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Copyright of Militärgeschichtliche Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Die Corona-Epidemie fand die Weltgemeinschaft unvorbereitet. Sie zwang die Regierungen zu umfassenden gesundheits- und wirtschaftspolitischen Maßnahmen, wodurch innerhalb weniger Wochen eine nicht vorhersehbare Weltwirtschaftskrise enormen Ausmaßes entstand. Die österreichische Regierung reagierte in Europa als eine der ersten und verordnete Mitte März 2020 einen weitgehenden Lockdown. Mit Fokus auf Österreich stellen Thomas Czypionka, Martin G. Kocher und Alexander Schnabl die einzelnen Maßnahmen dar und bewerten sie. Zusätzlich nähern sie sich den volkswirtschaftlichen Folgen des Lockdowns mittels Einschätzungen von Fachleuten und einer multiregionalen Input-Output-Analyse auf nationaler, sektoraler, und regionaler Ebene, jeweils zum Informationsstand 28. April 2020. Demnach wird die Corona-Krise die österreichische Wirtschaftsleistung im Jahr 2020 um rund 8,5 Prozent im Vergleich zum Referenzszenario reduzieren, vorbehaltlich weiterer politischer Maßnahmen, möglicher Konjunkturpakete oder dem Risiko einer zweiten Epidemiewelle im Herbst 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay, we argue that liberal economists should take more seriously the problems of public goods and externalities as well as the capacity of taxation and state action to improve human welfare. While taking seriously the public choice concerns about how the political process works as well as Austrian concerns about the limits of our knowledge in the absence of market price signals, we should also acknowledge that public goods and externalities do exist and taxation can provide a means to improve human welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lachmann occupies a strange position within modern Austrian economics. He is viewed as something of an outsider and his views are often regarded as outside the mainline of modern Austrian thought. But, on several key issues - especially subjectivism and institutions - Lachmann's positions are the dominant positions within the school. This article argues that, with little fanfare but in several important respects, Austrian economics has moved in a decidedly Lachmannian direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I address these letters two imaginary friends. In the first, to a free-market libertarian, I recognize the strengths in her position but argue that the basic libertarian stance needs to be updated in the light of developments in the financial and corporate world, and of growing inequalities in the distributions of wealth. The second letter is to a socialist, who still wishes to maximize public ownership and minimize markets. I argue that this position has received fatal blows in the twentieth century, from theoretical critiques and from practical catastrophes. Socialism -at least in its classic sense- is dead as a practical and humane doctrine. The welfare state, perhaps also with a significant public sector, is not. The real debate concerns what direction we would wish to take capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Family firms are the most prevalent type of firm worldwide. Nevertheless, the existent enterprise risk management (ERM) literature is silent on the adoption of ERM in family firms. Family firms exhibit specifics likely to influence the adoption of ERM. Most importantly, they often feature lower levels of agency conflicts, which should make them less prone to invest in mechanisms to control such problems. Consequently, it is expected that family firms are less prone to invest in ERM. This paper aims to explore this basic expectation.Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a survey of 430 firms from Austria and Germany.Findings It is observed that family firms show a lower adoption of ERM, especially in family firms where there is a family CEO.Research limitations/implications The results suggest that future empirical ERM research should more closely analyze or at least control for family influence.Originality/value This study is among the first to analyze ERM adoption in family firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe Sudha Shenoy’s use of Menger, Mises, and Hayek (she explicitly called them ‘the older Austrians’) to explain development and growth. Her aim was to show that the application of Austrian economics, based on the notions of capital structure and division of labor, embedded in a specific legal framework (common law), historically promoted development and growth (as in early modern England); and can promote development and growth in underdeveloped countries (her specific focus was India). Shenoy also claimed that any policymaking as well as government’s intervention are either useless or dangerous, having two main dysfunctional effects, which are often interrelated; namely, make development slower (or even stop it), and increase corruption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars in both Austrian Economics and the Public Choice tradition intuitively understand that intervention often creates redistribution from lower income households to the middle class, but there has been little systematic inquiry into the distributional consequences of interventionism. This paper systematically applies Austrian insights to the dispersed costs side of the analysis of intervention to offer a better sense of how large those costs may be and who tends to bear them. An emergent literature on the regressive effects of regulation highlights those distributional consequences both from a theoretical and an empirical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the World State of Quality (WSQ) project conducted by the American Society for Quality (ASQ) which compared and ranked European Union Countries based on their quality performance. Topics discussed include the multiscale framework for evaluating the performance of the countries, quality considerations for the project like micro, meso and macroquality and details on the results on the project where Finland, Austria and Sweden were the top scorers.

The article presents the author's views on the influence of social innovation on Austrian economy. Topics discussed include how social innovation affects technological innovation, economic and financial crisis faced by international organizations, public policies enforced in Austria and business literature.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including challenges faced by social enterprises, economic innovation in Austria and social innovation in corporate social responsibility (CSR).

The Austrian Climate and Energy (CEM) model regions are facing energy transition towards a greater share of renewable energy sources in the final electricity mix. To guarantee the resilience of the CEM socio-economic and regional systems, an integrated approach towards electricity generation and transmission is necessary. The changing architecture of electricity generation is causing new challenges to the transmission grids to adapt. The cascading risks of existing and emerging risks for electricity transmission grids can lead to power outages and even blackouts. This paper argues about the need of a multi-risk approach towards risk assessment and risk governance for resilience of CEM regional electricity systems. It also discusses a multi-risk governance perspective as a tool to strengthen resilience of urban socio-economic systems against electricity blackouts. Based on extensive dialogue with stakeholders from the CEM regions over the last two years the paper develops recommendations for inclusive and participatory risk governance process. The data collection included contributions of stakeholders from public and private sector, as well as academia and civil society. The analysis of data was done in light of possible stakeholders and public engagement into decision-making processes on risk mitigation measures and strengthening of electricity infrastructure of the CEM regions in Austria for resilience in the process of energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of writers have drawn on Hayek's epistemic defence of market institutions to argue that free-markets and tort law are best placed to overcome the knowledge problems associated with the environmental sphere. This paper argues to the contrary, that this Austrian School approach itself suffers from significant knowledge problems. The first of these relates to the ability of Austrian economics to assign victim compensation and the second to the difficulty of establishing causation in complex environmental problems. The paper will also show how alternative approaches may not suffer from these epistemic challenges and are better placed to overcome them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most economists assume that markets depend on government to enforce contracts and rules against default or fraud. With small transactions, however, the cost to use the legal system far exceeds the value at stake in a contract, and even with large contracts, the legal system often cannot solve problems quickly enough to be helpful for companies. This article focuses on four real stories that illustrate how market participants solve problems privately rather than through law and then concludes with a fable to help illustrate that point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our contribution deals with an Austrian case study on racist discourse strategies in the forums of the Austrian online newspaper derStandard.at. First, we will consider forums as a communicative form characterised by specific linguistic features as well as its technical and functional design. Furthermore, we will present an analysis of the reader's postings from a critical-discursive perspective following the discourse-historical approach, where the readers' comments on articles on migration and language are investigated against the background of online-specific communication. Another subject of discussion will be areas of conflict between freedom of expression, deliberation and the 'censorship' of the forums by the editorial staff with the help of semi-automated tools for filtering out explicit racist postings. Finally, we discuss chances and risks of the investigated forums regarding discursive and social practices within democratically constituted societies and address the question which actions can be taken to improve the quality of such forums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]