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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are primarily used in the field of cultural heritage for mapping the exteriors of larger objects and documenting the roofs and façades of tall structures that cannot be efficiently or feasibly measured using conventional terrestrial technologies and methods. However, due to the considerable diversity of cultural heritage, there are practical demands for the measurement of complex and inaccessible objects in interior spaces. This article focuses on the use of two different off-the-shelf UAVs for partial photogrammetric reconstruction of the attic of a mining house, which was only visible through a window in the gable wall. Data from both UAVs were compared with each other and with terrestrial laser scanning. Despite the lower quality of the results from the DJI Mini 4 Pro compared to the DJI Mavic 3 Enterprise, the results from both UAVs would still be suitable for documenting the interior attic spaces. However, a detailed analysis of the photogrammetric data indicates that, when selecting a UAV for this purpose, it is necessary to consider the limitations of the camera system, which may lead to a reduction in the geometric accuracy and completeness of the point clouds.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are primarily used in the field of cultural heritage for mapping the exteriors of larger objects and documenting the roofs and façades of tall structures that cannot be efficiently or feasibly measured using conventional terrestrial technologies and methods. However, due to the considerable diversity of cultural heritage, there are practical demands for the measurement of complex and inaccessible objects in interior spaces. This article focuses on the use of two different off-the-shelf UAVs for partial photogrammetric reconstruction of the attic of a mining house, which was only visible through a window in the gable wall. Data from both UAVs were compared with each other and with terrestrial laser scanning. Despite the lower quality of the results from the DJI Mini 4 Pro compared to the DJI Mavic 3 Enterprise, the results from both UAVs would still be suitable for documenting the interior attic spaces. However, a detailed analysis of the photogrammetric data indicates that, when selecting a UAV for this purpose, it is necessary to consider the limitations of the camera system, which may lead to a reduction in the geometric accuracy and completeness of the point clouds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In historic wooden structures, deformations can be influenced by factors that are negligible within the first 50 years of the building's existence. In attics where the roof covering is made of metal sheets, the air and structural elements heat up during the day and cool down rapidly at night. This phenomenon, over a long period, can cause micro-cracks and surface material degradation. For the study, historic buildings meeting the criteria for service class II according to PN-EN 1995-1-1 were selected. Measurements of deflections, humidity, and modulus of elasticity of the wood were conducted. The actual deflections of the examined structures were found to be 28% to 37% higher than those obtained from numerical calculations, indicating ongoing rheological processes in the wooden structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It is often assumed that reduced heat flux to a ventilated attic reduces the temperature and thereby increases the relative humidity. Consequently, the importance of having a tight air and vapour barrier in the ceiling becomes more important with increased insulation. Therefore, in Denmark, the recommendation is to have a tight vapour barrier when re-insulating ceilings against cold ventilated attics to a total of 150-mm insulation material. The recommendation is independent of the insulation material's hygroscopic properties or the indoor moisture level. The aim of this project was to test the relevance of the recommendation through testing in a full-scale test building (7 × 22 m) with a series of six different ceilings with or without a vapour barrier and variation in the insulation material comprising insulation thickness and its hygroscopic properties. The examination was performed with a controlled indoor climate after an European humidity classes 1–3 and a natural outdoor climate. The study showed very little differences in temperature and relative humidity in the cold ventilated attics, while the humidity class of the indoor climate significantly affects the absolute moisture content in the attic. However, the climate in the attic did not cause mould growth in the test sections, even for humidity class 3. Consequently, in the test building the thickness or hygroscopic properties of the insulation material did not have a significant effect on the moisture level in attics and did not determine whether a vapour barrier should be installed. In this study with the given climate, a vapour barrier is unnecessary in well-ventilated attics if the ceiling is airtight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to test whether compliance with the current Danish best practice recommendations concerning design of the cold attic space will prevent damaging moisture levels. The project was performed as a full-scale experimental setup in the cool temperate climate of Denmark. The setup comprised 18 north-facing attic spaces with varying ventilation principles and varying infiltration scenarios. The relative humidity and temperature were measured in attic spaces, indoor and outdoor, for almost 3 years. The hygrothermal performance of the attics was evaluated by post-processing and comparing the data with predicted mould growth risk and with visual observations of mould growth. The results showed that following the recommended passive ventilation strategies made the hygrothermal performance in attics with diffusion-open roofing underlay worse. In addition, increasing vapour diffusion tightness of the roofing underlay made the hygrothermal performance of the cold attic spaces under the eaves worse, except for attics with passive ventilation but without infiltration. The hygrothermal performance of the attics with diffusion-tight roofing underlay was poor when combining infiltration and the assessed ventilation strategy. The performance of the same attic without infiltration showed that some degree of ventilation was needed. External roof insulation did not significantly improve the hygrothermal performance of the attic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction of a townhouse built today no longer has roof vents, compared to colonial buildings as well as traditional architecture scattered in humid tropics. In Indonesia, many buildings are made with a zinc roof, even in North Sulawesi province 92 percent of zinc roofed buildings or metal aluminum. This article has two purposes, the first is to assess the benefits of attic ventilation, especially for zinc roofed buildings and the second is to find out why the ventilation loft is no longer used to present buildings. Research by building two same test cells where one cell has roof vents, and the other cell does not. The test cell with ventilated roofs has the advantage that the interior temperatures are lower on average by 1.2 °C than those in a cell without ventilation. Almost all buildings today have a modern and minimalist style where the shape and pattern are delicate and do not allow for roof ventilation; such structures cannot form adequate attic spaces. Based on observation and evaluation, this is the leading cause of the disappearing of attic ventilation. Another thing was caused by efforts to reduce the selling price of a house with consideration of people's purchasing power. Ignorance from building owners and developers on the benefits of attic ventilation to reduce room temperature and lighting is one of the factors found in this study; even this problem is made worse by architects who often ignore these benefits in their designs. Comprehensive knowledge is needed for the general public and also for architects for the use of roof ventilation which in turn is an effort to achieve thermal comfort and energy savings in the domestic sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the decades between the 19th and 20th century, Lake Maggiore was one of the most coveted holiday destinations, not only for its mild climate and healthy air quality, but also for its natural and artistic attractions. The area of Verbania became a fashionable place: the number of “de tout premier ordre” hotels grew considerably in some of the villages along the lake shores, offering hospitality to extremely selected clients that included not only crowned heads and the European high aristocracy, but also industrial and financial tycoons from the Americas. These hotels were built according to the standards of the “hôtellerie de luxe”, with a grand display of domes, attics, friezes, and magnificent pomposity in the interiors. Of course, they also featured modern “comforts” such as central heating, electric lighting, lifts and en-suite rooms. Those were the years of the Belle Époque, Universal Expositions, the Liberty style, of “automobiles” replacing carriages and of international globetrotters who used to meet in the halls of “grand hotels” to see and be seen, to somehow feel reassured that they were at the heart of that vibrant, though often ephemeral, world. The hotels in Stresa, Baveno, Pallanza, Locarno and Brissago were up to these expectations and offered guests a sumptuous and joyful hospitality, until the war broke out and marked the beginning of their decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Attic specific energy modeling tools are used by engineers and researchers to evaluate the impact of different design features, products, and materials systems on an attic's energy, thermal, and hygrothermal performance. These frameworks and their simulation component models have been carefully validated over the last 40–50 years. A fundamental assumption in these modeling tools is that the air within the attic is well mixed. However, various experimental and numerical studies have shown that the flow inside a triangular attic is not well mixed and an asymmetrical heating of enclosure can develop flow instabilities. Under these flow regimes the calculation of interior convective fluxes using empirical correlations can be error prone. To investigate the impact of this assumption on the performance of a benchmark attic problem, we develop a coupling approach between the Fraunhofer Attic Thermal Model (FATM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Instead of directly coupling a CFD solver to FATM, this paper presents an offline surrogate modeling coupling strategy. The generalized method established in this paper allows for future extension of the approach for different attic geometries, as well as whole building simulations. The work flow uses open-source tools for constructing the surrogate and making it easily integrable with any commercial/non-commercial whole building or attic simulation framework. Since the majority of the computations are moved offline, this approach provides substantial computational speedup during online simulations in comparison to earlier coupling approaches. An additional benefit of the approach is the surrogate can also be used for flow visualization inside the attic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • The performance of a radiation control coating and reflective insulation was analysed. • A reduction in the indoor summer heat gains in the attic space was observed. • A reduction in the indoor summer surface temperature was observed. • A negligible effect was shown in the winter season. Abstract The energy retrofitting and conversion of attic spaces into liveable dwelling units is a widely diffused practice in EU countries, and it leads to an increment in urban density, without having to construct new buildings. Roof surfaces are the parts of buildings that are exposed the most to the sun in summer season, and for this reason, they are responsible for high cooling loads, which can determine overheating phenomena in the dwellings below the attics. Different strategies that involve the use of extra-insulation or an increase in the solar reflectance of the outer layer can be adopted to resolve this problem. However, another solution that is sometimes adopted is the introduction of long-wave infra-red reflective insulations, which are generally applied below the roof tiles, facing an air cavity. This strategy allows the thermal resistance of a roof to be increased, as a result of a reduction in the radiation heat exchange, without having to increase the insulation thickness. In this study, an in-field experimental campaign has been carried out in Turin, Italy. The analysis was aimed at investigating the thermal behaviour of traditional roof adopting reflective insulation, made up of aluminium sheets, and of a new strategy, based on a treatment with low emissivity paint below the roof tiles. The experimental data were used to verify numerical 1D heat transfer simulations to account for the effect of the radiation heat exchange in the airspace below the roof tiles. The verified simulation models were used to analyse the effects of the insulation levels and of the emissivity properties of the reflective layer on the roof heat exchange. A reduction in the indoor summer heat gains of between ∼10% and ∼53% was found for roofs treated with refective insulation, depending on their emissivity properties, while the contribution to reducing the winter heat losses was negligible. The obtained results are encouraging and highlight that reflective insulation, used together with Low-E paints, represents a promising solution that can be used to help design attic retrofitting interventions, with the aim of achieving a better thermal performance in the summer period, and to address the requirements of indoor space saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An in-depth analysis of the occurrences and meanings of the so-called 'formula of disclosure' σκοπεῖν τῷ βουλομένῳ in Athenian decrees, including comparison with other similar expressions, can offer new insights into strategies of public communication in Athens and the relationship between epigraphic and non-epigraphic media in a democratic context. In addition to the epigraphic occurrences that have so far been identified, it is proposed that another can be inferred from a passage of Ps.-Plutarch's Life of the Ten Orators (843f 5-9). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two attics were constructed as part of a building renovation project at the University of West Florida. The first attic is described as a traditional ventilated attic, with openings in the soffits and a small dormer vent on the roof. The second attic is described as a sealed attic (with no ventilation), and open-cell spray foam insulation installed on the underside of the roof deck. The study was undertaken to demonstrate hypothesized performance differences between attic types. Thermal and relative humidity sensors were installed to measure the condition of the air in the two attics spaces, and measurements were taken at 15 minute intervals. Measurements of relative humidity were later calculated as dew point and specific humidity. Similar studies are often conducted by comparison of attics in separate buildings under different use conditions. This project offers a unique opportunity to explore data collected from a single structure, and provides support for existing research on attic design in southern regions. The resultant data show significant differences in attic temperatures, with the sealed attic exhibiting a much more thermally stable pattern. There were also significant differences in attic dew points and specific humidity, although these differences appear to be much less pronounced. Data were analyzed using independent t-tests to establish significant differences between means. Overall, the sealed attic performed better than the ventilated attic, although dew point and specific humidity remain concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of radiant technology in attics aims to reduce the radiation component of heat transfer between the attic floor and roof decks, gables, and eaves. Recently, it has been shown that EnergyPlus underestimates the savings using radiant technologies in attic spaces. The aim of this study is to understand why EnergyPlus underestimates the performance of radiant technologies and provide a solution strategy that works within the current capabilities of EnergyPlus. The analysis uses three attic energy models as a baseline for comparison for EnergyPlus. Potential reasons for the discrepancies between the attic specific energy models and EnergyPlus are isolated and individually tested. A solution strategy is proposed using the Energy Management System (EMS) capabilities within EnergyPlus. This solution strategy produces similar results to the other attic specific energy models. This paper shows that the current capabilities of EnergyPlus are sufficient to simulate radiant technologies in attics. The methodology showcased in this paper serves as a guide for engineers and researchers who would like to predict the performance radiant technology in attics using the whole building energy software, EnergyPlus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attic ventilation is typically recommended for the removal of moisture build-up caused by air leakage from indoors in cold climates, however, it may also increase the amount of snow and rain penetration into the attic, especially in the extremely cold climates. In northern regions, extremely cold temperatures can cause snow particles to become very fine, which will penetrate vents or unsealed openings. The snow accumulated in the attic would melt at temperatures above zero and penetrate to indoors through the ceiling and cause moisture problems. One of the solutions is to add filter membranes along a ventilation cavity behind the façade to prevent snow from entering the attic. The ventilated attics with filter membrane had some success but there were instances with reported water leakages and moisture damages. There have been also attempts to use un-ventilated cold roofs. Un-ventilated attics prevent snow accumulation but do not allow for effective removal of moisture, which could be risky and prone to moisture damages. This paper presents a field study of the hygrothermal performance of three attic venting systems. Three houses with different attic designs built in Canadian North were monitored: two with a ventilated attic but different strategies controlling snow entry and one with an un-ventilated attic. Measurements show that the ventilated attics had acceptable conditions. The moisture content of wood structure at most monitored locations in the un-ventilated attic remained above 20% through the summer, which indicates that without ventilation the construction moisture and moisture accumulated through winter cannot be effectively removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]