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Background Material and methods Results Conclusion Studies for new treatment strategies on cancer continue, and new searches continue in the diagnosis and evaluation of cancer. This study examined the possible anticarcinogenic effect of Rutin on the brain tissues of male mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC).We used micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) and histologically Hematoxylin&Eosin (H&E) staining methods for evaluation.In the evaluation results, we saw a significant decrease in the brain volume of the tumor group to the control group. The difference in volume between the Rutin treatment group and the control group was not significant. In the brain tissues of the tumor group, numerous degenerated neurons characterized by pericellular/perivascular space expansion, cell swelling, or expansion were detected in the cortex and hippocampus regions. We showed a reduction in the damage rate in the Rutin treated group.As a result, Rutin was found to have an anticarcinogenic effect. In addition to the classical histological evaluation, we used a newer method, micro‐CT, in our study. We believe that this study has important results both in terms of its originality and adding new information to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation has been widely used in many business sectors over the last century. Our study investigated the possible teratogenic effects of radiation on the bones of rat fetuses and the protective effect of melatonin against these effects. In this study, 15 pregnant female Wistar albino rats were used. These rats were divided into four groups: the control group, melatonin group (10 mg/kg/day), radiation group (0.5 gray), radiation (0.5 gray) + melatonin group (10 mg/kg/day), and sham group (1 mm hanks/day). The skeletal system development of fetuses was examined with double skeletal and scanning electron microscope (SEM), histopathological methods. In our study, fetal weight, placental weight, and fetal morphometric values were found to be statistically significantly decreased in the radiation group compared to the control group (p <.05). In immünohistochemistry (IHC) analysis, alkaline phosphatase, and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase) concentrations were found to be significantly lower in the radiation group compared to the other groups. In the SEM analysis, it was observed that the amount of calcium and sodium decreased when the radiation group was compared with the other groups. As a result, when exposed to ionizing radiation during pregnancy, melatonin has a protective feature against the negative effects of radiation on the bone development of fetuses. Research Highlights: In our study, fetuses obtained from pregnant rats exposed to ionizing radiation were examined.In this study, the effect of melatonin on bone development in fetuses exposed to gray ionizing radiation was investigated.There are few studies on our subject in the literature. We believe that our findings will contribute to other planned studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin is a versatile indolamine synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland in response to the photoperiodic information received by the retinohypothalamic signaling pathway. Melatonin has many benefits, such as organizing circadian rhythms and acting as a powerful hormone. We aimed to show the antitumor effects of melatonin in both in vivo and in vitro models through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and the Argyrophilic Nucleolar Regulatory Region (AgNOR), using the Microcomputed Tomography (Micro CT). Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were administered into the mice by subcutaneous injection. Animals with solid tumors were injected intraperitoneally with 50 and 100 mg/kg melatonin for 14 days. Volumetric measurements for the taken tumors were made with micro-CT imaging, immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and AgNOR. Statistically, the tumor tissue volume in the Tumor+100 mg/kg melatonin group was significantly lower than that in the other groups in the data obtained from micro-CT images. In the IHC analysis, the groups treated with Tumor+100 mg/kg melatonin were compared when the mTOR signaling pathway and factor 8 (F8) expression were compared with the control group. It was determined that there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found in the total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) ratio in the treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there were significant differences between the amount of mTOR mRNA for the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase (PKB/AKT) genes (p < 0.05). Cell apoptosis was evaluated with Annexin V in an in vitro study with different doses of melatonin; It was observed that 100 µg/mL melatonin dose caused an increase in the apoptotic cell death. In this study, we have reported anti-tumor effects of melatonin in cell culture studies as well as in mice models. Comprehensive characterization of the melatonin-mediated cancer inhibitory effects will be valuable in advancing our fundamental molecular understanding and translatability of pre-clinical findings to earlier phases of clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the protective effect of melatonin was investigated in lipopolysaccharide induced sepsis model. Twenty‐eight rats were randomly divided: Control, Melatonin, LPS and LPS + Melatonin. After LPS application, surgically remove kidney and liver tissues. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) an oxidative stress marker and the immunoreactivity of Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and transcription factor NF‐κB were evaluated immunohistochemically. Expression levels for TLR4, TNF‐α, NF‐kB, IL‐1β (interleukin 1 beta), and IL‐6 (interleukin 6) were evaluated. Additionally, Argyrophilic NOR staining was performed in tissues. Vacuolization and inflammation were more intense in the kidney and liver sections in the LPS group compared to the other groups. It was observed that vacuolization and inflammation were decreased in LPS + Melatonin applied groups. It was determined that glomerular damage was increased in the LPS and LPS‐melatonin groups, but the damage rate LPS‐Melatonin group was decrease in the LPS group. It was determined that the MDA level in tissues of the LPS group was importantly increased compared to other groups. Additionally, TAA/NA ratio statistically significant differences were discovered between the groups. This study supports the potential protective effects of 10 mg/kg melatonin by modulating critical markers of local immune reaction in a model of LPS‐induced sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cerebellum plays quite important in our balance by coordinating the control and synergistic movements of the skeletal muscles. There are many studies in which the volume of the cerebellum is measured and different methods are used. Manual measurements are accepted as the gold standard in these studies, but these measurements are not commonly used due to time and difficulty. The present study aims to compare the cerebellum volume using three different methods. Materials and Methods: In this study, MR images of 18 men aged between 22 and 30 years were used in the Department of Radiology of Erciyes University Gevher Nesibe Hospital. In the total cerebellum volume measurements, sagittal images were calculated using the Manual (ImageJ), MRICloud and VolBrain (CERES) methods. Results: Manual and VolBrain measurements were performed to determine the volume of the cerebellum. The total volume of the cerebellum was 136.36±12.36 cm3 in manual calculation 125.46±17.26 cm³ in VolBrain and MRICloud1 46.81±20.16. Conclusion: In this study, it was seen that the three methods used to measure the volume of the cerebellum were compatible with each other. Because VolBrain volume values are close to the manual method, cerebellum volumes can be obtained by routinely using them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sepsis is seen as one of the most important problems in medicine today. There is a serious need for more effective treatment strategies to combat endotoxic shock and sepsis, and a better understanding of its pathogenesis is essential to unraveling the mystery of sepsis. In the literature, there are limited scientific studies on melatonin and endotoxemia. Therefore, in our study, we aimed to determine the effect of melatonin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver and kidney damage due to its high antioxidant properties. Methods: In the study, 28 adult Sprague dawley male rats were divided into four groups; control group, 10 mg/kg melatonin group, LPS (30 mg/kg) group, LPS (30 mg/kg) + melatonin (10 mg/kg) group. Histopathological evaluation in liver and kidney tissues obtained, determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) by ELISA method and immunohistochemical analysis [Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)], nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) immune reactivity was evaluated. Experimental data were statistically analyzed in GraphPad Prism (version 6.0, GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, California) and presented as mean±SD. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc tests for multiple comparisons. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: As a result of the histopathological examination, it was determined that the LPS group had enlarged blood vessels and inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver and kidney tissues compared to the control group. Tissue damage was found to be significantly reduced in the LPS + melatonin group compared to the LPS group (p<0.05). It was determined that MDA level increased in the LPS group compared to the control group. This effect was reversed in the Melatonin-treated groups. The expression increase of TLR4, NF-kB, TNF-a observed in the LPS group was decreased in the groups treated with melatonin. Conclusion: It is conceivable that melatonin administered to rats prevents LPS-induced liver and kidney injury by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-kB signaling pathway. However, more detailed molecular studies are needed on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tartrazine, an azo dye prevalent in pharmaceuticals and food items, was investigated for its impact on fetal development, specifically examining visceral and skeletal abnormalities in rat offspring exposed to daily oral doses throughout pregnancy. Fourteen pregnant rats were randomly assigned to control and tartrazine groups (seven animals each), with tartrazine administered via oral gavage at 7.5 mg/kg throughout gestation. Offspring were categorized by gender for histopathological and genetic analysis of visceral structures. Bone quality and fracture resistance assessments involved micro‐CT, Raman spectroscopy, and biomechanical testing. Results highlighted distinct internal organ tissue differences in the tartrazine group, notably increased hemorrhagic and inflammatory cell infiltration, degeneration, and vacuolization compared to controls. Gender‐specific alterations in mRNA levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and TRPM2 genes (p < .001) were also noted. Moreover, tartrazine‐exposed groups exhibited reduced trabecular thickness, bone volume, and significant alterations in bone matrix composition and quality alongside significant decreases in fracture resistance (p < 0.05). This study concludes that intrauterine exposure to tartrazine can result in adverse impacts on organ and bone development in rat offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) can occur because of high amount of alcohol intake during pregnancy and is characterized by both physical and neurological problems. Children diagnosed with FAS have difficulties in learning, memory, and coordination. Hippocampus has a major role in memory and learning. We aimed to determine whether alcohol exposure during pregnancy had any effect on offspring by evaluating learning ability as well as oxidative stress and autophagy in the hippocampus and cortex tissues of litters. Attention was also paid to sex differences. To do so, TRPM2, Beclin1, p62, LC3B, IBA1, parvalbumin, GAD65, and mGluR5 expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, as well as total oxidant (TOS) and total antioxidant (TAS) status were determined by ELISA. Learning experiments were evaluated by the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Our findings demonstrated that IBA1, LC3B, GAD65, and mGluR5 expression levels were higher in female rats of the chronic alcohol exposure (CAE) model. Our IHC results revealed that TRPM2 expression levels were significantly increased in both males and females in the CAE group. Likewise, TAS was lower, and TOS was higher in CAE animals. Moreover, MWM outcomes supported a learning deficiency in CAE litters compared to controls and indicated that female offspring outperformed males in learning experiments. Therefore, our results revealed the detrimental effects of alcohol exposure during pregnancy on autophagy signaling in the hippocampus and cortex tissue of litters, which could affect the learning ability of animals., (© 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The role of oxidative stress in disease pathogenesis has been extensively investigated. Researchers have gathered sufficient evidence related to oxidative stress-mediated intratesticular damage. The aim of this was study to evaluate the effects of Cornus Mas (CM) extract on intratesticular changes in rats exposed to nicotine. Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. The groups and the administrated agents for 35 days were as follows; Control group (n=6): 0.9% saline, intraperitoneally; Nicotine group (n=7): 4 mg/kg nicotine, subcutaneous; CM group (n=7): 1000 mg/kg CM extract in 0.5 ml saline, via gavage; Nicotine + CM Group (n=8): 4 mg/kg Nicotine, subcutaneous + 1000 mg/kg CM extract via gavage. One rat each from the groups Nicotine and CM died.  In spermatogenetic and histopathological examination, significant positive changes were detected in nicotine + CM group regarding seminal parameters, apoptotic cells, Factor VIII and Johnsen score as compared to nicotine group. Oxidative stress markers were higher in nicotine group as compared to the control group. OSI and MDA levels were found to be reduced in nicotine + CM group than nicotine group. Nicotine induced a significant increase in TNF-α and IL-6 levels compared to the control group; however, CM effectively counteracted this increase. We have shown that nicotine increases testicular damage, causes apoptosis of testicular cells and adversely affects spermatogenesis by increasing inflammation. We concluded that CM extract exerted beneficial effects on spermatogenesis and minimized testicular parenchymal damage, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Rapidly increasing understanding of the complexity of oxidative stress in intratesticular is the key to unlocking the potential of ROS-targeting therapies.