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This study explored the classification experiences and views of Para Alpine skiers with visual impairment. Data from 11 interviews were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis to generate three themes: Suitability—The skiers questioned the suitability of the visual measurements, testing environment, and the information they received regarding classification; Exclusivity—Skiers felt certain aspects of the system remain exclusive due to the restrictions of sport classes and lack of the athlete voice; and (Dis)trust—Skiers felt distrust in those implementing the system and in other athletes due to intentional misrepresentation. Speculation surrounding this resulted in the skiers' feeling doubt in their own classification. While there is not a "one size fits all" approach to classification, understanding skiers' experiences can be a vital first step and will help to guide future research into the evolution of this sport's classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adequate sleep is crucial for elite athletes' recovery, performance readiness, and immune response. Establishing reference ranges for elite athletes enables appropriate contextualization for designing and targeting sleep interventions. Purpose: To establish sleep-quality reference ranges for Olympic and Paralympic cohorts using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and explore differences based on sex and sport types. Methods: Team USA athletes (men = 805, women = 798) completed the PSQI as part of a health-history questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to create reference ranges and linear models, and χ2 test of independence determined differences in PSQI global and component scores between sex, games, season, and participation. Results: Six hundred thirty-two (39.43%) athletes reported poor sleep (PSQIGlobal ≥ 5). Men displayed later bedtimes (P =.006), better global PSQI scores, shorter sleep latency, less sleep disturbance, and less use of sleep medication than women (all P <.001). Winter Games participants had later bedtime (P =.036) and sleep offset time (P =.028) compared with Summer Games athletes. Team-sport athletes woke earlier than individual-sport athletes (P <.001). Individual-sport athletes were more likely to have low (P =.005) and mild (P =.045) risk for reduced sleep duration than team-sport athletes. Conclusion: These data provide PSQI-specific reference ranges to identify groups at greatest risk for poor sleep, who may benefit most from targeted sleep interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Transmeridian travel is common for elite athletes participating in competitions and training. However, this travel can lead to circadian misalignment wherein the internal biological clock becomes desynchronized with the light–dark cycle of the new environment, resulting in performance decrement and potential negative health consequences. Existing literature extensively discusses recommendations for managing jet lag, predominantly emphasizing light-based interventions to synchronize the internal clock with the anticipated time at the destination. Nevertheless, visually impaired (VI) athletes may lack photoreceptiveness, diminishing or nullifying the effectiveness of this therapy. Consequently, this invited commentary explores alternative strategies for addressing jet lag in VI athletes. Conclusions: VI athletes with light perception but reduced visual acuity or visual fields may still benefit from light interventions in managing jet lag. However, VI athletes lacking a conscious perception of light should rely on gradual shifts in behavioral factors, such as meal timing and exercise, to facilitate the entrainment of circadian rhythms to the destination time. Furthermore, interventions like melatonin supplementation may prove useful during and after travel. In addition, it is recommended that athlete guides adopt phase-forward or phase-back approaches to synchronize with the athlete, aiding in jet-lag management and optimizing performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the experiences and impact of the Paralympic School Day program on disability-related perceptions of rural high school students. Methods: Ninth- and tenth-grade physical education classes from a rural high school participated in the Paralympic School Day event. Of the 68 who attended the event, 42 students furnished assent and consent to participate. Data from reflective writing responses were analyzed inductively using a three-step approach. Findings: The analysis revealed three interrelated themes: (a) "I didn't expect it to be fun": preconceptions and reality of trying parasport, (b) "Anyone can play a sport": developing new perceptions of disability, and (c) "I never realized how blessed I was": persistence of ableist framing. Discussion: As a result of participants interacting with and learning from athletes with physical disabilities, they developed an understanding of parasport and a new paradigm through which to view individuals with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Para Powerlifting (PP) is the bench press with a single contest exercise. The rules require symmetry in lifting, but the natural tendency among humans is for asymmetry. Objective: The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of speed, load intensity, and fatigue of a training session on symmetry, and analyze asymmetries of average speeds between the limbs after a training session. Methods: Twelve male PP athletes (age 28.58 ± 5.50 years, experience 4.53 ± 1.27 years, body mass 79.25 ± 18.82 kg, 1RM 150.42 ± 42.07 kg, 1RM/BM 1.94 ± 0.46), had their bench press lifts recorded and downloaded into the Kinovea software. Measures of central tendency, mean ± standard deviation (SD) and the Shapiro–Wilk test were performed. Results: There was a difference in repetition 2, in the dominant limb, between the moment before and after, however, our hypothesis that at higher intensities and in the concentric phase of the exercise it would cause velocity asymmetry between the limbs was not confirmed. Conclusion: It is important to observe the absolute data and carefully evaluate the statistical differences since asymmetries are observed in different sports and are not determinant in sports performance; thus, being acceptable up to a certain level and unfavorable when it exceeds this level, which is individual and intimate to the sports activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract:Introduction: The aim of this study is to provide an overview of Paralympic athletes' views on mental health in a competitive sport context. Although research in the field of Paralympic sport has increased exponentially over the last two decades, mental health and its promotion have hardly been the subject of research so far. Previous research shows that the practice of competitive sports influences the mental health of Paralympic athletes both positively and negatively. Mental disorders are no exception, even in elite sports. Well-coordinated health care for the prevention and treatment of mental health challenges and mental disorders in elite sports is crucial for this purpose. Methods: The methodological approach of the present study is based on a qualitative research design. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews and their evaluation with the help of applied thematic analysis. For the interviews, 15 active, adult, Swiss elite Para athletes were recruited. Results: The results suggest that athletic success, the athletic activity itself and an improvement in physical health can lead to an increase in mental well-being. On the other hand, athletic failure, pressure to perform, and physical problems can cause psychological stress and facilitate mental disorders. Conclusion: In particular, the coordinated handling of mental health challenges and mental disorders among Paralympic athletes seems to need improvement, especially regarding the use of sports psychiatry and psychotherapy services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the contemporary era, there is a growing emphasis on understanding the self-realization of personality, encompassing individual-psychological traits, abilities, knowledge, skills, and motivation, extensively studied in psychology. Notably, limited attention has been given to exploring motivational determinants influencing athlete self-realization based on their professional qualifications. This gap is particularly pertinent in Kazakhstan, where significant efforts are directed towards athlete preparation. Methods: Employing a systemic approach by Bagadirova and Kudinov, the study views athlete self-realization as a multi-level phenomenon with interconnected components. A total of 180 athletes participated, including 60 professionals (average age 23.9), 60 amateurs (average age 31.1), and 60 Paralympians (average age 24.4). The methodological toolkit comprises four diagnostic techniques: E.A. Kalinin's "Motives of Sports Activities" (MSA) questionnaire, S. Maddi's resilience test adapted by D.A. Leontiev and E.I. Rasskazova, and S.I. Kudinov's multidimensional questionnaire on self-realization. Results: Significant differences in motivational determinants and self-realization attitudes emerge across athlete groups based on their sports qualifications. Noteworthy aspects include declining in motivation among professional athletes of masters of sports and masters of sports of international class, and rigidity in life resilience among Paralympic athletes. Overall, self-realization levels are not high, with extremely low levels of professional self-realization in all three athlete categories. Conclusions: The study's scientific novelty lies in systematically organizing knowledge on fundamental motivational determinants impacting athlete self-realization according to professional qualifications. This research addresses the acute shortage of psychological studies in sports psychology for Kazakhstan, which is still in its early stages. The findings underscore the need for targeted interventions by coaches and sports psychologists to enhance motivation levels, especially among elite athletes, and foster resilience, particularly in Paralympic athletes, ultimately advancing the field in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to explore the influence of circadian rhythms on athletic performance in individuals with mild intellectual disabilities (ID), with a specific focus on elucidating the association between chronotype and various performance metrics. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study consisting of 30 male participants aged between 11 and 19 years and diagnosed with mild ID. The chronotypes of all participants were assessed using the Childhood Chronotype Questionnaire (CCQ). Performance assessments were divided into three groups. Group A tests [sit and reach, medicine ball throw (MBT), plank], group B tests [handgrip strength (HGS), standing long jump (SLJ), 20-m sprint (20 ms)] and group C tests [vertical jump (VJ), hanging with bent arm (HBA), Illinois agility test) in order to ensure adequate rest periods between tests and not to affect the results. These group tests were performed 48 h apart, between 09:00-10:00 and 17:00-18:00, after a dynamic warm-up session. Results: Significant variations were observed in the sit-and-reach test (t = -4.154, d = -0.75, p < .001), HGS (t = -2.484, d = -0.45, p = .019), SLJ (t = -2.117, d = -0.38, p = .043), VJ (t = -5.004, d = -0.91, p < .001), and plank duration (t = -4.653, d = -0.84, p < .001). Evening performances showed improvement in MBT, HBA, 20 ms, and the Illinois agility test, although these differences were not statistically significant (p > .05). Notably, positive correlations were identified between participants' chronotypes and their performance in HBA (morning/evening; r = .693, p = .026; r = .656, p = .039, respectively) and the plank (evening; r = .717, p = .020), with negative correlations noted in the 20 ms (morning/evening; r = -.703, p = .023; r = -.710, p = .021, respectively). Conclusion: The findings suggest that individuals with mild ID exhibit enhanced athletic performance during evening hours. These insights underscore the importance of considering chronotype in tailoring exercise interventions for this population to optimize outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nLay summaryTo develop positive coach-athlete relationships, coaches can acknowledge and support their players’ sociocultural backgrounds (e.g., ethnicities, genders, races). This is particularly important in connecting with marginalized athletes as the history of sport is intertwined with identity politics, racism, and exclusion. To date, little is known about the role of race in coach-athlete relationships from the perspectives of marginalized individuals. The purpose of the current study was to explore the coach-athlete relationships of Black, Canadian university football players and their coaches from the players’ perspectives. We conducted semi-structured interviews with nine Black football players from five Canadian universities coached by individuals of different racial backgrounds. Using a reflexive thematic analysis, we co-created two overarching themes addressing participants’ racialized experiences inside and outside of sport, including their understanding of Blackness, as well as perceptions on how to improve coaches’ cultural literacies. From our findings, we understood that most Black athletes developed strong connections with their Black coaches compared to White or non-Black coaches of color that were characterized by feelings of trust and the ability to express their cultural identity freely. Athletes highlighted the importance of coaches acquiring or strengthening their cultural competency, and provided examples, advice, and descriptions of what they believed constituted an effective coach. By exploring racial aspects of coach-athlete relationships, this study contributes to coaching science literature and cultural sport psychology by emphasizing the need for coaches to develop cultural competency aptitudes when working with diverse athletes.This article examines the importance of cultural awareness when building coach-athlete relationships from the perspective of Black football players in Canadian universities. We discussed the participants’ racialized experiences in sport contexts, the role of race in building coach-athlete relationships, and the importance of improving the cultural literacy of coaches.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICECoaches looking to improve their approaches to building relationships with and meeting the cultural needs of Black athletes should consider engaging in cultural competency education to enhance their knowledge and coaching behaviors.Sport organizations and governing bodies should create more opportunities for coaches and other sport personnel to engage in formal cultural competency education to build knowledge about the intersectionally diverse athletes they work with.Sport scholars should actively seek to expand upon the literature regarding the ways in which race affects the coach-athlete relationship to offer modes of support for athletes who identify as Black.Coaches looking to improve their approaches to building relationships with and meeting the cultural needs of Black athletes should consider engaging in cultural competency education to enhance their knowledge and coaching behaviors.Sport organizations and governing bodies should create more opportunities for coaches and other sport personnel to engage in formal cultural competency education to build knowledge about the intersectionally diverse athletes they work with.Sport scholars should actively seek to expand upon the literature regarding the ways in which race affects the coach-athlete relationship to offer modes of support for athletes who identify as Black. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nLay SummaryThe present study reveals the subjective experiences of suicidal ideation among Chinese national team athletes. The two objectives were to situate the experiences of athletes’ suicidal ideation and to identify the common features of athletes’ suicidal ideation and their coping strategies in the Chinese sport system. Following a critical realist framework, 10 national team athletes were purposively recruited to share their experiences of suicidal ideation as they progressed in their national teams through in-depth semi-structured interviews. A reflexive thematic analysis followed by composite vignettes were undertaken to provide a rich description of suicidal ideation in relation to the athletes’ progressive careers. Three composite vignettes were generated: (a) suicidal ideation resulting from early overtraining, (b) difficulty in adjusting to a highly competitive environment post-transition, and (c) competition failures among established athletes. The manifestations, durations, reactions, and coping strategies of suicidal ideations varied as the athletes progressed in their careers. Age, athletic performance, social support, medal-orientation, and collectivism contributed to suicidal ideation.Athletes’ suicidal ideations varied along their career development, wherein psychosocial factors compounding with national culture shaped the experiences. The present study depicted three scenes of Chinese athletes’ suicidal ideations, suggesting more targeted interventions could be launched.IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICECoaches and sport psychologists should be alert of the mental health status of athletes in their critical demanding career phases or contexts, such as overreaching, transitions, and failed competitions.The support units and education system should be formed to facilitate help-seeking behaviors and to reduce stigma.Understanding the importance of building interpersonal bonds with others and centralizing collectivist interests is a necessity among Chinese athletes.Coaches and sport psychologists should be alert of the mental health status of athletes in their critical demanding career phases or contexts, such as overreaching, transitions, and failed competitions.The support units and education system should be formed to facilitate help-seeking behaviors and to reduce stigma.Understanding the importance of building interpersonal bonds with others and centralizing collectivist interests is a necessity among Chinese athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMaterials and methodsResultsConclusion\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONThere are many benefits of sport and exercise however people with disability experience barriers to participation including negative interactions with fitness professionals. To understand this barrier further, this study explored the perceptions of community-based fitness professionals working with people with disability.Thirteen fitness professionals took part in one semi-structured interview. Data were analysed inductively using an interpretive description approach.Theme 1, “Understanding your client’s individual needs” highlighted the requirement for fitness professionals to be flexible to the needs of their clients. Theme 2 “You have to have a little bit of the knack” discussed the importance of maintaining a mutually respectful relationship, and the skills required to achieve this. Theme 3 “It needs to be a team approach” called for greater interprofessional collaboration with health professionals. Theme 4 “The barriers of gym culture” explored the negative stigma placed on people with disability in relation to sport and exercise. Theme 5 “Change is needed” highlighted changes required within the fitness industry to better support people with disability.To facilitate inclusive service delivery, changes are required within the supports and resources available to fitness professionals thereby allowing them to cater to their diversifying client population. Physical activity is widely acknowledged as crucial to the health and wellbeing of people with disability, with focus being placed on creating inclusive community-based physical activity opportunities rather than disability specific programs alone.Community-based fitness professionals could provide important support towards enhancing inclusive physical activity participation for people with disability.Community-based fitness professionals experience many personal and professional benefits from working with people with disability, although, also experience challenges.To continue to work towards inclusion, community-based fitness professionals require further educational and funding support facilitating them to deliver safe and effective services to people with disability.Physical activity is widely acknowledged as crucial to the health and wellbeing of people with disability, with focus being placed on creating inclusive community-based physical activity opportunities rather than disability specific programs alone.Community-based fitness professionals could provide important support towards enhancing inclusive physical activity participation for people with disability.Community-based fitness professionals experience many personal and professional benefits from working with people with disability, although, also experience challenges.To continue to work towards inclusion, community-based fitness professionals require further educational and funding support facilitating them to deliver safe and effective services to people with disability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is part of a broader investigation into the portrayal of disability within the context of the Paralympic Games. Focusing on media coverage from 2008, 2012, and 2016 in French and Tunisian newspapers, representing two distinct cultural landscapes, we explore the nuances of how disability is depicted. Employing a multifaceted approach involving statistical analysis utilizing the Chi-squared test, discourse content analysis, and photo analysis, we delve into uncharted territory by examining the treatment of impaired athletes in Tunisian media. Our findings highlight significant disparities and instances of discrimination, not only between disabled and able-bodied athletes but also among genders within each nation. Of particular concern are the disparities in photo representation, notably the portrayal of Tunisian women athletes. By contextualizing ourfindings within the existing body of literature, this study provides valuable insights into the complex dynamics of disability representation in sports media. Furthermore, it contributes to a deeper understanding of societal attitudes towards disability and offers actionable recommendations to foster more inclusive media coverage in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the combined effects of a tailored psychomotor development training and Unified Sports football program on psychomotor abilities and social attributes among Special Olympics athletes with intellectual disabilities aged 16-18 in Romania. The study aims to assess the impact of the integrated psychomotor and Unified Football training program on the psychomotor abilities of youth Special Olympics athletes with intellectual disabilities, evaluate the influence of the intervention on their social attributes, and examine the relationship between psychomotor abilities and social attributes among participants. The findings indicate significant improvements in psychomotor skills, including Static Balance (t = -8.042, p < 0.001), Identified Stimuli (t = -7.000, p < 0.001), and Friendship Activity Scale scores (t = -8.990, p < 0.001), reflecting substantial enhancements from initial to final testing. Moreover, Pulse Processing Speed showed a significant improvement (t = -2.299, p = 0.042). However, while Dynamic Balance exhibited a negative t-value (t = -2.021), the p-value of 0.068 indicates a marginally significant improvement. These results suggest notable advancements in psychomotor skills and social interaction among Special Olympics athletes, underscoring the effectiveness of the integrated training program. The implications of these findings extend to coaches and practitioners involved in designing tailored training programs aimed at enhancing psychomotor and social skills among athletes with intellectual disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of the wheelchair rugby is becoming more and more worldwide. However, few biomechanical studies have focused on this sport. The aim of this study was to compare kinematic parameters of wheelchair rugby players, classified as defensive players (LP-D) versus offensive players (HP-O). Twenty-nine wheelchair rugby players (17 LP-D and 12 HP-O) performed a 20-m sprint test. The peak velocities, temporal parameters (propulsion phase time, deceleration phase time, cycle time and cycle frequencies) and asymmetries (the difference in peak velocities between the right and the left wheels) were measured at the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases of the sprint by an inertial measurement unit which was placed on each rear wheel. At the acceleration and constant peak velocity phases, peak velocities and cycle frequencies were higher in HP-O players than LP-D players. The deceleration phase times and the cycle times were higher in LP-D players than HP-O players. However, no significant difference in asymmetry was found between LP-D players and HP-O players. The HP-O players showed superior performance than the LP-D players, but they could be more exposed at risk of injury at their upper limbs than LP-D players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wheelchair basketball (WCB) is a popular para-sport adapted for athletes with physical disabilities. Shoulder injuries are commonly reported among WCB athletes. However, the understanding of the specific patterns and characteristics of shoulder injuries in WCB players is currently limited, and there is a lack of comprehensive literature available on this subject. Objectives: To investigate the spectrum of pathologies observed in elite wheelchair basketball (WCB) athletes referred for MRI evaluation of symptomatic injuries of the shoulder. Methods: Retrospective review of consecutive elite WCB athletes referred for MRI evaluation of symptomatic shoulder injury. Demographic, clinical, and functional data including international wheelchair basketball federation (IWBF) classification of each athlete were collected. A total of 28 MRI studies were reviewed. Excluding MRI examinations of the same shoulder, 18 study cases were assessed for pathology of the rotator cuff (RC), labrum, long-head of biceps tendon, glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints, and osseous lesions of the humerus or glenoid. Correlations between clinical-demographic features and MRI findings were statistically evaluated. Results: Supraspinatus tears were observed in 72.2%, infraspinatus tears in 50%, and subscapularis tears in 38.9% shoulders. Articular-sided partial tears frequently involved posterior supraspinatus (88.9%) and anterior infraspinatus (100%). Labral tears were seen in 38.9%, with involvement of the posterosuperior labrum in all tears. Hill-Sachs and osseous Bankart lesions (5.6%), and anterior-inferior labral tears (11.1%), were uncommon findings. Statistically significant correlations were observed of low IWBF point class and non-ambulatory athletes with subscapularis tendinosis (p = 0.015, p = 0.001) and tearing (p = 0.050, p = 0.013), and athletes with limited trunk control with subscapularis tendinosis (p = 0.013). Conclusions: RC tears are common in elite WCB athletes with pattern of RC and labral tearing suggesting internal (superior-posterior) impingement as a contributory pathoetiologic mechanism. Non-ambulatory, low IWBF point class athletes, as well as those with limited trunk control have a statistically significant increase in subscapularis tendon pathology on MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of mental toughness levels on the psychological resilience and mental well‐being levels of hearing impaired and non‐hearing impaired athletes and the extent of the difference between hearing impaired and non‐hearing impaired athletes. The study group of the research consisted of 121 hearing impaired and 127 non‐hearing‐impaired athletes who continue their active sports life in Turkey. Convenience sampling method for non‐hearing‐impaired athletes and snowball sampling method for hearing impaired athletes were used for data collection. Data was collected online with Google Forms. In the study, structural equation modelling was conducted with Smart PLS program. In Model A, the direct effect of mental toughness on mental well‐being and resilience was determined. Model B showed that mental toughness directly affected mental well‐being and resilience. Mental toughness has a direct effect on psychological resilience and mental well‐being of hearing‐impaired athletes and non‐hearing‐impaired athletes. In addition, the mental toughness, psychological resilience and mental well‐being levels of hearing‐impaired athletes are higher than those of non‐hearing‐impaired athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The participation of transgender athletes in sex-based sports has become one of the most politically and culturally fraught issues of our time. As of May 2024, twenty-five states have passed laws or regulations that categorically prohibit transgender women and girls in K-12 schools and/or college from playing sex-based sports with other women and girls. Like so many areas of transgender people's lives--from access to healthcare to use of public restrooms--participation in sex-based sports is now a legal issue that will be decided by courts. Debate over the proper legal response to the participation of transgender athletes in sex-based sports has focused almost exclusively on sex discrimination law. This Article offers a different but complementary way to address the categorical exclusion of transgender women and girls from sex-based sports based on a source of civil rights that has been noticeably missing from the current debate: disability rights law. "Gender dysphoria" is the clinically significant distress a transgender person experiences if they are not allowed to live as who they are. For over thirty years, the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act have excluded from their protection "gender identity disorders not resulting from physical impairments." In recent years, numerous federal courts and agencies have interpreted these laws to prohibit discrimination based on gender dysphoria, culminating in the Fourth Circuit's landmark decision in Williams v. Kincaid in 2022-the first circuit-level case to recognize gender dysphoria as a protected disability under disability rights laws. Accordingly, state laws that categorically ban transgender women and girls from playing sex-based sports discriminate based on gender dysphoria in violation of disability rights law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: Participation in sports is associated with a risk of sports-related health problems. For athletes with an impairment, sports-related health problems further burden an already restricted lifestyle, underlining the importance of prevention strategies in para-sports. Objective: To provide a comprehensive overview with quality assessment of the literature on sports-related health problems, their etiology, and available preventive measures in para-sports following the steps of the Sequence of Prevention. Data Sources: A literature search (in PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library) was performed up to December 8, 2021, in collaboration with a medical information specialist. Study Selection: The search yielded 3006 articles, of which 64 met all inclusion criteria. Study Design: Systematic review with quality assessment. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: Two independent researchers carried out the screening process and quality assessment. One researcher extracted data, and the Sequence of Prevention categorized evidence. Results: A total of 64 studies were included, of which 61 reported on the magnitude and risk factors of sports-related health problems, while only 3 reported on the effectiveness of preventive measures. Of these, 30 studies were of high quality. Most studies (84%) included elite-level athletes. The reported injury incidence varied widely between sports (0-91 per 1000 athlete days) and impairment categories (1-50 per 1000 athlete days). The same applies to illness incidence with regard to different sports (3-49 per 1000 athlete days) and impairment categories (6-14 per 1000 athlete days). Conclusion: This review shows the current vast range of reported sport-related health problems in para-sports. There is limited evidence concerning the severity of these sports-related health problems and inconclusive evidence on the risk factors. Lastly, the evidence regarding the development and effectiveness of preventive measures for para-athletes is sparse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze (1) the development of paralympic sports participation and achievement, and (2) the self-discovery and quality of life of athletes with disabilities through a systematic literature review (SLR). The SLR stages begin with formulating research questions, conducting a literature search through the Scopus database assisted with the publish or perish application and Mendeley desktop, screening and coding selected articles, analyzing and synthesizing selected articles, conducting quality control namely selected and eligible articles, compiling discussions, and determining the validity and reliability of the data. The results of the analysis show that (1) Paralympic participation and achievements have significant results that can be observed from the enthusiasm of athletes, officials, and spectators, with millions participating in enjoying and watching the euphoria of the biggest Paralympic event, as well as increased achievements with sharpening results, time records, and even breaking records. (2) Self-discovery and quality of life: Paralympic events stimulate social development, benefit the host community, and alter public negative perceptions of disability to positive things. Disabled athletes strive for independence, quality of life, and a sense of self. A systematic review of the literature compiled in original research summarized in the Scopus database can provide an overview of developments focusing on participation, achievement, identity, and quality of life of athletes with disabilities. Overall, this systematic literature review research can become a reference for sources and further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research used bibliometric analysis to examine trends in Cerebral Palsy Football (CPF) research from 2012 to 2023. Based on the keywords entered in the Scopus database, 48 documents were obtained. After filtering based on specific criteria (only articles from journals and the English language), and 43 documents remained. CPF publications have increased regularly from 2016 to 2022. Spain is the country with the most research in the field of CPF. The International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance is a Scopus-indexed journal that publishes many articles on CPF. Based on the visualization results using VOSviewer, seven clusters were obtained, and in the last year, research on CPF has been related to clinical articles, physical performance, training, and disabled athletes. The results of this research can be used as foundational material for further research in the field of CPF. For example, there is a need for research on training for CPF Players to improve their performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte & al Ejercicio Físico is the property of Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to analyze whether there are differences and associations in the physical responses in international-level cerebral palsy footballers between official matches and 2v2 small-sided games (2v2-SSG). One hundred seventy international cerebral palsy footballers participated in this study during three international championships. The physical responses of mean and maximum velocities, total distance, distance covered at different intensities, short-term actions, and player load were collected during 2v2-SSG and the real competition. The mean velocity, total distance, jogging, medium- and high-intensity distances, the number of moderate/high accelerations, decelerations, and player load were relatively higher in the 2v2-SSG than in the official matches. Even though the 2v2-SSG could become an appropriate drill to include during the classification process, due to the differences between a 2v2-SSG and the official competition, it is necessary to deepen the scientific knowledge for developing observation methods during real competition to strengthen the relationships between eligible impairments and activity limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusions Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have a significantly higher prevalence of Type 2 diabetes than the general population. Evidence that lifestyle and/or behavioural interventions, such as participation in Special Olympics, decreases the risk of developing diabetes in adults with IDD could help minimize health disparities and promote overall health in this population.This was a 20‐year retrospective cohort study of adults with IDD (30–39 years) in the province of Ontario, Canada, that compared hazard rates of diabetes among Special Olympics participants (n = 4145) to non‐participants (n = 31,009) using administrative health databases housed at ICES. Using cox proportional hazard models, crude and adjusted hazard ratios were calculated for the association between the primary independent variable (Special Olympics participation status) and the dependent variable (incident diabetes cases).After controlling for other variables, the hazard ratio comparing rates for developing diabetes between Special Olympics participants and non‐participants was 0.85. This represents a 15% reduction in the hazard among Special Olympics participants when followed for up to 20 years. This result was statistically significant and represents a small effect size.Special Olympics could be considered a complex intervention that promotes physical activity engagement through sport participation, health screenings, and the promotion of healthy eating habits through educational initiatives. This study provides evidence that Special Olympics participation decreases the rate for developing diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusion Level of Evidence The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical results, return to sport and complications after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) associated with lateral extra‐articular tenodesis using continuous plasty with an iliotibial band.This was a prospective multicentre study involving 186 patients who had surgery for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Patients with multiligament ruptures and revision surgery were excluded from the study. All patients included were involved in pivoting sports and wished to resume their activity after surgery. Patients were assessed at a minimum 2‐year follow‐up using functional and psychological questionnaires (subjective International Knee Documentation Committee [IKDC], Tegner, Lysholm and ACL‐RSI scores), ligament assessment including instrumented laxity measurement (Rolimeter), Lachman test and pivot shift and isokinetic testing. Return to sport was assessed using a questionnaire, and complications and repeat surgeries were recorded.At a mean follow‐up of 43.1 months, the subjective IKDC, Lysholm, ACL‐RSI and objective IKDC scores were significantly improved (59.8 vs. 94.5 p < 0.0001, 75 vs. 99 p < 0.0001, 60 vs. 93 p < 0.0001, IKDC A 0% vs. 72%, B 12% vs. 27%, C 60% vs. 1% D 28% vs. 0% p < 0.0001). The Tegner activity level was 9 (3–10) before the accident and 9 (3–10) at the last review. Seventy‐six percent of the patients had returned to sports at the same level. The differential laxity was 6.6 mm (±1.7) preoperatively and 1.1 mm (±1.4) postoperatively. Additionally, 97% were equal in pivot shift at the last follow‐up. At the 6‐month isokinetic assessment, the muscle strength recovery for the quadriceps and hamstring was over 85% compared with the healthy side for 79% and 70% of the patients, respectively. Ten patients had graft rupture (5.6%). Four (2.4%) patients had a contralateral ACL rupture, and seven (4%) underwent a reoperation with meniscectomy.Anterior ligament reconstruction with lateral extra‐articular tenodesis using a continuous strip of iliotibial band enables 76% of patients in a population with a high demand for sports to resume their activities at the same level. The clinical results and complication rates, particularly reruptures (5.6%), were similar to those of other techniques involving lateral extra‐articular tenodesis.Level II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess loneliness experiences among athletes with disabilities (AWD) during the different phases of the pandemic and to understand its relationship with coping styles. Ninety‐one AWD participated in a longitudinal study spanning 10 months, covering three time points: April (A), June (Time B), and November (Time C) 2021. The study used the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations and the revised University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale–Revised (UCLA‐R) to measure coping mechanisms and feelings of loneliness, respectively. Loneliness levels peaked during the most intense phase of the pandemic, showing significant differences between consecutive time points (χ2 = 20.29, p < 0.001, d = 0.24). The most robust regression models were built in Time B, using the "intimate contacts" dimension of loneliness as the dependent variable and "emotion‐oriented coping", "avoidance‐oriented coping", and "impairment" as independent variables, explaining 44% of the variance (p < 0.001). Loneliness among Paralympic athletes fluctuated during various phases of the pandemic. The findings highlight the significant influence of coping styles, particularly emotional styles which heightened perceived loneliness, and task‐oriented styles which reduced it, on athletes' experiences of loneliness. These results underscore the need for longitudinal studies to delve deeper into the relationship between loneliness and mental health. Moreover, they stress the importance of developing tailored interventions that promote effective coping mechanisms in AWD during challenging times amid to COIVID‐19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This narrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific literature on wheelchair badminton and its distinctive aspects, encompassing abilities and disabilities, propulsion technique, and the use of a racket. The relatively young history of wheelchair badminton is reflected in the scarcity of scientific studies within this domain, highlighting the need for further investigation. The review systematically covers existing articles on wheelchair badminton, offering a nearly exhaustive compilation of knowledge in this area. Findings suggest that athletes with abdominal capacities engage in more intense matches with a higher frequency of offensive shots compared to athletes with little or no abdominal capacities. Moreover, backward propulsion induces higher cardiorespiratory responses, overall intensity of effort, physiological stress, metabolic load, and rating of perceived exertion, particularly at high imposed rolling resistance or speeds, and makes it difficult to generate sufficient forces on the handrim, requiring adjustments in the kinematics of propulsion techniques, particularly at high rolling resistances or speeds, potentially leading to performance decrements. The use of a badminton racket further increases generated forces while decreasing the efficiency of propulsion and modifying the propulsion technique with shorter and quicker pushes, potentially impacting performance. Further research is imperative to explore additional perspectives, address existing gaps, and expand the scope of study within the wheelchair badminton domain. This narrative review serves as a foundation for future investigations, emphasizing the necessity of continued research to enhance our understanding of wheelchair badminton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport commitment describes a psychological attachment to a sport that influences one's desire or resolve to continue involvement in it. Studying antecedents believed to influence long term commitment to sport among athletes with a disability will help ensure that participants gain those psychosocial and health outcomes from sport participation that benefit quality of life. Our purposes in this study were: (i) to examine the Sport Commitment Model (SCM) in terms of the magnitude of the contribution of antecedent factors (i.e., enjoyment, personal investment, involvement opportunities, social constraints, involvement alternatives) to sport commitment of athletes with disabilities; and (ii) to examine the model structure (i.e., original SCM, mediation, and direct/indirect model) that best reflects an understanding of the sport commitment antecedents for these athletes. A total of 157 adult athletes (M age = 34.87, SD = 11.78) with physical disabilities from both team and individual sports across the United States, Europe, and Asia completed the Sport Commitment Questionnaire. Data analyses indicated that sport involvement opportunities, followed by personal investment, were the strongest predictors of these athletes' sport commitments (R2 =.66). Based on the principle of parsimony, the original structural equation model (χ2 (215) = 384.95; RMSEA =.07; CFI =.95; SRMR =.06) was deemed better for understanding the mechanism of sport commitment than the mediation or direct/indirect models. We address implications of applying the SCM to athletes with disabilities, and we offer suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: Athletes are susceptible to oral injuries. To reduce the incidence and severity of oral trauma, a custom‐made mouthguard, a device positioned in the mouth to prevent damage to teeth and surrounding structures, is recommended. In field hockey, according to the international rules of this sport, using mouthguards is not mandatory, but it is recommended to wear them at all times while practicing this discipline. We aimed to determine characteristics and differences regarding mouthguard usage among field hockey players from different countries participating in the XII ODESUR Games. Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional study that included 78 voluntary hockey athletes that met the inclusion criteria. The questionnaire used was validated by Panam Sports, collecting information on the type of mouthguard (custom‐made or prefabricated), and the time of use of the mouthguard (range of 5 years). Results: Of the total number of athletes, 96% used mouthguards, of which 64% were custom‐made type, and 32% were prefabricated (p <.001). Custom‐made mouthguards were used by 100%, 89%, and 64% of athletes in Argentina, Chile, and Peru, respectively, while only 40% of athletes in Paraguay and Uruguay used them. It has also been observed that more than 50% of the individuals have not controlled and replaced their intraoral devices for more than 10 years. Conclusions: Our results reveal a problem with a public health dimension and thus invite the standardization of guidelines with an educational approach to promoting and adopting good sports practices. This report is the first on using mouthguards in high‐performance athletes during an international multisport event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of sport is extensively documented; however, there are still groups who do not have the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of sport due to lack of investment, particularly important for people with disabilities. A gap persists in understanding the effectiveness of inclusive sport programs in addressing equity-related targets, particularly on the effective methods of financing inclusion in sport for individuals with disabilities. Therefore, providing a platform for stakeholders to express their perspectives becomes crucial. Through focus groups and the World Café approach, the aim of this study was to gather insights from athletes, parents, professionals, and sport club managers regarding the funding of inclusive sport for people with disabilities. A total of 72 participants took part in nine focus groups in Portugal, Slovenia, and Hungary: 27 athletes with disabilities, 22 coaches, other technicians and parents, and 23 club managers/directors. Findings were divided into five topics: (1) perspectives on current funding satisfaction; (2) perspectives on sources and criteria for funding; (3) perspectives on ideal funding; (4) perspectives on ideas to reach decision-makers; and (5) proposals on ideal criteria for funding. Based on these findings, six measurable criteria for fair funding allocation were suggested that could develop a properly weighted system of criteria for decision-makers to assess the allocation of funding among inclusive sport organizations with the potential to catalyze broader policy and societal changes. Additionally, there is a pressing need to develop a funding model for inclusive sport for individuals with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze further the effect of service quality on the confidence of wheelchair athletes. The family support is referred to as a moderator variable. This quantitative research type used the Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) method. Sampling was carried out at a special open tournament for wheelchair athletes. The total number of athletes was 122 (basketball =30, tennis =16, badminton =22, archery =20, fencing =16, table tennis =18), with characteristics as follows: aged 25.36±2.4 years, and had 11.37±1.2 years of coaching rate. The instrument was a questionnaire which had been validated through the focus group discussion (FGD) with experts, namely sports training lecturers and wheelchair trainers. The initial results were typically distributed data based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test 0.200. The second regression test analysis without moderation was 0.003, and R2=0.466, meaning there was an effect between service quality and self-confidence. The third moderation analysis was 0.000, and R2=0.583. The family support variable moderated positively and significantly between service quality and self-confidence. In conclusion, the wheelchair athletes' self-confidence is determined in one way, namely developing and improving good service quality. With the support of parents, wheelchair athletes feel supported by emotional, nutritional, instrumental, appreciation, and informative aspects. Thus, good service quality and family support can increase wheelchair athletes' self-confidence, and hopefully it impacts their achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports and tourism are connected in various parts of economies, cultures, and nations. However, there has been a limited understanding of sports event tourism involving disabled athletes. This study explored the behavioral and socio-demographic implications of the disabled sports event tourism and investigated the motivational factors involved. An in-person survey was administered to 108 disabled athletes who attended the summer and winter Paralympics. A Structural Equation Model was used to determine the association between the factors of life satisfaction, emotional happiness, escapism, perceived value, and future intention, using the Monte Carlo parametric bootstrapping method to test significance of direct and indirect effects. Cronbach was acceptable because it exceeds 0.70 which satisfies the cut-off of confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the individual values of average variance extracted (AVE), were greater than 0.50 (0.72) which meets the requirement and the convergent validity of all the constructs. The results showed that life satisfaction had a significant direct effect on future intentions. Emotional happiness had a significant direct effect on the perceived value of an event. Escapism had significant direct effects on perceived value and future intentions. Perceived value significantly influenced future intentions. The relationship between emotional happiness and future intention was fully mediated by perceived value. However, the relationship between escapism and future intention was only partially mediated by perceived value. The results of this study are valuable for developing future management and marketing policies for disabled athletes and tourists to advance the existing sports event tourism and disabled athlete's behavior studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colostrum, an invaluable food produced by mammals during the postnatal period, contains important bioactive components. It is a valuable therapeutic substance that can be used to treat a variety of disorders, in addition to its primary function of providing passive immunity to newborns. Undoubtedly, a strong dedication to intense effort and demanding training schedules is necessary to succeed in today's sports environment. Peak physical fitness, strategic skill development, and mental toughness are highly valued in the environments in which athletes compete. However, the inherent difficulties brought about by athletes' intense schedules are matched with the demanding character of modern sports. The intensity of athletic activity frequently provides little time for sufficient relaxation, nutritional preparation, and overall recovery, which can contribute to mental and physical tiredness. Athletes need to develop allencompassing strategies to overcome these obstacles. These strategies should prioritize self-care and recovery in addition to maximizing training efficiency. The bioactive components of colostrum bring forth various therapeutic effects against the challenges experienced by athletes; including diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, muscle injuries, intestinal disorders, etc. This review examined the different therapeutic effects of the bioactive components of colostrum on athletes, the effect of the use of colostrum as a whole on the performance of athletes, and the clinical research conducted in this field. While the majority of studies report positive effects of colostrum, further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic influenced the way individuals conducted their lives, with consequences relating to mental health deterioration. Whilst researchers explored this outcome in the general population and athletic populations, less focus was on athletes with disabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate how the pandemic influenced the mental health of elite para-athletes in the United Kingdom. Nine elite-level athletes with disabilities participated in semi-structured interviews. Three broad themes were interpreted from the data using reflexive thematic analysis, two themes reflected the negative impact of COVID-19 on mental health and one theme reflected positive outcomes of the pandemic. Athletes explained that losing face-to-face interactions and delays in major sporting events were significant factors in their mental health decline. This population group reported different challenges to able-bodied communities. Differences included increased susceptibility to contract the virus, difficulties in communication where face masks and online interactions became necessary and perceptions of vulnerability relating to shielding protocols. Finally, positive outcomes related to the additional time to recover, to prepare for major events and time to reassess their values. Exploring experiences of a pandemic on this population group warrants further exploration to enhance the effectiveness of mental health support services in para-sporting organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Virtual mindfulness may be helpful for individuals with intellectual disabilities in the context of COVID‐related disruptions of in‐person programming, such as Special Olympics (SO). This study examined the feasibility of a virtual mindfulness intervention for SO athletes and their caregivers. Method: SO athletes (n = 44) and their caregivers (n = 29) participated in a 6‐week adapted virtual mindfulness intervention. Athletes completed mindfulness and well‐being questionnaires prior to, immediately following, and 3‐months post‐intervention. Caregivers completed questionnaires assessing their own stress, mindfulness, and well‐being, as well as athlete mental health. Exit interviews were conducted immediately following the intervention. Results: The intervention was feasible in terms of demand, implementation, acceptability, and limited testing efficacy. There were significant improvements in athlete well‐being and mental health, and caregiver stress and mindfulness post‐intervention. Conclusions: Adapted virtual mindfulness groups may be an effective intervention in improving the well‐being of adults with intellectual disabilities and their caregivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore regional differences (i.e. Europe, Asia and others) in the well- being of para-athletes and its potential psychosocial determinants, including the Athletic Identity Measure Scale (AIMS), the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Methods: The study was a cross-sectional survey using data from multinational badminton federations. The study participants were athletes registered in the Para Badminton Classification Master List of the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The main study outcome is the WHO Quality of Life-Disability Questionnaire (WHOQOL-DIS). Results: There were 1,385 (aged 36 years old, IQR 18 years old) registrants on the master list. Respondents totaled 170. Only 137 (65% were males) were included in the analysis after excluding those with missing data (Europe 40%, Asia 30%, others 30%). Following the results of factor analysis, the original Athletic Identity Measure Scale (AIMS) was separated into self-identity (SI) and AIMS-modified. SI, AIMS-modified, the BRS and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were all scored above average. The AIMS-modified scores of Europeans were significantly lower than those of other non-Asians (U = 757.000, P < 0.05). BRS was statistically higher among those with acquired disabilities (median: 3.33) compared to those with congenital disabilities (median: 3.0) (U = 1,717.000, Z = -2.711, P < 0.05) and among Europeans (median: 3.3) compared to Asians (median: 3.0) (U = 704.500, P < 0.05). The regression model explained 32% of the variability in quality of life (QOL) with five significant predictors. The SWLS (β = 0.307, P = 0.01), BRS (β = 0.269, P = 0.01), full-time employment (β = 0.191, P = 0.05) and being female (β = 0.162, P = 0.05) all had a positive effect on QOL, but not the AIMS (-0.228, P = 0.05). Conclusion: The results show that the athletes' resilience, satisfaction with life and identity vary across regions. Furthermore, satisfaction with life, employment and gender were found to be significant predictors of athletes' QOL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides guidelines for medical care for adaptive athletes participating in endurance events. It emphasizes the need for event medical teams to be familiar with the specific needs of adaptive athletes and to create emergency action plans. The article discusses various medical conditions that may affect adaptive athletes, such as heat illness, autonomic dysreflexia, hypotension, musculoskeletal injuries, bone health, and skin injuries. It also highlights the importance of accommodating athletes with neurodivergence, impaired vision, and hearing impairment, as well as ensuring accessibility in race venues. The article aims to promote inclusive and equitable opportunities for sport participation and raise awareness among clinicians and event organizers. [Extracted from the article]

Undergoing classification can be a difficult experience for athletes with disabilities, yet coaches may support athletes during this event. However, research has yet to examine either coaches' roles during classification or how coaches learn to navigate this unique aspect of parasport. We purposed to explore parasport coaches' roles during classification as well as the ways in which coaches learn about classification. Twelve Canadian high-performance coaches representing eight parasports participated in semistructured interviews. Inductive reflexive thematic analysis of the transcripts was conducted. Results show coaches view their role as intuitive and centered on preparing the athlete, ensuring fairness, and reframing classification outcomes. The ways coaches learned about classification varied, but coaches agreed there is a general lack of structured resources available to coaches interested in learning about classification. In addition to learning about classification, coaches valued understanding the athlete and their impairment to effectively fulfill their coaching roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: For athletes, overcoming obstacles in challenging situations like pandemic home training is crucial. Strategies and approaches in this context are not well-documented. Our study aims to investigate such a scenario from a performance standpoint, based on a major global crisis: the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Methods: This cross-sectional study surveyed athletes without disabilities using online questionnaires (35 languages) from May to July 2020. Questions included aspects of alternative routines, training monitoring, recovery, sleep patterns, injury occurrence/prevention based on structured answers, and an open-ended question on lockdown training experiences. Results: Of the 11,762 athletes from 142 countries, 63% were male, including at World-Class, International, National, State and Recreational levels. During lockdown, 25% athletes used innovative or modern ways to maintain or improve fitness e.g., virtual reality and tracking devices (favoring World-Class level, 30%). Many athletes, regardless of gender (43%) watched video competitions to improve/maintain their mental skills and performance [World-Class (47%) and International (51%)]. Contact frequency between athletes and their coaches was mainly at least once a week (36%), more among higher-level (World-Class/International) than lower-level athletes (27 vs. 16%). Higher-level athletes (≥ 54%) monitored training load and were assisted by their coaches (21%). During lockdown, stretching (67%) was considered one of the primary means of recovery, especially for higher-level athletes (> 70%). Compared to pre-lockdown, about two-thirds of athletes reported "normal" or "improved" sleep quality and quantity, suggesting a low sleep quality pre-lockdown. On average, 40% utilized injury prevention exercises (at least) once a week [World-Class (51%) and International (39%)]. Most injury occurrences during lockdown involved the knee (18%), ankle (16%), and back (9%). Four key themes emerged regarding lockdown experiences: remote training adaptation (e.g., shifting training focus), training creativity (e.g., using household items), performance enhancement opportunities (e.g., refocusing neglected aspects), and mental and motivation challenges. Conclusions: Both male and female athletes, particularly those of higher levels, displayed some adaptalibity during the COVID-19 lockdown, employing innovative approaches and technology for training. Many athletes implemented load monitoring, recovery, and attentive of injury prevention, while optimizing their sleep quality and quantity. Athletes demonstrated their abilities to navigate challenges, and utilized different coping strategies in response to the lockdown's constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Athletes engaged in sports dance frequently encounter the potential for ankle injuries and instability, factors that may contribute to diminished training efficacy, compromised athletic performance, prolonged recuperation, and heightened susceptibility to recurring injuries. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of an exercise intervention (comprising blood flow restriction training combined with low-load ankle muscle strength training and balance training) as well as instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) on the foot and ankle function, strength, and range of motion in sports dance athletes exhibiting ankle instability (CAI). Methods: Thirty participants exhibiting ankle instability, restriction, or discomfort were recruited and randomly assigned to two groups: the Test group (comprising blood flow restriction training combined with IASTM, n = 15) and the traditional ankle strength training group (n = 15). The intervention spanned 4 weeks, with one session per week. Assessment of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT), Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM), and ankle range of motion occurred at three time points: pre-intervention, immediately following the initial intervention, and after 4 weeks of intervention. Ankle strength testing was conducted solely before and after the intervention for comparative analysis. Results: There were no significant variances in baseline characteristics between the two intervention groups. In terms of CAIT scores, both groups exhibited notably higher scores following the initial intervention and after 4 weeks of intervention compared to pre-intervention (P < 0.05). The Test group displayed higher CAIT scores than the control group, signifying a more pronounced enhancement in ankle stability among patients in the Test group. Concerning FAAM scores, both groups significantly enhanced ankle function in CAI patients (P < 0.05), with the Test group demonstrating notably higher FAAM-SPORT scores than the control group (P < 0.05), indicating superior restoration of athletic capability in the Test group. As for improvements in ankle range of motion, both groups demonstrated significant enhancements compared to pre-intervention (P < 0.05). The Test group exhibited significantly superior improvements in dorsiflexion, eversion, and inversion range of motion compared to the control group (P < 0.05), while the control group did not exhibit significant enhancements in plantarflexion and eversion range of motion (P > 0.05). Both groups displayed enhanced ankle strength in CAI patients following the intervention (P < 0.05), with the Test group manifesting notably higher dorsiflexion and inversion strength than the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Both blood flow restriction training combined with IASTM and traditional ankle strength and stability training have shown significant improvements in stability, function, strength, and range of motion in CAI patients. Furthermore, the Test group exhibits superior efficacy in ankle stability, daily functional movement, dorsiflexion, and eversion range of motion compared to the control group. Clinical trial registration: 9 February 2024, ClinicalTrials.gov, ID; NCT06251414. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over the last few years, there has been a growing interest in workout apps and active virtual reality video games (AVRGs), which provide entertainment and enable users to undertake various forms of physical activity (PA) at home. Presumably, these types of exercises can be particularly useful for people with physical disabilities, who experience problems with access to sports and leisure facilities due to architectural and communication barriers. However, it is interesting whether the intensity of PA in VR is high enough to provide users with health benefits, as it is mainly based on arm movements. Objective: The main aim of the study was to evaluate the intensity of physical exercise of wheelchair boxers during a boxing training session using the FitXR app in immersive VR in light of health-related PA recommendations. The effect of Velcro-fastened hand-held weights (HHWs) on the intensity of PA undertaken by people in VR was also examined, and the attractiveness of virtual exercise were assessed in the opinion of users. Methods: PA intensity was evaluated using a heart rate monitor based on the percentage of maximal heart rate (% HRmax) and the Borg's rating of perceived exertion (RPE 6–20). The attractiveness perceived during exercise by users were evaluated using the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES 1–7 scale). Results: The study shows that the exercise intensity of the athletes during wheelchair boxing training in VR is at a beneficial moderate level for health (HRave=68.98% HRmax). The use of HHWs (0.5 kg) does not significantly increase the PA intensity of the individuals during virtual exercise. Users with disabilities highly rated the attractiveness (6.32 ± 0.79 points) of PA during virtual boxing training. Conclusions: Boxing exercises in VR can be an attractive and health-related form of PA for wheelchair boxers and a supplement to their conventional training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to examine the anxiety of hearing-impaired athletes about catching the new type of corona virus according to various variables. Comparison type relationship model within the scope of relational screening, one of the screening models of quantitative approach, was used as the research design. The study group consists of hearing-impaired athletes living in different cities in Türkiye and interested in different sports branches. The sample group, determined as snowball sampling of the non-probability sampling method, consists of a total of 257 participants: 89 female and 168 male. As a measurement tool, the "Anxiety of Catching Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Scale (ACNCS)," whose validity and reliability study was conducted by Demir Tekkurşun, Cicioğlu and İlhan (2020), was used. Independent sample test (T-test) and one-way analysis of variance (One-Way ANOVA) were applied to the obtained data. The findings were evaluated according to the significance value of p<0.05. While no statistically significant difference was found depending on the variables of gender, chronic illness, "did the lifting of the bans and the start of sports competitions reduce your anxiety?," the frequency of doing sports per week (days), and branch, a statistically significant difference was found according to the variable of doing sports at home during the pandemic period. The COVID-19 disease, which became a global epidemic, influenced the anxiety levels of hearingimpaired individuals, and the state of doing sports reduced the anxiety levels of individuals. Therefore, it was determined that sports activities had a healing effect for such situations. It is recommended that various sports activities should be carried out regularly to reduce the anxiety levels of hearing-impaired individuals and to ensure their socialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, masks have become far more widely used by doctors and are now commonplace in the hospital, with many professionals still wearing them for extended amounts of time. Emerging literature describing numerous mask-related difficulties prompted the authors to conduct a study aimed at assessing the self-perceived impact on voices of teaching doctors due to facial protective gear. In this study carried out from October 2021 to March 2022, data was gathered from 170 pre-, para-, and clinical professionals who were involved in offline teaching. Over half of teaching medical professionals were found to be vocally fatigued. Pre and para-clinical professionals have greater vocal tiredness and avoidance than clinical doctors (p = 0.016). The type of mask used does not make a significant difference in degree of vocal fatigue. Individuals with lingering respiratory difficulties following COVID-19 were significantly more vocally fatigued than their recovered peers (p value for tiredness and avoidance = 0.010). Thus, teaching doctors are at risk of impaired quality of life due to vocal fatigue. Further research on vocal habits and rest practices in the study population may help identify the most effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sport plays a vital role in facilitating the integration of people with disabilities into society, with motivation being a crucial factor for their participation. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the motivation behind sports participation among people with disabilities, considering age, gender, disability type, and educational level as potential influencing factors. A sample of 205 people with disabilities, recruited from three sports clubs in southern Saudi Arabia, completed the Motivation Scale for Sports Participation of People with Disabilities. Statistical analyses, including independent and one-way ANOVA, were conducted to explore motivation variations based on demographic characteristics. Results indicated higher levels of internal motivation, followed by external motivation among participants. Notably, people with visual impairments exhibited greater external motivation, while those with physical impairments demonstrated significant internal motivation. Age-related differences were identified, with older people showing lower internal motivation but higher external motivation. Furthermore, significant variations in motivation were observed based on educational level, with people possessing higher academic backgrounds displaying elevated motivation levels. Gender-based differences in motivation were not significant. To enhance the engagement of people with disabilities in sports activities, tailored policies considering age, education, and disability type-specific motivations are recommended, aiming to foster a supportive environment conducive to their athletic pursuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of medicine continues to advance as new technologies emerge. These technological advancements include the science of sports prostheses and wheelchairs, in which there have been significant advancements over the past decades. The world of adaptive sports continues to expand, largely due to a combination of the increase in awareness, inclusion, and technology. As participation in sports for people with impairments increases, there has been an associated demand for new, innovative adaptive sporting equipment designs that help accommodate the physical deficits of the individual. Controversy has risen as persons with disabilities advance their skills with adaptive sports equipment to compete with individuals without disabilities. The controversy leads to the question: is the adaptive equipment allowing athletes with disability to regain the lost function from their baseline or does it allow them to exceed prior ability level? This narrative review provides information regarding the performance effects of advances in technology and biomechanics of adaptive sports equipment to help answer these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable electronic devices are being used to evaluate movement patterns, track workload, prevent injuries, and optimize performance in athletes. Para athletes have unique characteristics to consider separately from the general population. One such difference in competitive parasports includes consideration of athlete classification systems. These sport‐specific classification systems consider athletes' eligible medical conditions that lead to permanent physical, visual, and/or intellectual impairments and objectively evaluate the impact of their impairments on sport functions. Para athletes are assigned sport classes and compete with athletes of similar functional levels. This promotes equitable opportunities to compete while minimizing the effect their impairment has on their sport performance. With recent reports of misrepresentation or incorrect and unfair classification providing unfair advantages to some athletes, parasports classification has been controversial. Having an objective, evidence‐based, and fair classification system in parasports is critical to maintain the integrity of parasports competition. Wearable electronic devices have potential to provide more objective analysis of movement patterns in para athletes to assist in sport classification. This review identifies and analyzes the available literature on wearable electronic technology and its role in parasports classification. A comprehensive PubMed and Google Scholar search identified six articles included in this review. These studies used inertial sensors, motion capture systems, or surface electromyography in wheelchair basketball, rugby, tennis, sit skiing, and boccia. This review identifies the potential value of wearable electronic devices to assist in parasports classification. Additional studies are needed to create standardized protocols for each sport and sensor type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]