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Aerospace mission autonomy can improve mission capabilities, reduce the burden on ground operators, and prevent mission failure when encountering unexpected situations. However, autonomy comes at t...

This article offers a practical guide to analyzing vertical mergers using the general approach to input foreclosure and raising rivals’ costs that is described in the 2020 Vertical Merger Guidelines that were issued by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. The step-by-step analysis described here draws lessons from how that theory of harm played out in the lone vertical merger case that has been litigated by the antitrust agencies in recent decades: the 2018 challenge by the Department of Justice to the merger between AT&T and Time Warner. I testified in court as the DOJ’s economic expert in that case. I explain here how to quantify the increase in rivals’ costs and the elimination of double marginalization that are caused by a vertical merger and how to evaluate their net effect on downstream customers. I also explain how this economic analysis fits into the three-step burden-shifting approach that the courts apply to mergers under Section 7 of the Clayton Act. Based on my experience in the AT&T/Time Warner case, I identify a number of shortcomings of the 2020 Vertical Merger Guidelines.

Ever since the adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (CSICH) in 2003, indigenous and minority cultural rights have enjoyed increasing recognition. At the same time, they have been exposed to public discourses and homogenising language that might detrimentally affect their right to access and participation in the creation of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) and ultimately cultural life. As a consequence, respective inequalities in ICH enjoyment have come to the fore, being further reinforced by strategies of tourism, commodification and to some extent digitalisation. Calling for adaptability, submission and homogenisation, such external pressures have jeopardised right holders' voices in self-defining their very identities in new institutionalised ICH contexts. The novel 'human dimension' of cultural heritage inherent to ICH is explored by means of two cases, that is Andean Carnival celebrations in Oruro (Bolivia) and Barranquilla (Colombia). In the cases at hand, it is critically examined how marginalised peoples have found their way into a supposedly equalising regime facilitating celebrations of cultural life, religious identities and spiritual practice in decolonising contexts. In the following, these spaces for inclusion are assessed based on indigenous peoples', Afro-descendants' and similarly marginalised groups' eventual share in negotiating their very identities.

The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) is one of the most important developments of the modern era. This paper addresses the question posed, of what issues are to be discussed at the 1st Conference of the States Parties to the Treaty, which will occur one year after entry-into-force with fifty ratifications. In summary four main issues are identified: – The legal status of the Treaty, in the short-term – An issue of logic: irreversibility of the prohibition and the right of withdrawal – The legal status of the Treaty, in the long-term – Political division over the Treaty and the law: the persistent objector rule. Scope exists for further political initiative at the appropriate time regarding the Treaty itself, pertaining to the two central concepts of the Treaty – irreversibility and universality. Such initiative draws from an assessment of the contemporary state of customary international law, and whether the non-possession of all weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear weapons, might be attaining, or have the potential to attain, the status of an emerging peremptory norm. The minority of States opposing, irrespective of military power, may come to be regarded as persistent objectors to the norm. It is open for ratifying States to lead in such initiatives, consistent with the binding article in the Treaty to ensure universal adherence through encouraging non-state Parties to join. Such an initiative would serve the strengthening of the multilateral rules-based order.

Since the 2015 refugee crisis the European asylum regime has been under critique for its shortcomings. In order to shed light on the effects of the implementation of the European asylum regime at t...

The absence of a human driver in an automated vehicle (AV) raises new challenges in communication and cooperation between road users, especially for ambiguous situations where road users would like to communicate their intention explicitly. This paper investigates the effect of a novel external human-machine interface (eHMI) which was designed to address this issue by signaling the AV’s intention through a 360° LED light-band mounted outside of the AV. In a simulator study an eHMI interaction strategy was implemented that should convey the message “I am giving way” to a manually driven vehicle operated by participants waiting at a t-junction. The experimental study incorporated three t-junction scenarios where the AV had always the right of way but may yield to a driver waiting at the intersection. The intention of the AV was communicated either implicitly (braking) or implicitly and explicitly (braking and eHMI). It was analyzed whether participants would understand the AV’s intention and accept the gap provided in front of the AV. Through participants’ subjective ratings the understandability, the usability and the acceptance of the eHMI solution were evaluated. The results showed that the majority of participants (85%) understood the meaning of the eHMI signal after two interactions. Initial gap acceptance results showed a positive effect of the eHMI solution. The presence of an eHMI improved participants perceived safety and trust. Subjective ratings for usability and acceptance indicated that participants perceived this eHMI interaction strategy as easy to use and were willing to communicate with an AV in this way. The results of the present study will be used to investigate the beneficial impact of this eHMI interaction strategy further in more complex traffic scenarios.

Despite predominant macro-level changes of performance management at Chinese universities, little attention has been paid to how the disciplinary technologies have been interpreted and enacted at t...

This article explores a discursive debate that occurred during the mid-twentieth century among telephone users, institutional actors at Bell Telephone and American Telephone & Telegraph, a...

Recent advancements in technology have changed the way consumers watch movies and television, and disrupted the entertainment industry. In the aftermath of this disruption, artists have more bargai...

This study explores procedural preferences in the historical development of labour dispute resolution systems at the national level and employees’ pre-experience preference to resolve disputes at the individual level. Drawing on two datasets – one from national public statistics and one from China’s employer–employee matched data – we find that mediation has fluctuated in its use and efficacy, and it has re-emerged as an important method to stabilize labour relations. Employees choose internal mediation only if they feel that the enterprise’s mediation committee is selected fairly. Organizational structure factors, such as the enterprise’s size and the effectiveness of the Staff and Workers Representative Congress, moderate the relationship between employees’ perceptions of justice and procedural preferences. This study contributes to the dispute resolution literature by highlighting the interactions between individual perceptions of justice and organizational factors of procedural preference. Additionally, practical implications are offered to aid in the design of dispute resolution systems and improve organizational justice.

The “China Dream” is a native imagination of a great renewal of the Chinese nation. Mao Zedong had a dream to save the nation and promised the Chinese people utopian socialism tomorrow at t...

En este trabajo analizamos la integración vertical entre la empresa de telecomunicaciones AT&T y el conglomerado mediático Time Warner, como respuesta a las transformaciones de la industria audiovisual estadounidense, a partir de la convergencia tecnológica. Desde una perspectiva teórico-metodológica inscrita en la economía política de la comunicación, examinamos los efectos anticompetitivos de la fusión sobre el mercado y sus posibles consecuencias. Esta entrada analítica nos permite reflexionar sobre las nuevas condiciones en las que el contenido audiovisual se produce, distribuye y consume como consecuencia de la digitalización., In this paper we analyze the vertical merger between the telecommunications company AT&T and the media conglomerate Time Warner as a result of the changes in the American TV industry, caused by digital convergence. From a theoretical-methodological perspective of political economy of communication, we examine the anti-competitive effects of the merger on the market and its possible consequences. This analytical input allows us to consider the new conditions in which video content is produced, distributed and consumed as a result of digitization., Facultad de Periodismo y Comunicación Social

Opinions by experts on whether the breakup of Big Tech is a valuable and viable solution range from one end of the spectrum to another. Despite strong advocacy by some to break up Big Tech companies as the best solution to the competition issues present in the technology sector, these proposals are often stated in basic terms with little specificity. Likewise, opposition to breaking up Big Tech often cites administrability by the courts as a key obstacle but does not provide specificity as to why this undertaking is out of the court’s abilities. This paper explores whether a breakup of the “Big Tech” companies is feasible given the unique nature of the technology business. Since characteristics like zero-price business models and advantageous network effects are central to today’s technology companies but were not major considerations during the last breakup in United States antitrust history—the divestment of the Bell Operating Companies from AT&T in 1984—these are novel factors that must be taken into account when evaluating any proposal to break up Big Tech. This paper also uses specific examples from the business models of each of the four Big Tech companies to determine how a division of resources in a breakup could hypothetically affect those operations. Based off of those scenarios, the paper draws inferences on whether or not a structural remedy like a breakup or spinoff is advisable and whether or not the resulting companies would be able to function properly in the market after the divestiture. Since there has been so much recent endorsement for utilizing structural remedies in the current Big Tech federal antitrust lawsuits, advocates should appropriately analyze the mechanics of breakups and spinoffs and the potential effects they could have on companies and consumers alike.

This chapter includes an in-depth case study of an IT service provider that has initiated a company-wide DevOps program. As subsidiary of Germany’s Deutsche Telekom Group, T-Systems MMS GmbH has focused on combining consulting and technical expertise in the areas of digital business and digital transformation, business IT management, and customer experience. The case study shows how the five DevOps principles were implemented and how they sustain the continuous innovation skills for serving the customers of T-Systems MMS.

We examine the performance of the Black-Scholes (B-S) formulas around (i.e., before, during and after) two periods of market stress: the subprime crisis (October, 2018) and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic (March, 2020). We find, in agreement with previous studies under different circumstances, that the accuracy of these formulas is very poor. We also demonstrate that the usual derivation of the B-S formulas is unnecessarily complicated as one can arrive at the same expressions invoking less restrictive assumptions, dispensing with stochastic calculus altogether, and using only undergraduate-level statistics. Moreover, we challenge: (i) the relative merits of assuming that stock prices are better described by means of log-normal distributions, as opposed to normal distributions (both assumptions seem equally inadequate); and (ii) the idea of estimating the price of European options by focusing on modeling the asset price-process between t = 0 and expiration (T). We show that what is relevant is estimating the asset price at T; not the price trajectory between 0 and T. In short, in reference to the asset price, what really matters is the destination, not the journey. This represents an important shift in terms of how we should think about European-options pricing schemes.

This article offers a practical guide to analyzing vertical mergers using the general approach to input foreclosure and raising rivals’ costs described in the 2020 Vertical Merger Guidelines issued by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. The step-by-step analysis described here draws lessons from how that theory of harm played out in the lone vertical merger case litigated by the antitrust agencies in recent decades, namely the 2018 challenge by the Department of Justice to the merger between AT&T and Time Warner. I testified in court as the DOJ’s economic expert in that case, giving me a unique perspective. I explain here how to quantify the increase in rivals’ costs and the elimination of double marginalization caused by a vertical merger and how to evaluate their net effect on downstream customers. I also explain how this economic analysis fits into the three-step burden-shifting approach that the courts apply to mergers under Section 7 of the Clayton Act. Based on my experience in the AT&T/Time Warner case, I identify a number of shortcomings of the 2020 Vertical Merger Guidelines.

AT&T was the largest U.S. firm for most of the 20th century. Telephone operators once comprised over 50% of its workforce, but in the late 1910s it initiated a decades-long process of automating telephone operation with mechanical call switching---a technology first invented in the 1880s. We study what drove AT&T to do so, and why it took one firm nearly a century to automate this one basic function. Interdependencies between operators and nearly every other part of the business were obstacles: the manual switchboard was the fulcrum of a complex system which had developed around it, and automation only began after the firm and automatic technology were adapted to work together. Even then, automatic switching was only profitable for AT&T in larger markets---hence diffusion expanded as costs declined and service areas grew. We show that automation supported AT&T's continued growth, generating a positive feedback loop between scale and automation that reinforced AT&T's high market share in local markets.

Road accidents somehow have made it to the headlines in the news or have been the hot topics on social media in the past few years in Mauritius. This work focuses on finding a solution to aid car drivers at T-junctions which had the highest number of accidents amongst all the other junctions in Mauritius. The main objective of this work is to assist a driver at a T-junction in decision-taking whether to move out or wait and hence to decrease the number of accidents at T-junctions. An advanced driving assistance system has been developed using Raspberry pi and Neural Compute Stick to achieve better frames per second during the processing of the live video streaming. The system detects, tracks the oncoming car and calculates the speed of the vehicle approaching a T-junction. The detection, tracking and speed calculation of a car were tested and the results obtained were satisfactory. In the case where no vehicle was being detected, the system successfully displayed a message that the lane was clear and the driver could move out of the junction. Also, the latter was asked to wait when the lane was blocked and was alerted of a danger whenever the speed limit was exceeded by the vehicle on the adjacent road at the T- junction. The average speed accuracy obtained is 84.96 %.

First Published Online: 15 September 2020 In recent years, the global financial crisis and the ensuing austerity measures in European countries have resulted in dire cuts to public services, massive job losses, and diminished incomes. At the same time, and parallel to the economic crisis, a refugee crisis has arisen. In this context, ordinary citizens and new or re-energised networks of cooperation among civil society actors (e.g. non-governmental organisations (NGOs), churches, trade unions, cooperatives, grassroots initiatives) foster (transnational) solidarity practices. These practices grow in importance as they try to address people’s needs, often unmet by national governments given their lack of financial resources. This article investigates whether and to what extent civic initiatives and organisations are involved in transnational solidarity activities. Moreover, it seeks to identify those factors that seem to promote or inhibit the scope of transnational activities. The article critically analyses the initiatives and practices of Transnational Solidarity Organisations (TSOs) in eight European countries on the basis of data on transnationally oriented civic groups and organisations committed to organising solidarity activities in three fields of work (disabilities, unemployment, and assistance to refugees). The analysis aims to contribute, through fresh empirical data, to the scholarly discussion in the field of transnational solidarity mobilisation and organisations by pointing out that most solidarity organisations remain active primarily at the local and/or national level(s) and that only a minority of solidarity organisations are engaged in cross-national activities. Transnational activities are associated with formalisation and professionalisation. Moreover, maintaining a web of transnational partners, being able to communicate with such partners, and conventional action repertoires seem to be conducive to transnational activism. Organisational values linked to cosmopolitanism are also important, but their impact on transnational solidarity actions is mediated and conditioned by the TSOs’ level of formalisation. Results presented in this article have been obtained through the project ‘European paths to transnational solidarity at times of crisis: Conditions, forms, role-models and policy responses’ (TransSOL). Tis project was funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement No. 649435).

Unlike the purchase method, the equity method deals with investments in which the investor has significant influence over the investee but not control. The investments under the equity method are recorded as assets on the investor’s balance sheet and the share in the net income of affiliates is presented on the investor’s income statement. AT&T is a holding company whose subsidiaries and affiliates operate worldwide in the telecommunications, media, and technology industries. During June 2018, AT&T completed the acquisition of Time Warner, a giant media, and entertainment conglomerate. As part of the acquisition of Time Warner, AT&T had investments in affiliates under the equity method. Using the information in AT&T’s financial statements we explain the differences between three methods for intercorporate investments: full consolidation under the purchase method, single-line consolidation under the equity method, and the proportionate consolidation method.

Following up on our initial comments at the Tunney Act proceeding of the proposed merger between Sprint and T-Mobile, we discuss DOJ’s criticisms of these comments, explaining why these criticisms are baseless. Moreover, using evidence from the NY v. Deutsche Telecom trial, we provide new arguments showing that the DOJ proposed remedy will fail to restore the ex ante competitive conditions in the affected antitrust product markets to the detriment of users of mobile phones in the United States.

Collaboration – and its cognates consultative in-house service delivery, contracting out, commissioning, co-management, co-production, and third party certification – have in recent years been at the center of efforts to reform the public sector and devolve its capacity for policy implementation and service delivery. While the arguments in support of the use of different types of collaborative service delivery are plausible and the intentions motivating them laudable, the crucial questions to ask are: what kind of service delivery arrangement is “collaborative?” And, when could such an arrangement be used? Seeking answers to posed questions this article, and articles in the special issue it introduces, conceptualize and explore alternative arrangements in public service delivery by investigating them through governance lenses. After addressing the nature and collaborative potential for each type of service delivery, the article situates them in the model of capacity combining analytical, managerial, and political competences over three levels of governance activities. It shows that while the success of all collaborative arrangements for public service delivery is linked to political capacities, each arrangement involves a critical type of managerial or analytical capacity which serves as its principle vulnerability. The extent to which various collaborative arrangements can address these vulnerabilities is assessed along with their design requisites and potential utility.

In May of 1973, the Committee of Concerned Asian Scholars (CCAS) informed thirty-three applicants that they had been chosen to travel to the People’s Republic of China, known to many Americans at t...

This article explores newly appointed principals’ descriptions of a decentralised and market adopted school system. An institutional logics perspective is applied to analyse how logics visible at t...

Jeffrey Engel’s When the World Seemed New makes this poor political scientist jealous. Its 25 chapters are a pleasure to read. The story flows quickly, moving seamlessly from tense discussions at t...

Scholarship on the history of public relations has largely focused on the evolution of its professional practice. This historical narrative often limits its analysis to those individuals and instit...

It is challenging to empirically test if emerging markets employ countercyclical capital flow management to combat the large flows driven by global factors, and whether such policy is effective in containing capital flows. The first challenge is that a good gauge of the cyclical dynamics of capital flow management measures is hard to obtain. In addition, the causal effects of capital flow management on capital flows are difficult to establish as such policies are usually endogenous responses to capital flows. We address these issues by using U.S. monetary policy shocks as instruments for a recently developed measure of capital flow management that captures both extensive and intensive margins of policy actions. We find that for a panel of 15 emerging market economies, U.S. monetary policy shocks at quarter t − 1 lead to adjustments to the capital flow management in these countries at t, which then affect capital flows at t + 1. In particular, inflow tightening actions increase after dovish U.S. monetary policy shocks and they materially dampen future net portfolio liability inflows.

This well-written book by public relations (PR) historian Karen Miller Russell examines the history of PR at the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T). The story begins with the early telep...

This paper is a review of how gender issues are situated in international relations theory (IRT). It begins by defining what is gender and attempts to problematize gender in IRT. It then looks at t...

A resurgence is occurring regarding the possibility of armed conflict in outer space. At a certain level, these new assertions regarding the possibilities of space war mirror similar arguments at t...

1. The Paradox Stated Actualist preferentism is a theory of welfare: a theory that says what it is for someone's life to go well for her. The theory's basic idea is that getting what one wants makes one's life go better. Like any theory of welfare, this one faces problem cases: cases in which someone's desires are satisfied but, intuitively, they are not made better off (or vice versa). But in addition to these problem cases, preferentism faces the paradox of desire. In a nutshell, this objection to preferentism goes like this: I can certainly desire to be badly off. But if a desire-satisfaction theory of welfare is true, then--under certain assumptions--the hypothesis that I desire to be badly off entails a contradiction. So desire-satisfaction theories of welfare are false. (1) But this argument does not, in fact, establish that preferentism is false. There is a way to formulate preferentism so that the hypothesis that I desire to be badly off does not entail a contradiction. My aim is to show how this version of preferentism avoids paradox. Before I proceed, though, I need to state the version of preferentism that is the target of the argument, and spell out the argument in more detail. I will start with the first task. On the standard atomistic version of actualist preferentism, the "atoms" of welfare are episodes of intrinsic desire satisfaction: episodes (stretches of time) during which the subject has a intrinsic desire that P, and it is in fact the case that P. (2) (An intrinsic, or non-instrumental, desire is a desire that one does not have merely because satisfying it is a means to satisfying some other desire.) "Episode of intrinsic desire frustration" is defined similarly. The intrinsic value of an episode of desire satisfaction (or frustration) is equal to the intensity of the desire times the duration of the episode. Desire satisfaction has "positive" value and desire frustration has "negative" value, so the value of someone's life for her is just the sum of the values of the episodes of satisfaction, minus the sum of the values of the episodes of frustration. For our purposes, more important than how the theory calculates the welfare level of someone's entire life is how the theory calculates someone's welfare level at a particular time. Here is what the theory says: the value of someone's life for her at a time t is just the net amount of desire satisfaction that occurs in her life at t. Since t is just one instant, we can ignore the durations of the episodes of desire satisfaction and frustration. So the value of someone's life for her at t is just the sum of the intensities of the satisfied desires she has at t, minus the sum of the intensities of the frustrated desires she has at t. (Actualist preferentism is not the only form of preferentism. Ideal preferentism says, roughly, that it is the satisfaction of the intrinsic desires you would have, if you were to undergo some form of "cognitive psychotherapy" (you were thinking more clearly, you knew all the relevant facts ...), that contributes to your welfare. While many people accept some form of preferentism, ideal preferentism is probably more popular than actualist preferentism. (See Kagan (1998: 38) for a brief survey of the reasons.) And it looks like the paradox does not arise for ideal preferentism: it might be that if I were to undergo cognitive psychotherapy, I would not desire to be badly off. But I agree with Heathwood (2005) that none of the standard arguments for preferring ideal to actualist preferentism are any good. Since actualist preferentism is the better theory, defending it against the paradox of desire is all the more urgent.) Now to present the paradox. The paradox of desire arises in the following kind of situation. Suppose I have several intrinsic first-order desires at t--like a desire for a cold beer, a desire for some salty peanuts, a desire for warm weather. (They are "first-order" because they are not desires about what desires I have, and are not desires about my level of well-being. …

Set in September 1992, this exercise provides teams of students the opportunity to negotiate terms of a merger between AT&T and McCaw Cellular. AT&T, one of the largest U.S. corporations, was the dominant competitor in long-distance telephone communications in the United States. McCaw was the largest competitor in the rapidly growing cellular-telephone communications industry. Prior to the negotiations, AT&T had no position in cellular communications. This case and its companion (F-1143) are designed to allow students to be assigned roles to play. The case may pursue some or all of the following teaching objectives: exercising valuation skills, practicing strategic analysis, exercising bargaining skills, and illustrating practical aspects of mergers and acquisitions.

This paper presents a study of commuters’ responses to various employer-based transportation demand management (TDM) strategies that was conducted in the Region of Peel, Ontario, Canada. The study involves design and implementation of a web-based survey of daily commuting mode choices and an efficient design-based stated preference (SP) experiment on the mode choice effects of potential employer-based TDM strategies. For the SP experiments, the survey also collected an elicited confidence rating from the respondents. The survey of 835 random commuters was conducted in fall 2014 and spring 2015. The paper uses empirical models of mode choices (revealed and stated) and an ordered probability model of the elicited confidence rating information to evaluate the data quality. The empirical models reveal that parking cost, monthly parking scheme, indoor parking facilities, emergency ride home, and bike share had higher impacts on commuting mode choices than did bike access facilities and a carshare strategy at the workplace. In relation to respondents’ confidence on SP responses, commuters with a higher number of cars in the household and with longer commuting distances seemed more certain and confident in their responses than did others. In addition, females were found to be more confident when answering SP choice questions.

In the early 1970s, Bell Labs was preparing the foundation for revolutionizing the Bell System network. For nearly 100 years, the telephone system relied on transmitting and switching analog signals. With the advent of large-scale integrated (LSI) circuit technology, the future was an all-digital network. The pace of development was picking up, and flexibility and time to market were increasingly important.

This chapter concerns itself with the development of a regression model for determining the executive compensation of the AT&T CEO. The data observations for this model consist of a list of 21 comparable companies selected by the compensation committee of AT&T, its institutional investors, and AT&T advisors. A set of 24 financial variables for each of the companies is compiled as the data source for the regression model.

Every company engaged in business has the main goal in establishing a business that is profit as much as possible because profit as a measuring tool used to assess the success or failure of the company in carrying out work activities in the field of production and services. Profit is very important for the company, so important the management of the company always tries to make good plans so that the process of work activities continue to run and obtain the desired results. In terms of earning profit as much as possible, it is inseparable from the factors that are related and very influential in increasing the profits that will be obtained by the company such as in general income and costs. The costs referred to in this study are company operating costs, because PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia I (Persero) Medan is a company engaged in port services which all costs incurred are operating costs. Operating costs is one that reduces the value of corporate profits so that to achieve the set profit target it is necessary to know the magnitude of the increase in operating costs beforehand, for which the company needs to plan decisions in determining its operating costs. Mangingat the importance of operating costs in achieving the target of achieving profit, the author examines the Effect of Operating Costs on Profit at PT. Indonesian Port I (Persero) Medan. This research aims to find out how much influence the operating costs have on profit at PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia I (Persero) Medan, where the growth rate of operating costs is quite high. While the benefits obtained are enriching the theory for the company in solving problems that occur about operating costs and profits, and increase knowledge and broaden the writer's insight regarding operating costs that have an influence on profits From the research it is known that operating costs and profits tend to increase every year. This can be seen from the results of t-test calculations, obtained a value of 2.07. When compared with t table for critical area 3 (dk = 5-2 = 3) with a level of 0.05% of 2.353. From the results of t arithmetic = 3 then it is shown at t table 2.353 for a normal (standard) environment that it can be proved that t count is smaller than t table (2.07

With this paper we aim at t investigating interrelations between open government data (OGD) and corruption, in particular, the potential of OGD to reduce the level of corruption and to stimulate the creation of public services. For this purpose, we delve into the case of Ukraine. Ukraine is an example of an efficient use of open data for the creation of data-driven public services and anti-corruption tools. First, we provide an overview of major OGD initiatives in Ukraine. Second, we have conducted interviews with leading open data stakeholders and experts from Ukraine. The analysis of these interviews aims at understanding in how far OGD eradicates corrupt behavior. We present the findings from this analysis in terms of the categories of government accountability, cultural issues, abundance of data, intrinsic data issues, the role of e-services and the relationship of OGD implementation and communication.

This study aims to determine the market reaction to the announcement of the Donald Trump as the elected President of the United States, as seen from the performance of the shares of multinational companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) and tests market efficiency in a half-strong form. This research uses purposive sampling technique with samples of 24 multinational companies and uses a market model to calculate abnormal return. The results show that first, there are significant average abnormal returns at t-6, t-4, t-3, t-2, then at t + 1 to t + 7 and negative cumulative average abnormal returns. Second, there are smaller but significant average abnormal returns after Donald Trumph's announcement as President of the United States than average abnormal returns before the announcement during the window period. Third, trading volume activity decreases significantly after the announcement of Donald Trump as the elected President of the United States. The results of the research prove that the market reacts to the announcement of Donald Trump as the elected President of the United States or it can be said that the announcement has a negative information content on the performance of the stock market represented by the stock performance of multinational companies. In addition, these results prove that the Indonesian capital market is not efficient in half-strong form due to information leakage and reaction that is quite slow in responding to the announcement of Donald Trump as the elected President of the United States.

This paper considers the value of industrial placements in providing an opportunity for hospitality students to develop soft skills in the workplace in addition to the technical skills learned at their educational establishments. While there are concepts such as “problem-based learning” which help students to think across subject silos, this paper argues that internships offer a valuable opportunity for students to learn and for industry to promote their organisations to prospective employees. Using a year’s worth of student workplace diaries, the researchers identify that, in addition to hard skills, students learn communication skills, professionalism, teamwork and personal development. The paper concludes by suggesting that this exploratory analysis of student diaries demonstrates the importance of internships, but that more could be done to increase their value and to make the industry attractive to prospective employees. Opportunities for further research include more gathering and analysis of these documents which give voice to the lived experience of hospitality students on placement.Keywords: international student, internship, New Zealand, placement, reflection, soft skills, work integrated learning

The vertical merger of ATT nor do they suggest that the proposed merger was likely to result in anticompetitive effects in video content production/distribution via customer foreclosure or collusion. Rather, the results support the government’s central theory of harm: namely, that the combination would unilaterally and credibly increase the bargaining leverage of the merged entity and thereby allow it to partially foreclose rival MVPDs by increasing their affiliate fees.

The "worst opinion" of the title is not the appellate affirmance in United States v. AT&T, which put the final end to the government's challenge to the merger of AT&T and Time Warner. It was the trial court's fundamental ruling at the close of the bench trial, rejecting the government's claims. But the point is definitely not to criticize the bombastic, maverick judge who wrote it. His role really is incidental. It is that an opinion this bad, and affirmance of it, proves how deeply broken our merger law is. It was among the more remarkable demonstrations of anti-govenrment bias in living memory, and its 172 pages of fact-finding and reasoning were relentlessly flawed, illogical, and wrong. But it was more than good enough as far as our law is concerned. Nearly the entirety of it boils down to the personal impulses of one judge, who operates under a radically lopsided burden of proof and an appellate standard of near unreviewability.

AT&T and Time Warner is the U.S. Department of Justice’s first vertical merger challenge in decades. The merging parties hired us initially to provide economic analyses of the antitrust issues raised by the merger and ultimately to assist with and testify in the litigation. There are three keys lessons that we draw from the outcome of the litigation for future antitrust practice. First, history matters, particularly the outcomes of similar integrations or integrations, both in predicting price effects and in testing merger simulation models proposed by economic experts. Second, one should be careful of simulation models of vertical transactions as they can be complicated and fragile. Third, the fact that the courts credited cost-saving efficiencies as credible, cognizable and relevant to the analysis of net harm is likely to be important for the analysis of future mergers, as the role of efficiencies in merger litigation remains an open question.

The history of the modem demonstrates that digitization is a hybrid process, in which analog-digital techniques were (and still are) essential. As an indispensable “gateway technology,” the modem has integrated heterogeneous information infrastructures since the 1960s, by layering a digital system on top of an installed analog base. Its transparency (especially its visibility and audibility) has changed with changes in technology, the regulation of telecommunications, and user experiences. The surprising resiliency of the modem—its long life as an interim technology—challenges the digital technological progress narrative. Ironically, the most sustained progress narrative in this story celebrates rapid advances in the speed and functions of the supposedly outdated modem.

This study presents the comparison between APPLE and AT&T by using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). This process has improved asset pricing abilities and allow to discovery of the “one true” market returns, hence the CAPM can be used to find the both company performance with the overall index. The market portfolio returns required for CAPM to be accurate are then calculated and compared with its performance for the past 10 years (1/4/2009-29/12/2017)of each both companies Apple and AT&T comparing their performance to the overall index market of the whole world Wilshire 500. The overall best distribution to use for CAPM market return is the student t-distribution. This study also contributes to literature in that it finds the market proxies used in other studies to discredit the CAPM are inefficient and adversely affect the result.

The shrinking middle class and increasing income polarization in the United States are issues of concern to policy makers and others. Economic development incentives are a key policy tool used at the state and local levels to promote local economic growth, and, presumably, provide employment opportunities. However, these incentives may have unintended consequences that may be contributing to the decline of the middle class. The authors combine detailed industry-level detail on incentives with proprietary county-level industry employment data and two methods for defining middle-class industries. Using an instrumental variable approach, the authors estimate how differential economic development policies affect middle-class jobs. The authors find evidence that incentivizing creative-class and high-wage industries may be contributing to the hollowing out of the middle class. Without hurting employment in other industries, targeting working-class and middle-wage industries alleviates this trend, while reducing incentives on creative-class and high-wage industries could help increase working and middle-class employment.

Taylor, Santiago, Hauer, Hynes, and Mickahail provide a much-needed discussion on ways innovative leaders are preparing for the future. Effective leadership styles, including relevant examples and self-reflective exercises, make up the discussion of building an innovative, diverse organizational culture. Possible future technology challenges and opportunities demonstrate the practice of flexibility and risk taking, with real-life examples of organizations coping with change. A short history of the Industrial Revolutions helps the reader to understand the effect of technology on society as well as businesses when looking toward the future. The discussion of the Fourth Revolution includes Artificial Intelligence, robotics, Machine Learning, and workforce disruption.

We report on AT&T's 5G Trials and Deployments featuring Mobile 5G based upon Internationally-recognized Standards and which cities for AT&T's build plans. Key Photonic technologies are described based on AT&T 5G use cases in development.

This article reviews the literature on China’s twenty-first-century Maritime Silk Road initiative (MSRI) to highlight the narratives surrounding it, its central features, its potential objectives, and the challenges affecting its implementation. It demonstrates that there are numerous political and economic narratives about the MSRI. It further indicates Beijing’s aims to use the MSRI to achieve manifold economic and political ends. Distinct from other analyses, it stresses how Beijing sees the MSRI advancing diverse objectives at the sub-national level. It also makes clear that economics and politics are intimately related regarding the MSRI within China, in the Asia-Pacific Region, and outside the region. Another contribution of this review is to underscore the multi-scalar, multi-actor, and multi-dimensional challenges Beijing’s grand scheme faces. From a policy vantage point, this review suggests that some of the alarm about, and some of the more negative interpretations of, the MSRI are, at t...

This paper examines the use of logic models in the development of community initiatives within the AmeriCorps program. AmeriCorps is the civilian national service programme in the U.S., operating as a grants programme to local governments and not-for-profit organisations and providing low-cost labour to address pressing issues of social inequality. Logic models are a popular tool in programme planning, which graphically illustrates the relationship between a programme’s goals, resources expenditures and expected outcomes. Drawing from institutional ethnographic data, this paper examines how the use of logic models within the programme planning process create particular modes of defining and intervening in the achievement gap, thus shaping interventions by youth workers at the level of individual behaviour and obscuring structural roots forms of inequality. It is argued that in such ‘technologies’ of neoliberalism, we can understand how neoliberal public policy works to influence interventions at t...