For example, professional services reforms would deliver an additional 0.16–0.43 percent of additional annual gross domestic product growth. While the benefits of competition are clearly observable in Africa, considerable effort is still required to ensure effective implementation of competition laws and incorporation of competition principles in government policies.
- Published
- 2016
11. Is Living in African Cities Expensive?
- Author
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Nakamura, Shohei, Harati, Rawaa, Lall, Somik V., Dikhanov, Yuri M., Hamadeh, Nada, Vigil Oliver, William, Rissanen, Marko Olavi, and Yamanaka, Mizuki
- Subjects
PRICE LEVELS ,INFORMATION ,BEER ,BEVERAGES ,COMMUNICATION ,OLIVE OIL ,GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT ,EXCHANGE RATES ,CATERING ,BREAD ,VEAL ,MONITORING ,PRICE LEVEL ,BEEF ,INCOME ,PRODUCTIVITY ,BASKET OF GOODS ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURES ,BANANAS ,STOCK ,COMPETITIVENESS ,FOOD PRICES ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,BUSINESS ,POTATOES ,RESTAURANTS ,NONALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ,GOODS ,INSTITUTIONS ,NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ,RENT ,USERS ,ORANGE ,TOMATOES ,ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ,BUTTER ,LIVING STANDARDS ,SUGAR ,MARKETS ,PROFIT ,DEVELOPMENT ,REGRESSION ANALYSIS ,PRICES ,WAGES ,FOOD ,EGG ,PURCHASING POWER ,WELFARE ,VEGETABLES ,TEA ,PURCHASING ,INFLUENCE ,CONSUMPTION ,GDP PER CAPITA ,THEORY ,PRICE INDEX ,CONSUMER PRICE ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,INCOME LEVELS ,PRODUCTS ,TRADE ,MARKET ,SUPPLY ,FROZEN FISH ,PORK ,ORANGES ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON ,CORN ,TELEPHONE ,DATA ,COCOA ,PET FOODS ,ECONOMIC THEORY ,CONSUMERS ,PRODUCT ,ELECTRICITY ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,ALCOHOL BEVERAGES ,LEMONS ,FLOUR ,WAGE RATES ,SUPERMARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ,CORNFLAKES ,PRICE INDICES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,NON- ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES ,BLOG ,OPEN ACCESS ,RESULT ,SUPERMARKET ,UTILITY ,VALUE ,FOODS ,MEAT ,MARKET DEVELOPMENT ,LAMB ,PRICE COMPARISONS ,USES ,EQUIPMENT ,BARS ,GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE ,PRICE ,COST OF LIVING ,CHOCOLATE ,DATABASE ,MATERIALS ,MARGARINE ,REAL EXCHANGE RATES ,EXPENDITURES ,POSTAL SERVICES ,REGRESSION ANALYSES ,RICE ,COLA ,ECONOMIC SIZE ,LABOR MARKETS ,AVERAGE PRICES ,CUSTOMER ,PEACHES ,MARKET INTEGRATION ,FOOD PRODUCTS ,RESULTS ,EGGS ,PRICE INFORMATION ,ORANGE JUICE ,GABON ,APPLES ,CARROTS ,HAM ,CANADA ,ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Although several studies have examined why overall price levels are higher in richer countries, little is known about whether there is a similar relationship at the urban and city level across countries. This paper compares the price levels of cities in Sub-Saharan Africa with those of other regions by analyzing price information collected for the 2011 round of the International Comparison Program. Readjusting the calculated price levels from national to urban levels, the analysis indicates that African cities are relatively more expensive, despite having lower income levels. The price levels of goods and services consumed by households are up to 31percent higher in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other low- and middle-income countries, relative to their income levels. Food and non-alcoholic beverages are especially expensive, with price levels around 35 percent higher than in other countries. The paper also analyzes price information collected by the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, and obtains a similar result, indicating higher prices of goods and services in African cities.
- Published
- 2016
12. Market Integration and Poverty : Evidence from South Sudan
- Author
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Varela, Gonzalo, Cali, Massimiliano, Pape, Utz, and Rojas, Esteban
- Subjects
WAREHOUSE ,PRICE LEVELS ,AIRPORT ,MARKET ACCESS ,FUEL COSTS ,INVESTMENT ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,FOOD PRICE ,CROSSING ,COMMODITIES ,ROAD ,PRICE EFFECT ,COMMODITY ,MARKET CONDITION ,ROUTES ,DRIVERS ,EFFECT OF FUEL PRICES ,ROAD IMPROVEMENT ,TRANSPORTATION COST ,INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,INCOME ,INVESTMENTS ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,DIESEL ,PRICE SERIES ,SALE ,SUBSTITUTION ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,STOCK ,COMPETITIVENESS ,FOOD PRICES ,CAR ,INFORMATION FLOWS ,SUPPLY SHOCKS ,ROAD QUALITY ,AGRICULTURAL PRICE ,MARKETS ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES ,PRICES ,TRADE DEFICIT ,RAILROAD ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,ROAD NETWORK ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ,ELASTICITY ,PURCHASING ,LIQUIDITY ,PRICE INCREASE ,CONSUMER PRICE ,TRUE ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,PRODUCTS ,TRADE ,MARKET ,FUEL PRICE ,SUPPLY ,COMMERCIAL FARMING ,PRICE CHANGES ,PRICE POLICY ,AVERAGE PRICE ,PRICE ADJUSTMENT ,LENGTH OF ROADS ,TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,COSTS ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ,PRICE CHANGE ,DEMAND ,TRANSIT ,FUEL ,SURPLUS ,PRODUCT ,ACCESSIBILITY ,CONNECTIVITY ,SIGNALS ,FOREIGN EXCHANGE ,PRICE VARIATIONS ,ROUTE ,FUEL PRICES ,EXCHANGE ,ROADS ,TRAVEL TIME ,TREND ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,ARBITRAGE ,POLICIES ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,MARKET SEGMENTATION ,OUTPUT ,REGIONAL INTEGRATION ,TRAVEL ,JOURNEYS ,VEHICLES ,REMOTE REGION ,ENERGY PRICES ,PRICE ,TAXES ,TOLLS ,PRODUCTION STRUCTURE ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,ROAD BUILDING ,PRICE OF DIESEL ,FUELS ,PRICE VOLATILITY ,PUBLIC POLICY ,GASOLINE ,RURAL ROADS ,DOMESTIC TRANSPORT ,FIXED COSTS ,EXPENDITURES ,COMMODITY PRICES ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,EXPOSURE ,AVERAGE PRICES ,PRICE STRUCTURE ,DATA AVAILABILITY ,PRICE DIFFERENTIAL ,MARKET INTEGRATION ,BARRIERS ,INTEREST ,BORDER CROSSING ,GASOLINE PRICES ,TRANSPORT ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,TRANSPORTATION ,SAVINGS ,PRICE STABILIZATION ,RAILROADS ,SHARE ,PRICE DIFFERENTIALS ,HIGH TRANSPORT ,VOLATILITY ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
This paper examines the effects of market integration on household consumption using data on seven food and two energy markets across South Sudan. The analysis reveals that markets in South Sudan are highly segmented. Price differences for narrowly defined products, across cities exceed in some cases 100 percent. In addition, price volatility increased substantially following the imposition of the trade restrictions with Sudan. This increase tends to hurt disproportionately the poor, who cannot smooth purchasing decisions over time because of liquidity constraints. Transportation costs explain almost half of the variation in food prices across space, and improving the quality of roads has a large potential to reduce prices in the most expensive towns. On the basis of this price effect, the simulations suggest that bringing all road quality across states to that of primary roads can yield a reduction in poverty from the rate of 51.7 percent in 2009 to between 42.8 and 46.9 percent. These estimates have to be interpreted as conservative, as they do not take into account the second-order effects of road construction from increased trade that will result from better road connectivity.
- Published
- 2016
13. Analyzing Food Price Trends in the Context of Engel’s Law and the Prebisch-Singer Hypothesis
- Author
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Baffes, John and Etienne, Xiaoli L.
- Subjects
INVESTMENT ,GROWTH RATES ,BARTER ,INVENTORY ,DEVELOPING COUNTRY ,FOOD PRICE ,EXCHANGE RATES ,COMMODITIES ,INFLATION ,COMMODITY ,STOCKS ,ENERGY PRICE ,UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,LAGS ,INCOME ,COMMODITY EXPORTS ,REAL INTEREST RATE ,PRICE SERIES ,STOCK ,FOOD PRICES ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,GOODS ,MARKET REFORMS ,COPPER PRICE ,PRODUCER PRICES ,RATE OF GROWTH ,CLOSED‐ECONOMY ,TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ,PRICE INCREASES ,SUPPLY SHOCKS ,EMERGING ECONOMIES ,INVENTORIES ,INCOMES ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,DEMAND GROWTH ,MARKETS ,DEVELOPMENT ,PRICE INFLATION ,PRICES ,PURCHASING POWER ,BANKING ,MONETARY POLICY ,ELASTICITY ,PURCHASING ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,INFLUENCE ,CONSUMPTION ,GDP PER CAPITA ,PRICING ,PRODUCER PRICE ,INTEREST RATES ,FUTURE PRICE ,PRICE INDEX ,CONSUMER PRICE ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,TRENDS ,DEBT ,PRICING POLICIES ,PRODUCTS ,TRADE ,EQUILIBRIUM ,MARKET ,SUPPLY ,PRICE CHANGES ,AVERAGE PRICE ,COMMODITY PRICE ,MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES ,RESERVE BANK ,MARKETING ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,AGRICULTURE ,DEMAND ,PRICE ELASTICITY ,STANDARD OF LIVING ,CONSUMERS ,MARKET PRICES ,PRODUCT ,CURRENCIES ,PRODUCER PRICE INDEX ,GDP ,VARIABLES ,DISTRIBUTED LAGS ,PRICE INDICES ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,TAXATION ,VALUE ,SECURITY ,EXPORTS ,BORROWING COUNTRIES ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,EQUILIBRIUM PRICE ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,FISCAL POLICY ,PRICE TRENDS ,EXCHANGE RATE ,MIDDLE‐INCOME COUNTRIES ,ENERGY PRICES ,INCOME EFFECT ,INSURANCE ,AGRICULTURAL PRICES ,PRICE ,PRICE FLUCTUATIONS ,TREASURY ,INCOME MEASURES ,MARKET PRICE ,PRICE VOLATILITY ,REAL EXCHANGE RATES ,EXPENDITURES ,COMMODITY PRICES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,FUTURE ,PRICE MOVEMENTS ,AVERAGE PRICES ,INCOME GROUPS ,EXPECTATIONS ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,ECONOMICS ,INTEREST ,POWER PARITY ,SHARE ,INTEREST RATE ,TREASURY BILL ,VOLATILITY ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Income growth in emerging economies has often been cited as a key driver of the past decade’s com-modity price boom—the longest and broadest boom since World War II. This paper shows that income has a negative and highly significant effect on real food commodity prices, a finding that is consistent with Engel’s Law and Kindleberger’s thesis, the predecessors of the Prebisch-Singer hypothe-sis. The paper also shows that, in the long run, income influences real food prices mainly through the manufacturing price channel (the deflator), hence weakening the view that income growth exerts strong upward pressure on food prices. Other (short-term) drivers of food prices include energy costs, inventories, and monetary conditions.
- Published
- 2015
14. Political Connections and Tariff Evasion : Evidence from Tunisia
- Author
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Rijkers, Bob, Baghdadi, Leila, and Raballand, Gael
- Subjects
FOREIGN TRADE ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,CUSTOMS ,BANK POLICY ,TAX RATES ,INVESTMENT ,DOMESTIC PRODUCTION ,MARKET POWER ,TAX EXEMPTIONS ,TAX ,PREFERENTIAL TREATMENT ,BUDGET ,TRUST FUND ,DEMAND FUNCTION ,EMPLOYMENT ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,SUBSTITUTE ,RISK AVERSION ,IMPORT PRICE ,health care economics and organizations ,COMPETITORS ,SALE ,EXPANSION ,TARIFF RATE ,IMPORT REGIMES ,CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES ,PROTECTION FOR SALE ,CUSTOMS REGIME ,SHARES ,TRANSACTIONS ,CUSTOMS DECLARATIONS ,TRADE AGREEMENTS ,FIRM ,FRAUD ,GOODS ,TRADE POLICY ,TAX COLLECTION ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,IMPORT DATA ,INTERESTS ,OUTSOURCING ,PARTNERS ,TARIFF ,IMPORT DUTIES ,COMPANIES ,FIRMS ,BALANCE OF PAYMENTS ,PROFIT ,TRANCHE ,FINANCE ,EXPORTERS ,PRICES ,TAX POLICY ,OPEN ECONOMY ,PRODUCTION ,ENTERPRISES ,PUBLIC ENTERPRISES ,CONSUMPTION ,DUMMY VARIABLE ,PRODUCTS ,GRANT ,TRADE ,CUSTOMS DUTIES ,MARKET ,AVERAGE PRICE ,PROPERTY ,INEQUALITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,TAX RATE ,EXPORT QUANTITY ,DEMAND ,ENTREPRENEURS ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,TARIFF INCREASES ,PRODUCT ,TRADING PARTNERS ,TAX REGIME ,LOBBYING ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,EXCHANGE ,ACCOUNTING ,IMPORT SHARE ,TAXATION ,INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS ,VALUE ,EXPORTS ,TARIFFS ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,EXCHANGE RATE ,PRICE DECREASE ,INSURANCE ,PRICE ,TAXES ,IMPORT DECLARATIONS ,DUMMY VARIABLES ,BAILOUTS ,PROFITS ,EXPENDITURES ,IMPORTS ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,IMPORT PRICES ,ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS ,FISCAL POLICIES ,IMPORT TAXES ,AVERAGE PRICES ,FOREIGN INVESTMENT ,BUDGET CONSTRAINTS ,INTEREST ,PARTNER ,TRADING ,JOB CREATION ,IMPORT VALUE ,COMPETITOR ,EXPORT VALUE ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,NON-TARIFF BARRIERS ,IMPORT LICENSES ,IMPORT VALUES ,REVENUES ,MARKET SHARES ,CHECKS ,CUSTOMS OFFICIALS ,SHARE ,TARIFF RATES ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE AGREEMENTS - Abstract
Are politically connected firms more likely to evade taxes? This paper presents evidence suggesting firms owned by President Ben Ali and his family were more prone to evade import tariffs. During Ben Ali’s reign, evasion gaps, defined as the difference between the value of exports to Tunisia reported by partner countries and the value of imports reported at Tunisian customs, were correlated with the import share of connected firms. This association was especially strong for goods subject to high tariffs, and driven by underreporting of unit prices, which diminished after the revolution. Consistent with these product-level patterns, unit prices reported by connected firms were lower than those reported by other firms, and declined faster with tariffs than those of other firms. Moreover, privatization to the Ben Ali family was associated with a reduction in reported unit prices, whereas privatization per se was not.
- Published
- 2015
15. Global Food Price Inflation: Implications for South Asia, Policy Reactions, and Future Challenges
- Author
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Ahmed, Sadiq
- Subjects
Economics ,adverse consequences ,adverse effect ,Adverse Effects ,Agricultural Productivity ,Agriculture ,average price ,average prices ,average productivity ,basic needs ,binding constraint ,buffer stocks - Abstract
The surge in global commodity prices of the past few years has presented a tremendous development challenge for South Asian countries. The large loss of income from the terms of trade shock has worsened macroeconomic balances, fueled rapid inflation, and hurt growth. Although commodity prices have come down recently, the benefits are being clouded by the emergence of a severe global financial crisis. The adverse consequences of the food price hike for the poor are large; the global financial crisis could further worsen the situation due to falling economic opportunities and government revenues. South Asian countries need to accelerate reforms to avoid facing a serious downturn in economic activity, investment, exports, and income. Governments in South Asia have responded by stabilizing domestic food prices through a number of short-term measures, tightened monetary policy to reduce inflation, and increased spending on a range of safety net programs for the poor. Some of the policies employed, such as export bans, are not consistent with the long-term welfare of the country or the region. Safety net interventions need to be made consistent with a longer-term poverty reduction strategy and fiscal sustainability. Most importantly, policy attention now needs to shift toward efforts to increase farm productivity, improve rural infrastructure, and lower the vulnerability of the poor.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. The great plunge in oil prices: Causes, consequences, and policy responses
- Author
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Baffes, John, Kose, M. Ayhan, Ohnsorge, Franziska, and Stocker, Marc
- Subjects
Q40 ,MARKET DEVELOPMENTS ,FUEL COSTS ,Q41 ,OIL MARKETS ,PEAK OIL ,NET OIL ,INVESTMENT ,Q43 ,DOMESTIC OIL ,PRICE SUBSIDIES ,macroeconomic implications ,INVENTORY ,DURABLE GOODS ,OIL SPILLS ,APPROACH ,INFLATION ,PRICE SUPPORT ,OIL EXPORTERS ,EMERGING MARKET ,OIL PRICE SPIKE ,EMPLOYMENT ,STOCKS ,OIL SUPPLY ,SUBSTITUTE ,health care economics and organizations ,FAIR ,FOSSIL ,PRICE STABILITY ,RENEWABLE ENERGY ,INVESTMENTS ,CRUDE OIL ,OIL PRODUCERS ,DIESEL ,BARREL OIL ,OIL EQUIVALENT ,STOCK ,OIL ,OPTIONS ,FINANCIAL MARKET ,GAS ,demand factors ,BALANCE ,ACTIVITIES ,FOSSIL FUELS ,OIL PRICE COLLAPSE ,E62 ,OIL IMPORTS ,OIL EXPLORATION ,OIL DEMAND ,PRICE INCREASES ,EMERGING MARKETS ,CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY ,FEEDSTOCK ,FINANCIAL MARKETS ,MERCHANDISE ,PRICING MECHANISM ,NATURAL GAS PRICES ,INVENTORIES ,MARKETS ,OIL PRODUCTS ,PRICES ,DRILLING ,PETROLEUM ,PRICE SPIKES ,DOMESTIC PETROLEUM ,LABOR MARKET ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,OIL INDUSTRY ,DOMESTIC OIL PRODUCTION ,ELECTRICAL POWER ,OIL ACCOUNTS ,PRICING ,NUCLEAR ENERGY ,PRICING POLICIES ,PRODUCTS ,MARKET ,DEFLATION ,FOSSIL FUEL ,SUPPLY ,GAS PRICES ,CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION ,PRICE CHANGES ,LNG ,RECOVERABLE RESERVES ,COMMODITY PRICE ,NUCLEAR REACTORS ,BARRELS PER DAY ,OIL PRODUCER ,PRICE CHANGE ,DEMAND ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,ENERGY PRODUCTION ,FUEL ,SURPLUS ,PRODUCT ,ELECTRICITY ,ENERGY ,STABLE PRICES ,COAL ,WORLD OIL CONSUMPTION ,FUEL PRICES ,ENERGY CONSUMPTION ,OIL CONSUMPTION ,LIQUEFACTION ,RAW MATERIALS ,FUEL DEMAND ,AGGREGATE DEMAND ,unconventional oil production ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,2014 oil price decline ,QUALITY ENERGY ,GAS PROJECTS ,SUPPLIERS ,OIL PRICES ,MERCHANDISE EXPORTS ,ENERGY USE ,ENERGY PRICES ,AGRICULTURAL PRICES ,CRUDE OIL PRICE ,PRICE ,F40 ,OIL EXPORTS ,PRICE FLUCTUATIONS ,SUBSTITUTE PRODUCT ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,global output ,commodity prices ,FUELS ,CLEAN ENERGY ,POWER ,GASOLINE ,SUGARCANE ,TAX REVENUES ,EXPENDITURES ,OIL SHOCKS ,NATURAL GAS ,UTILITIES ,PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES ,MARKET SHARE ,OIL OUTPUT ,ETHANOL ,ddc:330 ,OIL PRICE ,LABOR MARKETS ,AVERAGE PRICES ,OILS ,supply factors ,ENERGY COSTS ,E32 ,PRICE FORECASTS ,AVAILABILITY ,ENERGY PRODUCTS ,COST OF ENERGY ,OIL PRODUCTION ,DOMESTIC SUPPLY ,PRICE OF OIL ,ENERGY BILLS ,OIL COMPANIES ,NITROGEN ,PRICES OF ENERGY ,ENERGY SOURCES ,TAX POLICIES ,COFFEE PRICES ,global inflation ,VOLATILITY ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
This note combines and distills existing and new research to inform discussion on the topical policy issue of oil prices. Following four years of relative stability at around $105 per barrel (bbl), oil prices have declined sharply since June 2014 and are expected to remain low for a considerable period of time. The drop in prices likely marks the end of the commodity supercycle that began in the early 2000s. Since the past episodes of such sharp declines coincided with substantial fluctuations in activity and inflation, the causes and consequences of and policy responses to the recent plunge in oil prices have led to intensive debates. This paper addresses four questions at the center of these debates, with particular emphasis on emerging market and developing economies: 1) How does the recent decline in oil prices compare with previous episodes? 2) What are the causes of the sharp drop and what is the outlook for oil price? 3) What are the economic and financial consequences? 4) What are the main policy implications? The decline in oil prices will lead to significant real income shifts from oil exporters to oil importers, likely resulting in a net positive effect for global activity over the medium term. However, several factors could counteract the global growth and inflation implications of the lower oil prices. These include weak global demand and limited scope for additional monetary policy easing in many countries. The disinflationary implications of falling oil prices may be muted by sharp adjustments in currencies and effects of taxes, subsidies, and regulations on prices. Regarding fiscal policy, the loss in oil revenues for exporters will strain public finances, while savings among oil importers could help rebuild fiscal space. Lower oil prices also present a window of opportunity to implement structural reforms. These include, in particular, comprehensive and lasting reforms of fuel subsidies, as well as energy taxes more broadly.
- Published
- 2015
17. Definição de indicadores para estimar custos de projeto e análise paramétrica dos eurocódigos estruturais
- Author
-
Rei, Ana Margarida Carcel, Lourenço, Paulo B., Assis, Ana Paula, and Universidade do Minho
- Subjects
Average prices ,Columns ,Engenharia e Tecnologia::Engenharia Civil ,Beams ,Vigas ,Engenharia Civil [Engenharia e Tecnologia] ,CYPECAD ,Pilares ,Indicadores médios ,Average indicators ,Custos médios - Abstract
Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil, Nas últimas décadas têm-se assistido à contínua evolução dos programas de cálculo automático, aos quais os projetistas estruturais recorrem devido às facilidades que oferecem ao nível do dimensionamento estrutural. Estes programas surgem em resposta à procura por uma maior qualidade estrutural, uma vez que permitem uma modelação da estrutura mais realista face às ações a que esta se encontra. A qualidade de um projeto estrutural é um desafio, pois, não depende só do tipo de exigências feitas pelos utilizadores dos programas. Dada a abrangência dos regulamentos atualmente em vigor, depende também dos regulamentos impostos no dimensionamento estrutural, que consideram critérios para a otimização estrutural, permitindo obter estruturas mais económicas e com um comportamento adequado e previsível. No presente documento realiza-se, inicialmente, uma análise de projetos de estruturas de uma determinada amostra geral de edifícios, com recurso ao software de cálculo automático CYPECAD e pelos métodos prescritos no Regulamento de Estruturas de Betão Armado e Pré- Esforçado, o Regulamento de Segurança e Ações para Estruturas de Edifícios e Pontes e pelos Eurocódigos Estruturais. Na parte final do trabalho recorre-se a um estudo comparativo de regulamentações, que permitirá a definição de indicadores médios de consumo e custos médios para vigas e pilares., In the last decades, the continuous evolution of automatic design software is noticeable, to which engineers resort to due to the simplicity that they offer with respect to structural design. These appear as an answer to the demand of a higher structural quality, since they allow for a more realistic structural modeling with respect to the actions to which the building is subhected to. The quality of a structural project remains a challenge because it does not depend only on the requirements made by the software users. Due to the scope of applicable regulations, quality also depends on the regulations imposed on the structural design, which consider criteria for structural optimization, allowing more economic structures and a more adequate and predictable behavior. In the present document, first, an analysis of structural projects of a given general sample of buildings, using the automatic design software CYPECAD and the specifications of the Portuguese Code for Reinforced Concrete and Prestressed Structures, and the Code for Safety and Actions in Building and Bridges Structures, and by the Structural Eurocodes. In the final part of the work, there is a comparison study of regulations, which will allow for the definition of average consumption indicators and average costs for beams and columns.
- Published
- 2015
18. Tracking Distortions in Agriculture: China and Its Accession to the World Trade Organization
- Author
-
Min Chang, Jikun Huang, and Scott Rozelle
- Subjects
BORDER PRICE ,FOREIGN TRADE ,PRICE LEVELS ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,WHOLESALERS ,MARKET ACCESS ,TAX ,Market access ,VALUE ADDED ,WORLD TRADE ,WHOLESALE PRICE ,COMMODITIES ,COST INCREASES ,DOMESTIC PRICE ,COMMODITY ,INFLATION ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,Market price ,Economics ,EXPORT MARKETS ,STOCKS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,PRICE LEVEL ,REBATE ,SUPPLY SIDE ,TAXATION POLICY ,Free trade ,INCOME ,INPUT PRICES ,TRADE NEGOTIATIONS ,GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES ,QUOTAS ,REMOTE REGIONS ,MARKET TOWNS ,PRICE SERIES ,SALE ,SUBSTITUTION ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,DOMESTIC ECONOMY ,REBATES ,PRODUCER PRICES ,TRADE POLICY ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE ,TYING ,INCOMES ,WORLD MARKETS ,Development ,AGRICULTURAL PRICE ,WHOLESALE MARKET ,AUCTION ,PRICE TAKERS ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,WAGES ,TRADE BARRIERS ,DOMESTIC MARKETS ,CONSUMER PRICE INDICES ,COMMERCIAL MARKETS ,LABOR MARKET ,WORLD MARKET ,AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES ,LOWER PRICES ,International economics ,PRICE INDEX ,BARRIER ,CONSUMER PRICE ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,CHANGES IN PRICES ,DEFLATION ,PRICE CHANGES ,TRADE POLICIES ,AVERAGE PRICE ,SUPPLY SHOCK ,FREE TRADE AGREEMENT ,TRADE REFORMS ,MARKETING ,TAX RATE ,AGRICULTURE ,FREE TRADE ,CONSUMERS ,MARKET PRICES ,PRICE PROTECTION ,International trade ,EXTERNAL SHOCKS ,REMOTE AREAS ,WTO ,Domestic market ,TRADING PARTNERS ,AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ,TRADING SYSTEM ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,LIBERALIZATION ,TAXATION ,LOWER PRICE ,EXPORTS ,ARBITRAGE ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,SUPPLIERS ,OUTPUT ,PRICE TRENDS ,ECONOMIC REFORM ,EXCHANGE RATE ,MARKET FORCES ,INSURANCE ,AGRICULTURAL PRICES ,CURRENCY ,MARKET PERFORMANCE ,COTTON PRICES ,Market integration ,Economics and Econometrics ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,Chinese financial system ,GROSS VALUE ,Export subsidy ,COMMERCE ,IMPORTS ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,Accounting ,COMMODITY MARKETS ,RESOURCE ECONOMICS ,CAPS ,PRICE MOVEMENTS ,China ,AVERAGE PRICES ,INCOME GROUPS ,SALES ,LOW TARIFF ,REGULATORS ,MARKET INTEGRATION ,business.industry ,PRICE DISTORTIONS ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,CLIMATE ,OPEN MARKETS ,TRANSACTION COST ,DOMESTIC PRICES ,ADVERSE IMPACTS ,business ,Finance - Abstract
This article examines the impacts of China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) on prices in its agricultural sector. The analysis uses a new methodology to estimate nominal protection rates in China's agricultural sector before its accession to the WTO. These new measures account for differences in commodity quality within China and between China and world markets. The analysis shows that some of China's agricultural commodities are well above world market prices and others are well below. The article also assesses market integration and efficiency in China. It finds high degrees of integration between coastal and inland markets and between regional and village markets. The remarkable improvements in market performance in recent years mean that if increased imports or exports affect China's domestic price near the border, producers throughout most of China will feel the price shifts.
- Published
- 2004
19. Vale's iron ore prices 'will exceed 62% Fe index' by $10 in 2018, $12-12.50 in 2019.
- Author
-
Rostás, Renato
- Subjects
IRON ores ,IRON metallurgy - Abstract
Brazil-based miner Vale already benefits from high-grade price indices and from demand for high-quality iron ore, but it expects the premiums paid for purer and less-contaminated ore to rise in the next few years, ferrous minerals and coal director Peter Poppinga said during the company's annual investor presentation in New York on Tuesday December 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
20. The Grain Chain : Food Security and Managing Wheat Imports in Arab Countries
- Author
-
World Bank and FAO
- Subjects
DOMESTIC PRODUCTION ,INFRASTRUCTURE ,INVENTORY ,FUEL SUBSIDIES ,CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ,ROAD ,INFLATION ,BLACK MARKET ,BOTTLENECKS ,FOOD SHORTAGES ,DRIVERS ,ROUTES ,TRANSPORTATION NETWORKS ,EXTREME WEATHER ,STOCKS ,BREAD ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,POPULATION GROWTH ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,INCOME ,INVESTMENTS ,INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT ,DIESEL ,TRANSPORT MODE ,DELIVERY OF GOODS ,SUBSTITUTION ,STOCK ,FOOD PRICES ,SEVERE WEATHER EVENTS ,FOOD SUPPLIES ,DEMAND FOR FOOD ,EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS ,RISK MANAGEMENT ,STORAGE ,GRAINS ,MARGINAL COST ,MILLS ,PRICE INCREASES ,MODELS ,INVENTORIES ,SUBSIDIES ,WORLD MARKETS ,MARKETS ,SURPLUSES ,TOTAL COST ,TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ,FINANCE ,DRAWN DOWN ,PRICE INFLATION ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,FOOD ,EFFICIENCY GAINS ,CEREAL IMPORTS ,FOOD IMPORTS ,FOOD SUPPLY ,FOOD SAFETY ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,WORLD MARKET ,RAIL ,ROAD NETWORK ,PURCHASING ,STRATEGIC RESERVE ,MARKET RISKS ,PRICE INCREASE ,PRICE INDEX ,TRANSPORTATION ACCOUNTS ,CONSUMER PRICE ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,CEREAL PRODUCTION ,MARKET ,SUPPLY ,GRAIN RESERVES ,AVERAGE PRICE ,MARKET VOLATILITY ,TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ,WHEAT FLOUR ,COSTS ,FOOD PRICE INFLATION ,AGRICULTURE ,SEVERE WEATHER ,TRANSPORT NETWORK ,WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME ,DEMAND ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,RETAIL PRICES ,TRANSIT ,EXTREME TEMPERATURES ,FUEL ,INSURANCE POLICY ,ACCESSIBILITY ,PRODUCT ,BRIDGE ,ACCIDENTS ,COAL ,FLOUR ,SIGNALS ,FUEL PRICES ,PRICE RISK ,PORTFOLIO ,UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES ,RETAIL PRICE ,ROADS ,CAPITAL COSTS ,COST OF TRANSPORTATION ,COST OF FUEL ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,FOOD SECURITY ,POLICIES ,DRIVING ,POLICY ,ROAD CONDITIONS ,STORAGE CAPACITY ,SUPPLIERS ,FOOD STOCKS ,SAFETY ,INSURANCE ,QUALITY OF TRANSPORT ,SUPPLY CHAIN ,PRICE ,TRAINING ,INTERNATIONAL MARKET ,WHEAT ,PRICE VOLATILITY ,AVERAGE TRANSIT TIME ,INLAND TRANSPORT ,MARKET DISTORTIONS ,COMMODITY PRICES ,SUPPLY CHAINS ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,BENEFITS ,COMMODITY MARKETS ,FREIGHT ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGETS ,WFP ,AVERAGE PRICES ,PROFIT MARGINS ,CEREALS ,CEREAL PRICES ,TRUCKS ,LOGISTICS ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,SUBSIDY ,TRANSPORTATION ,CLIMATE ,REVENUES ,DONOR COMMUNITY ,IFPRI ,PETROLEUM PRICES ,CANADA ,PRICE STABILIZATION ,RETAIL ,INTEREST RATE ,FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS ,FLOUR MILLS - Abstract
Arab countries face a number of food security risks due to their high dependence on wheat imports. This study explores ways in which countries can mitigate these risks. The authors evaluate the wheat import supply chain (WISC) from the unloading port to bulk storage at the flour mill, before the wheat is milled into flour. Existing literature treats isolated topics related to the supply chain, such as strategic storage and the use of financial instruments. This study is unique in that it takes a holistic view of the supply chain by examining how strategic storage, logistics improvements, and procurement strategies can all be used to improve food security. This study considers three critical aspects to the WISC and proposes several strategies Arab countries may consider to mitigate import risks: strategic storage (chapter two): maintain strategic wheat reserves to weather times of crisis and food supply disruptions and to contribute to domestic and international price stabilization effects. Logistics (chapter three): promote investments throughout the supply chain that create smooth logistics, improve security, provide a reliable supply of wheat, reduce the base cost of importing wheat, and reduce product losses. Procurement (chapter four): develop a procurement strategy that leverages strategic partnerships while maintaining a diversified portfolio of suppliers and mitigates import risks through the use of hedging strategies. Currently, overall storage capacity in the region averages the equivalent of six months of consumption, and estimated ending stocks average four and one-half months. However, many Arab countries are planning to increase their strategic wheat reserves as a policy to improve food security. This can provide them with critical lead time to secure alternative wheat supplies or supply routes during times of crisis. Reserves also offer psychological benefits that may prevent hoarding and pilferage.
- Published
- 2012
21. Eén zwaluw maakt nog geen zomer : nu hogere seizoensprijzen, maar financiering vindt plaats op basis van gemiddelde prijzen
- Author
-
Roelofs, P.F.M.M.
- Subjects
supply ,market prices ,marktprijzen ,fruit growing ,varieties ,aanbod ,agrarische handel ,fruitteelt ,marketing ,average prices ,agricultural trade ,gemiddelde prijzen ,rassen (planten) - Abstract
De commissie prijsprognoses appel en peer boog zich onlangs over de lange termijnverwachtingen voor de afzetprijzen van de belangrijkste appel- en perenrassen. Gelukkig zijn de tekenen voor het huidige afzetseizoen gunstig. Bij het opstellen van bedrijfsplannen en financiringsaanvragen moeten telers daarentegen rekenen met te verwachten afzetprijzen op de langere termijn. Die zijn gebaseerd op de (bij voorkeur bedrijfseigen) prijzen van de afgelopen vijf jaar en die stegen gemiddeld niet.
- Published
- 2012
22. Measures to Reduce the Economic and Social Impact of High Fuel Prices
- Author
-
World Bank
- Subjects
GAS POLICY ,INLAND WATERWAY ,PRICE SUBSIDIES ,NATIONAL TRANSPORT ,ROAD ,EXCISE DUTIES ,INFLATION ,EXTERNALITIES ,EXPORT MARKETS ,CARS ,PEAK TRAFFIC ,TRANSPORT SYSTEMS ,COST OF TRANSPORT ,FUEL SPECIFICATIONS ,TRANSPORTATION COSTS ,NATIONAL OIL ,PRICE STABILITY ,FUEL PRICE REDUCTIONS ,CRUDE OIL ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,DISPOSABLE INCOME ,AVERAGE TRUCK FLEET ,COMPETITIVENESS ,RAILWAY ,HEAVY GOODS VEHICLES ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,GAS ,HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURES ,TRANSPARENCY ,FREIGHT OPERATIONS ,PIPELINE ,PRIVATE VEHICLES ,OIL MARKETING COMPANIES ,SULFUR ,WORLD MARKETS ,MARITIME TRANSPORT ,HIGHER OIL PRICES ,ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES ,DRIVER TRAINING ,FUEL PRICE INCREASES ,FUEL TAX ,PETROLEUM ,FUEL CONSUMPTION ,TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE ,REFINERIES ,BUS OPERATING COSTS ,FUEL OIL ,RAIL ,TRANSPORT PROJECTS ,ELASTICITY ,PURCHASING ,SUPPLIER ,DEPOT ,REFINED PRODUCTS ,ECONOMIC STUDIES ,RAIL TRANSPORT ,AVERAGE PRICE ,DIESEL ENGINE ,PER CAPITA INCOMES ,PETROLEUM SECTOR ,SPOT PRICES ,VEHICLE OWNERSHIP ,COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ,DOMESTIC CRUDE OIL ,CLIMATE CHANGE ,COSTS OF TRANSPORT ,RETAIL PRICES ,CONSUMPTION OF FUEL ,ECONOMIC INTEGRATION ,GDP ,ACCIDENTS ,NOISE ,IMPACT OF TRANSPORT ,ROADS ,EXPORTS ,RESIDUAL FUEL ,AIR ,EXTERNAL MARKETS ,MONOPOLY ,OIL PRODUCING ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,STORAGE CAPACITY ,TRANSPORT AFFORDABILITY ,REFINED PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ,ECONOMETRIC ANALYSIS ,FUEL PRODUCTS ,COST OF LIVING ,PUBLIC TRANSPORT ,FUEL COST ,FUELS ,DOMESTIC TRANSPORT ,KEROSENE ,FIXED COSTS ,PEAK TRAFFIC PERIODS ,MARKET SHARE ,CRUDE OIL PRICES ,GASOLINE COST ,FREIGHT ,AVERAGE PRICES ,SALES ,TRUCK DRIVERS ,LOAD FACTORS ,PRICE CEILINGS ,TRUCKS ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,PRICE OF OIL ,FUEL CONSUMPTION RATES ,GASOLINE PRICES ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,TRANSPORT ,TRANSPORTATION ,FUEL TAXES ,TRAFFIC CONGESTION ,TRADE COMPETITIVENESS ,HIGH TRANSPORT ,PRICE VARIATION ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,VOLATILITY ,BORDER PRICE ,FUEL COSTS ,OIL MARKETS ,COSTS OF EXTERNALITIES ,GASOLINE TAXES ,DRIVERS ,STOCKS ,DEMAND FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,TAXES ON GASOLINE ,CRUDE OIL PIPELINE ,HIGH FUEL CONSUMPTION ,VEHICLE ,DIESEL ,TRANSPORT MODE ,BUS FARES ,PRICE OF GASOLINE ,CAR ,DIESEL FUEL ,PRODUCTION COSTS ,TRANSPORTS ,BALANCE ,OIL MARKETING ,FUEL EFFICIENT VEHICLES ,LONGER DISTANCES ,VEHICLE TYPES ,LIGHT VEHICLES ,TAXES ON DIESEL ,DISTRIBUTION COMPANIES ,PETROLEUM MARKETS ,FUEL EFFICIENCY ,REFINERY ,CONGESTION CHARGES ,OIL PRODUCING COUNTRIES ,ROAD QUALITY ,LAND TRANSPORT ,MARKET STRUCTURE ,BUS TRANSPORT ,FUEL DISTRIBUTION ,TAX REVENUE ,POLLUTION ,PRICING POLICY ,FREIGHT COSTS ,PRICE SPIKES ,REFINERY CAPACITY ,HIGH SULFUR CONTENT ,NATIONAL INCOME ,BUSES ,DIESEL FUEL PRICES ,ROAD NETWORK ,TRANSPORT POLICIES ,GDP PER CAPITA ,MARKET CONCENTRATION ,CONGESTION COSTS ,OIL CONSUMERS ,FUEL PRICE ,OIL PIPELINE ,RETAIL COMPETITION ,LOCAL AIR POLLUTION ,MARKETING ,ACCIDENT EXTERNALITIES ,ROAD VEHICLES ,AGRICULTURE ,TRANSIT ,FREE GASOLINE ,FUEL ,ELECTRICITY ,FUEL PRICES ,RESIDUAL FUEL OIL ,RETAIL PRICE ,TRAVEL TIME ,OIL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES ,COMPETITIVE PRICES ,SUNK COSTS ,TRANSPORT RESEARCH ,ECONOMIC IMPACT ,SUPPLIERS ,CAR OWNERSHIP RATES ,MILEAGE ,OIL IMPORTING COUNTRIES ,OIL PRICES ,OIL-IMPORTING COUNTRIES ,ACCIDENT COSTS ,HEAVY TRUCKS ,VEHICLE TAXATION ,TRANSACTIONS COSTS ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,STORAGE FACILITIES ,PRICE OF FUEL ,TRUCK TRANSPORT ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,PRICE OF DIESEL ,MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES ,REFINING ,GASOLINE ,TRAFFIC ,TRANSPORT SERVICES ,ALTERNATIVE MODES ,TRANSPORT TARIFFS ,BUS ,GASOLINE TAX ,TRANSPORT COSTS ,LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES ,PRODUCTS MARKET ,COSTS OF TRANSPORT EXTERNALITIES ,RAIL CONNECTION ,DIESEL FUEL CONSUMPTION ,OIL COMPANIES ,BIDDING ,PETROLEUM PRICES ,RETAIL ,TRANSPORT POLICY ,OIL AND GAS ,CAR OWNERSHIP ,PETROLEUM PRODUCTS ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
High volatility in the world prices of petroleum has been a characteristic feature of the global economy in the last decade. World petroleum prices increased four-fold between 2004 and 2008 and, and following a drop in prices in the second half of 2008, petroleum prices have been rising again, and they are several times higher than they were two decades ago. Since high and volatility of prices is likely to be a permanent feature of the global economy for the foreseeable future, they merit a reconsideration of the national transport and taxation policies that were put in place when fuel prices were not such a significant component of trade-related transactions costs in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries. Transport practices that were based on the assumption of low price of fuel are not sustainable, and policies neglect fuel efficiency considerations through lowering the fuel consumption of vehicles measures are no longer sustainable. Efficient and low transport cost is essential to achieve regional economic integration and strengthen Africa's competitiveness in external markets. Higher diesel prices also impact on the prices of all other goods which use diesel as an intermediate input. The most significant among them with implications for the poor in low-income developing countries is food, on which the poor spend a disproportionately high share of their total household expenditures. This report is in three parts in the first part, transport fuel prices in the countries of SSA are compared with those of other regions of the world. The comparison is not only in terms of the actual retail prices but also, but taking account of per capita incomes and truck revenues, also in terms of affordability. This Part also provides evidence of the make-up of transport fuel prices in SSA countries, as a first step in assessing how they can be dealt with. The second part provides new evidence of the impact of these high fuel prices on the export competiveness of a sample of six SSA countries. It also provides a shorter description of the results of a study of the impact of fuel prices on logistics costs in Central America, since so far there have not been any studies of the impact of high transport fuel prices on logistics and food costs in SSA countries. The third part deals with the ways in which the impact of high transport fuel prices can be addressed. Two main areas of action are described, those that would reduce the retail price of transport fuel and those that would increase fuel efficiency, so they impact of high prices would be reduced. This section focuses on diesel fuel, as this is by far the most used by the trucks that transport export products and are involved in domestic logistics. This section concludes with some ideas on what could be done next to make progress on implementing the most promising ideas for reducing the impact of high transport fuel prices.
- Published
- 2011
23. The Short-Term Impact of Higher Food Prices on Poverty in Uganda
- Author
-
Simler, Kenneth R.
- Subjects
FOOD SELF-SUFFICIENCY ,SWEET POTATOES ,BEVERAGES ,FOOD SUBSIDIES ,PRODUCTION RATIO ,MARKET REFORM ,COOKING ,MILK ,PRICE EFFECT ,CENTRAL REGION ,FOOD POLICY ,RURAL HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE LABOR ,SUBSISTENCE ,SUBSTITUTE ,POOR ,AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY ,FOOD POLICY RESEARCH ,REGIONAL MARKETS ,REGION-SPECIFIC PRICE ,SAFETY NETS ,HOUSEHOLD WELFARE ,INCOME ,RURAL WELFARE ,digestive, oral, and skin physiology ,BANANAS ,FOOD INSECURITY ,MIDDLEMEN ,STAPLE FOODS ,SALE ,SUBSTITUTION ,FOOD PRICES ,POVERTY RATES ,INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE ,HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY ,CHANGES IN POVERTY ,MARKET ANALYSIS ,PRODUCER PRICES ,FOOD ITEMS ,FARMERS ,WHOLESALE PRICES ,PRICE INCREASES ,FOOD PRODUCERS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,POVERTY IMPACT ,SUGAR ,WORLD MARKETS ,SURPLUSES ,REGION-SPECIFIC PRICES ,INTERNATIONAL MARKETS ,CASH CROPS ,RURAL AREAS ,RURAL POOR ,FOOD IMPORTS ,NATIONAL POVERTY LINE ,SAFETY NET PROGRAMS ,VEGETABLES ,SAFETY NET ,POVERTY LEVEL ,RURAL FARM ,WORLD MARKET ,FRUIT ,FOOD CROP PRODUCTION ,AGGREGATE POVERTY DEFICIT ,PRICE INCREASE ,PRODUCER PRICE ,REGIONAL PATTERN ,CONSUMER PRICE ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,FOOD PRODUCTION ,FATS ,REGIONAL LEVEL ,POVERTY INCREASE ,CASSAVA ,AGRICULTURAL LABORERS ,PRICE CHANGES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,MARKETING ,REGIONAL VARIATION ,FOOD PRICE INFLATION ,AGRICULTURE ,POVERTY GAP ,PRICE CHANGE ,REGIONAL TRADING PARTNERS ,CONSUMPTION POVERTY ,MARKET PRICES ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ,FLOUR ,AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ,PRICE INDICES ,SUBSTITUTES ,FOOD STAPLES ,FEEDING PROGRAMS ,FOOD NEEDS ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,NATIONAL POVERTY ,AGGREGATE POVERTY ,MEAT ,WHOLESALE PRICE INDEX ,FOOD CONSUMPTION ,POTATO ,FOOD BUYERS ,POVERTY ESTIMATES ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,PRICE TRENDS ,MARKET FORCES ,FOOD CROP ,POOR PEOPLE ,AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ,SPREAD ,POVERTY GAP INDEX ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,SOCIAL PROTECTION ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,WHEAT ,ABSOLUTE POVERTY ,FOOD COMMODITIES ,EXPENDITURES ,FOOD AID ,FOOD CROPS ,SWEET POTATO ,FOOD MARKETS ,AGRICULTURAL WAGE ,POORER AREAS ,RICE ,WFP ,AVERAGE PRICES ,POVERTY LEVELS ,CEREALS ,CONFLICT ,CEREAL PRICES ,POOR HOUSEHOLDS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,EGGS ,RURAL ,FOOD CONSUMPTION PATTERNS ,HOUSEHOLD BUDGET ,FOOD SALES ,POVERTY LINE ,POOR REGION ,IFPRI ,PRICE STABILIZATION ,DOMESTIC PRICES ,TUBERS ,EXPENDITURE ,MAIZE - Abstract
World prices for staple foods increased between 2006 and 2008, and accelerated sharply in 2008. Initial analysis indicated that the adverse effects of higher food prices in Uganda were likely to be small because of the diversity of its staple foods, high level of food self-sufficiency, and weak links with world markets. This paper extends the previous analyses, disaggregating by regions and individual food items, using more recent price data, and estimating the impact on consumption poverty. The analysis finds that poor households in Uganda tend to be net buyers of food staples, and therefore suffer welfare losses when food prices increase. This is most pronounced in urban areas, but holds true for most rural households as well. The diversity of staple foods has not been an effective buffer because of price increases across a range of staple foods. The paper estimates that both the incidence and depth of poverty have increased -- at least in the short run -- as a result of higher food prices in 2008, increasing by 2.6 and 2.2 percentage points, respectively. The increase in poverty is highest in the Northern region, which is already the poorest in Uganda. The need for mitigating social protection measures appears to be greater than previously recognized. Not only are the negative impacts larger, but they are also much more widespread geographically. This suggests the need for continued close monitoring of the situation, including monitoring the adequacy of existing safety nets and feeding programs.
- Published
- 2010
24. Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in the United States and Canada
- Author
-
Gardner, Bruce
- Subjects
PRICE LEVELS ,TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,MARKET ACCESS ,CROP SUPPLY ,BARLEY ,RURAL DEVELOPMENT ,FARM ,DAIRY INDUSTRY ,TARIFF BARRIERS ,AID PROGRAMS ,COMMODITY ,PRICE SUPPORT ,FOOD POLICY ,AGRICULTURAL LAND ,EXPORT MARKETS ,MARKETING BOARD ,STOCKS ,DOMESTIC MARKET ,SUBSTITUTE ,CROP AREA ,ENERGY PRICE ,FRUITS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,FAMILY FARMS ,INCOME ,AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT ,AGRICULTURAL SECTORS ,FARM INCOME ,FARM SIZE ,QUOTAS ,SALE ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,DAIRY PRODUCTS ,FOOD PRICES ,MARKETING COOPERATIVES ,GRAIN MARKET ,SOYBEANS ,AGRICULTURAL MARKETING ,LEGUMES ,PEANUTS ,CROP INSURANCE ,FERTILIZERS ,AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS ,AGRICULTURAL MARKETS ,COTTON ,AGRICULTURAL TRADE ,GRAIN PRODUCTION ,PRODUCER PRICES ,AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS ,CROPLAND ,FARM PRODUCTIVITY ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS ,TRADE POLICY ,FARMERS ,GRAINS ,WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION ,PRICE FLOOR ,MERCHANDISE ,INCOMES ,SUGAR ,WORLD MARKETS ,SURPLUSES ,FARMS ,YIELDS ,NET EXPORTS ,FOOD SAFETY ,VEGETABLES ,ECONOMIC SITUATION ,IMPORT QUOTAS ,MARKET VALUE ,WORLD MARKET ,AGRICULTURAL POLICIES ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,CROP ,SOIL CONSERVATION ,ECONOMIC COOPERATION ,DEBT ,DISCOUNT PRICE ,PRICING POLICIES ,TRADE POLICIES ,CROP PRODUCTION ,AVERAGE PRICE ,FARM SUBSIDIES ,ORANGES ,COOPERATIVE ACTIVITY ,POULTRY ,AGRICULTURAL POLICY ,MARKETING ,PROTECTIONISM ,CORN ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,AGRICULTURAL MARKET ,INNOVATION ,AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ,FREE TRADE ,FARM HOUSEHOLD ,CONSUMERS ,MARKET PRICES ,TEXTILES ,AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES ,SURPLUS ,WTO ,DAIRY PRODUCTION ,GDP ,FLOUR ,LEMONS ,AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ,FEED ,CROPPING PATTERNS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,SUPPLY MANAGEMENT ,CONSUMER INTERESTS ,EXPORTS ,TOBACCO ,MEAT ,GDP DEFLATOR ,MARKET DEVELOPMENT ,PRICE WAR ,FARMER ,MONOPOLY ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,SORGHUM ,OILSEEDS ,FARM HOUSEHOLDS ,CROPPING ,LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT ,CROP LOSSES ,EQUIPMENT ,HYBRID SEEDS ,AGRICULTURAL PRICES ,SUPPLY CHAIN ,MARKET TRANSITION ,AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ,PRIVATE SECTOR ,FARMING ,SPREAD ,AGRICULTURAL SECTOR ,MARKET CONDITIONS ,AGRICULTURAL GOODS ,FARM POLICIES ,GENETICS ,FREE RIDER PROBLEM ,MARKET PRICE ,WHEAT ,AGRIBUSINESS ,COMMERCE ,ECONOMIC HISTORY ,URUGUAY ROUND ,AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT ,COMMODITY PRICES ,EXPENDITURES ,GRAIN ,FOOD AID ,GRASSES ,SOYBEAN ,FREE RIDER ,ETHANOL ,MERCHANDISE TRADE ,ANIMAL PRODUCTS ,PRICE SUPPORTS ,AVERAGE PRICES ,SALES ,CROPS ,DAIRY FARMERS ,MARKET INTEGRATION ,ECONOMICS ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS ,PRODUCER ORGANIZATIONS ,EGGS ,PLANTING ,ADJUSTMENT ASSISTANCE ,LIVESTOCK ,GRAIN TRANSPORTATION ,AGRICULTURAL INCOME ,RURAL SOCIOLOGY ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,LABOR FORCE ,CLIMATE ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,RETAIL ,VALUE OF OUTPUT ,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,PRODUCE ,EXPENDITURE ,MAIZE - Abstract
There is much in common between the agricultural sectors of the United States and Canada. This chapter begins with a brief background on the two sectors, then reviews their histories of farm policy developments before reporting new estimates of rates of assistance to their farmers and their consequences for taxpayers and consumers. This is followed by an explanation of the politics behind the evolution and gyrations in farm policies in the two countries, and some speculation on the prospect for reform. Since the policy histories and their effects in the two countries are somewhat different, they are discussed sequentially in those sections.
- Published
- 2008
25. Financiele derivaten: voor welke glastuinders interessant
- Subjects
energie ,finance ,costs ,price fixing ,average prices ,inkomen ,LEI SECT & OND - Prestatie en Perspectief Agrosectoren ,farm management ,gemiddelde prijzen ,LEI Sector en Ondernemerschap ,income ,market gardens ,fuels ,glastuinbouw ,kosten ,prijszetting ,prijzen ,agrarische bedrijfsvoering ,financiën ,greenhouse horticulture ,prices ,brandstoffen ,energy ,tuinbouwbedrijven - Abstract
Glastuinders kunnen inkomensrisico’s door gasprijsstijgingen beperken door financiële derivaten af te sluiten. Vooral voor bedrijven met weinig financiële ruimte kan dat aantrekkelijk zijn. Het afsluiten van dergelijke derivaten brengt echter ook extra kosten met zich mee en het is de vraag in hoeverre deze bedrijven bereid zijn om deze kosten te betalen.
- Published
- 2007
26. Financiele derivaten: voor welke glastuinders interessant
- Author
-
van der Veen, H.B. and Reijnders, C.E.
- Subjects
energie ,finance ,costs ,price fixing ,average prices ,inkomen ,farm management ,gemiddelde prijzen ,income ,market gardens ,fuels ,glastuinbouw ,kosten ,prijszetting ,prijzen ,agrarische bedrijfsvoering ,financiën ,greenhouse horticulture ,prices ,brandstoffen ,energy ,tuinbouwbedrijven - Abstract
Glastuinders kunnen inkomensrisico’s door gasprijsstijgingen beperken door financiële derivaten af te sluiten. Vooral voor bedrijven met weinig financiële ruimte kan dat aantrekkelijk zijn. Het afsluiten van dergelijke derivaten brengt echter ook extra kosten met zich mee en het is de vraag in hoeverre deze bedrijven bereid zijn om deze kosten te betalen.
- Published
- 2007
27. Prices and Unit Values in Poverty Measurement and Tax Reform Analysis
- Author
-
John Gibson and Scott Rozelle
- Subjects
TRADE LIBERALIZATION ,TAX RATES ,TAX ,DEMOGRAPHIC ,INVENTORY ,EXCHANGE RATES ,COMMODITIES ,COMMODITY ,INFLATION ,Economics ,DEMAND FUNCTIONS ,SUBSTITUTE ,MARKET LIBERALIZATION ,EMAIL ADDRESS ,CONSUMER DEMAND ,INCOME ,INSTRUMENT ,Unit price ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,PRICE SERIES ,FINANCIAL CRISIS ,SUBSTITUTION ,INFLATION RATE ,Reservation price ,RELIABILITY ,E-MAIL ,PHOTOS ,PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND ,USERS ,LIVING STANDARDS ,Development ,MARKET SURVEY ,Microeconomics ,MISSING DATA ,TAX POLICY ,FIXED COST ,PRICING POLICY ,PURCHASING POWER ,DEVALUATION ,DATA ENTRY ,SECURITY POLICIES ,Factor price ,PURCHASING ,MARKET SURVEYS ,CONSUMER PRICE ,PRICING POLICIES ,DURABLE ,PRICE CHANGES ,AVERAGE PRICE ,PRICE POLICY ,Limit price ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,DURABLE ASSETS ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES ,LOCAL MARKET ,CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE ,TAX RATE ,INNOVATION ,BRAND ,MARKET PRICES ,RURAL MARKETS ,DEVELOPING ECONOMIES ,PRICE DERIVATIVE ,SUPERMARKETS ,PRICE VARIATIONS ,Price level ,PHOTO ,RESULT ,INCOME TAX ,ECONOMIC CRISES ,MISSING VALUES ,VALUATIONS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,USES ,WEB ,DEMAND ANALYSIS ,FISCAL POLICY ,PRODUCE MARKETS ,COST OF LIVING ,MARKETPLACE ,SPREAD ,Producer price index ,INFLATION RATES ,Economics and Econometrics ,MARKET PRICE ,Mid price ,DUMMY VARIABLES ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,PUBLIC POLICY ,SOCIAL COSTS ,EXPENDITURES ,MONOPOLIES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,DURABLES ,INTERNATIONAL BANK ,Accounting ,SOCIAL COST ,AVERAGE PRICES ,SALES ,INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES ,RESULTS ,PRICE INFORMATION ,POWER PARITY ,TRACK RECORD ,PRODUCE MARKET ,ADMINISTRATIVE COST ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,WEB SITE ,Price index ,BRAND NAME ,TAX POLICIES ,PRICE VARIATION ,Finance ,EXPENDITURE - Abstract
Researchers often use unit values (household expenditures on a commodity divided by the quantity purchased) as proxies for market prices when calculating poverty lines and estimating consumer demand equations. Such proxies are often needed because community price surveys in developing economies are either absent or suffer quality problems. However, using unit values may result in biases due to measurement error and quality effects. In a household survey experiment, information on prices was obtained in three ways: from unit values, from a market price survey, and from the opinions of householders who were shown pictures of items and asked to report the local price. The three sets of price data are used to calculate poverty lines, estimate price elasticities, and analyze marginal tax reforms. There are substantial biases when unit values are used as a proxy for market price, even when sophisticated correction methods are applied. Performance was better for the price opinions of household members. The results highlight the importance of price collection methods and the need to consider the wider costs of having potentially unreliable community-level price data.
- Published
- 2005
28. Financiele derivaten: voor welke glastuinders interessant
- Author
-
Veen, H.B. van der, Reijnders, C., Veen, H.B. van der, and Reijnders, C.
- Abstract
Glastuinders kunnen inkomensrisico’s door gasprijsstijgingen beperken door financiële derivaten af te sluiten. Vooral voor bedrijven met weinig financiële ruimte kan dat aantrekkelijk zijn. Het afsluiten van dergelijke derivaten brengt echter ook extra kosten met zich mee en het is de vraag in hoeverre deze bedrijven bereid zijn om deze kosten te betalen
- Published
- 2007
29. Eén zwaluw maakt nog geen zomer : nu hogere seizoensprijzen, maar financiering vindt plaats op basis van gemiddelde prijzen
- Subjects
supply ,market prices ,fruit growing ,fruitteelt ,PPO BBF Fruitgewassen ,average prices ,gemiddelde prijzen ,rassen (planten) ,marktprijzen ,varieties ,Fruit ,aanbod ,agrarische handel ,marketing ,agricultural trade - Abstract
De commissie prijsprognoses appel en peer boog zich onlangs over de lange termijnverwachtingen voor de afzetprijzen van de belangrijkste appel- en perenrassen. Gelukkig zijn de tekenen voor het huidige afzetseizoen gunstig. Bij het opstellen van bedrijfsplannen en financiringsaanvragen moeten telers daarentegen rekenen met te verwachten afzetprijzen op de langere termijn. Die zijn gebaseerd op de (bij voorkeur bedrijfseigen) prijzen van de afgelopen vijf jaar en die stegen gemiddeld niet.
- Published
- 2012
30. The Impact of Housing Market Fluctuation and Housing Supply on the Housing Opportunities of Moderate- and Low-Income Households in 21st- Century Urban China : A Case Study of Ordos City
- Author
-
Su, Xing and Qian, Zhu
- Published
- 2018
31. Vertical Contracts in the Video Rental Industry
- Published
- 2008
32. Effects of Milk Marketing Order Regulation on the Share of Fluid-Grade Milk in the United States
- Author
-
Balagtas, Joseph V., Smith, Aaron, and Sumner, Daniel A.
- Published
- 2007
33. Imperfect Common Knowledge, Staggered Price Setting, and the Effects of Monetary Policy
- Published
- 2007
34. The Role of Insider Influence in Mutual-to-Stock Conversions
- Author
-
Carow, Kenneth A., Cox, Steven R., and Roden, Dianne M.
- Published
- 2007
35. Collusion and Fights in an Experiment with Price-Setting Firms and Advance Production
- Author
-
Brandts, Jordi
- Published
- 2007
36. Cash Marketing Styles and Performance Persistence
- Author
-
Brorsen, B. Wade and Anderson, Kim B.
- Published
- 2007
37. The Politics of Wine: Trade Barriers, Interest Groups, and the Commerce Clause
- Author
-
Wiseman, Alan E. and Ellig, Jerry
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Prices, Spatial Competition and Heterogeneous Producers: An Empirical Test
- Author
-
Syverson, Chad
- Published
- 2007
39. The Value of Plains Cotton Cooperative Association
- Author
-
Lyford, Conrad P.
- Published
- 2007
40. Market Power in the England and Wales Wholesale Electricity Market 1995-2000
- Published
- 2007
41. On Organizing a Sequential Auction: Results from a Natural Experiment by Christie's
- Author
-
Ginsburgh, Victor and van Ours, Jan C.
- Published
- 2007
42. Collusion and Equilibrium Selection in Auctions
- Author
-
Sherstyuk, Katerina
- Published
- 2007
43. On Price Caps under Uncertainty
- Author
-
Schmedders, Karl and Tatur, Tymon
- Published
- 2007
44. Impact of Mandatory Price Reporting Requirements on Level, Variability, and Elasticity Parameter Estimations for Retail Beef Prices
- Author
-
Lensing, Christine and Purcell, Wayne D.
- Published
- 2006
45. How to Compare Taylor and Calvo Contracts: A Comment on Michael Kiley
- Author
-
Dixon, Huw and Kara, Engin
- Published
- 2006
46. The Effect of Short Selling on Bubbles and Crashes in Experimental Spot Asset Markets
- Author
-
Haruvy, Ernan and Noussair, Charles N.
- Published
- 2006
47. The Performance of Agricultural Market Advisory Services in Corn and Soybeans
- Author
-
Irwin, Scott H., Good, Darrel L., and Martines-Filho, Joao
- Published
- 2006
48. Why Do Larger Orders Receive Discounts on the London Stock Exchange?
- Author
-
Bernhardt, Dan, Dvoracek, Vladimir, Hughson, Eric, and Werner, Ingrid M.
- Published
- 2005
49. Consumption under Noisy Price Signals: A Study of Electricity Retail Rate Deregulation in San Diego
- Author
-
Bushnell, James B. and Mansur, Erint T.
- Published
- 2005
50. Bubbles and Experience: An Experiment
- Author
-
Dufwenberg, Martin
- Published
- 2005
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