966 results on '"AVERAGE PRICE"'
Search Results
2. A Portfolio Selection Strategy Based on the Peak Price Involving Randomness
- Author
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Binhong Li, Jiaxi Luo, and Hongjie Xu
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Automatic portfolio optimization ,average price ,peak price ,random value ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
We propose a system based on the peak price involving randomness (PPR) for the portfolio selection. In the light of the relative price forecast in the paper entitled “reweighted price relative tracking system for automatic portfolio optimization” by Lai et al., which automatically assigns different weights to the predicted relative price based on the performance of each asset, we will determine the proportion of each stock by the three factors: The average price of the daily price divided by current price, the ratio of the peak price of daily price to current price, and the random value of the relative price of stock in the time window. A large number of the experiments on the five datasets show that the PPR is superior to some recent portfolio selection system in many aspects. These results suggest that the PPR is an efficient automatic portfolio optimization system, at least on the datasets.
- Published
- 2023
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3. Ecological and economic assessments of biological resources in the North Pacific and strategies for their use
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I. V. Volvenko
- Subjects
aquatic biological resources ,biomass ,yield ,minimal retail cost ,average price ,environmental management ,sustainable fishery ,commercial species ,Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling ,SH1-691 - Abstract
New attempt to answer the questions: 1) what aquatic biological resources are possessed in the Russian Far-Eastern Seas and North Pacific and what is their quantity? 2) which of them and how many are caught annually? 3) are these resources managed rationally in Russia? 4) and what is the reason for current situation and can it be improved? Based on the data of trawl surveys, a GIS is created with maps of the biological resources distribution, separately for actually harvested, potentially commercial, and non-commercial ones. The biomass, potential yield and its cost are calculated for the Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, and Japan Seas and North-West Pacific. These water bodies are ranked by their value for commercial fisheries. The obtained estimates are compared with the data on annual catch, export, import, and consumption of fish products in Russia. Possibility of larger landing is concluded for each water body, in terms of the harvested species biomass. The harvest from the Okhotsk Sea alone can reach more than 5.2 million tons that exceeds the level of «strategic ceiling» for the entire Russian fishery proposed in «Strategy for development of the fisheries complex of Russian Federation for the period to 2030». For the whole water area under consideration, this level can be exceeded by 3.5–4.7 times, or even by 5.6 times if the potentially commercial species will be exploited. Dynamics of domestic catch, trade and consumption of the biological resources are analyzed. The conclusion is that socioeconomic conditions rather than the state of biological resources are the reason that Russia still does not harvest so much. Some measures are proposed to improve the management of the Russian fishery industry. The obtained results cah alsobe used for maintenance rational use of the biological resources, food security, and nature protection, including evaluation of cost for biological resources in certain water bodies and assessment of damage caused to the nature and biological resources by pollution, construction, oil and gas production, or technogenic accidents.
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- 2023
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4. Spatial Dependence of Average Prices for Product Categories and Its Change over Time: Evidence from Daily Data
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Venera Timiryanova, Irina Lakman, Vadim Prudnikov, and Dina Krasnoselskaya
- Subjects
spatial distribution of prices ,spatial variation ,spatial autocorrelation ,average price ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 ,Mathematics ,QA1-939 - Abstract
The price of market products is the result of the interaction of supply and demand. However, within the same country, prices can vary significantly, especially during crisis periods. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns in the changing spatial dependence of the prices of certain product categories, namely pasta, potatoes, sugar, candies, poultry and butter. We used daily data from 1 January 2019, to 31 March 2022, and analyzed two important indicators: spatial variation and spatial autocorrelation of average daily prices. The analysis showed that spatial dependency changes over time and follows its own pattern for each product category. We recognized cyclic changes in spatial autocorrelation and noticed the effect of legislative restrictions on spatial correlations. It has been shown that the spatial variation of prices and spatial autocorrelation can change in different directions.
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- 2022
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5. Spatial Dependence of Average Prices for Product Categories and Its Change over Time: Evidence from Daily Data.
- Author
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Timiryanova, Venera, Lakman, Irina, Prudnikov, Vadim, and Krasnoselskaya, Dina
- Subjects
MARKET prices ,SUPPLY & demand ,AUTOCORRELATION (Statistics) ,SPATIAL variation ,ECONOMIC indicators - Abstract
The price of market products is the result of the interaction of supply and demand. However, within the same country, prices can vary significantly, especially during crisis periods. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns in the changing spatial dependence of the prices of certain product categories, namely pasta, potatoes, sugar, candies, poultry and butter. We used daily data from 1 January 2019, to 31 March 2022, and analyzed two important indicators: spatial variation and spatial autocorrelation of average daily prices. The analysis showed that spatial dependency changes over time and follows its own pattern for each product category. We recognized cyclic changes in spatial autocorrelation and noticed the effect of legislative restrictions on spatial correlations. It has been shown that the spatial variation of prices and spatial autocorrelation can change in different directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Forest truck road construction in the Republic of Srpska: The volume of works and average prices
- Author
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Dražić Srđan, Lučić Radovan, Danilović Milorad, and Stojnić Dušan
- Subjects
forest road ,construction cost ,average price ,investment ,the republic of srpska ,Forestry ,SD1-669.5 - Abstract
In most cases, the planning of funding for the construction of a forest truck road causes difficulty to planners. Although a forest management plan (FMP) indicates the number of roads to be built annually for the next development period with the average cost of construction, this information is quite general and based on experiential estimates. The aim of this paper is to determine the average cost of forest truck road construction in the Republic of Srpska, as well as to calculate the average costs of individual phases of operation. The obtained average cost of forest road construction, resulting from the analysis of 71 major projects in 11 forest areas encompassing 178 km of forest roads, is 32,490.87 €/km. The obtained results point to the interesting fact that forest road construction is the most expensive in hilly areas with an altitude ranging between 200 and 500 m (34,298.28 €/km), while it is the cheapest (30,922.88 €/km) in medium mountainous areas, with altitudes between 1000 and 2000 m.
- Published
- 2020
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7. PRESCRIPTION DRUG (RX) EVOLUTION IN ROMANIA BETWEEN 2010 AND 2020.
- Author
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CRĂCIUN, PETRU, PANĂ, MARIAN, LUPULIASA, DUMITRU, CRĂCIUN, MARIA-DORINA, and TĂEREL, ADRIANA-ELENA
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DRUGS ,DRUG prescribing ,DRUG accessibility ,QUALITY-adjusted life years ,PRICE regulation - Abstract
Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
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8. АНАЛІЗ ОБІГУ ЗЕРНОВИХ ТА ВИРОБНИЦТВА БОРОШНОМЕЛЬНО-КРУП’ЯНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ.
- Author
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О. М., Полонська, А. Л., Солошонок, and Г. П., Некова
- Subjects
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AGRICULTURAL prices , *CEREAL products , *GRAIN trade , *AGRICULTURAL processing , *GRAIN harvesting , *NUTRITIONAL value - Abstract
The state of receipt, availability, processing of grain and leguminous crops at enterprises engaged in their storage and processing for the first half of 2021 has been reflected in total in Ukraine and in the regional cut. During this period, the volumes and average selling prices of agricultural enterprises of the main grain and leguminous crops (wheat, corn for grain, barley, rye) were analyzed, and the forecast data on the grain harvest in 2021 were also highlighted. The receipts of the main grain crops to processing enterprises and the average prices of their purchase in Ukraine and the regions were formed in the table and analyzed. An analysis has been made of the total volume of processed cereals and legumes for the main crops (wheat, corn, barley) and the volume of processing of cereals and legumes for the main products (flour, cereals, mixed feed) for the first half of 2021 compared to the corresponding period of the last year. The scheme of processing and consumption of flour-grinding products has been given. The volume of production of the main types of flour and cereals products and the dynamics of the production of flour and cereals for the last three years have been analyzed. The regional cut shows the amount of flour produced in the first half of 2021. In Ukraine, flour is a raw material for the most important foodstuffs, and cereals are a traditional Ukrainian product and, due to their high nutritional value, are characterized by stable wide consumption. In general, the specific problems of the flour-grinding industry and the ways of their solution have been disclosed. The rating of Top-10 leading flour producers in Ukraine has also been given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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9. Wind Versus Storage Allocation for Price Management in Wholesale Electricity Markets.
- Author
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Masoumzadeh, Amin, Nekouei, Ehsan, and Alpcan, Tansu
- Abstract
This paper investigates the impacts of installing regulated wind and electricity storage on average price and price volatility in electricity markets. A stochastic bi-level optimization model is developed, which computes the optimal allocation of new wind and battery capacities, by minimizing a weighted sum of the average market price and price volatility. A fixed budget is allocated on wind and battery capacities in the upper-level problem. The operation of strategic/regulated generation, storage, and transmission players is simulated in the lower-level problem using a stochastic (Bayesian) Cournot-based game model. Australia's national electricity market, which is experiencing occasional price peaks, is considered as the case study. Our simulation results quantitatively illustrate that the regulated wind is more efficient than storage in reducing the average price, while the regulated storage more effectively reduces the price volatility. According to our numerical results, the storage-only solution reduces the average price at most by 9.4%, and the wind-only solution reduces the square root of price volatility at most by 39.3%. However, an optimal mixture of wind and storage can reduce the mean price by 17.6% and the square root of price volatility by 48.1%. It also increases the consumer surplus by 1.52%. Moreover, the optimal mixture of wind and storage is a profitable solution unlike the storage-only solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. ИЗГРАДЊА ШУМСКИХ КАМИОНСКИХ ПУТЕВА У РЕПУБЛИЦИ СРПСКОЈ: ОБИМ РАДОВА И ПРОСЕЧНЕ ЦЕНЕ.
- Author
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Дражић, Срђан, Лучић, Радован, Даниловић, Милорад, and Стојнић, Душан
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ROAD construction ,FOREST roads ,CONSTRUCTION planning ,CONSTRUCTION costs ,ALTITUDES ,PLANNERS - Abstract
Copyright of Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry / Glasnik Šumarskog Fakulteta is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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11. Data Transformation
- Author
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Wickham, Hadley, Gentleman, Robert, Series editor, Hornik, Kurt, Series editor, Parmigiani, Giovanni, Series editor, and Wickham, Hadley
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- 2016
- Full Text
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12. Market Areas of Retailers in Plane Space
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Ishikawa, Toshiharu and Ishikawa, Toshiharu
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- 2016
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13. Money
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Haigh, John and Haigh, John
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- 2016
- Full Text
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14. Decoupling
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Fix, Blair, Hall, Charles A.S., Series editor, and Fix, Blair
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- 2015
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15. A Study Measuring the Influence of Advertising on Cigarette Consumption: Estimation with OLS Model
- Author
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Yucelt, Ugur, Kaynak, Erdener, Academy of Marketing Science, Rogers III, John C., editor, and Lamb, Jr., Charles W., editor
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- 2015
- Full Text
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16. Exportación hortofrutícola de México hacia los Estados Unidos de América.
- Author
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Sánchez-Gómez, Carlos, Caamal-Cauich, Ignacio, and del Valle-Sánchez, Manuel
- Subjects
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HORTICULTURE , *REGIONAL development , *BALANCE of trade , *MAXIMUM likelihood statistics - Abstract
Objective: The objective was to analyze the behavior of the fruit and vegetable export from Mexico to the United States of America, and the elaboration of the horticultural export function of the Mexican Republic; the period analyzed was from 1993-2013. Methodology: The existing fruit and vegetable commercial situation between Mexico and the United States of America was characterized and the model used was the maximum likelihood method. Results: The results showed a horticultural trade surplus of Mexico over the period analyzed; in the model, it was found that the real price elasticity per ton of exports was 2.41 %, the income elasticity was 1.41 % and the real exchange rate of 1.02 %. The variable that had the greatest impact on horticultural exports was the price; an increase in the international price causes the growth of fruit and vegetable exports. Limitations: Variables such as distance and environmental factors were missing to explain the export of fruit and vegetables. conclusions: it is expected that the surplus horticultural trade balance of Mexico will continue in medium term. The most effective trade policy instrument that the Mexican government can use to influence increasing exports in the short term is the real exchange rate. Mexico could diversify export markets if it takes advantage of the different commercial agreements that currently owns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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17. THE EFFECT OF MINERAL FERTILIZATION ON SOME ORIENTAL VARIETIES OF YAKA TOBACCO.
- Author
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Trajkoski, Јordan, Mitreski, Мilan, Mavroski, Robin, and Trajkoski, Marijan
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TOBACCO , *GROSS income , *MINERALS , *PRICE increases - Abstract
The research was conducted at the Scientific Tobacco Institute in Prilep. The experiment was set up in three replications with four fertilization variants by the method of randomized blocks. Four oriental tobacco varieties of Yaka type were examined: YV 125/3, YK-48, YZ-7, МS-9/3. The subject of this study was the impact of fertilization on dry tobacco yield in kg/ha, average price per denars/kg and gross income per denars/ha. The obtained results showed that highest yield was observed in the variety YK-48, fertilized with 20 kg N/ha (2924 kg), which is 28% more than unfertilized control. Generally, fertilization has decreasing effect on average price, except variety YZ-7, where fertilized variant N1 gave positive results, increasing the average price by 4% compared to the control. The obtained economic effect per unit area is highest in variety JK 48, variant N2, where the gross income is increased by 24%, compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
18. KОМПАРАТИВНИ ИСТРАЖУВАЊА СО НЕКОИ ДОМАШНИ И ИНТРОДУЦИРАНИ СИТНОЛИСНИ СОРТИ ТУТУН ВО ПЕЛАГОНИСКИОТ ПРОИЗВОДЕН РЕОН
- Author
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Пеливаноска, Валентина and Шишкоска, Билјана Јорданоска
- Abstract
Copyright of Knowledge: International Journal is the property of Institute for Knowledge Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
19. DAILY DYNAMICS VOLUME AND PRICES OF OIL BRENT AND IMPACT ON FINANCIAL CAPACITY OF THREE FACTORS
- Author
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Peter Mazurkin
- Subjects
Oil Brent ,volume of sales ,average price ,financial capacity ,Daily dynamics ,fluctuations ,Law ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
According to the factual data Daily average price difference between the maximum and minimum price and sales volume given the laws of dynamics from 02.03.2007 to 02.24.2016 on the example of Brent crude oil. Additionally, take into account a new parameter in the form of financial capacity as the product of daily sales at the average price of oil. Because of the strong fluctuations in sales factor analysis was conducted on the highs of sales in the form of the envelope of the dynamic range of the line with the 02.03.2007 on 04.04.2016. It is possible to obtain statistical vysokoadekvatnye single-factor and three-factor model, which allowed to analyze the behavior of the world oil market in the past and show the ability to forecast with a decrease and stabilization of sales of oil. Provides detailed laws of graphics.
- Published
- 2016
20. Yarsagumba collection and marketing: A key income source of people in Api Nampa conservation area, Darchula, Nepal
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Renuka Karki, Khagendra Kandel, Aashish Kunwar, Jagdish Bhatta, Pranjal Thapa, Shambhu Panthi, and Prakash Kumar Pant
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Average price ,Key (cryptography) ,Household income ,Business ,Price variation ,Gold rush ,Productivity ,Socioeconomic status ,Agricultural economics - Abstract
Yarsagumba the Himalayan gold rush is the major part of the economy of the himalayan people in the Darchula distict. Our study was conducted in Khandeshwori region of the the Darchula district to quantify the contribution of Yarsagumba on the total household income of the harvester and to reveal the problems releated to its harvesting and selling. Income from Yarshagumba accounted upto 68% in this region. Geo-physical problems were observed most during collection along with significant conflicts and lower productivity. Price variation is the major market problem of those Yarshagumba harvesting peoples. Social factors like family size, adult members and educational factors have significant impact in total collection and income. The highest price obtained was Rs.18408.33, average price was Rs.15308.33 and the lowest price was Rs. 10205. Benefit to cost or expenses (BC) ratio found in research area was 5.13. Having sharp eye vision school children were taken for the collection and have to leave school for time. Although the data is emerging on medicinal use and market of Yarshagumba little systematic research has explored village level harvesting practice and socioeconomic impacts, especially in this region of Nepal.
- Published
- 2022
21. Reducing revisions in hedonic house price indices by the use of nowcasts
- Author
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Doron Sayag, Dano Ben-hur, and Danny Pfeffermann
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House price ,business.industry ,Computer science ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Average price ,Econometrics ,050207 economics ,Business and International Management ,business ,Publication ,050205 econometrics - Abstract
National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) must balance between timeliness and accuracy of the indicators they publish. Because some of the house sales transactions are reported several months after they occur, many countries that include Israel, publish provisional house price indices (HPIs) that are subject to large revisions as further transactions are reported. This happens because the late-reported transactions behave differently from the transactions reported on time. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to minimize the size of the revisions, with illustrations from Israel, but the method can be applied to other countries with appropriate modifications. The proposed methodology consists of nowcasting three types of variables at a subdistrict level and adding them as input data to an extended hedonic model used for the computation of the HPI: (1) the average characteristics of the late-reported transactions such as the average number of rooms and the area size of the sold apartments; (2) the average price of the late-reported transactions; and (3) the number of late-reported transactions. The three variables are nowcasted based on models fitted to data from previous months. Evaluation of our methodology shows more than 50% reduction in the magnitude of the revisions.
- Published
- 2022
22. Trends in Cigar Sales and Prices, by Product and Flavor Type—the United States, 2016–2020
- Author
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Michael A. Tynan, Brian A. King, Xu Wang, Mateusz Borowiecki, Yoonsang Kim, and Sherry Emery
- Subjects
Cigar Smoking ,Joinpoint regression ,Unit price ,Commerce ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Cigarillo ,Tobacco Products ,Product characteristics ,United States ,Flavoring Agents ,Toxicology ,Menthol ,Tobacco Use ,Average price ,Humans ,Business ,Flavor - Abstract
Introduction Cigar smoking has increased in recent decades as the cigar product landscape has diversified. This study assessed trends in US cigar sales during 2016–2020. Aims and Methods Unit sales and average unit price for cigars were assessed during January 3, 2016–June 13, 2020, overall and by product and flavor type, for the 48 contiguous US states and D.C. Assessed cigar types were large cigars, little cigars, and cigarillos; assessed flavor types were tobacco/unflavored, candy/sweets, fruit, menthol, alcohol, coffee, other flavors, and no flavor stated. A joinpoint regression model was used to assess the magnitude and significance of sales trends. Results During January 3, 2016–June 13, 2020, unit sales of cigarillos increased (average monthly percentage change [AMPC] = 0.7%, p < .001), while unit sales of large cigars (AMPC = −0.8%, p < .001) and little cigars decreased (AMPC = −0.2%, p < .001). The average price of cigarillos gradually decreased since mid-August 2017 (AMPC = −0.1%, p < .001), and the average price of little cigars decreased from mid-June 2016 to mid-June 2019 (AMPC = −0.3%, p < .001). In contrast, the average price of large cigars increased during the entire study period (AMPC = 0.6%, p < .001). Irrespective of cigar type, tobacco-flavored/unflavored products were the most commonly sold cigars during the assessed period; however, sales of other flavors varied by cigar type. Conclusions Cigar sales and price vary by type over time in the United States, including sales of cigarillos (94.2% of unit sales) increasing as their prices have decreased in recent years. Public health strategies are warranted to address the full scope of cigar types being used in the United States. Implications Surveillance of cigar sales data, including product characteristics, can provide a timely complement to self-reported survey data of cigar use. This study assessed trends in US cigar sales during 2016–2020, including by product and flavor type. The findings indicate that sales of cigarillos, which comprise most cigar sales in the United States during the assessed period, increased as their prices decreased. Sales of certain flavors, such as candy/sweet cigarillos and coffee large cigars, increased significantly. These findings reinforce the importance of evidence-based strategies, including increasing price and restricting flavors, to reduce the affordability and consumption of cigars in the United States.
- Published
- 2021
23. The Consumer Theory Applied to the Tourist
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Candela, Guido, Figini, Paolo, Candela, Guido, and Figini, Paolo
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- 2012
- Full Text
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24. Results
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Fandel, G., editor, Trockel, W., editor, and Schöne, Stefan, editor
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- 2009
- Full Text
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25. Artificial Markets: Rationality and Organisation
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Kirman, Alan, Schredelseker, Klaus, editor, and Hauser, Florian, editor
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- 2008
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26. Parallel trade of pharmaceutical drugs in Denmark
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Poget, Cédric Julien
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- 2008
- Full Text
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27. Analisis de la demanda de chocolate quesada en diferentes sectores de la zona sur de Bogotá
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Salome del Pilar López Peña, Johan Stiven Morales Aguilar, and Sergio Camilo Rojas González
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Consumption (economics) ,Chocolate Flavor ,education.field_of_study ,Agricultural science ,Geography ,Average price ,Respondent ,Population ,education ,Relevant information ,Stratum - Abstract
Con el presente estudio de investigación, se pretendió obtener información relevante acerca del comportamiento de los consumidores de la empresa CASA LUKER en la zona sur de la ciudad de Bogotá, una vez de identificó una disminución significativa en la demanda de Chocolate Quesada durante dos periodos consecutivos. En ese sentido se propuso un estudio que permitió analizar las causas de la disminución de las ventas del chocolate Quesada en la zona sur de Bogotá, específicamente las localidades de Bosa y Tunjuelito. Se presenta un estudio mixto y transversal de estudio de caso, definido sobre la demanda de Chocolate Quesada en dos tiendas de la zona sur de Bogotá. Este trabajo de campo se realizó en dos fases. Por último, se realizó un análisis de las encuestas realizadas en los dos sectores cuya población tiene el mismo estrato socioeconómico y características similares, generando así las posibles soluciones que permita una mayor rotación del chocolate Quesada. Cabe resaltar el hecho de que la mayoría de personas encuestadas fue de sexo femenino, con un 71%, el estrato 2 fue el que más encuestados tuvo con un 70% seguido del estrato 1 con un 17%, así mismo el rango de edad al que se le realizaron la mayor cantidad de encuestas fue de 20 - 39 años. El 83% de la población encuestada afirmó reconocer el chocolate Quesada y, de estos, solo a un 32% manifestó no gustarle la nueva presentación. En general el comportamiento de estos estratos está encaminado a una relación de un precio medio con un buen sabor de chocolate y con un consumo un poco bajo, en donde sale a relucir el estrato 1, siendo este el único que tiene como presencia el precio más alto del mercado y sin ningún encuestado que prefiera el precio más bajo, a esto se adiciona el hecho de que su consumo sea un poco mayor al de los otros estratos analizados, concluyendo así que la mayoría de personas prefieren un consumo moderado y un precio medio para el chocolate.
- Published
- 2021
28. The behavior of the price of Brent oil and tax revenues: A fiscal challenge for the Colombia' Government 2007-2020
- Author
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Luisa María Hoyos Franco
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ingresos tributarios ,Preço do petróleo Brent ,Welfare economics ,General Medicine ,Quarter (United States coin) ,precio del petróleo Brent ,Price of oil Brent ,estructural change ,Econometric model ,Tax revenue ,cambio estructural ,Average price ,Economics ,Commercial law ,tax revenues ,receita tributária ,K1000-1395 ,mudança estrutural - Abstract
Este artículo tiene por objetivo analizar el comportamiento del precio promedio trimestral del petróleo de referencia Brent y su relación con los ingresos tributarios entre los años 2007-I y 2020-I. La metodología implementada consistió en realizar modelos econométricos para validar el test de Chow con el fin de determinar una desviación en la tendencia del precio del petróleo. Como resultado se evidenció la existencia de tres cambios estructurales en el primer trimestre de los años 2012, 2014 y 2017. Adicionalmente, los resultados de los tres modelos reflejaron que, a mayores ingresos recibidos por parte de las empresas petroleras, el gobierno no tiene incentivos para gravarlas ya que tienen una variedad de alivios tributarios en el momento de liquidar sus impuestos. This article aims to analyze the behavior quarterly of the average price of oil of reference Brent and your relation with the tax revenues between the years 2007-I and 2020-I. The methodology implemented consists in realize econometric models for validating the test of Chow to determinate a deviation of the trend in the price of oil. As a result, was evidence the existence of three structural changes in the first quarter of the years 2012,2014 and 2017, additionally, the results of the three models reflected that as of a major tax collection received on the part of oil companies, the government has no incentive for the tax it because has a variety of tax breaks in the moment of settling their taxes.
- Published
- 2021
29. Consumer Brand Choice: Individual and Group Analyses of Demand Elasticity
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Oliveira, Jorge M., Foxall, Gordon R., Schrezenmaier, Teresa C., Foxall, Gordon R., Oliveira-Castro, Jorge M., James, Victoria K., and Schrezenmaier, Teresa C.
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- 2007
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30. Pricing and Welfare Implications of Alternative Approaches to Setting Price Controls in the Postal Sector
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De Donder, Philippe, Cremer, Helmuth, Dudley, Paul, Rodriguez, Frank, Crew, Michael A., editor, and Kleindorfer, Paul R., editor
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- 2006
- Full Text
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31. Does a Market Sensitive Price Strategy Pay Off in an Oligopoly Market Disturbed by Competitors Without Any Concept?
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Hofer, Vera, Ladner, Klaus, Haasis, Hans-Dietrich, editor, Kopfer, Herbert, editor, and Schönberger, Jörn, editor
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- 2006
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32. Simple Random Sampling
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Ardilly, Pascal and Tillé, Yves
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- 2006
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33. Expectations and the Effects of Money Illusion
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Fehr, Ernst, Tyran, Jean-Robert, Agarwal, Bina, editor, and Vercelli, Alessandro, editor
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- 2005
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34. Variações de preço e quantidade nas compras públicas de álcool em gel durante a pandemia da COVID-19
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Gustavo Fernando Fröhlich, Kilma Mônica Donato de Araújo, and Fabiano Peruzzo Schwartz
- Subjects
Agricultural science ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Average price ,Christian ministry ,General Medicine ,Business ,Product (category theory) ,Supply and demand - Abstract
A pesquisa buscou responder a pergunta: o preço médio e a quantidade média de itens das compras do álcool em gel sofreram alteração significativa ante o cenário de pandemia da COVID-19? Assumiu-se por hipótese que as condições de oferta e demanda decorrentes do cenário emergencial poderiam resultar em aumento dos preços e das quantidades adquiridas. Método: Foram utilizados dados do Painel de Preços do Ministério da Economia e o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon para a comparação dos contextos antes e durante a pandemia. Resultados: sugerem que nos três primeiros meses da crise os preços do álcool em gel dobraram e foram comprados mais frascos do produto do que nos últimos dois anos.
- Published
- 2021
35. Kesediaan Membayar (Willingness To Pay) Beras Organik di Kabupaten Banyumas dan Faktor Yang Mempengaruhinya
- Author
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Kusmantoro Edy Sularso, Anny Hartati, and Niken Hapsari Arimurti
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,0303 health sciences ,Contingent valuation ,Descriptive statistics ,030309 nutrition & dietetics ,05 social sciences ,Civil servants ,03 medical and health sciences ,Agricultural science ,Snowball sampling ,Willingness to pay ,0502 economics and business ,Average price ,Income level ,050202 agricultural economics & policy ,Business - Abstract
The objectives of this study are: (1) to identify the characteristics of organic rice consumers in Banyumas Regency, (2) to determine the maximum average price for organic rice that consumers in Banyumas Regency are willing to pay, and (3) to analyze and find out factors underlying the consumers’ willingness to pay for organic rice. This research was conducted in Banyumas Regency by interviewing 68 respondents who were selected using the snowball sampling method. Data is analyzed using descriptive analysis, contingent valuation method (CVM), and logistic regression analysis. The study indicates that the characteristics of organic rice consumers who are willing to pay more for organic rice in Banyumas Regency are mostly aged 36 to 55 years, having an undergraduate degree, working as civil servants, and having an income level of Rp 3.000.001 to Rp 6.000.000 with 1-4 family members. The maximum price for organic rice that consumers in Banyumas Regency are willing to pay is Rp18.346 per kilogram. Factors underlying the willingness to pay for organic rice are income, length of consumption, and consumers’ perception of organic rice quality.
- Published
- 2021
36. Slow-moving capital and execution costs: Evidence from a major trading glitch
- Author
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Vincent Bogousslavsky, Pierre Collin-Dufresne, and Mehmet Sağlam
- Subjects
040101 forestry ,Economics and Econometrics ,050208 finance ,Implementation shortfall ,Strategy and Management ,05 social sciences ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Monetary economics ,computer.software_genre ,Market maker ,Market liquidity ,Accounting ,Capital (economics) ,0502 economics and business ,Average price ,Economics ,0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries ,Slippage ,Glitch (astronomy) ,Algorithmic trading ,computer ,Finance - Abstract
We investigate the impact of an exogenous trading glitch at a high-frequency market-making firm on standard measures of stock liquidity (spreads, price impact, turnover, and depth) and institutional trading costs (implementation shortfall and volume-weighted average price slippage). Stocks in which the firm accumulates large long (short) positions increase (decrease) by about 4% during the glitch and become substantially more illiquid. It takes one day for prices and spread-based liquidity measures to revert. Institutional trading costs, however, remain significantly higher for more than one week. Both liquidity measures are also weakly correlated outside the glitch period, suggesting they capture different aspects of liquidity.
- Published
- 2021
37. When the blockchain does not block: on hackings and uncertainty in the cryptocurrency market
- Author
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Klaus Grobys
- Subjects
Cryptocurrency ,050208 finance ,Blockchain ,Block (telecommunications) ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Average price ,Economics ,Monetary economics ,050207 economics ,Volatility (finance) ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,Finance - Abstract
A total of 1.1 million bitcoins were stolen in the 2013–2017 period. Noting that the average price for a Bitcoin in 2018 was $7572 the corresponding monetary equivalent of losses is $8.9 billion hi...
- Published
- 2021
38. A Simple Micro-Model of Market Dynamics
- Author
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Bottazzi, Giulio, Fandel, G., editor, Trockel, W., editor, Gallegati, Mauro, editor, Kirman, Alan P., editor, and Marsili, Matteo, editor
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Use of Auxiliary Information: Probability Proportional to Size and with Replacement (PPSWR) Sampling
- Author
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Singh, Sarjinder and Singh, Sarjinder
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The Cost Potential of Shallot in Rasi Salai District, Sisaket Province
- Author
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Piyachat Thongpaeng, Jeeranan Wongwatanyoo, and Apinya Bhumsaidon
- Subjects
business.industry ,Total cost ,Production cost ,Primary level ,Biology ,Research findings ,Education ,Toxicology ,Agriculture ,Average price ,Least cost ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,business ,General Psychology - Abstract
This research aimed to study the cost potential of shallot in Rasi Salai District, Sisaket Province in order to lead to planning on pricing, marketing, improving the quality of shallot and analyzing data of farmers and shallot production. The research findings on the general information of shallot farmers revealed that they consisted of 75% of males and 25% of females with 40-49 years of age or 50%. Most of their educational levels were 55% of primary level or lower. They grew shallot together with other crops. The Bang Chang varieties (local shallot varieties of Sisaket Province) were grown most of 75% and the other 25% of local northern verities called Hom Bua. The 70% of planting shallots were harvested from the last season and the other 30% were purchased from other farmers in the market. The shallot productivity per rai was uncertain depending on the caring, fertilizing and disturbing disease. Approximately 35% of the farmers harvested 1,200-1,500 kilograms per rai or 25%. Regarding the production cost of shallot, it was found that the average mount was 8,151.5 baht per rai with the highest amount of verities of 3,250 baht per rai or 15.2%. The cost of insecticide was 1,000 baht or 10.2% of the total cost. In addition, the least cost was transportation for 3.3% only because most merchants bought shallots at the farming sites. According to sale data, 70% of the farmers sold local verieties of Sisaket Province with average price of 30 baht per kilogram, followed by 15% of Hom Bua with an average price of 45 baht per kilogram. The average income earned by farmers in each household was different at 20,001-25,000 baht per rai
- Published
- 2021
41. Prices of Music Monographs and Scores as Reflected in Notes, 2014–2020
- Author
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Paul Cary
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Geography ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Average price ,Library and Information Sciences ,Music ,Agricultural economics - Abstract
Cary discusses the prices of music monographs and scores. In terms of monographs, the average price declined in 2020 from $89.57 to $81.71. The number of books included also dropped by 24 percent to 304. Prices were available for all 304 books, so all of them were included in the calculations. In terms of extremes, at the low end, several books are listed at $12.00. The most expensive items are three Routledge companions that retail for $245.00 each.
- Published
- 2021
42. Marketing activities and sales of Macedonian wineries in a condition of pandemic Covid-19
- Author
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Ana Dimovska and Snezana Ristevska Jovanovska
- Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,General Engineering ,Macedonian ,Investment (macroeconomics) ,language.human_language ,State (polity) ,Agriculture ,Average price ,Pandemic ,language ,Marketing ,Water economy ,business ,media_common - Abstract
Covid-19 has implications on the overall operation of Macedonian wineries and directly affected the decline in domestic sales and export to international markets. The HORECA sector stopped working completely or partially in all countries. The crisis affected the partial or total cuts of marketing costs, by postponing or canceling planned projects. The wineries failed to sell the planned quantities and were forced to make significantly lower purchases for the 2020 harvest than in previous years. The paper presents a large number of data received from the Association Wines of Macedonia, Customs Office of the Republic of North Macedonia, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy of the Republic of North Macedonia, State Inspectorate for Agriculture, Internet articles containing topics relevant to the research. The additional data presented were collected from Macedonian wineries through a questionnaire on operations during the corona crisis. This paper provides an overview of the problems faced by Macedonian wineries during the corona crisis in terms of marketing and sales, primarily in international markets and analyzes the declined average price and reduced investment in marketing. Key words: North Macedonia, Macedonian wineries, Covid-19, implications, marketing, wine
- Published
- 2021
43. Reviewing Locally Available Chicken Feed Resources at Different Agro-Ecologies (High, Mid and Low Land), Formulating According To Growth Stage (Growers and Layers) Of Chicken and Its Average Price in SNNPR
- Author
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Bangu Bekele
- Subjects
Agricultural science ,Geography ,Average price ,Stage (hydrology) - Abstract
As discussed at the result part, this study has done by reviewing different research papers conducted in southern region peoples nations and nationalities regional state, research institute on poultry feed resource availabilities at different agro-ecologies with its’ average cost variability and formulated based on growers and layers feed by considering nutrient content of it. Accordingly, most common feed types identified at highland areas were Kocho, Taro root and Barley midland areas Kocho, Taro root, Barley, maize and sorghum, sweat potato and lowland area maize, Sweat potato. Not only the locally available feed but also concentrated feeds (noug cake, wheat bran, premixes, salt and minerals) were investigated depending on their accessibility/availability. Therefore, considering these all conditions formulation was done with 100% supplementation of feed to overcome with the feed shortage problems of chicken and to enhance production and productivity of them by using those feed types that available at three different agro ecologies (highland, midland and lowland) in the region.
- Published
- 2020
44. Methods of Assessing the Consumer's Effectiveness of the enterprise’s Activities – the Assessment of Efficiency in the Context of Innovative Enterprises
- Author
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Damian Abramczyk
- Subjects
metoda nps ,media_common.quotation_subject ,zadowolenie ,badanie ,method NPS ,K4430-4675 ,usługa ,Average price ,product ,service ,survey ,Quality (business) ,satysfakcja ,Marketing ,klient ,media_common ,Service (business) ,contentment ,produkt ,HG1501-3550 ,ankieta ,satisfaction ,interview ,wywiad ,Public finance ,metoda NPS ,Banking ,Purchasing ,Product (business) ,jakość ,quality ,Order (business) ,customer ,Customer satisfaction ,Business - Abstract
The consumer strives to own more and more by spending income obtained from various sources. This one wants more than less. Enterprises, wanting to meet the client's expectations, produce goods which determine the quality of the company's future financial results. When purchasing goods from a manufacturer, the customer expects the highest possible quality products, assuming an average price level, adjusted to his preferences and financial possibilities. There may be times when the customer is not satisfied with the service or product. This event has an adverse effect on the company. In order to optimize this phenomenon, it is necessary to take preventive measures, which are almost always preceded by thorough research and analysis. The following article will present the methods of obtaining information on the degree of customer satisfaction with the goods purchased by the author, selected by the author. Social and psychological arguments that affect the final level of customer satisfaction will be presented. The consequences for the enterprise, related to the results of the customer satisfaction survey, will also be indicated. Konsument dąży do tego by posiadać coraz więcej, poprzez wydatkowanie dochodu pozyskanego z różnych źródeł. Ten chce mieć więcej, niż mniej. Przedsiębiorstwa, chcąc sprostać oczekiwaniom klienta, produkują dobra, od jakości których zależy przyszły wynik finansowy przedsiębiorstwa. Klient, nabywając dobra od producenta oczekuje możliwie najwyższej jakości produktów, przy założeniu przeciętnego pułapu cenowego, dopasowanego względem jego preferencji oraz możliwości finansowych. Zdarzyć się może sytuacja, kiedy klient nie będzie zadowolony z usługi bądź produktu. Zdarzenie to wywołuje niekorzystny efekt na przedsiębiorstwo. Celem optymalizacji tego zjawiska niezbędne jest podjęcie działań zapobiegawczych, które prawie zawsze poprzedzone są wnikliwym badaniem i analizą. W poniższym artykule przedstawione będą wybrane przez autora metody pozyskania informacji o stopniu zadowolenia (satysfakcji) klienta z nabytych przez niego dóbr. Przytoczone zostaną argumenty społeczne oraz psychologiczne, mające wpływ na końcowy poziom satysfakcji klienta. Wskazane zostaną również skutki dla przedsiębiorstwa, związane z wynikami badania stopnia satysfakcji klienta.
- Published
- 2020
45. SALT MINING IN GALICIA (1867 – 1900)
- Author
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Ihor Makaruk and Volodymyr Klapchuk
- Subjects
Agricultural science ,salt, mine, brine, salt springs ,Geography ,Research methodology ,Average price ,history ,Gradual increase ,Sale price ,Human being - Abstract
The purpose of the article is a generalized study of rock and table salt mining in Galicia during the Austro-Hungarian period. To achieve this goal, general historical approaches to statistical interpretation of events and phenomena, mathematical methods of modelling have been used. The Research Methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, the use of historical comparative, historical systemic, analytical synthetic, biographical, statistical methods, as well as the methods of personalization and source studies, the archival analysis of documents. The scientific novelty consists in a complex analysis of salt mining in some administrative territorial formations of Austria. The Conclusions. The development of salt deposits in Galicia along the north-eastern edge of the Carpathians had continued since the Middle Ages, but reached its prosperity during the Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the second half of the XIXth century the main producers of salt were the saltworks in Bolekhiv, Bochnia, Wieliczka, Deliatyn, Dolyna, Drohobych, Kosiv, Lacko, Lanchyn, Stebnyk and Kachytsia. In 1868 – 1880 the saltworks of Galicia, with the exception of Wieliczka (36 – 63 thousand tons) and Bochnia (15 – 20 thousand tons), produced an average of 4 – 7,5 thousand tons of salt per year. During the last quarter of the XIXth century 9 – 13 kg of salt was produced per 1 inhabitant, which was twice more than the natural needs of a human being for his consumption. About 50,000 tons of salt were used per year in Galicia. In addition, less than 23 thousand tons were used for livestock. The saltworks in Wieliczka and Bochnia were the largest salt producers. Wieliczka produced more salt than all other saltworks in Galicia (maximum in 1872 – more than 75,8 thousand tons). At the beginning of the 1870-ies there was the maximum of salt production, except for Lacko and Stebnyk, where there was a gradual increase in production during 25 years. During the years of 1868 – 1892, the saltworks of Galicia produced the following amount of salt (tons) per year: Bolekhiv – 5877; Bohnia – 14521; Wieliczka – 42697; Deliatyn – 4047; Dolyna – 4934; Drohobych – 4834; Kalush – 3832; Kosiv – 4329; Lacko – 6240; Lanchyn – 4032; Stebnyk – 6734. Two saltworks in Western Galicia (Bochnia, Wieliczka) produced 57% of all Galician salt production during 25 years, while nine saltworks in Eastern Galicia produced only 43%. The introduction of a salt monopoly in Austria-Hungary reduced its value and revenues to the Galician budget. If in 1832 salt exports brought in revenue of 1,4 million zol., during the 1890-ies – only 0,1 million zol. more. In 1892 the value of Galician salt was: rock salt – 4,5 million, table salt – 4 million zol. rynskykh. During the period of 1868 – 1892, almost 3 million tons of salt were produced in Galicia with a total value of 2,4 million zol. rynskykh. The average price was 0,8 zol. per 1 kg of a ready-made product. The share of Galicia in the salt industry of Austria-Hungary was 44% by volume and 43,5% – by value of products. The fact is striking, first of all, that the total monetary price of all salt products had been significantly underestimated since 1872, when its monetary price of all salt products amounted to more than 12 million zol. rynskykh, while in 1892 – it did not reach even 8 million. This price was caused by the Austro-Hungarian agreement of June 7, 1868, when the sale price of salt was lowered by 0,5 zol. rynskykh per 1 ton. In total, during 1868 – 1892 Galicia produced 2,997 million tons of salt (annually – 1,2 million tons) of all varieties worth 237 million zol. rynskykh or 9,5 million per year. Expenditures for the same period amounted to 22,6 or annually – 1 million zol. rynskykh. In general, the salt industry of Galicia was highly profitable – the income amounted to more than 210 million zol. rynskykh (8,5 million zlotys. rynskykh – per year).
- Published
- 2020
46. PERAMALAN DATA INDEKS HARGA KONSUMEN KOTA PURWOKERTO MENGGUNAKAN MODEL FUNGSI TRANSFER MULTI INPUT
- Author
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Sudarno Sudarno, Tarno Tarno, and Inarotul Amani Rizki Ananda
- Subjects
Inflation ,Public consumption ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Average price ,Value (economics) ,Econometrics ,Consumer price index ,Autoregressive integrated moving average ,Symmetric mean absolute percentage error ,Akaike information criterion ,Mathematics ,media_common - Abstract
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) provides information on changes in the average price of a group of fixed goods or services that are generally consumed by households within a certain period of time. The General CPI is formed from 7 sectors of public consumption expenditure groups. Because the formation of the consumer price index value is influenced by several sectors, the method that can be used is the transfer function method. The purpose of this study is to analyze the transfer function model so that the best model is produced to predict CPI in Purwokerto for the next several periods. In this study, general CPI modeling will be carried out based on the CPI value for the transportation services sector and the CPI for the Health sector in Purwokerto from January 2014 to July 2019 using the multi-input transfer function method. Based on the analysis, the best models are obtained, namely the multi-input transfer function model (2,0,0) (0,1,0) and the ARIMA noise series ([3], 0,0). The model has an Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) value of 72.42021 and an sMAPE value of 2,351591 % which indicates that the model can be used for forecasting..Keywords: Consumer Price Index (CPI), Inflation,transfer function, AIC
- Published
- 2020
47. Reaksi Saham BUMN terhadap Kepemimpinan Erick Thohir
- Author
-
Ulin Alfina and Fitriani Fitriani
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,HF5001-6182 ,HG1501-3550 ,State owned ,Business administration ,Population ,Event study ,Banking ,Stock price ,Technical analysis ,Average price ,Business ,reaction, stoks, and policy ,education - Abstract
State owned Enterprise have arole as national economic actors. However, the policy issued by the minister of SOES will affect the structural and internal af the companies. The purpose of this study is to determine the reaction of SOES company share to the policy. The research used is quantitative descriptive reseach event study method. The population in this study were 20 SOES companies listed on the IDX with a sample of 5 SOES companies listed on the IDX the experienced structural changes due to Erick Thohir’s policy. The technical analysis is by companing the average price 5 days before at the event (H-), the stock price at the time of the event (H), and the average price 5 days after the event (H+), the results of this study are an insignificant decline in four of the five companies share occurred only a few days abd rose again indicating its influencer is not significant.Keywords: Reaction, stoks, and policy.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on International Capital Markets
- Author
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Souza, Silva, Paulo Vitor Souza De, and César Augusto Tibúrcio
- Subjects
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Pandemic ,Average price ,Economics ,Multiple linear regression analysis ,Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory ,Monetary economics ,Volatility (finance) ,International capital market ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,health care economics and organizations ,Stock (geology) - Abstract
In this paper, we analyzed the effects of the crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic on international capital markets We used the most representative indexes belonging to the stock markets of 44 world economies in daily time series with data from 01/02/2019 to 05/15/2020 Correlation analysis and average price tests, graphical analysis of returns, and multiple linear regression analysis of index efficiency were made, together with the cultural dimensions and macroeconomic aspects of the markets The findings provide evidence that in the periods after the pandemic, the markets became more correlated by increasing the correlation levels of their indexes We found a significant difference in the correlation coefficients of the periods before and after the pandemic, indicating a change in behavior of the correlation indexes Markets presented a reduction in their returns and an increase in their volatility after the pandemic The pandemic affected the efficiency behavior of the market indexes In the pre-pandemic period reduced the market’s efficiency by individualism and aversion to uncertainty and increased inflation In the post-pandemic period, efficiency was increased by individualism and reduced by indulgence These results provide evidence that the behavior of efficiency changed, indicating an adaptive behavior of international capital markets
- Published
- 2020
49. Peak amplitude: the price multiplier effect
- Author
-
Roehner, Bertrand M. and Roehner, Bertrand M.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ЛЕКАРСТВЕНИ ПОЛИТИКИ ЗА РЕФЕРЕНТНО ЦЕНООБРАЗУВАНЕ И ГЕНЕРИЧНО НАВЛИЗАНЕ ВЪРХУ ЦЕНИТЕ НА РЕИМБУРСИРАНИТЕ ЛЕКАРСТВЕНИ ПРОДУКТИ В БЪЛГАРИЯ.
- Author
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КОЛЕВ, Ж. and ВЕКОВ, И Т.
- Abstract
Copyright of Medical Review - Cardiovascular Diseases is the property of Medical University - Sofia, Central Medical Library and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
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