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Yarsagumba the Himalayan gold rush is the major part of the economy of the himalayan people in the Darchula distict. Our study was conducted in Khandeshwori region of the the Darchula district to quantify the contribution of Yarsagumba on the total household income of the harvester and to reveal the problems releated to its harvesting and selling. Income from Yarshagumba accounted upto 68% in this region. Geo-physical problems were observed most during collection along with significant conflicts and lower productivity. Price variation is the major market problem of those Yarshagumba harvesting peoples. Social factors like family size, adult members and educational factors have significant impact in total collection and income. The highest price obtained was Rs.18408.33, average price was Rs.15308.33 and the lowest price was Rs. 10205. Benefit to cost or expenses (BC) ratio found in research area was 5.13. Having sharp eye vision school children were taken for the collection and have to leave school for time. Although the data is emerging on medicinal use and market of Yarshagumba little systematic research has explored village level harvesting practice and socioeconomic impacts, especially in this region of Nepal.

National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) must balance between timeliness and accuracy of the indicators they publish. Because some of the house sales transactions are reported several months after they occur, many countries that include Israel, publish provisional house price indices (HPIs) that are subject to large revisions as further transactions are reported. This happens because the late-reported transactions behave differently from the transactions reported on time. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to minimize the size of the revisions, with illustrations from Israel, but the method can be applied to other countries with appropriate modifications. The proposed methodology consists of nowcasting three types of variables at a subdistrict level and adding them as input data to an extended hedonic model used for the computation of the HPI: (1) the average characteristics of the late-reported transactions such as the average number of rooms and the area size of the sold apartments; (2) the average price of the late-reported transactions; and (3) the number of late-reported transactions. The three variables are nowcasted based on models fitted to data from previous months. Evaluation of our methodology shows more than 50% reduction in the magnitude of the revisions.

Introduction Cigar smoking has increased in recent decades as the cigar product landscape has diversified. This study assessed trends in US cigar sales during 2016–2020. Aims and Methods Unit sales and average unit price for cigars were assessed during January 3, 2016–June 13, 2020, overall and by product and flavor type, for the 48 contiguous US states and D.C. Assessed cigar types were large cigars, little cigars, and cigarillos; assessed flavor types were tobacco/unflavored, candy/sweets, fruit, menthol, alcohol, coffee, other flavors, and no flavor stated. A joinpoint regression model was used to assess the magnitude and significance of sales trends. Results During January 3, 2016–June 13, 2020, unit sales of cigarillos increased (average monthly percentage change [AMPC] = 0.7%, p < .001), while unit sales of large cigars (AMPC = −0.8%, p < .001) and little cigars decreased (AMPC = −0.2%, p < .001). The average price of cigarillos gradually decreased since mid-August 2017 (AMPC = −0.1%, p < .001), and the average price of little cigars decreased from mid-June 2016 to mid-June 2019 (AMPC = −0.3%, p < .001). In contrast, the average price of large cigars increased during the entire study period (AMPC = 0.6%, p < .001). Irrespective of cigar type, tobacco-flavored/unflavored products were the most commonly sold cigars during the assessed period; however, sales of other flavors varied by cigar type. Conclusions Cigar sales and price vary by type over time in the United States, including sales of cigarillos (94.2% of unit sales) increasing as their prices have decreased in recent years. Public health strategies are warranted to address the full scope of cigar types being used in the United States. Implications Surveillance of cigar sales data, including product characteristics, can provide a timely complement to self-reported survey data of cigar use. This study assessed trends in US cigar sales during 2016–2020, including by product and flavor type. The findings indicate that sales of cigarillos, which comprise most cigar sales in the United States during the assessed period, increased as their prices decreased. Sales of certain flavors, such as candy/sweet cigarillos and coffee large cigars, increased significantly. These findings reinforce the importance of evidence-based strategies, including increasing price and restricting flavors, to reduce the affordability and consumption of cigars in the United States.

Con el presente estudio de investigación, se pretendió obtener información relevante acerca del comportamiento de los consumidores de la empresa CASA LUKER en la zona sur de la ciudad de Bogotá, una vez de identificó una disminución significativa en la demanda de Chocolate Quesada durante dos periodos consecutivos. En ese sentido se propuso un estudio que permitió analizar las causas de la disminución de las ventas del chocolate Quesada en la zona sur de Bogotá, específicamente las localidades de Bosa y Tunjuelito. Se presenta un estudio mixto y transversal de estudio de caso, definido sobre la demanda de Chocolate Quesada en dos tiendas de la zona sur de Bogotá. Este trabajo de campo se realizó en dos fases. Por último, se realizó un análisis de las encuestas realizadas en los dos sectores cuya población tiene el mismo estrato socioeconómico y características similares, generando así las posibles soluciones que permita una mayor rotación del chocolate Quesada. Cabe resaltar el hecho de que la mayoría de personas encuestadas fue de sexo femenino, con un 71%, el estrato 2 fue el que más encuestados tuvo con un 70% seguido del estrato 1 con un 17%, así mismo el rango de edad al que se le realizaron la mayor cantidad de encuestas fue de 20 - 39 años. El 83% de la población encuestada afirmó reconocer el chocolate Quesada y, de estos, solo a un 32% manifestó no gustarle la nueva presentación. En general el comportamiento de estos estratos está encaminado a una relación de un precio medio con un buen sabor de chocolate y con un consumo un poco bajo, en donde sale a relucir el estrato 1, siendo este el único que tiene como presencia el precio más alto del mercado y sin ningún encuestado que prefiera el precio más bajo, a esto se adiciona el hecho de que su consumo sea un poco mayor al de los otros estratos analizados, concluyendo así que la mayoría de personas prefieren un consumo moderado y un precio medio para el chocolate.

Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar el comportamiento del precio promedio trimestral del petróleo de referencia Brent y su relación con los ingresos tributarios entre los años 2007-I y 2020-I. La metodología implementada consistió en realizar modelos econométricos para validar el test de Chow con el fin de determinar una desviación en la tendencia del precio del petróleo. Como resultado se evidenció la existencia de tres cambios estructurales en el primer trimestre de los años 2012, 2014 y 2017. Adicionalmente, los resultados de los tres modelos reflejaron que, a mayores ingresos recibidos por parte de las empresas petroleras, el gobierno no tiene incentivos para gravarlas ya que tienen una variedad de alivios tributarios en el momento de liquidar sus impuestos. This article aims to analyze the behavior quarterly of the average price of oil of reference Brent and your relation with the tax revenues between the years 2007-I and 2020-I. The methodology implemented consists in realize econometric models for validating the test of Chow to determinate a deviation of the trend in the price of oil. As a result, was evidence the existence of three structural changes in the first quarter of the years 2012,2014 and 2017, additionally, the results of the three models reflected that as of a major tax collection received on the part of oil companies, the government has no incentive for the tax it because has a variety of tax breaks in the moment of settling their taxes.

A pesquisa buscou responder a pergunta: o preço médio e a quantidade média de itens das compras do álcool em gel sofreram alteração significativa ante o cenário de pandemia da COVID-19? Assumiu-se por hipótese que as condições de oferta e demanda decorrentes do cenário emergencial poderiam resultar em aumento dos preços e das quantidades adquiridas. Método: Foram utilizados dados do Painel de Preços do Ministério da Economia e o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon para a comparação dos contextos antes e durante a pandemia. Resultados: sugerem que nos três primeiros meses da crise os preços do álcool em gel dobraram e foram comprados mais frascos do produto do que nos últimos dois anos.

The objectives of this study are: (1) to identify the characteristics of organic rice consumers in Banyumas Regency, (2) to determine the maximum average price for organic rice that consumers in Banyumas Regency are willing to pay, and (3) to analyze and find out factors underlying the consumers’ willingness to pay for organic rice. This research was conducted in Banyumas Regency by interviewing 68 respondents who were selected using the snowball sampling method. Data is analyzed using descriptive analysis, contingent valuation method (CVM), and logistic regression analysis. The study indicates that the characteristics of organic rice consumers who are willing to pay more for organic rice in Banyumas Regency are mostly aged 36 to 55 years, having an undergraduate degree, working as civil servants, and having an income level of Rp 3.000.001 to Rp 6.000.000 with 1-4 family members. The maximum price for organic rice that consumers in Banyumas Regency are willing to pay is Rp18.346 per kilogram. Factors underlying the willingness to pay for organic rice are income, length of consumption, and consumers’ perception of organic rice quality.

We investigate the impact of an exogenous trading glitch at a high-frequency market-making firm on standard measures of stock liquidity (spreads, price impact, turnover, and depth) and institutional trading costs (implementation shortfall and volume-weighted average price slippage). Stocks in which the firm accumulates large long (short) positions increase (decrease) by about 4% during the glitch and become substantially more illiquid. It takes one day for prices and spread-based liquidity measures to revert. Institutional trading costs, however, remain significantly higher for more than one week. Both liquidity measures are also weakly correlated outside the glitch period, suggesting they capture different aspects of liquidity.

A total of 1.1 million bitcoins were stolen in the 2013–2017 period. Noting that the average price for a Bitcoin in 2018 was $7572 the corresponding monetary equivalent of losses is $8.9 billion hi...

This research aimed to study the cost potential of shallot in Rasi Salai District, Sisaket Province in order to lead to planning on pricing, marketing, improving the quality of shallot and analyzing data of farmers and shallot production. The research findings on the general information of shallot farmers revealed that they consisted of 75% of males and 25% of females with 40-49 years of age or 50%. Most of their educational levels were 55% of primary level or lower. They grew shallot together with other crops. The Bang Chang varieties (local shallot varieties of Sisaket Province) were grown most of 75% and the other 25% of local northern verities called Hom Bua. The 70% of planting shallots were harvested from the last season and the other 30% were purchased from other farmers in the market. The shallot productivity per rai was uncertain depending on the caring, fertilizing and disturbing disease. Approximately 35% of the farmers harvested 1,200-1,500 kilograms per rai or 25%. Regarding the production cost of shallot, it was found that the average mount was 8,151.5 baht per rai with the highest amount of verities of 3,250 baht per rai or 15.2%. The cost of insecticide was 1,000 baht or 10.2% of the total cost. In addition, the least cost was transportation for 3.3% only because most merchants bought shallots at the farming sites. According to sale data, 70% of the farmers sold local verieties of Sisaket Province with average price of 30 baht per kilogram, followed by 15% of Hom Bua with an average price of 45 baht per kilogram. The average income earned by farmers in each household was different at 20,001-25,000 baht per rai

Cary discusses the prices of music monographs and scores. In terms of monographs, the average price declined in 2020 from $89.57 to $81.71. The number of books included also dropped by 24 percent to 304. Prices were available for all 304 books, so all of them were included in the calculations. In terms of extremes, at the low end, several books are listed at $12.00. The most expensive items are three Routledge companions that retail for $245.00 each.

Covid-19 has implications on the overall operation of Macedonian wineries and directly affected the decline in domestic sales and export to international markets. The HORECA sector stopped working completely or partially in all countries. The crisis affected the partial or total cuts of marketing costs, by postponing or canceling planned projects. The wineries failed to sell the planned quantities and were forced to make significantly lower purchases for the 2020 harvest than in previous years. The paper presents a large number of data received from the Association Wines of Macedonia, Customs Office of the Republic of North Macedonia, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy of the Republic of North Macedonia, State Inspectorate for Agriculture, Internet articles containing topics relevant to the research. The additional data presented were collected from Macedonian wineries through a questionnaire on operations during the corona crisis. This paper provides an overview of the problems faced by Macedonian wineries during the corona crisis in terms of marketing and sales, primarily in international markets and analyzes the declined average price and reduced investment in marketing. Key words: North Macedonia, Macedonian wineries, Covid-19, implications, marketing, wine

As discussed at the result part, this study has done by reviewing different research papers conducted in southern region peoples nations and nationalities regional state, research institute on poultry feed resource availabilities at different agro-ecologies with its’ average cost variability and formulated based on growers and layers feed by considering nutrient content of it. Accordingly, most common feed types identified at highland areas were Kocho, Taro root and Barley midland areas Kocho, Taro root, Barley, maize and sorghum, sweat potato and lowland area maize, Sweat potato. Not only the locally available feed but also concentrated feeds (noug cake, wheat bran, premixes, salt and minerals) were investigated depending on their accessibility/availability. Therefore, considering these all conditions formulation was done with 100% supplementation of feed to overcome with the feed shortage problems of chicken and to enhance production and productivity of them by using those feed types that available at three different agro ecologies (highland, midland and lowland) in the region.

The consumer strives to own more and more by spending income obtained from various sources. This one wants more than less. Enterprises, wanting to meet the client's expectations, produce goods which determine the quality of the company's future financial results. When purchasing goods from a manufacturer, the customer expects the highest possible quality products, assuming an average price level, adjusted to his preferences and financial possibilities. There may be times when the customer is not satisfied with the service or product. This event has an adverse effect on the company. In order to optimize this phenomenon, it is necessary to take preventive measures, which are almost always preceded by thorough research and analysis. The following article will present the methods of obtaining information on the degree of customer satisfaction with the goods purchased by the author, selected by the author. Social and psychological arguments that affect the final level of customer satisfaction will be presented. The consequences for the enterprise, related to the results of the customer satisfaction survey, will also be indicated. Konsument dąży do tego by posiadać coraz więcej, poprzez wydatkowanie dochodu pozyskanego z różnych źródeł. Ten chce mieć więcej, niż mniej. Przedsiębiorstwa, chcąc sprostać oczekiwaniom klienta, produkują dobra, od jakości których zależy przyszły wynik finansowy przedsiębiorstwa. Klient, nabywając dobra od producenta oczekuje możliwie najwyższej jakości produktów, przy założeniu przeciętnego pułapu cenowego, dopasowanego względem jego preferencji oraz możliwości finansowych. Zdarzyć się może sytuacja, kiedy klient nie będzie zadowolony z usługi bądź produktu. Zdarzenie to wywołuje niekorzystny efekt na przedsiębiorstwo. Celem optymalizacji tego zjawiska niezbędne jest podjęcie działań zapobiegawczych, które prawie zawsze poprzedzone są wnikliwym badaniem i analizą. W poniższym artykule przedstawione będą wybrane przez autora metody pozyskania informacji o stopniu zadowolenia (satysfakcji) klienta z nabytych przez niego dóbr. Przytoczone zostaną argumenty społeczne oraz psychologiczne, mające wpływ na końcowy poziom satysfakcji klienta. Wskazane zostaną również skutki dla przedsiębiorstwa, związane z wynikami badania stopnia satysfakcji klienta.

The purpose of the article is a generalized study of rock and table salt mining in Galicia during the Austro-Hungarian period. To achieve this goal, general historical approaches to statistical interpretation of events and phenomena, mathematical methods of modelling have been used. The Research Methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, the use of historical comparative, historical systemic, analytical synthetic, biographical, statistical methods, as well as the methods of personalization and source studies, the archival analysis of documents. The scientific novelty consists in a complex analysis of salt mining in some administrative territorial formations of Austria. The Conclusions. The development of salt deposits in Galicia along the north-eastern edge of the Carpathians had continued since the Middle Ages, but reached its prosperity during the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the second half of the XIXth century the main producers of salt were the saltworks in Bolekhiv, Bochnia, Wieliczka, Deliatyn, Dolyna, Drohobych, Kosiv, Lacko, Lanchyn, Stebnyk and Kachytsia. In 1868 – 1880 the saltworks of Galicia, with the exception of Wieliczka (36 – 63 thousand tons) and Bochnia (15 – 20 thousand tons), produced an average of 4 – 7,5 thousand tons of salt per year. During the last quarter of the XIXth century 9 – 13 kg of salt was produced per 1 inhabitant, which was twice more than the natural needs of a human being for his consumption. About 50,000 tons of salt were used per year in Galicia. In addition, less than 23 thousand tons were used for livestock. The saltworks in Wieliczka and Bochnia were the largest salt producers. Wieliczka produced more salt than all other saltworks in Galicia (maximum in 1872 – more than 75,8 thousand tons). At the beginning of the 1870-ies there was the maximum of salt production, except for Lacko and Stebnyk, where there was a gradual increase in production during 25 years. During the years of 1868 – 1892, the saltworks of Galicia produced the following amount of salt (tons) per year: Bolekhiv – 5877; Bohnia – 14521; Wieliczka – 42697; Deliatyn – 4047; Dolyna – 4934; Drohobych – 4834; Kalush – 3832; Kosiv – 4329; Lacko – 6240; Lanchyn – 4032; Stebnyk – 6734. Two saltworks in Western Galicia (Bochnia, Wieliczka) produced 57% of all Galician salt production during 25 years, while nine saltworks in Eastern Galicia produced only 43%. The introduction of a salt monopoly in Austria-Hungary reduced its value and revenues to the Galician budget. If in 1832 salt exports brought in revenue of 1,4 million zol., during the 1890-ies – only 0,1 million zol. more. In 1892 the value of Galician salt was: rock salt – 4,5 million, table salt – 4 million zol. rynskykh. During the period of 1868 – 1892, almost 3 million tons of salt were produced in Galicia with a total value of 2,4 million zol. rynskykh. The average price was 0,8 zol. per 1 kg of a ready-made product. The share of Galicia in the salt industry of Austria-Hungary was 44% by volume and 43,5% – by value of products. The fact is striking, first of all, that the total monetary price of all salt products had been significantly underestimated since 1872, when its monetary price of all salt products amounted to more than 12 million zol. rynskykh, while in 1892 – it did not reach even 8 million. This price was caused by the Austro-Hungarian agreement of June 7, 1868, when the sale price of salt was lowered by 0,5 zol. rynskykh per 1 ton. In total, during 1868 – 1892 Galicia produced 2,997 million tons of salt (annually – 1,2 million tons) of all varieties worth 237 million zol. rynskykh or 9,5 million per year. Expenditures for the same period amounted to 22,6 or annually – 1 million zol. rynskykh. In general, the salt industry of Galicia was highly profitable – the income amounted to more than 210 million zol. rynskykh (8,5 million zlotys. rynskykh – per year).

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) provides information on changes in the average price of a group of fixed goods or services that are generally consumed by households within a certain period of time. The General CPI is formed from 7 sectors of public consumption expenditure groups. Because the formation of the consumer price index value is influenced by several sectors, the method that can be used is the transfer function method. The purpose of this study is to analyze the transfer function model so that the best model is produced to predict CPI in Purwokerto for the next several periods. In this study, general CPI modeling will be carried out based on the CPI value for the transportation services sector and the CPI for the Health sector in Purwokerto from January 2014 to July 2019 using the multi-input transfer function method. Based on the analysis, the best models are obtained, namely the multi-input transfer function model (2,0,0) (0,1,0) and the ARIMA noise series ([3], 0,0). The model has an Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) value of 72.42021 and an sMAPE value of 2,351591 % which indicates that the model can be used for forecasting..Keywords: Consumer Price Index (CPI), Inflation,transfer function, AIC

State owned Enterprise have arole as national economic actors. However, the policy issued by the minister of SOES will affect the structural and internal af the companies. The purpose of this study is to determine the reaction of SOES company share to the policy. The research used is quantitative descriptive reseach event study method. The population in this study were 20 SOES companies listed on the IDX with a sample of 5 SOES companies listed on the IDX the experienced structural changes due to Erick Thohir’s policy. The technical analysis is by companing the average price 5 days before at the event (H-), the stock price at the time of the event (H), and the average price 5 days after the event (H+), the results of this study are an insignificant decline in four of the five companies share occurred only a few days abd rose again indicating its influencer is not significant.Keywords: Reaction, stoks, and policy.

In this paper, we analyzed the effects of the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic on international capital markets We used the most representative indexes belonging to the stock markets of 44 world economies in daily time series with data from 01/02/2019 to 05/15/2020 Correlation analysis and average price tests, graphical analysis of returns, and multiple linear regression analysis of index efficiency were made, together with the cultural dimensions and macroeconomic aspects of the markets The findings provide evidence that in the periods after the pandemic, the markets became more correlated by increasing the correlation levels of their indexes We found a significant difference in the correlation coefficients of the periods before and after the pandemic, indicating a change in behavior of the correlation indexes Markets presented a reduction in their returns and an increase in their volatility after the pandemic The pandemic affected the efficiency behavior of the market indexes In the pre-pandemic period reduced the market’s efficiency by individualism and aversion to uncertainty and increased inflation In the post-pandemic period, efficiency was increased by individualism and reduced by indulgence These results provide evidence that the behavior of efficiency changed, indicating an adaptive behavior of international capital markets