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FAMILY Phallostethidae Gulaphallus bikolanus (Herre, 1926); Endemic; Endemic to Lake Bato in Camarines Sur, Lake Lanigay, Cabangan River, and Guinobatan River in Albay Peninsula, Luzon Island; CAS-SU 24475; Parenti 1989, Kottelat 2013; EN Gulaphallus eximius Herre, 1925; Endemic; Priapiumfish, Sarsarming; Endemic to streams of Nueva Viscaya, Luzon Island; CAS-SU 24474; Parenti 1989, Kottelat 2013; VU Gulaphallus falcifer Manacop, 1936; Endemic; Endemic to river basins of Central Luzon; Parenti 1989, Kottelat 2013; DD Gulaphallus mirabilis Herre, 1925; Endemic; Endemic to river basins of Central and Southern Luzon Island; USNM 104412; Parenti 1989, Kottelat 2013; NT Neostethus bicornis Regan, 1916; Native; Found in rivers basins of Palawan, Visayas and Mindanao Island groups; Kottelat 2013; LC Neostethus borneensis Herre, 1939; Native; Found in rivers basins of Northern Palawan. Synonym of Neostethus coronensis; Kottelat 2013; DD Neostethus ctenophorus (Aurich, 1937); Endemic; Endemic to river basins of Luzon Island; Parenti 1989, Kottelat 2013; CR Neostethus robertsi Parenti, 1989; Endemic; Endemic to Calasiao River, Pangasinan, Luzon Island; CAS 50723; Parenti 1989, Kottelat 2013; CR Neostethus thessa (Aurich, 1937); Endemic; Endemic to Lake Mainit, Mindanao Island; UF 238615; Parenti 1989, Kottelat 2013; EN Neostethus villadolidi Herre, 1942; Endemic; Endemic to river basins and wetlands of Luzon, Palawan, Visayas and Mindanao Island groups; CAS-SU 36537; Parenti 1989, Kottelat 2013; DD Neostethus zamboangae Herre, 1942; Endemic; Endemic to rivers and wetlands of Luzon and Mindanao Islands; CAS-SU 36544; Parenti 1989; DD

Jamandre, Brian Wade (2023): Freshwater fishes of the Philippines: a provisional checklist. Zootaxa 5301 (2): 151-181, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1

FAMILY Melanotaeniidae Melanotaenia nigrans (Richardson, 1843); Introduced; Blackbanded Rainbowfish; Introduced in Luzon; Guerrero 2014; LC, Published as part of Jamandre, Brian Wade, 2023, Freshwater fishes of the Philippines: a provisional checklist, pp. 151-181 in Zootaxa 5301 (2) on page 160, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5301.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/8030274, {"references":["Guerrero III, R. M. (2014) Impacts of introduced freshwater fishes in the Philippines (1905 - 2013): A review and recommendations. Philippine Journal of Science, 143 (1), 49 - 62."]}

Melanotaenia trifasciata (Rendahl) (Fig. 41) Distribution. Black Hill area (current survey). Native range. Australasia. Remarks. A single individual recorded in a hill stream on Black Hill is likely a released aquarium specimen as it is commonly sold in Hong Kong. Distribution. Plover Cove Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021); Lower Shing Mun Reservoir (GBIF.org, 2021); Lai King area (current survey). Native range. Central and South America., Published as part of Chan, Jeffery C. F., Tsang, Alphonse H. F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C. H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David & Liew, Jia Huan, 2023, The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins, pp. 128-168 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71 on page 148, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012, http://zenodo.org/record/7815765

Chan, Jeffery C.F., Tsang, Alphonse H.F., Yau, Sze-man, Hui, Tommy C.H., Lau, Anthony, Tan, Heok Hui, Low, Bi Wei, Dudgeon, David, Liew, Jia Huan (2023): The non-native freshwater fishes of Hong Kong: diversity, distributions, and origins. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 128-168, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0012

The abundance of early stages of the surf silverside Notocheirus hubbsi in nearshore waters of central Chile, collected in samplings set up to assess the lunar cycle during austral spring and summer is reported. A total of 19 specimens were collected with light traps, 16 larvae (7.89-16.20 mm SL) in austral spring and 3 juveniles (30.70-34.60 mm SL) in summer. Capture per unit effort (CPUE) varied from 0.33 to 2.00 ind. light trap-1 night-1 during the entire study period (September 2015-February 2016, and September 2016-February 2017). N. hubbsi catches recorded maximum abundance during the new moon and no catches during full moon.

The study was conducted in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was carried out for twelve (12) months from March 2018 to February 2019 to prepare a complete update checklist of native and non-native aquarium fishes of Bangladesh. During the current study, 270 varieties (230 freshwater, 36 marine, and 4 brackish water) belong to 149 species (109 freshwater 73 %, 36 marines 24 %, and 4 brackish water 3 %) of 38 families under 10 orders and 6 crossbreeds’ varieties were recorded. Considering the number of species maximum 83 (55.70 %) was found under the order Perciformes followed by Cypriniformes 24 (16.10 %), Characiformes 18 (12.08 %), Siluriformes 11 (7.38 %), Osteoglossiformes 05 (3.35 %), Atheriniformes 03 (2.01 %), Lepisosteiformes 02 (1.34 %), Polypteriformes 01 (0.6 %), Myliobatiformes 01 (0.67 %) and Cyprinodontiformes 01 (0.67 %). The top five popular species were guppy (13.16 %) followed by goldfish (12.39 %), molly (8.54 %), angelfish (6.23 %), platy (5.93 %). The number of fish species' increasing tendency was 5.96 times in the last 15 years, and 3.31 times in the last ten years. Local farms and aquarists breeders bred 76 varieties under 23 species due to its high demand and profitability. Pricing varied on varieties, species, size, and breeding status (local or abroad), availability, and ranged from BDT 40.00-80,000.00 per pair. According to the findings, aquarium fisheries are highly profitable and will be a potential sector in Bangladesh.

A new atherinid fish, Doboatherina palauensis, is described based on the holotype and 31 paratypes, 36–51 mm in standard length, collected from the marine lakes and outer lagoon in Mecherchar Island, Republic of Palau. The new species can be distinguished from all congeners by a short, blunt ascending process of the premaxilla (height about twice maximum width), premaxilla with a single lateral process, posterior upper margin of dentary with a small process, palatine toothed, no crenulation along posterior margin of lateral and predorsal scales, smaller eye (diameter 9.2–11% of standard length), 37–39 midlateral scales, 38–41 total vertebrae, narrower midlateral band (about 1/2 width of midlateral scale, its upper and lower margins not reaching to upper and lower margins of midlateral scale row at the level of anal-fin origin, respectively). The new species resembles Doboatherina aetholepis (Kimura, Iwatsuki and Yoshino 2002), Doboatherina bleekeri (Gunther 1861), Doboatherina valenciennei (Bleeker 1854) and Doboatherina woodwardi (Jordan and Starks 1901) in sharing a comparatively slender body in the genus Doboatherina. The former is distinguishable from D. aetholepis by having only a short spatular outgrowth on posterior margin of predorsal and/or interdorsal scales or almost lacking the outgrowth (vs. a long spatular outgrowth on posterior margin of most predorsal and interdorsal scales in D. aetholepis) and narrower midlateral band (lower margin not reaching to lower margin of midlateral scale row vs. reaching), from D. bleekeri and D. valenciennei by lacking crenulated lateral and predorsal scales (vs. having crenulated lateral and/or predorsal scales) and a single lateral process on premaxilla (vs. two processes), and from D. woodwardi by having lower ascending process (height about twice maximum width vs. three times) and a single lateral process on premaxilla (vs. two processes). Doboatherina bleekeri has more numerous total vertebrae (42–47) than D. palauensis (38–41).

Reproduction in the family Phallostethidae is an area that has long been of interest especially in gonadal structure and gametogenesis. However, no published data concerning as mentioned above in Neostethus lankesteri Regan, 1916 from Thailand is noted. This fish is important for rural livelihood in the estuarine fisheries of Pranburi River estuary, Thailand. The construction of the female reproductive system of N. lankesteri composed of the ovary and short oviduct. The mature ovarian morphology is a single organ, which is histologically considered to be an asynchronous development ovary. The differentiating oocytes were observed and classified into oogonia proliferation, primary growth phase, secondary growth phase, post-ovulatory phase and atretic follicle phase. Under the ovarian differentiation, our observation indicated that the ovarian parenchyma of N. lankesteri during 1.8 – 2.4 cm in standard length (SL) was accompanied by the secondary growth phases. Identification of the post-ovulatory phase was detected during our sampling periods, indicating to entire life in the Pranburi River estuary as well as true resident species. In the male reproductive system of N. lankesteri, the mature testicular parenchyma was organized morphologically as a single organ and histologically appeared to be a restricted spermatogonial lobular testis type. The differentiation of the spermatogenetic stage was composed of three phases including spermatogonial, spermatocyte and spermiogenetic phases. It was to identify possible trends that the size at first maturity of the female fish was estimated at 1.8 cm SL. Certainly, results from this study clearly showed on the reproductive pattern of N. lankesteri, which could be applied to further studies (the reproductive cycle, spawning season and histopathology).

“ Atherina ” debilis (Koken, 1888) Fig. 22A–C Otolithus (Mugilidarum) debilis Koken, 1888: 288, pl. 17 fig. 8. “genus? Mugilidarum ” debilis – Nolf 1985: 124. “genus Atherinidarum” debilis – Nolf & Stringer 2003: pl. 3 figs 20–21. — Nolf 2003: 5, pl. 1 fig. 10. “ Atherinida ” debilis – Nolf 2013: 73, pl. 150. Remarks Otoliths of “ A. ” debilis have a cauda with a very long anterior portion and a restricted ostium. They show some plesiomorphic features that make both allocations, either to Atherinidae or Mugilidae, plausible. The close relationship of both families is supported by a number of features (Stiassny 1993; Datovo et al. 2014). However, the inner face showing only a weak convexity and the deeper ventral area seem to be more typical of atherinid otoliths. The New Zealandian middle Eocene (Bortonian) species Thoroatherina toroa Schwarzhans, 2019 shows some similarity to “ A. “ debilis, especially in the morphology of the cauda, and was placed in the same genus in the original description of Schwarzhans (2019a: 61). However, we prefer not to include the American species in the same genus because otoliths of T. toroa have a much deeper ventral portion, and a very considerable convexity and thickness. Stratigraphic and geographic distribution Lutetian: “Stone City beds”, Texas. Bartonian: Moodys Branch Formation, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. Priabonian: Yazoo Clay, Louisiana., Published as part of Lin, Chien-Hsiang & Nolf, Dirk, 2022, Middle and late Eocene fish otoliths from the eastern and southern USA, pp. 1-122 in European Journal of Taxonomy 814 on page 64, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.814.1745, http://zenodo.org/record/6484355, {"references":["Koken E. 1888. Neue Untersuchungen an tertiaren Fisch-Otolithen. Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft 40: 274 - 305.","Nolf D. 1985. Otolithi Piscium. In: Schultze H. P. (ed.) Handbook of Palaeoichthyology, Volume 10: 1 - 145. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.","Nolf D. & Stringer G. L. 2003. Late Eocene (Priabonian) fish otoliths from the Yazoo Clay at Copenhagen, Louisiana. Louisiana Geological Survey Geological Pamphlet 13: 1 - 23.","Nolf D. 2003. Revision of the American otolith-based fish species described by Koken in 1888. Louisiana Geological Survey, Geological Pamphlet 12: 1 - 20.","Nolf D. 2013. The Diversity of Fish Otoliths, Past and Present. Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels.","Stiassny M. L. J. 1993. What are grey mullets? Bulletin of Marine Science 52 (1): 197 - 219.","Datovo A., de Pinna M. C. C. & Johnson G. D. 2014. The infrabranchial musculature and its bearing on the phylogeny of percomorph fishes (Osteichthyes: Teleostei). PLoS ONE 9: e 110129. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0110129","Schwarzhans W. 2019 a. Reconstruction of the fossil marine bony fish fauna (Teleostei) from the Eocene to Pleistocene of New Zealand by means of otoliths. Memorie della Societa Italiana di Scienze naturali e del Museo di Storia naturale di Milano 46: 3 - 326."]}

The fossil otoliths of the southern USA have been known for more than 130 years and are among the richest assemblages worldwide. However, previous studies are often scattered and with outdated systematic scheme. A collection of over 25000 otoliths ranging in age from the Lutetian to the Priabonian from 47 sites in five states in the eastern and southern USA is analysed here. Combined with the earlier described material, at least 101 otolith-based taxa are documented, of which 83 are identified at species level. Fourteen of these are introduced as new species: Elopothrissus bernardlemorti sp. nov., “Muraenesox” barrytownensis sp. nov., Pseudophichthys texanus sp. nov., Paraconger wechesensis sp. nov., Neoopisthopterus weltoni sp. nov., “aff. Glyptophidium” stringeri sp. nov., Symmetrosulcus dockeryi sp. nov., Mene garviei sp. nov., “Citharus” varians sp. nov., Waitakia beelzebub sp. nov., Astroscopus compactus sp. nov., Parascombrops yanceyi sp. nov., Anisotremus rambo sp. nov., and Pagellus pamunkeyensis sp. nov. The assemblages are distinct fom contemporary European faunas by the complete lack of mesopelagic fish otoliths, and by the presence of sciaenids. Dominant taxa in the American Eocene are the Ophidiidae, Sciaenidae, Lactariidae, and Congridae. They indicate shallow-water environments for all the sampled sites. The notable abundance of those taxa suggests that they could have a higher turnover rate, and provided fundamental nutrition in the local Paleogene marine ecosystem. Further analyses of the species in the stratigraphic succession revealed that a faunal turnover between the Claiborne and Jackson seas was evident in teleosts, and it might be more widespread in other marine organisms in the region.

Membras gilberti (Jordan & Bollman, 1890). Landia Silverside; Pejerrey Landia. Distribution: Global: Eastern Pacific Ocean; from the Gulf of California, Mexico, to northern Peru; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: Ba, Ta, Pi and Tr (Pacific), 0��� 7 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Angulo et al. (2013: 995; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Robertson & Allen (2015: 834; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 2.0. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Atherinella chagresi (Meek & Hildebrand, 1914). Chagres Silverside; Pejerrey de Chagres. Distribution: Global: Western Atlantic and eastern Pacific (introduced) Oceans; from northern Nicaragua to Central Panama in the western Atlantic; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: To, Pa, Ma and Si (Atlantic), 8��� 60 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1966: 237, as Melaniris chagresi ���synonym; listed, information on distribution), Bussing (1987: 157, as M. chagresi ���synonym; 1998: 240; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 995; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data), Robertson & Allen (2015: 3234; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Robertson & Van Tassell (2019: 3234; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 2.0. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021).","Robertson, D. R. & Van Tassell, J. (2019) Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 2.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / caribbean / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Atherinella milleri (Bussing, 1979). Miller���s Silverside; Pejerrey de Miller. Distribution: Global: Western Atlantic Ocean; from northern Honduras to Colombia; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: LN, RF, SJ, SC, Sa, To, Pa, Ma and Si (Atlantic), 0��� 40 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1979b: 395; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution and ecology; 1987: 160, as Melaniris milleri ���synonym; 1998: 243; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 995; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Robertson & Van Tassell (2019: 3235; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Bussing, W. A. (1979 b) Taxonomic status of the atherinid fish genus Melaniris in lower Central America, with the description of three new species. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 26 (2), 391 - 413.","Robertson, D. R. & Van Tassell, J. (2019) Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 2.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / caribbean / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Atherinella blackburni (Schultz, 1949). Beach Silverside; Tin��calo. Distribution: Global: Western Atlantic Ocean; from Quintana Roo, Mexico, to northern Brazil entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: To (Atlantic), 0��� 3 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Angulo et al. (2013: 995; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Robertson & Van Tassell (2019: 3232; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Van Tassell, J. (2019) Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 2.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / caribbean / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Family Atherinopsidae Fitzinger, 1873. New World Silversides; Pejerreyes, Sardinas, Plateadas. 2 G, 7 S., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

The knowledge of the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna continues to grow given the discovery of new taxa, the recognition of taxa resurrected from synonymy and the corroboration of new country records and new range extensions. Moreover, recent advances in the understanding of the phylogenetic relationships and status of many supraspecific groups have led to numerous taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. Given this, the purpose of this paper is to update the known composition, distribution and clasification of the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna taking as reference the most recent list for the country published by Angulo et al. (2013). A total of 23 new country records (i.e., species; distributed in 17 families and 21 genera), 33 new range extensions (distributed in 20 families and 30 genera) and several nomenclatural changes are reported, illustrated and discussed here. An updated and annotated checklist of the freshwater fishes of the country (including data for a total of 283 species, 13 of which are exotic, distributed in two classes, 27 orders, 55 families and 136 genera) is also provided.

Atherinella argentea Chernoff, 1986. Longfin Silverside, Moon Silverside; Pejerrey, Plateadito. Distribution: Global: Eastern Pacific Ocean; from Guatemala to western Panama; entering estuaries and littoral lagoons and ascending river courses; Costa Rica: (Atlantic), Ni, Te, Be, Ba, Ta, Pi, Tr and Co (Pacific), 0��� 7 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, LC. References: Bussing (1987: 158, as Melaniris guatemalensis (G��nther 1864) ���missidentification; 1998: 237; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology), Angulo et al. (2013: 995; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data) and Robertson & Allen (2015: 2528; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: online information system. Version 2.0. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama. Available from: https: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages (accessed 27 August 2021)."]}

Atherinella hubbsi (Bussing, 1979). Hubbsi���s Silverside; Pejerrey de Hubbsi. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from southern Nicaragua to northern Costa Rica, Atlantic drainages; Costa Rica: LN, RF, SJ, SC, Sa, To, Pa and Ma (Atlantic), 35��� 540 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, NT. References: Bussing (1979b: 400; detailed description, including illustrations, information on distribution and ecology; 1987: 159, as Melaniris hubbsi ���synonym; 1998: 241; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2013: 995; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630, {"references":["Bussing, W. A. (1979 b) Taxonomic status of the atherinid fish genus Melaniris in lower Central America, with the description of three new species. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 26 (2), 391 - 413."]}

Atherinella sardina (Meek, 1907). Nicaraguan Silverside; Pejerrey Nicaraguense. Distribution: Global: Middle America; from southern Nicaragua to northern Costa Rica, Atlantic drainages; Costa Rica: LN (Atlantic), 0���40 m.a.s.l., Per, Dia. Occurrence and conservation status: Nat, VU. References: Bussing (1987: 161, as Melaniris sardina ���synonym; 1998: 244; brief description, including illustrations and an identification key, information on distribution, with a map, and ecology) and Angulo et al. (2013: 995; listed, including taxonomic information and distributional data)., Published as part of Angulo, Arturo, 2021, New records and range extensions to the Costa Rican freshwater fish fauna, with an updated checklist, pp. 1-72 in Zootaxa 5083 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5083.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5800630

The California Grunion Leuresthes tenuis, a marine atherinopsid, makes spawning runs onto some of the busiest urban beaches of southern California. Eggs remain buried under moist sand, tidally emerged from water throughout incubation. Concern over the effects of human activities on beaches holding incubating fertilized eggs of L. tenuis prompted a need to assess spawning runs consistently through time. A new metric, the Walker Scale, focused on the peak of the runs, was developed to train citizen scientists, also known as community scientists. Reports of sightings were verified by scientists by locating buried clutches and collecting eggs at locations identified by volunteers. Reports between multiple observers from the same run were highly correlated, and also positively correlated with the density of clutches of eggs. Over the past two decades, the Walker Scale method has been used by thousands of volunteers as well as resource managers, environmental consultants, coastal projects, the US Army Corps of Engineers, and the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. This paper provides details about the method and its correct use by citizen scientists and professional biological monitors. The Walker Scale method is reliable, easy to understand, and the most effective method for assessing this elusive, charismatic fish.

Unidentified opistognathid. Lissner and Dorsey (1986) observed from a manned submersible a jawfish they were unable to identify at Tanner��� Cortes Bank, southern California., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Lissner, A. L. & Dorsey, J. H. (1986) Deep-water biological assemblages of a hard-bottom bank-ridge complex of the southern California continental borderland. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 85, 87 - 101."]}

** Menidia audens Hay, 1882. Mississippi Silverside. To 15 cm (3.9 in) TL (Page and Burr 2011). Native to the greater Mississippi Valley. Found in San Francisco Bay and in various freshwater systems in California (Moyle 2002). California specimens sometimes, and apparently erroneously, referred to as Menidia beryllina (Cope, 1867)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 93, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Page, L. M. & Burr, B. M. (2011) Peterson Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico.","Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California. Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley."]}

Atherinella nepenthe (Myers & Wade, 1942). Pitcher Silverside. To 10 cm (3.9 in) TL (Lavenberg and Chernoff in Fischer et al. 1995). Punta Abreojos, southern Baja California (Watson in Moser 1996) to Peru (10°34’S, 77°56’W) (Chirichigno and Vélez 1998), including southeast corner of Baja California (Robertson and Allen 2015). Depth: surf, upper water column near shore to 10 m (33 ft) (min.: Watson in Moser 1996; max.: Robertson and Allen 2002)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33.","Chirichigno, F. N. & Velez D, J. (1998) Clave para identificaticar los peces marinos del Peru (segunda edicion, revisada y actualizada). Instituto de Mar de Peru Publicacion Especial.","Robertson, D. R. and Allen, G. R. (2015) Shorefishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific: an Information System. Version 2.0 (2008). Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. http: // biogeodb. stri. si. edu / sftep / en / pages","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama."]}

Atherinops affinis (Ayres, 1860). Topsmelt. To 38.8 cm (15.3 in) TL (M.L., unpubl. data). Near Sooke Harbour, Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Gulf of California (Miller and Lea 1972); not in central or southern Gulf of California (Robertson and Allen 2002). Nearshore; marine, brackish, and very occasionally nearly fresh waters (Moyle 2002); depth: surface (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), intertidal to 26 m (85 ft) (min: Chotkowski 1994; max.: Limbaugh 1955). A maximum depth record of 63 m (207 ft) (NWFSC-FRAM), from a bottom trawl haul, is likely in error and represents a midwater catch on deployment or retrieval., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Miller, D. J. & Lea, R. N. (1972) Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin, 157.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California. Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Chotkowski, M. A. (1994) The Behavioral Ecology and Population Dynamics of the Intertidal Fishes of the Northeast Pacific. Ph. D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.","Limbaugh, C. (1955) Fish life in the kelp beds and the effects of kelp harvesting. University of California, Institute of Marine Research, IMR Ref. 55 - 9."]}

Atherinopsis californiensis Girard, 1854. Jacksmelt. To 48.6 cm (19.1 in) TL (Love et al. 2005). Yaquina Bay, Oregon (Miller and Lea 1972) to at least Bah��a Magdalena, southern Baja California (De La Cruz-Ag��ero et al. 1994), and in western and northeastern Gulf of California (Robertson and Allen 2002). Nearshore; marine, brackish, and occasionally fresh water (Moyle 2002); depth: surface and intertidal to at least 29 m (95 ft) (min.: Carlisle et al. 1960; max.: Limbaugh 1955); also found in hypersaline ponds (Ruiz-Campos et al. 2000). A maximum depth record of 103 m (338 ft) (NWFSC-FRAM), from a bottom trawl haul, is likely in error and represents a midwater catch on deployment or retrieval., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Love, M. S., Mecklenburg, C. W., Mecklenburg, T. A. & Thorsteinson, L. K. (2005) Resource inventory of marine and estuarine fishes of the West Coast and Alaska: a checklist of North Pacific and Arctic Ocean species from Baja California to the Alaska-Yukon Border. United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Biological Resources Divition, Seattle, OCS Study MMS 2005 - 030 and USGS / NBII 2005 - 001.","Miller, D. J. & Lea, R. N. (1972) Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game Fish Bulletin, 157.","De La Cruz-Aguero, J., Galvan-Magana, F., Abitia-Cardenas, L. A., Rodriguez-Romero, J. & Gutierrez-Sanchez, F. J. (1994) Systematic list of marine fishes from Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur (Mexico). Ciencias Marinas, 20, 17 - 31.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama.","Moyle, P. B. (2002) Inland Fishes of California. Revised and Expanded. University of California Press, Berkeley.","Carlisle, J. G. Jr., Schott, J. W. & Abramson, N. J. (1960) The barred surfperch (Amphistichus argenteus Agassiz) in southern California. California Department of Fish and Game, Fish Bulletin, 109.","Limbaugh, C. (1955) Fish life in the kelp beds and the effects of kelp harvesting. University of California, Institute of Marine Research, IMR Ref. 55 - 9.","Ruiz-Campos, G., Contreras-Balderas, S., Lozano-Vilano, M. L., Gonzalez-Guzman, S. & Alaniz-Garcia, J. (2000) Ecological and distributional status of the continental fishes of northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 99, 59 - 90."]}

Atherinella eriarcha Jordan & Gilbert, 1882. Longfin Silverside. To at least 8.5 cm (3.3 in) SL (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California). Bah��a San Hip��lito, southern Baja California (Watson in Moser 1996) to Colombia (Lavenberg and Chernoff in Fischer et al. 1995), including lower Gulf of California (Lavenberg and Chernoff in Fischer et al. 1995). Depth: surface (Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California), intertidal to 15 m (50 ft) (min.: Robertson and Allen 2002; max.: Personal communication: Scripps Institution of Oceanography Fish Collection, La Jolla, California)., Published as part of Love, Milton S., Bizzarro, Joseph J., Cornthwaite, Maria, Frable, Benjamin W. & Maslenikov, Katherine P., 2021, Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska-Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, pp. 1-285 in Zootaxa 5053 (1) on page 92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5053.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5578008, {"references":["Moser, H. G. (Ed.). (1996) The early stages of fishes in the California Current region. CALCOFI Atlas, No. 33.","Fischer, W., Krupp, F., Schneider, W., Sommer, C., Carpenter, K. E. & Niem, V. H. (1995) Guia FAO para la identificacion para los fines de la pesca. Pacifico centro-oriental. Volume II, Vertebrados, Parte 1. Volume III, Vertebrados, Parte 2. FAO, Rome.","Robertson, D. R. & Allen, G. R. (2002) Shorefishes of the tropical eastern Pacific: an information system. CD-ROM. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama."]}