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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention or hyperactivity and impulsivity that may interfere with daily life. College and university students with ADHD may struggle with aspects of academic library use and research, and ADHD may be underdiagnosed and undertreated in marginalized populations. Academic library support for students with ADHD has been understudied, but more research is emerging on how students with ADHD struggle and adapt to university life. This article will review literature about college students with ADHD and identify themes in the existing research that can inform academic library practices. Recommendations for how academic libraries can support students with ADHD as well as areas for future research will be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how financial professionals can support clients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who face challenges in managing their money and often avoid seeking professional financial advice. Specifically, financial professionals can use motivational interviewing and solution-focused questioning techniques in their client-facing interactions, thereby enhancing their value, attracting new clients, and bolstering their career stability. This article explains key concepts and techniques of motivational interviewing and solution-focused questioning, provides research supporting their use with this population, and illustrates these techniques through a hypothetical case study of a client with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) –related psychostimulant use in the context of concussion risk and symptom recovery. Data were obtained from the National Collegiate Athletic Association Department of Defense Grand Alliance Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education (NCAA-DOD CARE) Consortium from 2014 to 2017. Relative to individuals without diagnosed ADHD (i.e., control), both ADHD diagnosis and the combination of ADHD diagnosis and psychostimulant use were associated with a greater risk of incurring a concussive injury. Following a concussive injury, ADHD diagnosis was associated with longer symptom recovery time relative to the control group. However, individuals with ADHD who use psychostimulants did not take longer to resolve symptoms than controls, suggesting that psychostimulants may have a positive influence on recovery. Regardless of time point, ADHD diagnosis was associated with an elevated number of concussion-related symptoms; however, this effect appears mitigated by having used ADHD-related psychostimulants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Diagnosed in about 10% of children in the United States, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms including inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Traditional interventions, such as pharmacological and psychological interventions, are often used in conjunction with integrative health options, such as animal-assisted interventions. The objective of this manuscript is to report behavior coding findings from a randomized control trial of children with ADHD. METHODS: As part of a larger randomized control trial focused on the efficacy of combining a canine-assisted intervention (live therapy dog or control stuffed dog) with cognitive behavioral therapy for children with ADHD, the current manuscript focuses on video-captured behavior observations (n = 35 children, approximately 322 minutes of data). Data were extracted and coded using the Observation of Human-Animal Interaction Research (OHAIRE) Coding System. Behavior codes are reported as summary scores for the following domains: animal social interaction and human social interaction (further separated into human-adult social interaction and human-peer social interaction). Repeated measures mixed models analyses were performed using SAS PROC GLIMMIX to evaluate group differences and change across the study period. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in how much children interacted with the live therapy dogs versus control stuffed dogs. With respect to human-to-human social interactions, children showed greater increases over time in human-directed social interactions in the presence of live therapy dogs compared to stuffed dogs (p = .020). Over the course of the 12-week intervention, children increased in interactions with both adults (p = .006) and their peers (p = .014); however, there were more increases over time in adult-directed social interactions in the live animal condition compared to the control stuffed animal condition (p < 0.0001). DISCUSSION & CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest changes in social interaction when participating in this canine-assisted intervention, specifically greater increases in human-to-human social interactions over time when a live therapy dog is present compared to a control stuffed dog. Children appear to engage relatively equally with both live and stuffed dogs; however, the impact of animals on human socialization differs based on if a live animal is present. Future studies should consider incorporating behavior coding analysis into studies of canine-assisted interventions to identify how human-animal interactions may be moderators or mechanisms for psychosocial outcomes.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a relatively common neurodevelopmental mental disorder affecting an estimated 7.2% of children and adolescents, and 2.5% of adults. It manifests primarily through inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Multimodal treatment approaches are recommended, addressing the psychological, behavioral, vocational, and educational needs of patients and their families. Conventional therapies include pharmacologic interventions (e.g., psychostimulants) and non-pharmacologic strategies (e.g., psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy). The ongoing search for novel treatment options focuses on improving cognitive function, psychological well-being, and ADHD symptomatology. Nutritional interventions with vitamins and minerals are emerging as potential complementary or adjunctive therapies. This review summarizes recent literature (past 5 years) on the relationship between magnesium and ADHD, encompassing observational studies, interventional trials, and meta- analyses. Evidence from recent publications suggests that children with ADHD have reduced magnesium levels and that magnesium supplementation improves symptoms. However, these studies do not definitively establish the exact cause-and-effect relationship between magnesium and ADHD. Current data are insufficient to recommend magnesium for routine ADHD treatment. High-quality, large-scale, and long-term studies are necessary to definitively understand the magnesium-ADHD link and to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of magnesium supplementation as an adjunct therapy. These studies should define optimal doses, forms, and duration of supplementation for safe and effective clinical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome was officially documented in 2014. Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome is an extremely rare complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by reduced intellectual capacity, motor dysfunction, facial dysmorphism, impaired development, and an increased predisposition to autism spectrum disorder. In addition, many patients also present with neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety disorders, and various behavioral abnormalities. Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome is challenging to identify solely on the basis of symptoms, and genetic investigations, including exome sequencing, may facilitate diagnosis. Case presentation: We report a case of 13-year-old Saudi patient who presented with dysmorphic features as illustrated in Fig. 1, severe mental retardation, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Initial genetic testing was unremarkable; thus, a clinical exome analysis was performed to identify the genetic basis of the condition. Conclusions: Clinical exome analysis indicated an autosomal dominant Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome with a likely pathogenic de novo variant within the activity-dependent neuroprotector homeobox (ADNP) gene not previously reported in Helsmoortel-Van der Aa syndrome. The patient had a right-sided solitary kidney and polycystic ovaries, conditions that were not previously associated with HVDAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), an autosomal dominant disorder, characterized by a spectrum of diverse neurocutaneous manifestations, is caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in NF1 gene. While patients with NF1 often exhibit characteristic features, atypical phenotypes can arise, necessitating consideration of differential diagnoses or concurrent pathologies. Case presentation: A seven-year-old boy with suspected NF1 underwent clinical evaluation. He presented hallmark café-au-lait spots, axillary freckling, and neurofibromas. Neuroimaging revealed a cranial plexiform neurofibroma. Additionally, he exhibited attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and developmental delay. Genetic testing identified an Alu insertion variant within the NF1 gene, and subsequent array comparative genomic hybridization detected a 16p13.11 duplication. Conclusions: This case underscores the intricate molecular bases of NF1 by identifying a rare Alu insertion variant. The patient's neurocognitive challenges and dysmorphic features prompted exploration of a potential overlapping genetic condition. Coexisting genetic disorders have been documented in NF1 patients, emphasizing the necessity of discerning atypical manifestations. The observed 16p13.11 duplication likely contributes to the patient's phenotype, enhancing the precision of diagnosis, prognosis, and genetic counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsFew studies have investigated the risk of psychiatric neurodevelopmental disorders (PNDD) after childhood meningitis.Nationwide population-based cohort study (Denmark, 1995–2021) of children with positive cerebrospinal fluid for bacteria or enterovirus, stratified on age as young infants (0 to <90 days, n = 637) or older children (≥90 days to <17 years, n = 1,218). We constructed a comparison cohort from the general population (n = 18,550), and cohorts of siblings of participants. As risk estimates of PNDD we calculated age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).Children with bacterial meningitis had increased risks of PNDD, especially learning and intellectual developmental disorders (young infants: aHR 4.2, 95%CI: 2.4–7.1; older children: aHR 1.5, 95%CI: 1.0–2.3), attention deficit disorder (ADHD) (young infants: aHR 2.8, 95%CI: 1.5–5.2; older children: 1.4, 95%CI: 0.9–2.2) and redemption of ADHD medication (young infants: aHR 2.2, 95%CI: 1.0–4.7; older children: 1.5, 95%CI: 1.0–2.3). Young infants with bacterial meningitis additionally had increased risks of autism spectrum disorders (aHR 1.9, 95%CI: 0.9–4.1) and behavioural and emotional disorders (aHR 2.0, 95%CI: 1.0–3.9). In young infants, the excess risk of PNDD was especially observed in premature children. Siblings of older children with bacterial meningitis also had increased risks of PNDD. Children with enteroviral meningitis at any age did not have increased risks of PNDD or redemption of ADHD medication.Bacterial meningitis in childhood is associated with subsequent diagnosis of PNDD, while enteroviral meningitis is not. The association appears to be partly explained by prematurity and familial and socioeconomic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nociplastic pain (NP), classified as a third type of pain alongside nociceptive and neuropathic pain, is chronic pain arising from the amplification of nociceptive stimuli through central sensitization, despite the absence of tissue damage, sensory nerve damage, or disease. An important clinical feature of NP is that it is not only associated with pain but also with sensory hypersensitivity to sound and light and cognitive dysfunction, including mood and attention disorders. Recent studies have suggested that depression and developmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), coexist with NP at high frequency. Additionally, cognitive impairment in individuals with NP may be associated with these psychiatric comorbidities. However, to our knowledge, there are no reports on (1) multidimensional evaluation and diagnostic details of abdominal NP in adults with ADHD/ASD; (2) how ADHD drugs and antidepressants are administered when ADHD and depression coexist with NP; and (3) how central sensitization, brain function, and family relationship problems underlying NP are altered by treatments of ADHD and depression. Case presentation: Herein, we present the case of a 51-year-old woman with abdominal NP. She developed severe right lower abdominal pain and underwent a thorough medical examination; however, the physical, medical cause remained unknown, making treatment challenging. Additionally, she took time off work as she began to complain of insomnia and anxiety. She was referred to our pain center, where a diagnosis of depression, ADHD, and ASD was confirmed, and treatment with ADHD medication was initiated. While ADHD medications alone did not yield sufficient improvement, a combination of methylphenidate and the antidepressant venlafaxine eventually led to improvements in abdominal NP, depression, ADHD symptoms, central sensitization, and family relationship issues. During treatment, cerebral blood flow in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal, and parietal cortices also improved. Conclusion: The treatment of comorbid depression is important while treating NP, and venlafaxine may be effective, especially in cases of comorbid ADHD/ASD. Screening for developmental disorders and depression is required in patients with abdominal NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cerebellum plays a major role in balance, motor control and sensorimotor integration, but also in cognition, language, and emotional regulation. Several neuropsychiatric disorders such as attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as neurological diseases such as spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) are associated with differences in cerebellar function. Morphological abnormalities in different cerebellar subregions produce distinct behavioral symptoms related to the functional disruption of specific cerebro-cerebellar circuits. The specific contribution of the cerebellum to typical development may therefore involve the optimization of the structure and function of cerebro-cerebellar circuits underlying skill acquisition in multiple domains. Here, we review cerebellar structural and functional differences between healthy and patients with ADHD, ASD, and SCA3, and explore how disruption of cerebellar networks affects the neurocognitive functions in these conditions. We discuss how cerebellar computations contribute to performance on cognitive and motor tasks and how cerebellar signals are interfaced with signals from other brain regions during normal and dysfunctional behavior. We conclude that the cerebellum plays a role in many cognitive functions. Still, more clinical studies with the support of neuroimaging are needed to clarify the cerebellum's role in normal and dysfunctional behavior and cognitive functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Misophonia, not yet classified within diagnostic manuals, triggers strong emotional, physiological, and behavioural reactions to specific sounds. This study examines its correlations with attention deficient/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits, obsessive-compulsive traits, and autism-related traits in adolescent outpatients with non-psychotic disorders. We hypothesize a positive association between misophonic symptoms and these psychological traits. Methods: This study was conducted at a Turkish psychiatric centre from January to July 2023 in adolescents aged 12-18. Parents completed the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Adolescent (AQ-Adolescent), and Conner's ADHD Parent Rating Scale-48 (CPRS-48), while the adolescent filled out the Misophonic Symptom Checklist (MCL) and Maudsley Obsessive- Compulsive Inventory (MOCI). Using non-parametric statistical tests, the research found associations between the scales, with a total sample size of 348. Results: Females had higher scores on MCL. There is a negative correlation between AQ-Adolescent and MCL, positive correlations between MCL-MOCI and MCL-CPRS-48. In gender specific correlation analysis found that AQ-Adolescent and MCL were negatively correlated, MCL and MOCI were positively correlated in males. MCL, CPRS-48 and MOCI were positively correlated in females. In regression AQ-Adolescent, MOCI and CPRS-48 significantly predicted the levels of MCL. Conclusions: Our study unveils a link between ADHD, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, autistic traits, and misophonic symptoms in adolescent psychiatric outpatients, highlighting sex differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction There have been substantial increases in the use of Schedule II stimulants in the United States. Schedule II stimulants are the gold standard treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but also carry the risk of addiction. Since the neurocognitive deficits seen in ADHD resemble those of chronic cannabis use, and the rise in stimulant use is incompletely understood, this study sought to determine if recreational cannabis (RC) legalization increased distribution rates of Schedule II stimulants. Methods The distribution of amphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, and methylphenidate were extracted from the ARCOS database of the Drug Enforcement Administration. The three-year population-corrected slopes of distribution before and after RC sales were evaluated. Results Total stimulant distribution rates were significantly higher in states with RC sales after (p =0.049), but not before (p =0.221), program implementation compared to states without RC. Significant effects of time (p <0.001) and RC sales status (p =0.045) were observed, while time x RC sales status interaction effects were not significant (p =0.406). Discussion RC legalization did not contribute to a more pronounced rise in Schedule II stimulant distribution in states. Future studies could explore the impact of illicit cannabis use on stimulant rates and the impact of cannabis sales on distribution rates of non-stimulant ADHD pharmacotherapies and ADHD diagnoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents (CAA) and its treatment plan includes a multimodal approach. Psychoeducation is a potential therapeutic modality in the multimodal treatment of ADHD. Psychoeducation intervention generally consists of single or multiple sessions providing education to the recipient regarding ADHD with the aim to facilitate an informed, self‐responsible management of the disorder and to improve the quality of life of patients and their families. Previous reviews have highlighted the positive effects of parental psychoeducation on ADHD symptoms, behavioral problems and social skills of CAA with ADHD. However, the effects of child only and combined parental and CAA psychoeducation interventions are unclear and under investigated. In the current paper, for the first time, we review, individually, the outcomes of parent only psychoeducation, child only psychoeducation and combined parental and CAA psychoeducation across a range of domains in CAA with ADHD. The findings reveal that including psychoeducation in the treatment of ADHD may improve clinical symptoms, social skills, functioning and family relationships in CAA with ADHD. Practitioner points: Child and combined psychoeducation may improve social skills in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Child and combined psychoeducation may improve functional impairment in ADHD.Parent psychoeducation may reduce parental stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and adolescents (henceforth "children") with both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety experience greater difficulties than children with either alone, though qualitative methodologies are yet to be used to understand the challenges this population experiences. We aimed to explore parent-reported daily impacts of co-occurring anxiety in children with ADHD (ages 8–13 years). Participants were enrolled in an Australian trial evaluating an adapted anxiety intervention and were eligible if their child met diagnostic criteria for ADHD plus separation, social, and/or generalized anxiety disorder. A baseline measure of life impacts associated with child anxiety captured situations parents reported were difficult, due to their child's anxiety. Reflexive thematic analysis of free-text responses (N = 203) facilitated new insights via inductively generating key themes. Three overarching themes highlighted (1) child difficulties with everyday situations and processes due to their anxiety; (2) the nature of the child's anxiety being pervasive and unrelenting; and (3) the strain placed on the child's family system. This study enhances understanding of daily impacts associated with co-occurring anxiety and ADHD and may contribute to an improved understanding of support needs. Results reiterate the need to identify co-occurring difficulties in children with ADHD and support both children and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Emotional dysregulation (ED) impacts functional outcomes among individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Self-awareness and strategies may enhance coping with ED yet are rarely studied in ADHD. Objectives: To explore ED-related self-awareness and strategies in daily life of adults with ADHD, and to examine the interrelations between them and their association with symptoms. Methods: Sixty young adults with ADHD participated in a mixed-method study. At baseline, self-awareness and strategies were assessed using the Self-Regulation Skills Interview (SRSI); ADHD symptoms were self-rated using the ASRS symptom checklist. Then, symptoms were rated over 5-days using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Results: Significant challenges in self-awareness and strategies were demonstrated quantitatively and qualitatively. Awareness of ED was associated with variability of ADHD symptoms on EMA yet not with symptom severity. Qualitative content analysis revealed a range of self-awareness levels, which were related to noticing ED-related cues and understanding contextual factors predictive of ED. Self-awareness and strategies were significantly associated. Strategies varied regarding effort, individual preference and temporality. Conclusions: Variability of ADHD symptoms was negatively associated with self-awareness of ED. Strategy selection in daily-life among adults with ADHD may be affected by self-awareness and by a possible trade-off between short-term effort and long-term effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many students exhibit Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. This makes ADHD relevant also for foreign language classrooms, especially because a connection between ADHD and foreign language competences is frequently assumed. However, L2-specific research on ADHD is still lacking. This article provides an overview on ADHD in school contexts, general language learning and L2-learning. It demonstrates that research has provided little evidence for (foreign) language-specific difficulties caused by ADHD, but that higher-order processes of reading and writing, which are particularly important for school success, can be affected by ADHD symptoms. However, they can be influenced by teaching. The special role of foreign language classrooms in the development of important competence dimensions for learners with ADHD and research desiderata are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous studies that have assessed social cognition in Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have produced inconsistent findings. To summarize these data and shed light upon moderators that may explain observed inconsistencies, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis exploring social cognition (Theory of Mind (ToM), Empathy, Facial and Non‐Facial Emotion Recognition) and Everyday Social Skills in children and adolescents with ADHD. Methods: The current meta‐analysis involved 142 studies including 652 effect sizes. These studies compared children and adolescents with ADHD (n = 8,300) and with typical development (n = 7,983). Results: Participants with ADHD exhibited moderate to very large deficits in ToM (SMD = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.68–0.99), Facial Emotion Recognition (SMD = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.46–0.81), and Everyday Social Skills (SMD = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.08–1.37). The magnitude of these impairments was similar when considering effect sizes adjusted for some covariates and the methodological quality of the studies. Few studies have investigated Empathy and Non‐Facial Emotion Recognition, which precludes definitive conclusions. Conclusions: Children and adolescents with ADHD experience robust impairments in ToM, Facial Emotion Recognition and Everyday Social Skills. Future studies should explore whether these deficits are a consequence of difficulties in other areas of cognition (e.g., executive functioning). We have made all our raw data open access to facilitate the use of the present work by the community (e.g., clinicians looking for tools, assessing social impairments, or researchers designing new studies). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gender clinic and single‐item questionnaire‐based data report increased co‐occurrence of gender diversity and neurodevelopmental conditions. The nuances of these associations are under‐studied. We used a transdiagnostic approach, combining categorical and dimensional characterization of neurodiversity, to further the understanding of its associations with gender diversity in identity and expression in children. Methods: Data from 291 children (Autism N = 104, ADHD N = 104, Autism + ADHD N = 17, neurotypical N = 66) aged 4–12 years enrolled in the Province of Ontario Neurodevelopmental Network were analyzed. Gender diversity was measured multi‐dimensionally using a well‐validated parent‐report instrument, the Gender Identity Questionnaire for Children (GIQC). We used gamma regression models to determine the significant correlates of gender diversity among age, puberty, sex‐assigned‐at‐birth, categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses, and dimensional neurodivergent traits (using the Social Communication Questionnaire and the Strengths and Weaknesses of ADHD Symptoms and Normal Behavior Rating Scales). Internalizing and externalizing problems were included as covariates. Results: Neither a categorical diagnosis of autism nor ADHD significantly correlated with current GIQC‐derived scores. Instead, higher early‐childhood dimensional autistic social‐communication traits correlated with higher current overall gender incongruence (as defined by GIQC‐14 score). This correlation was potentially moderated by sex‐assigned‐at‐birth: greater early‐childhood autistic social‐communication traits were associated with higher current overall gender incongruence in assigned‐males‐at‐birth, but not assigned‐females‐at‐birth. For fine‐grained gender diversity domains, greater autistic restricted‐repetitive behavior traits were associated with greater diversity in gender identity across sexes‐assigned‐at‐birth; greater autistic social‐communication traits were associated with lower stereotypical male expression across sexes‐assigned‐at‐birth. Conclusions: Dimensional autistic traits, rather than ADHD traits or categorical neurodevelopmental diagnoses, were associated with gender diversity domains across neurodivergent and neurotypical children. The association between early‐childhood autistic social‐communication traits and overall current gender diversity was most evident in assigned‐males‐at‐birth. Nuanced interrelationships between neurodivergence and gender diversity should be better understood to clarify developmental links and to offer tailored support for neurodivergent and gender‐diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Previous research has shown a significant link between gut microbiota in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, much remains unknown because of the heterogeneity of disorders and the potential confounders such as dietary patterns and control group variations. Methods: Children aged 6–12 years who had been clinically diagnosed with ASD and/or ADHD, their unaffected neurotypical siblings, and non‐related neurotypical volunteers were recruited cross‐sectionally. The ASD diagnosis was confirmed using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule‐2 (ADOS‐2) in all patients, including those with ADHD. Standardized DNA extraction and sequencing methods were used to compare gut microbial alpha‐diversity among the groups. Dietary diversity was calculated from a standardized dietary questionnaire form. We compared the difference in gut microbiome between patients with ASD and/or ADHD with neurotypical siblings and non‐related neurotypical controls. Results: Ninety‐eight subjects were included in the study (18 with ASD, 19 with ADHD, 20 with both ASD and ADHD, 13 neurotypical siblings, and 28 non‐related neurotypical controls). The alpha‐diversity indices, such as Chao 1 and Shannon index, showed a significant difference between the groups in a Linear mixed‐effect model (F(4, 93) = 4.539, p =.02), (F(4, 93) = 3.185, p =.017), respectively. In a post‐hoc pairwise comparison, patients with ASD had lower alpha‐diversity compared with non‐related controls after Bonferroni correction. Dietary diversity shown in Shannon index did not differ among the groups (F(4, 84) = 1.494, p =.211). Conclusions: Our study indicates disorder‐specific microbiome differences in patients with ASD. In future research on gut microbiota in neurodevelopmental disorders, it is necessary to consider the impact of ASD and ADHD co‐occurrence, and strictly control for background information such as diet, to elucidate the gut–microbiota interaction in ASD and ADHD for exploring the potential of therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the utility of the Comprehensive Trail Making Test (CTMT) and WAIS-IV working memory (WMI) and processing speed (PSI) indices in assessment of ADHD were examined. Using retrospective analysis of data from two private practices, patients were classified as having ADHD, having another psychiatric disorder, or having comorbid ADHD and other psychiatric disorder. Results indicated that significant differences existed in performance across the three groups [F(6, 246) = 3.38, p =.003; Pillai's Trace = 0.152, partial η2 = 0.076] on CTMT scores (p <.05), WMI scores (p ≤.001) and PSI scores (p <.05). Logistic regression analyses indicated WMI and CTMT trail 5 scores were individually useful indicators in identifying the presence of ADHD. Analysis also indicated minimal increase in correct classification of presence or absence of ADHD through combining CTMT, WMI, and PSI scores. Clinical implications for neuropsychological assessment and differential diagnosis of ADHD are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioral decision making tasks are common in research settings, with only the Iowa Gambling Task available for clinical assessments. However, correlations among these tasks are low, indicating each may assess a distinct component of decision making. In addition, it is unclear whether these tasks are sensitive to invalid performance or even simulated impairment. The present study examined relationships among decision making tasks and whether simulated impairment moderates the relationships among them. Across two studies (Study 1: n = 166, Study 2: n = 130), undergraduate student participants were asked to try their best or to simulate a specific diagnosis (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Study 1), decision making impairment (Study 2), or general cognitive impairment (Study 2). They then completed a battery of tests including embedded and standalone performance validity tests (PVTs) and three behavioral decision making tasks. Across studies, participants simulating impairment were not distinguishable from controls on any of the behavioral tasks. Few significant correlations emerged among tasks across studies and the pattern of relationships between tasks did not differ on the basis of simulator or PVT failure status. Collectively, our findings suggest that these tasks may not be vulnerable to simulated cognitive impairment, and that the tasks measure largely non-overlapping aspects of decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism is heterogeneous, which complicates providing tailored support and future prospects. We aim to identify subgroups in autistic adults with average to high intelligence, to clarify if certain subgroups might need support. We included 14 questionnaire variables related to aging and/or autism (e.g., demographic, psychological, and lifestyle). Community detection analysis was used for subgroup identification in an original sample of 114 autistic adults with an adulthood diagnosis (autism) and 58 non-autistic adults as comparison group (COMP), and a replication sample (NAutism = 261; NCOMP = 287), both aged 30–89 years. Next, we identified subgroups and assessed external validity (for cognitive and psychological difficulties, and quality of life [QoL]) in the autism samples. To test specificity, we repeated the analysis after adding 123 adults with ADHD, aged 30–80 years. As expected, the autism and COMP groups formed distinct subgroups. Among autistic adults, we identified three subgroups of which two were replicated. One of these subgroups seemed most vulnerable on the cluster variables; this subgroup also reported the most cognitive and psychological difficulties, and lowest QoL. Adding the ADHD group did not alter results. Within autistic adults, one subgroup could especially benefit from support and specialized care, although this must be tested in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to use the infant sibling design to explore whether proband traits of autism and ADHD could provide information about their infant sibling's temperament. This could help us to gain information about the extent to which infant temperament traits are differentially associated with autism and ADHD traits. We used parent-ratings of autistic traits and ADHD traits (CRS-3) in older siblings diagnosed with autism (age range 4 to 19 years), and their infant siblings' temperament traits (IBQ) at 9 months of age in 216 sibling pairs from two sites (BASIS, UK, and EASE, Sweden) to examine associations across siblings. We found specific, but modest, associations across siblings after controlling for sex, age, developmental level and site. Proband autistic traits were specifically related to low levels of approach in the infant siblings, with infant developmental level explaining part of the variance in infant approach. Proband ADHD traits were specifically related to high levels of infant activity even after controlling for covariates. Our findings suggest that proband traits of autism and ADHD carry information for infant sibling's temperament, indicating that inherited liability may influence early emerging behaviours in infant siblings. The impact of sex, age, developmental level and site are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms affect 40–60% of autistic children and have been linked to differences in adaptive behavior. It is unclear whether adaptive behavior in autistic youth is directly impacted by co-occurring ADHD symptoms or by another associated feature of both autism and ADHD, such as increased irritability. The current study examined relationships between irritability, ADHD symptoms, and adaptive behavior in 3- to 7-year-old autistic children. Results suggest that, after adjusting for co-occurring ADHD symptoms, higher levels of irritability are associated with differences in social adaptive behavior specifically. Understanding relationships between irritability, ADHD, and adaptive behavior in autistic children is critical because measures of adaptive behavior, such as the Vineland Scales of Adaptive Functioning, are often used as a proxy for global functioning, as well as for developing intervention plans and measuring outcomes as primary endpoints in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in individuals with dystrophinopathy compared with the general population. Retrospective chart review to examine the prevalence of ADHD and ASD, diagnosed both formally and informally, in individuals with dystrophinopathy receiving care in the multidisciplinary neuromuscular clinic at the Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago. Our results demonstrate an ADHD prevalence of 18.40% and ASD prevalence of 12.73%, both significantly higher than those reported for the general population. Our results revealed a significant association between ADHD diagnosis and a positive family history but did not show a statistically significant association between prevalence of ADHD and the use of steroids. Based on our current study results, we plan to further evaluate the prevalence, in a prospective cross-sectional manner, using validated screens for both ADHD and ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study seeks to describe the perspective of students with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and physical education (PE) teachers concerning physical activity practice in high school. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study based on an interpretative framework was conducted with secondary school students with ADHD, and their teachers of physical education. In-depth interviews and researchers' field notes were used to collect the data. Purposive sampling and inductive thematic analysis were applied. Results: Results show that ADHD is not experienced as limiting the practice of PA and PE by students, except in motor activities that require concentration such as tactical games. On the contrary, PA and PE helps them feel better. Teachers have not had to make extensive methodological modifications in their teaching styles with students with ADHD in relation to other situations or incidents. Conclusions: Students with ADHD do not seem to show significant difficulties in PE lessons or in the practice of extracurricular PA. PE teachers do not need to make significant adaptations with these students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the potential of a modified Cognitive‐Behavioral Group Therapy (CBGT) intervention in promoting social adjustment and reducing their parental stress among children exhibiting symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The research also highlights the mechanisms and advantages of employing modified CBGT to address negative symptoms associated with ADHD in children. The study was conducted at Fuzhou Children's Hospital of Fujian Province, with a total of 20 pairs of parents and children with ADHD participating. The assessment utilized measures including SNAP, Barratt Impulsivity, and Conners to evaluate changes in the children's social adjustment abilities and core/associated ADHD symptoms before and after CBGT intervention. Additionally, the Parental Stress Index was employed to gauge the level of stress experienced by the parents. Consequently, CBGT interventions have shown substantial improvements in children's social adjustment abilities and have proven to be a significant source of stress relief for parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Home-based transcranial direct current stimulation (Hb-tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that utilizes low-intensity electric currents delivered via scalp electrodes to modulate brain activity. It holds significant promise for addressing inattention in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, its effectiveness varies among individuals, and predicting outcomes remains uncertain, partially due to the influence of individual differences in ADHD-related brain anatomy. We analyzed data from a subsample, composed by twenty-nine adult patients with ADHD, of the Treatment of Inattention Symptoms in Adult Patients with ADHD (TUNED) trial. Fourteen patients underwent active anodal right cathodal left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) Hb-tDCS for 4 weeks and fifteen received sham-related tDCS intervention. Inattention outcome was evaluated at both baseline and endpoint (4th week). Baseline structural measures of the DLPFC, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and subcortical structures, previously associated with ADHD, were quantified. Several linear mixed models, with a three-way interaction between the fixed predictors brain volume or thickness, time, and treatment were calculated. Multiple comparison corrections were applied using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Baseline volume of the left DLPFC regions middle frontal gyrus (t (25) = 3.33, p-adjusted = 0.045, Cohen's d = 1.33, 95% CI = [0.45, 2.19]), inferior frontal gyrus (orbital part) (t (25) = 3.10, p-adjusted = 0.045, Cohen's d = 1.24, 95% CI = [0.37, 2.08]), and of the left ACC supragenual (t (25) = 3.15, p-adjusted = 0.045, Cohen's d = 1.26, 95% CI = [0.39, 2.11]) presented significant association with the inattentive score improvement only in the active tDCS group. More specifically, the smaller these regions were, the more the symptoms improved following anodal right cathodal left DLPFC Hb-tDCS . Hb-tDCS was associated with greater improvement in brain areas related to attention regulation. Brain MRI can be potentially used to predict clinical response to tDCS in ADHD adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are commonly reported in individuals presenting for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) evaluation. Performance validity tests (PVTs) and symptom validity tests (SVTs) are essential to ADHD evaluations in young adults, but extant research suggests that those who report ACEs may be inaccurately classified as invalid on these measures. The current study aimed to assess the degree to which ACE exposure differentiated PVT and SVT performance and ADHD symptom reporting in a multi-racial sample of adults presenting for ADHD evaluation. Method This study included 170 adults referred for outpatient neuropsychological ADHD evaluation who completed the ACE Checklist and a neurocognitive battery that included multiple PVTs and SVTs. Analysis of variance was used to examine differences in PVT and SVT performance among those with high (≥4) and low (≤3) reported ACEs. Results Main effects of the ACE group were observed, such that high ACE group reporting demonstrated higher scores on SVTs assessing ADHD symptom over-reporting and infrequent psychiatric and somatic symptoms on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form. Conversely, no significant differences emerged in total PVT failures across ACE groups. Conclusions Those with high ACE exposure were more likely to have higher scores on SVTs assessing over-reporting and infrequent responses. In contrast, ACE exposure did not affect PVT performance. Thus, ACE exposure should be considered specifically when evaluating SVT performance in the context of ADHD evaluations, and more work is needed to understand factors that contribute to different patterns of symptom reporting as a function of ACE exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the manner in which poor planning skill impairs reading comprehension of students with ADHD. Ninety-six adolescents with and without ADHD completed a planning task (Tower of London) and answered open-ended questions following the reading of two expository texts under two reading goals—study and entertainment, while their eye-movements were recorded. Findings indicated lower performance for the participants with ADHD on the planning and reading comprehension tests. Moreover, controls exhibited longer and more frequent (re)readings of text ideas in the study than in the entertainment goal condition, whereas readers with ADHD showed similar reading patterns for both reading goals. Critically, the difference observed between the groups on the reading comprehension test was mediated by the difference observed in their planning performance and goal-based reading patterns. Findings suggest that students with ADHD experience difficulties in reading comprehension due to poor planning of their text processing, as appropriate for different reading goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The literature indicates that sexuality education provided in schools/colleges in the United Kingdom (UK) may not be appropriate for people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). There appears to be a lack of understanding of the subject regarding young people with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and a dual diagnosis (ASD co-occurring with ADHD). Research also suggests that compared to neurotypical peers, young people with ASD tend to receive less support on sexuality from their parents, who often feel that they lack the appropriate skills to help their children with some sex-related issues. Some young people with ASD and ADHD also report lacking an understanding of the social nuances of dating and intimacy, which is crucial for navigating romantic relationships. Design/methodology/approach This study explored sexuality education and romantic relationships in young people based on a semi-structured interview approach to the topic. Thematic Analysis (TA) was employed to analyze the data. Findings Six themes were developed from the participants' narratives: Societal ideology about sexuality; Substandard school-based sexuality education; The role of adults in sexuality education; Pornography, as a very powerful alternative means of sexuality education; Young people and romance—a complicated world to navigate; Experience of abuse in the young neurodivergent population is a serious matter. Findings revealed that many neurodivergent and neurotypical young people received basic sex education in their schools/colleges and homes and encountered challenges navigating romantic relationships. Neurodivergent young people reported experiencing greater challenges related to their understanding of and building romantic relationships than their neurotypical peers. Originality/value To the researchers' knowledge, this is the first exploration of romantic relationships and sexuality education in neurotypical young people as well as three groups of neurodivergent young people (with ASD, ADHD, and ASD co-occurring with ADHD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Offspring of women with diabetes are at increased risk of developing neurobehavioral and cardiometabolic disorders, but there is scant evidence regarding the association between glycemic level during pregnancy and these long-term offspring outcomes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a population-based, cohort study of deliveries in Ontario between April 1991 and March 2018. Women had preexisting diabetes, gestational diabetes, or no diabetes. We applied a Cox proportional hazard model to examine the risk of developing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and cardiometabolic outcomes in offspring and assessed the association between pregnancy HbA1c levels and risk of outcomes, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS: A total of 3,407,961 mother-infant pairs were followed up to 29 years. Using a Cox proportional hazard model, offspring of women with type 1 diabetes had the highest risk of ADHD (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.43 [95% CI 1.36–1.49]), ASD (aHR 1.94 [1.80–2.09]), diabetes (aHR 4.73 [4.34–5.16]), hypertension (aHR 2.32 [2.07–2.61]), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) (aHR 1.72 [1.56–1.90]), followed by offspring of women with type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes compared with those unexposed. Among women with preexisting diabetes, there was an association between level of pregnancy HbA1c and offspring diabetes (aHR 1.22 [95% CI 1.12–1.32]), hypertension (aHR 1.42 [1.29–1.57]), and CVD (aHR 1.20 [1.11–1.29]) but no statistically significant association with neurobehavioral outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: In utero exposure to maternal diabetes was associated with an increase in ADHD, ASD, and cardiometabolic outcomes in offspring, with differences seen across diabetes subtypes. Pregnancy glycemia was associated with cardiometabolic outcomes, but not neurobehavioral outcomes, and provides a potentially modifiable risk factor to decrease cardiometabolic outcomes in offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurodevelopmental conditions frequently co‐occur. The aim of this paper was to determine whether there is a cumulative association between (1) the number of neurodevelopmental conditions, specifically hyperkinetic disorder (hereafter referred to as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), autism spectrum disorder (hereafter referred to as autism) and intellectual disability, and (2) behavioural and socio‐emotional problems and the level of clinician‐rated functioning for young males and females. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, diagnostic information, caregiver‐rated behavioural and socio‐emotional data (as conceptualised by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) and clinician‐rated functioning scores (as conceptualised by the Children's Global Assessment Scale) were extracted from electronic patient records for 2768 young people aged 3–17 years (mean = 11.55, SD = 3.46). All data were extracted at baseline, that is, at the time the young person was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism and/or an intellectual disability. Ordinal regression analyses tested associations between the number of neurodevelopmental conditions met (i.e. 1, 2 or 3) and behavioural and socio‐emotional outcomes and functioning. Results: After controlling for age and biological sex, the number of neurodevelopmental conditions was associated with higher levels of inattention/hyperactivity and peer problems, lower levels of prosocial behaviour and poorer clinician‐rated functioning. Although these findings were consistent for males, a cumulative association was not identified for females, except for clinician‐rated functioning. Conclusions: For young people, the presence of multiple neurodevelopmental conditions may have a cumulative impact across domains, but this may differ between males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep is impaired in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, population-based examination of indicators of sleep insufficiency and bedtime irregularity is limited. This investigation examined associations between ADHD, weeknight sleep insufficiency, and bedtime irregularity in a nationally-representative child sample, and indicators of these sleep outcomes in ADHD. Parents of children aged 3–17 years with ADHD (n = 7671) were surveyed through the 2020–2021 National Survey of Children's Health. Inverse probability of treatment weighting generated a weighted matched control sample (n = 51,572). Weighted generalized linear models were performed without and with age-stratification to examine associations between ADHD and sleep, adjusting for sociodemographics in the full sample, and between nineteen sociodemographic and clinical variables and sleep in ADHD. Having ADHD was associated with increased odds of sleep insufficiency and bedtime irregularity relative to controls, even after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. In ADHD, older age was associated with lower sleep insufficiency and greater bedtime irregularity. Black race, increased poverty, higher ADHD severity, depression, and increased screen time were associated with greater sleep insufficiency and bedtime irregularity. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were associated with greater sleep insufficiency. Behavioral/conduct problems, female sex, and absence of both ADHD medication use and ASD diagnosis were associated with poorer bedtime irregularity. Age-stratified results are reported in text. Children with ADHD face heightened risk for insufficient sleep and irregular bedtimes. Findings suggest intervention targets (e.g., Black race, poverty, depression, screen time) to improve both sleep insufficiency and bedtime irregularity. Results highlight ACEs and behavioral/conduct problems as targets to improve sleep insufficiency and bedtime regularity, respectively. Age-stratified findings are discussed. • ADHD was associated with greater sleep insufficiency and bedtime irregularity relative to healthy controls in children. • In ADHD, Black race, poverty, ADHD severity, depression, and screentime indicated sleep insufficiency and bedtime irregularity. • ACEs were associated with sleep insufficiency. Female sex, behavioral or conduct problems were associated with bedtime irregularity. • Interventions addressing sociodemographic context, psychiatric symptoms, and screen use may improve sleep in child ADHD. • Additional age-stratified findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When I was in adult psychiatry residency, I was shocked by the frequency of which young adult female patients would request evaluation for potential ADHD. Many of these young women presented as well with mood and anxiety symptoms, and it was imperative to determine whether the predominant impairment was secondary to untreated ADHD or other psychiatric conditions. In full disclosure, I was unfortunately primed to be skeptical of these college‐aged students who were seeking a diagnosis of ADHD, and I naively felt that their presenting concerns of inattentiveness, difficulty with concentration, and reduced motivation was more likely attributed to untreated depression in this population rather than an undetected ADHD. After all, I wondered, how would ADHD have gone unnoticed for all of their childhood and only now manifest in young adulthood? Oddly enough, I encountered very few young adult males with signs concerning for untreated ADHD; if anything, I saw more males on stimulants for ADHD than women, despite encountering more young women reporting concerns for untreated ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inappropriate levels of activity, impulsivity, and inattention. Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is a condition involving challenges in acquiring and executing motor skills. This cross-sectional study aimed to distinguish motor symptoms between ADHD and ADHD/DCD. A total of 283 children from two elementary schools underwent screening, leading to the identification of 27 children with ADHD. The assessment encompassed the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham-IV Questionnaire (SNAP-IV), the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2), and the Motor Development Scale (MDS). The groups consisted of ADHD (14) and ADHD/DCD (13). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in general motor age means between groups (p = 0.016), indicating inferior performance in the ADHD/DCD group. The coexistence of DCD significantly influenced the motor performance of children with ADHD, particularly in fine motor skills (p = 0.018) and balance (p = 0.033). Both groups exhibited mild to moderate risk of motor development delay. It is suggested that ADHD is associated with motor problems, even when DCD is not co-occurring. Specific domain-based analysis could demonstrate how the co-occurrence with DCD affects the motor performance of children with ADHD, with statistically significant differences observed in fine motor skills and balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSDP) may impact offspring biological (e.g., deoxyribonucleic acid methylation [DNAm]) and behavioral (e.g., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder hyperactive/impulsive [ADHD-HI] symptoms) development. There has been consistency in findings of differential methylation in global DNAm, and the specific genes AHRR, CYP1A1, CNTNAP2, MYO1G, and GFI1 in relation to MSDP. The current study aims to (a) replicate the associations of MSDP and DNAm in prior literature in middle childhood–adolescence (cross-sectionally) using a sibling-comparison design where siblings were discordant for MSDP (n = 328 families; Mage Sibling 1 = 13.02; Sibling 2 = 10.20), adjusting for prenatal and postnatal covariates in order to isolate the MSDP exposure on DNAm. We also (b) cross-sectionally explored the role of DNAm in the most robust MSDP–ADHD associations (i.e., with ADHD-HI) previously found in this sample. We quantified smoking exposure severity for each sibling reflecting time and quantity of MSDP, centered relative to the sibling pair's average (i.e., within-family centered, indicating child-specific effects attributable MSDP exposure) and controlling for the sibling average MSDP (i.e., between-family component, indicating familial confounding related to MSDP). We found that child-specific MSDP was associated with global DNAm, and CNTNAP2, CYP1A1, and MYO1G methylation after covariate adjustment, corroborating emerging evidence for a potentially causal pathway between MSDP and DNAm. There was some evidence that child-specific CNTNAP2 and MYO1G methylation partially explained associations between MSDP and ADHD-HI symptoms, though only on one measure (of two). Future studies focused on replication of these findings in a longitudinal genetic design could further solidify the associations found in the current study. Public Significance Statement: We found differential deoxyribonucleic acid methylation (DNAm) during middle childhood and adolescence for children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy compared to their unexposed sibling in a rigorously controlled study, and initial exploratory evidence that this differential DNAm may partly explain associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy with hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. These findings support DNAm as a key biological mechanism by which prenatal exposures exert long-term effects on children's development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self‐memory system depends on the prioritization and capture of self‐relevant information, so may be disrupted by difficulties in attending to, encoding and retrieving self‐relevant information. The current study compares memory for self‐referenced and other‐referenced items in children with ADHD and typically developing comparison groups matched for verbal and chronological age. Children aged 5–14 (N = 90) were presented with everyday objects alongside an own‐face image (self‐reference trials) or an unknown child's image (other‐referenced trials). They were asked whether the child shown would like the object, before completing a surprise source memory test. In a second task, children performed, and watched another person perform, a series of actions before their memory for the actions was tested. A significant self‐reference effect (SRE) was found in the typically developing children (i.e. both verbal and chronological age‐matched comparison groups) for the first task, with significantly better memory for self‐referenced than other‐referenced objects. However, children with ADHD showed no SRE, suggesting a compromised ability to bind information with the cognitive self‐concept. In the second task, all groups showed superior memory for actions carried out by the self, suggesting a preserved enactment effect in ADHD. Implications and applications for the self‐memory system in ADHD are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Importance: Self-feeding independence is often the first goal in acute stroke rehabilitation. Attention deficits appear frequently after stroke, but neuropsychological tests may be difficult to perform in the acute phase, and the effect on self-feeding activities may be difficult to detect. Therefore, we aimed to clarify behavioral problems with self-feeding using the Moss Attention Rating Scale (MARS), a behavioral observational rating scale of attentional function, for a better understanding of the effects of self-feeding. Objective: To identify behavioral problems caused by attention deficits among patients with acute stroke who need assistance in self-feeding, using the MARS. Design: Cross-sectional single-center study. Setting: St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan. Participants: A total of 96 patients (42 women and 54 men) were admitted to the hospital for stroke treatment. Patients' median age was 75.0 yr. The date of evaluation was a median of 3.0 days from admission. Outcome and Measures: The primary outcome was the FIM® eating subscore. The secondary outcome was the MARS score. Results: Significant differences were noted in the total raw MARS, logit, and three-factor scores for self-feeding independence (p <.01). The effect size of the consistent or sustained factor on independence was large (r =.83). Conclusions and Relevance: Behavioral problems related to self-feeding dependence include the inability for sustained attention. Our results suggest that sustained concentration during self-feeding is necessary for eating independence. Rehabilitation focused on sustained attention is important for independent self-feeding. Plain-Language Summary: A patient's self-feeding independence is often the first goal in acute stroke rehabilitation. Patients frequently experience attention deficits after a stroke, but neuropsychological tests may be difficult to perform in the acute phase of rehabilitation, and the effect of attention deficits on self-feeding may be difficult to identify. To have a better understanding of the effects on self-feeding, this study aimed to identify behavioral problems using the Moss Attention Rating Scale (MARS). The study found that the MARS can be used to identify behavioral problems related to self-feeding independence, which can help occupational therapists to develop rehabilitation programs for their clients who have experienced a stroke. The Moss Attention Rating Scale can be used to identify behavioral problems related to self-feeding independence, which can help occupational therapists to develop rehabilitation programs for their clients who have experienced a stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the present study was to compare the social support in parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders. The sample consisted of 166 parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders in Isfahan, Iran. Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS, Sherbourne and Stewart 1991) was used for measuring the availability of social support. The collected data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there was no significant difference in social support scores between parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders based on the type of child disorder and the gender of the parents (p > 0.05). The results also showed that there was no significant difference in the subscale of emotional/informational support, tangible support, and affectionate support between parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (p > 0.05) but in the one subscale (i.e. social interaction) parents of children with intellectual disability was significantly higher than parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Moreover, The results showed that there was no significant difference in subscales of social support between parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders based on the gender of the parents (p > 0.05). Therefore, according to the research findings, the design and implementation of support and educational programs for parents of children with neurodevelopmental disorders, especially in parents of children with ASD and ADHD, and to increase social interactions are essential and should be a priority in the programs of organizations providing psychological services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and types of sleep problems and their correlations with melatonin content and behavior in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) children. Method: Sleep in ADHD children and typically developing children (TD) aged 6–14 was assessed by the Sleep Disorders Scale for Children (SDSC) and actigraphy, salivary melatonin quantified by ELISA, and behavior was analyzed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results: ADHD children showed a higher frequency of sleep disturbances, higher sleep latency, and lower sleep efficiency than in the TD group. The ADHD group presented lower melatonin nocturnal content compared to the TD group. Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep (DIMS) was moderately associated with nocturnal melatonin. The total behavior difficulties were correlated with Disorders of Initiating and Maintaining Sleep (DIMS), Sleep/Wake Transition Disorders (SWTD), Disorders of Excessive Somnolence (DES), Sleep Hyperhidrosis (SHY) and Total SDSC Score. The behavior was the only determinant of the total SDSC score (R2 = 0.499; p < 0.002). Conclusion: This study provides, for the first time, evidence that among the frequent sleep disturbances in ADHD, the disorders in initiating and maintaining sleep are associated with the low levels of melatonin found in this population. Additionally, these, along with other sleep disturbances, are linked to behavioral problems in ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to explore career outcomes in young adulthood among adolescents with ADHD and/or high abilities. The sample included respondents who had the ability and ADHD measures from Waves 1 (1995), 3 (2002), and 4 (2009) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent and Adult Health in-home questionnaire. Using multiple group path analysis, we examined the pathways for three groups of individuals (i.e., ADHD, high ability, and both/twice-exceptional). We discovered financial and educational family background predicted occupational status and career goal attainment, as well as supports and barriers among various family and adolescent predictors (e.g., school attachment, educational aspiration, depressive symptoms). Knowledge about these trajectories will help professionals design tailored career and educational services for adolescents with high ability, ADHD, and both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine if treatment of co-occurring adult ADHD and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) with extended-release mixed amphetamine salts (MAS-ER) would be effective at improving ADHD symptoms and promoting abstinence. Method: A 12-week randomized, double-blind, two-arm pilot feasibility trial of adults with comorbid ADHD and CUD (n = 28) comparing MAS-ER (80 mg) to placebo. Main outcomes: ADHD: ≥30% symptom reduction, measured by the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS). CUD: Abstinence during last 2 observed weeks of maintenance phase. Results: Overall, medication was well-tolerated. There was no significant difference in ADHD symptom reduction (MAS-ER: 83.3%; placebo: 71.4%; p =.65) or cannabis abstinence (MAS-ER: 15.4%; placebo: 0%; p =.27). MAS-ER group showed a significant decrease in weekly cannabis use days over time compared to placebo (p <.0001). Conclusions: MAS-ER was generally well-tolerated. The small sample size precluded a determination of MAS-ER's superiority reducing ADHD symptoms or promoting abstinence. Notably, MAS-ER significantly reduced weekly days of use over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Growing evidence suggests digital interventions may provide neurocognitive benefits for children with ADHD. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of a digital attention intervention in children with ADHD. Method: In this double-blind randomized controlled trial 55 children with ADHD (5–9 years) were allocated to the intervention (N = 28) or control program (N = 27). Both programs were delivered via touchscreen tablets at home 5 days a week for 5 weeks. The primary outcome was change in the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) Attention Comparison Score (ACS) from pre- to post-intervention. Results: Participants who received the intervention had significantly greater improvements in the TOVA ACS from pre- to post-intervention than those in the control (p <.044). No intervention effects were observed on secondary outcomes assessing executive functioning, ADHD symptoms, or functional impairment. Conclusion: Collectively these findings provide insufficient evidence for the implementation of digital attention interventions for children with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to compare the approval of medicines for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for pediatric patients across five countries. Method: A document analysis was completed, using the drug labeling for ADHD medicines from five countries; United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and United States (US). Comparisons of available formulations and approval information for ADHD medicine use in pediatric patients were made. Results: The US had the highest number of approved medicines and medicine forms across the studied countries (29 medicine forms for 10 approved medicines). Approved age and dosage variations across countries and missing dosage information were identified in several drug labeling. Conclusions: The discrepancies in approval information in ADHD medicine drug labeling and differing availability of medicine formulations across countries suggest variations in the management of ADHD across countries. The update of drug labeling and further research into reasons for variability and impact on practice are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]