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The use of virtual museums in cultural transfer is an interdisciplinary approach of significant importance. Virtual museums play a crucial role in cultural transfer by digitally preserving cultural heritage. This article examines the educational role of virtual museums as a key tool in cultural transfer, particularly in the context of representing Ottoman works in virtual museums. Museums, indispensable elements of cultural transfer and education in contemporary society, have gained the opportunity to reach wider audiences by transitioning into the digital realm. In this context, the representation of Ottoman works in virtual museums and its role in cultural transfer are highlighted. Virtual museums hold great educational potential. It is well recognized that the representation of Ottoman works in virtual museums has educational effects such as expanding learning environments, facilitating access to knowledge, and increasing cultural awareness. Therefore, the representation of Ottoman works in virtual museums, especially in the field of education, is addressed. This study evaluates the role of the representation of Ottoman works in virtual museums in cultural transfer and education, thus demonstrating the educational potential of virtual museums. The research illustrates that virtual museums serve as significant tools for the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage, and the representation of Ottoman works in virtual museums contributes to this process. Using Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of signs, signifier, signified, this study examines the representation and educational role of Ottoman works in virtual museums.

The complicated colonial history of the Philippines impacts notions of gender in the Islands. Specifically, institutions with strong foreign roots, such as universities, maintain and challenge gender relations. The Philippines sees multiple gender issues in universities despite government-mandated gender mainstreaming policies for education (CMO-1), yet the influence of colonial values remains overlooked. This article contributes to philosophising Philippine education by providing the history of the country's universities and their role in shaping gender relations. A threefold model of gender structures, relations of power, production and cathexis (emotional attachment), frames historical literature during the Philippines' Spanish and American colonial periods and contextualises the country's gender order. The interplay of religion and higher education during the Philippines' Spanish colonial period reveals why sexuality remains policed by education institutions. The gendering of courses during the American Colonial period details the feminisation of certain disciplines and occupations. Harmful manhood practices adopted during this period continue to affect men in university systems through Philippine fraternities. Lastly, private education perpetuates and maintains power among the elite. The evolution of the Philippine university provides points for analysis for gender issues. These become building blocks to the discourse surrounding the Filipino philosophy of education, by understanding facets of Filipino identity construction, and proposing avenues to explore when decolonising the university.

This article traces the development of the wartime Japanese curriculum, which was deliberately designed to implement 'Japanese' approaches to science, and its relation to the previously dominant educational approach, learning by doing. It examines the work of Shiono Naomichi (1898-1969), who served as the curriculum and textbook revision director for science and mathematics in the Ministry of Education from 1924 to 1944 and also authored several important textbooks up to the 1950s. While authoring two textbook series in the 1930s and 1940s, respectively, Shiono used learning-by-doing methods to implement 'Japanese' ways of thinking within his texts, in response to the demand for the promotion of Japanese spirit. In the succeeding post-war era, Shiono attempted to conceal the relevance of his pre-war and wartime textbooks to the wartime promotion of 'Japanese' thought processes and insisted on the educational superiority of his own textbooks over post-war American-style progressive textbooks. By analyzing his shifting claims on wartime education in relation to progressive educational thought, this article portrays the political function of science education and its concealment in post-war Japan. The rediscovery of the political implications of wartime textbooks, as well as a re-examination of their influence in post-war science textbooks, will enable us to critically scrutinize the political features of contemporary Japanese science education.

This study examines the development, challenges, and educational approaches for visually impaired children in Malaysia, framed within the goals of inclusive education as outlined by Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4). Despite progressive policies, significant challenges persist, including limited access to specialized resources, inconsistent quality across regions, and a lack of adequately trained educators. The study aims to explore the historical development of special education for visually impaired children, classify visual impairments, and examine various learning mediums. Using a qualitative literature review, data were collected from academic and government source. Findings reveal notable gaps in resource allocation and instructional frameworks, especially in rural areas, where visually impaired children face greater educational barriers. The study's implications underscore the need for standardized frameworks and increased resource distribution to ensure equitable access to quality education. Future research should address the long-term impact of dual media learning and investigate best practices from global contexts to enhance Malaysia's approach to visual impairment education. Aligned with SDG 4, the findings advocate for collaborative efforts between educators, policymakers, and community stakeholders to create an educational landscape where visually impaired children can fully engage and thrive academically and socially.

The objectives of this research are to study: (i) the history and development of knowledge of Yiwulv Mountain Manchu paper-cutting art, and (ii) the process of designing and developing digital media for learning about cultural heritage. This research used qualitative research methods. By studying documents and collecting field data by surveys, interviews, observations, group discussions, and workshops. The data was elicited from a group of 40 participants. The analysis was based on the objectives and the results were presented in a descriptive analytical manner. The results are as follows: (i) The art of paper-cutting is related to history and culture. There is a unique cultural identity of the Manchus on Yiwulv Mountain. The way of conveying knowledge is told orally. Currently, there is a problem due to the age of paper-cutting artists and lack of inheritance. Therefore, it is necessary to find ways to protect them as well as transfer them to youth and those who are interested. (ii) The art of paper-cutting is applied with 3D animation technology to inherit and learn the art of Yiwulv Mountain Manchu paper-cutting. The teaching materials created can be explained in detail from the perspective and content. The design combines virtual tour technology to make it interesting. Learners study through digital media and computer systems, which makes it convenient to access information.

Chinese court music from the Zhou Dynasty holds immense cultural and historical significance, reflecting ancient China's sophisticated societal ethos, rituals, and values. The study's objective is to investigate the reviving of literacy in Chinese court music from the Zhou Dynasty at a University in China. The study encompasses a comprehensive literature review exploring ancient Chinese music, educational practices, and cultural preservation efforts. The research primarily focuses on the efforts made at a university in China to reconstruct and promote ancient court music, collaborating with cultural institutions like museums and performance venues. Three key informants include experts in Chinese court music, educators specializing in ancient music education, and students engaged in court music programs. Data analysis involves thematic analysis of qualitative data gathered through observation forms, interview forms, and questionnaires. The research results reveal the significant educational role of court music in moral education, virtue cultivation, and societal harmony. Suggestions for future research include exploring innovative pedagogical approaches, expanding collaborative partnerships, and evaluating long-term sustainability strategies for preserving Chinese court music heritage.

The preservation and transmission of cultural knowledge about bronze drums in Donglan County, Guangxi, China, is crucial for protecting a valuable cultural heritage that has been passed down through generations. In Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan, several ethnic groups, such as the Zhuang, Buyi, Miao, and others, still include bronze drums in their cultural practices. These drums function as visible connections to ancient customs and are actively conserved through on-site visits and recordings of performances. Donglan County in Guangxi is crucial to this effort, as it has been officially designated as a national-level zone for the protection of both cultural and ecological resources starting in 2023. This project emphasizes the dedication to protecting intangible cultural resources, with cooperation between communities and educational institutions guaranteeing the transfer of this cultural knowledge to future generations through education. The clear differentiation between male and female bronze drums, as well as their specific acoustic characteristics, contributes to the cultural wealth of this heritage. This is preserved through cultural events and educational programs, ensuring its lasting importance for future generations.

Yue Opera holds the distinction of being the second largest opera in China and is celebrated as the country's second National opera. This study aims to examine education and literacy of historical development in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, China. Through a multidisciplinary approach encompassing musicology and ethnomusicology it investigates the historical development, cultural contexts, and artistic characteristics of Chinese Yue Opera. The research methodology involves conducting interviews with key informants who have extensive experience and expertise in Chinese Yue Opera, as well as observing live performances. The collected data is analyzed and interpreted in accordance with existing literature and theoretical principles. The findings of the study trace the evolution of Chinese Yue Opera from its origins as a rap art form to an opera prototype, and its subsequent development into the "Small Song Class" and "Shaoxing Opera." The comprehensive examination of the cultural and artistic aspects of education and literacy in Chinese Yue Opera provides valuable insights into this traditional Chinese opera genre. The study sheds light on its historical significance, artistic expressions, and cultural heritage. This research enriches our understanding and deepens our appreciation of the distinctive artistry encapsulated within Chinese Yue Opera.

The study focuses on the preservation and transmission of Gannan Tea Picking Opera knowledge after the Cultural Revolution in 1949 using qualitative research methods such as interviews and observations with seven key informants. The following findings were obtained, which can be divided into three distinct periods: The tortuous development phase from 1949 to 1966 marked significant growth and development, with the establishment of specialized schools and the implementation of the "three reforms" contributing to knowledge transmission and preservation. The survival dilemma period from 1966 to 1976 during the Cultural Revolution imposed constraints on artistic expression, but the return of artists from rural areas and their role in recruiting apprentices supported the continuity of Gannan Tea Picking Opera. Finally, the Ganzhou Gannan Tea Picking Opera Troupe and educational institutions contributed to the revival of this traditional art form during the period of rebirth from 1976 to 2023. Retired artists continue to play a vital role in knowledge preservation and dissemination, reflecting the enduring resilience of Gannan Tea Picking Opera.

Changes to the Welsh curriculum are becoming apparent. The Williams Report culminated in recommendations for schools and initial teacher education (ITE) on the inclusion and teaching of Black Asian and Minority Ethnic histories in Wales. The subsequent Welsh Government ITE action plan was designed to ensure the pro-active recruitment of trainee teachers from Black and racially minoritised backgrounds in Wales. As a result of this legislation, a team of ITE lecturers in a school of education in a Welsh university formed a research triad and larger research collective, the idea being that we needed to decolonise our own pedagogy and curriculum delivery and re-imagine ITE within an anti-racist paradigm. It was key to reflect on our ITE provision, ensuring that our curriculum delivery reflected the ambition of the new Curriculum for Wales, which encourages practitioners to think differently on what they teach, how they teach and what they want young people to learn. Using a patchwork methodology--which included 'deep thinking and deep listening'--we examined our current ITE delivery and work that has been done thus far and looked at the gains and areas for development. It became clear that staff within our 'ITE research collective' were becoming more knowledgeable and confident in working within a racial dynamic, and consequently felt more able to impart knowledge when engaging with other ITE colleagues and students. This paper charts our ongoing journey and makes recommendations gained from our experiences.

What constitutes an "Asian perspective" in the field of adult education? Through a literature review of journal articles from 1990 to 2023 on adult education in the geographical category of Asia, I analyzed how these discussions connect to an Asian perspective. I identified five approaches through which Asian voices have been articulated in the literature: (1) distinct and shared cultural traditions, (2) ambiguities in Asian diaspora transitions, (3) local and/or historical practices applying the lens of Western or external theories, (4) local and/or historical experiences with a focus on practice, and (5) Indigenous/independent theorizing. In addition to a need to de-reify theory by contextualizing processes of theorizing, I argue for deimperialization in the field of adult education -- a need to interrogate imperial imaginaries that persist in education theorizing and practices across Asian regions and making the category of "Asians" fluid by historicizing relations of power such as colonialism, imperialism, and neoliberal capitalism.

Because of the scattered pieces of documents both in Khmer and English about the education systems in Cambodia from the prehistoric period to the present, we have tried to collect all the related documents to review and then combined them into one piece. The combined piece from this review makes it a lot easier for all the researchers and readers who want to know about the education system in Cambodia from the past to the present since the piece has highlighted all the stages of the education process in Cambodia along with the review from the look into the history of Cambodia. This article also looks into the future of the education strategic plan (ESP) in Cambodia based on the policy of the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia and ESP put forth by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport (MoEYS).

In Chinese philosophy, scholars have been discussing a long-standing and unresolved matter (Fan, 2019; Lupke, 2005; Wu, 2009), namely Ming[character omitted]. Ming, often translated as life, fate, or command, was initially understood as orders and arrangements from heaven (Fan, 2019). However, since the Kongzi (Confucius) period, the focus of Ming[character omitted] has shifted to people themselves and how they should live their lives. Furthermore, Ming[character omitted] has been recognized by people as human life as well as the survival of one's life journey. In the contemporary age, the concept of Ming[character omitted] has shifted again. It ensures that people, instead of the predetermined power of nature and its kind, have most of the ability to decide how to live their lives. The study of Ming[character omitted] has thus become one of the essential philosophical fields for Chinese and international thinkers, and academic researchers, to explore the question of heaven and human existence. In this paper, the analysis of four texts throughout Chinese history will serve as a simple reflective example of the difficulties of interpretation, revealing the evolving meaning of the concept and its pedagogical implications.

This study explores how Hong Kong's latest Chinese history curriculum hybridizes Romantic and Enlightened approaches and how that hybridization converges with/diverges from mainland China's, given the two societies' increased integration in the People's Republic of China. Data were drawn from Hong Kong's and mainland China's latest junior-secondary Chinese history curricula policies and textbooks and Hong Kong's earlier curriculum. Despite approaching mainland China's Chinese history in curriculum structure and promoting China as a unified multi-ethnic nation, Hong Kong's latest history curriculum retains its earlier orientation towards the Communist Party of China and the Enlightened approach. Hong Kong's junior-secondary Chinese history curricula try to balance Romantic and Enlightened approaches, while mainland China's symbolically promotes and selectively uses the latter to serve the former. Theoretical and practical implications and directions for future study are provided.

Framed by critical global citizenship education (GCE), the study focused on secondary school teachers' practices of GCE and explored the position of GCE in conflict-affected South Korea. The findings demonstrate the nexus of constraint and possibility of GCE in South Korea, highlighting how the country's history of division and ongoing, intractable conflict and its geopolitical and ideological rhetoric influence and complicate teachers' attempts to implement GCE. The study calls for a deeper, more contextualized, and sustained consideration of the conditions of GCE, especially in fragile and vulnerable societies that continue to experience conflict, war, and hostility.

Dewey's influence on Chinese education has been described as a prime example of the transfer of knowledge from the West to the East. This article investigates the precise process of this transfer by re-examining two themes stressed in current scholarship: Dewey's thoughts on education and democracy and his incremental approach to educational and social reform. In doing so, it explores the many roles Dewey played in both radical and moderate reforms and in an educational discourse that shifted its focus from democratic education to education informed by the scientific attitude. As a result, it raises further theoretical questions about the conceptualisation, unity and diversity, and 'influence' of Dewey in transfer processes. In this article, we argue that Dewey's ideas were subject to constant reinvention in Republican China and that the received Dewey was largely a fragmented Dewey born out of its ever-shifting socio-political and cultural context.

This article examines the campaign of schooling and education reforms for non-Sunni or "heterodox" groups, particularly the Nusayri community, during the reign of Abdulhamid II (1876-1908) in the late Ottoman Empire in Syria and Southern Turkey. Through a detailed examination of Ottoman archival documents, missionary reports, and accounts, this article sheds light on Ottoman strategies to correct the beliefs of Nusayri children through education to develop a decent and loyal Sunni generation and to prevent missionary activities among community members. The article links the educational policies of the Hamidian regime to its governance and hegemony strategies in the periphery, where Ottoman authority was relatively weak and challenged. In this regard, this article argues that the Ottoman State attempted to normalise and eradicate cultural, religious, and social distinctions by converting the Nusayris to Sunni Islam and educating them to create a homogenous social structure on the periphery, thereby transforming them into loyal subjects and preventing them from attending missionary schools. The campaign of schooling, which was instrumentalised in attaining ideological, political, and religious objectives, was a significant pillar of these policies. However, the late Ottoman administration did not apply uniform schooling and education policies towards the Nusayris at schools in Antakya and Latakia, as the central administration took into consideration regional geographic, demographic, political, and socioeconomic conditions, priorities, and risks. The ultimate goal of Hamidian educational initiatives was the preservation of the empire by the adoption of diverse approaches to accomplish its own goals, but the outcomes of the educational policies reflected the weaknesses of an empire that had been in turmoil for over a century.

Learning history is vital for students' intellectual, spiritual, emotional, and physical development. Students perceive history subject as difficult and boring because they must memorize facts and understand those facts, concepts, time, and historical events. Interactive multimedia can increase students' enthusiasm and make the teaching and learning process more interesting to make the history "alive." Game-based learning uses game elements and principles to effectively deliver teaching and learning process in the classrooms. "Yamashita's Treasure: A Quest to Find the Treasure" is a game-based instructional material designed for grade 7 students of the Philippine K-12 curriculum that aims to teach significant lessons and events occurred in the Philippines over the last century. In this paper, we present findings from an assessment of an instructional material in teaching Philippine history. A System Usability Scale (SUS) was used to test the system's usability which generated a positive score. Respondents were highly satisfied with the game's usability scoring 87.5 on the SUS. Future work includes developing a programmed system, conducting quasi-experimental research design, and consultations with the experts for further enhancement.

This article offers articulation theory as a tool for listening and thinking about the culture in and around writing centers. After defining a method of articulation analysis that considers articulation, disarticulation, and rearticulation, as well as alignments, contradictions, and tensions within a context, the article performs an articulation analysis on contemporary writing center work. The analysis considers the writing center's relationship to democracy, multiculturalism, neoliberalism, ethics, and social justice, as shaped by the Great Depression, the Vietnam War, and the 2008 financial crisis. The article concludes with a reflection on the results of the analysis and interventions that may open possibilities for systemic change, including approaches to communal justicing, modeling workplace culture, and training tutors in articulation analysis.

This article examines the process of China's borrowing of the Japanese vocational education model from 1895 to 1922 from the perspective of educational policy transfer. This study serves as a unique example in educational policy transfer research where historical sources offer the possibility of testing the applicability of the Contextual Map of Cross-national Attraction model. It elucidates some of the analytical limitations discovered by this study while applying the model to this study. It implies that more theory, particularly on the issue of the complex interaction between structure and agency, about the nature of educational policy transfer is needed to comprehensively and sophisticatedly analyse the complex process of educational transfer.

Ancient Chinese civilisation developed two ideas about the ordering of large human spaces. The first was tianxia or 'all under heaven', the inclusive and cosmopolitan world as a whole, with no exterior, and governance on the basis of shared values and benefits, which first shaped statecraft in the Western Zhou dynasty (1047-1771 BCE). Second, the centralised nation-state which emerged in the Qin dynasty (221-206 BCE). Both strands have been influential through Chinese history. In the last twenty years discussion of tianxia has revived, especially through Zhao Tingyang, stimulated by globalisation and the need for practical relations beyond the nation state. This paper proposes one version of tianxia as a heuristic for understanding, rethinking and remaking ethical relations in worldwide higher education. It reviews different understandings of tianxia in China, identifies a world-centred (rather than China-centred) tianxia, and discusses the potentials of tianxia in higher education. Tianxia is appropriate to world higher education because of its spatiality and its ethical commitment to universal benefit in diverse settings on the basis of mutual respect. The article suggests four clusters of relational values that could constitute a tianxia order in higher education, and compares tianxia to existing practices of globalisation.

Tibetan Buddhism has played a shifting role in the official identity discourse of the Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. Established for the administration of Tibet, Mongolia, and other frontier regions in 1928, the ROC's Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission (MTAC) continued research and publication activity on Taiwan (1949-2017). A major focus of this work was Tibetan Buddhism. This article examines how MTAC portrayals of Tibetan Buddhism evolved in response to changes in the ROC's legitimating ideology and to Taiwan's shifting political and cultural context. During the martial law era (1949-1987), Tibetan Buddhism was largely portrayed as an exotic religion facing brutal Communist oppression. By the twenty-first century, the MTAC was repositioning itself as a supporter of Tibetan Buddhism within Taiwan. MTAC discourse on Tibetan Buddhism reflects both the growing detachment of ROC politics from Mainland affairs and the persistence of Orientalist views of Tibetans and their culture.

Scholars have long considered the era of modern education in Nepal as inaugurated by foreign actors in the 1950s. Based on an analysis of two central publications of the relatively overlooked educator and intellectual Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh, this paper aims to shed new light on the educational history of the early twentieth century Himalaya. By employing a lens of global history, the study challenges the narrative of a 'sudden arrival' of modern education in Nepal in 1950s. In doing so, the paper aims to demonstrate the relevance of Singh's thought to the global emergence of modern, progressive, and humanistic forms of education in the early twentieth century.

This paper narrates the concept of Sustainable Peace Leadership and examines how three prominent Peace Activists from South and Southeast Asia measure up to the concept. The article will consider the works and ideas of Mohandas K. Gandhi (Mahatma Gandhi), Lhamo Thondup (The 14th Dalai Lama), and Nguyen Xuan Bao (Thich Nhat Hanh). Mahatma Gandhi was instrumental in achieving Indian independence from the British Empire. The Dalai Lama is the spiritual leader of the Tibetan people and has managed a difficult relationship with the Chinese government following the occupation of Tibet. Thich Nhat Hanh was a Vietnamese Buddhist monk, peace activist and is known as the 'father of mindfulness'. The paper identified several characteristics of Peace Leaders. These include being a charismatic leader who motivates their followers to achieve their goals in a non-violent and inclusive manner. Peace leaders meditate and spend time developing inner peace which then leads to outer peace. The paper also asserts that peace leaders are capable of recognizing the humanity in their opponents and seek a mutually beneficial solution. The three chosen individuals are all recognised as being charismatic leaders who were prominent peace leaders. All were deeply spiritual and practiced meditation and other inner work on a regular basis. They stressed the humanity in their opponents, based on their religious beliefs and the concepts of non-duality and interdependence.

The relationship between concepts of 'native-speakerism', English language education and their effects on local stakeholders are continually evolving. As such, this paper critically analysed native-speakerist ideologies in the Japanese EFL teaching context with the aim of illustrating the complicated nature of native-speakerism as it currently exists. The findings of the review show that native-speakerism and associated ideologies can be seen in various aspects of ELT and ELL. Private English language teaching sectors, as well as higher educational institutions appear to employ elements of native-speakerism, such as the native-speaker fallacy, to the detriment of both native speakers and non-native speakers alike.

Temporality is a relatively new conception in the field of education policy. Drawing upon historical sociology, this article aims to contribute to the field by deconstructing China's policy discourse - education modernization. It traces the history of the discourse (1904-2012) to analyze how Chinese rurality is interwoven into the nation's pursuit of modern country status. Two temporal threads are identified: "the rural as a problem" and "the rural as a modernization plan." The article reveals how the threads forms a paradoxical position of the rural in China's current modernization agenda: "the problematized rural as a potential empowering force." The findings illuminate how the policy constructs a history narrative thereby constructing a unified destiny of the nation for the future, which entrusts education policy with moral significances. China's case demonstrates how education policy inherits and utilizes historical and cultural assumptions as a governing technique, while being shaped and constrained by them.

Over the past 40 years, global tertiary expansion has been driven in part by the rise of the non-university sector. The growth of this sector, which includes vocational colleges, also contributes to increasingly diverse national higher education systems. Prior research has focused on inter-state variation in national systems, while very few studies have explored intra-state variation in the expansion of non-university sector. Building on the policy innovation and diffusion model, this study uses event history analysis to investigate key drivers behind Chinese prefecture cities' adoption of vocational colleges during the latest tertiary education expansion. The study employs a rich panel dataset from 273 Chinese cities between 2000 and 2014. Findings suggest that the socioeconomic and the politico-institutional contexts matter the most for cities' policy adoption, and the influence of policy diffusion is negative but not significant. Moreover, there is substantial heterogeneity across time and region. The characteristics of early adopters significantly differ from those of late adopters, and the diffusion paths vary within and across regions. This study illustrates that the emergence of sub-national government affiliated non-university institutions is driven by a complex combination of socioeconomic, politico-institutional, and policy forces. Results highlight the regional contextual factors that may override coercive pressure from national strategies to promote the non-university sector expansion and the structural diversity in the context of less developed economies.

This analysis examines an archaeology of statal narratives as they relate to the multilingual linguistic milieu of the Philippines since independence at mid-20th century. Critical transformations to statal narratives linked to language over the last century have been shaped by interacting, sometimes competing discourses, deriving from a paradoxical mix of influences: on one hand, contemporary narratives of language have been shaped by modernist discourses focused on the unification of the nation through language, but more recently, these discourses have shifted to focus also on the possibilities of figuring certain local and regional languages in pragmatic terms that index an increasing orientation to preoccupations inherent in discourses of late modernity. In late modern contexts, discourses of multilingualism and multiculturalism in the Philippines have been intertwined with ideological orientations that promote regional peace, cooperation, and economic growth in part informed by the country's involvement in ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), where the recognition and maintenance of the multilingual and multicultural character of participating nations are framed as key mandates. By examining the emergence and transformation of discourses from modern to late modern ones at the level of the statal narrative, this analysis sheds light on emergent forms of nationalist narratives focused on both the instrumental value of global languages such as English, but also the valuation and figuration of certain local and regional languages in new ways and the contentious processes in history though which these discourses have taken hold.

We present new estimates of the internal rate of return to early childhood education. Utilizing the nationwide expansion of preschool education in Japan between 1960 and 1980, we initially assess the impact of preschool attendance on high school graduation and college enrollment for men. Subsequently, we compute the social rate of return to preschool attendance for men by drawing upon national wage statistics to project expected wage trajectories and referencing government documents to account for the social cost of preschools. Our findings indicate a social rate of return ranging from 5.7% to 8.1%, consistent with previous estimates in the literature.

In this article, "physical" models and ideas are invoked to describe some overall aspects of intercultural interactions. It is emphasized, however, that actual intercultural interactions are much more complex than any physical or mathematical model can encompass. They constitute, in fact, just one more example of what scientists call "complex systems." These ideas are applied to the following examples: (1) Stuart Hall's "The West [versus] the Rest" and Samuel Huntington's "weltanschauung"; (2) interactions through Science and Technology as well as "Science Diplomacy," focusing on Silk-Road interactions. The article is concluded with a partial list of "necessary" conditions conducive to constructive intercultural interactions, although these cannot possibly be "sufficient." The wider implications for Cosmopolitan Education are also underlined.

ASEAN music education is important for learning the history, culture, beliefs, and identities of each member country; this research aims at studying the revival and development of Lao classical songs: 'Oh Lao' and 'Platong', no longer played. From the research results, the symposium of music teachers and experts including national artists was organized to exchange the idea to develop the melody played by alto xylophone and further developed by creating harmonies for performance by the string orchestra according to the principles of international music theory, composing and anthropological theories.

Cultivation (shuyo) is not a translated term. However, neither has it been used consistently since the Edo period (1603-1867). Its "depth" is not visible simply from the "shuyo" theory of the Meiji period (1868-1912). This paper structuralizes the Edo and Meiji periods in synchronicity. In addition, it focuses on the translation of Western terms, in particular "cultivation," and examines the surrounding areas. The points addressed are: (1) relations with politics; (2) relations with morals; (3) differences from care for health (yojo); (4) differences from spiritual exercise (shugyo); and (5) differences from skill and performance (keiko). The practices of "non"-modernity cannot be summed up within the categories of modern education. Hints thereto are found in "discrepancies" within translation. This is an attempt to examine a unique Japanese educational tradition as understood within translation. [This article was translated by Nadezhda Murray.]

The year 2021 is the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China. With the rapid development of red tourism in China, the importance of red publicity translation has become increasingly prominent. How to evaluate the readability of red publicity translation has gradually become a hot issue. Taking the English versions of Museum of the War of Chinese People's Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Jinggangshan Revolution Museum, Chongqing Hongyan Revolution History Museum and Nanhu Revolution Memorial Museum as examples, this article collects 16 target language readers' feedbacks on the red tourism publicity translations through questionnaire and interview. The results show that the readability of the translation is influenced by many factors such as the quality of the text, the length of the text and the background of the readers. Due to the lack of understanding of the target language and text functions, there are various problems in the translation of words, sentences and discourses. Studies show that the emphasis of the importance of target language readers in quality assessment of red tourism publicity texts may effectively prevent researchers from substituting their own subjective judgments for readers' feedback, thus; it is important to provide a more readable publicity text. This article attempts to improve the readability of red publicity translation, so as to better promote Chinese red tourism and spread Chinese red culture.

In this study, it was aimed to teach the chronology of National Struggle Period through KUKSET technique. The study was conducted through sequential -exploratory mixed method design which is characterized by qualitative and quantitative phases. The sample of the study consisted of 59 fourth grade students from two different classes attending at a school in Bakirköy, Istanbul. Of the participants, 32 were experimental group and 27 were control group. In the experimental group, chronology of National Struggle Period was taught by KUKSET technique whereas, in control group, the teacher used the methods of expression and question- answer without any intervention. The data was gathered by utilizing pre- test, end- test and permanency test. The students' misconceptions concerning chronology were determined by Word Association Test as pre- test and end- test. 10 voluntary students in the experimental group were interviewed. The results showed that KUKSET technique on chronology teaching of National Struggle Period in the experimental group was more effective on students' comprehension compared to the control group. KUKSET technique was revealed to be effective on eliminating students' misconceptions about the chronology of National Struggle Period. KUKSET technique was determined to enrich teaching- learning process and provide permanent learning. The students suggested KUKSET technique to be used in other lessons as well.

This study explores preaching strategies of forming civil society used by Syarif Hidayatullah or Sunan Gunungjati, was one of the most influential "wali" (holy people) on the island of Java. Relying upon historical research design, this study described how Sunan Gunungjati devoted his entire life to his religion and the state through a culturally framed Sufism-based approach. Results show Sunan Gunungjati helped propagate Islam, especially in western Java, Cirebon, and surrounding areas, something that was not easy at the time. The community's cultural traditions, religious rituals, social systems, and insights were already strongly rooted in animism, and this presented a real barrier. Such beliefs had been reinforced by the previous Hindu and Buddhist religions. This prompted Sunan Gunungjati to find many ways to win over the hearts of people and encourage them to embrace Islam. Sunan Gunungjati successfully spread Islamic teachings by establishing a civil society. This was demonstrated by the many relics of that time in sociocultural, artistic, architectural, educational, moral, and even political aspects. Sunan Gunungjati approached almost all aspects of life as a means for spreading Islam, and Islam spread rapidly as a result. These Islamic teachings did not merely convey religious material and textual--they harmonized Islamic values with community life at the time. Sunan Gununjati's success in spreading Islam is therefore a benchmark for forming a civil society based on local wisdom.

In the age of what Gert Biesta calls subjectification, "the uniqueness of each individual human being," the promise of citizens-as-subjects is to break with the ideal of the "good citizen" whose identity is inscribed by state and market. Making such a break involves "exposure to the experiment of democracy," in Biesta's view. This essay argues that the promise is real but the danger is that subjectification becomes "identity politics" which erode the responsibility of citizens for society as a whole and generate bitter clashes as identities are manipulated by elites using social media and other technologies. "What is democracy?" is the question that marks the difference between subjects as co-creators and subjugation. To overcome the dangers and realize the possibilities of the age of the subject requires shifting paradigms from state-centered democracy to citizen-centered democracy. Citizen-centered democracy rests on conceptions of citizens as co-creators who undertake the collective, self-organized work of building society (which is a concept of the citizen which predates the modern state); and politics as pluralist, negotiation across differences. State-centered theories of democracy and associated ideas of the citizen and politics form the dominant paradigm today. Despite problems in Japanese political education such as passive instructional pedagogies, this essay argues that there are powerful resources in Japan's civic life and cultural history to push back against the dominant view and lay foundations for a paradigm of democracy as society. There is also current evidence of a shift from civic attachment to insular communities, bonding social capital, to what many theorists call "bridging social capital," which I argue is better described as pluralist citizen politics. The essay describes the experiment in democratic pedagogies and conceptual innovation of a new paradigm at Tokai University. It calls for international collaboration on this paradigm of citizen-centered democracy.

Many world history teachers in the US have tried to pluralize world history teaching from a more global perspective. This research focuses on how American teachers with an intention to change their current history teaching select Asian history topics and challenge traditional Western knowledge on Asia. I review world history scholarship to see how Asia is located within the curriculum, and literature to investigate the relations between knowledge and power dynamics. I individually interviewed eight teachers who teach a world history curriculum at public high schools in the Midwestern region of the US. Research findings showed that teachers felt comfortable in integrating ancient Asian history more into the history curriculum. For medieval history, teachers needed to obtain new knowledge for Asian history and they faced a dilemma in fundamentally challenging the Eurocentric framework. For recent history, teachers listed several pedagogical reasons for limited coverage of Asian history. These findings show that history teachers keep integrating Asian agency in their struggle towards globalizing history teaching.

The ongoing news about anti-Asian hate crimes prompted us to address racism through art education. In this article, we exemplify a model of antiracism art education implemented through three workshops: (1) Imagining Asians, which adopts an anticolonial pedagogy to destabilize the colonial and racist gaze toward Asians; (2) Animating the Chinese Taotie, which applies critical multicultural art education approaches to contextualize Chinese Shang arts and culture (1600-1046 BCE) and issues of social inequalities; (3) Layering Identity, which follows the cultural competence standards to emphasize the complexity of identity work and raise awareness of diverse identity-based narratives and issues. After explaining the conceptual foundation for each workshop, we describe the individual workshop and showcase selected preservice art teachers' artworks reflecting their informed and empowered interpretation of Asian artifacts and intersectional identity. We conclude that the participants gain enriched knowledge toward Asian and Asian American subjectivities and experience with antiracism art education.

For the last five decades, the development of "Asia-literate" students has been a key objective in Australian education policy. The contentions surrounding this educational goal have been well documented by academic literatures, policy documents and media commentary. This paper seeks to redress the absence of student voices in these debates by examining students' experiences with Asia-related curriculum in the context of Languages and History teaching and learning in secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. Engaging the lens of curriculum inquiry, we use select thematic episodes from qualitative interview data to interrogate students' understanding and evaluation of planned and experienced Asia-related curriculum. Their stories highlight the incongruences of Asia learning as framed by (and within) formal sites of learning, and students' lived experiences in other spaces. We argue that in order to effect a shift in the current expressions of Asia-related curriculum policy towards a more student-centred articulation, students' roles in shaping curricular knowledge warrant more attention and scrutiny. As our analysis suggests, a deeper understanding of students' experiences of curriculum-as-lived may be the catalyst for a long-overdue reorientation towards a curricular landscape of multiplicity, where new and authentic possibilities for Asia learning could be envisaged.

Purpose: The goal is to explore the role of international education in a developing country's nation building in a mostly indigenous process. Design/methodology/approach: This study reviews China's history of international education set in the larger context of different nation building tasks in the past two centuries. Findings: The unique case of China with dramatic ups and downs in national fortunes in the past two hundred years serves to show that an open attitude to and an active engagement in international education are contributing factors for national prosperity. The case of China also serves to show that a self-determined agenda is of paramount importance in international education as a tool for nation building. Originality/value: Few studies so far have paid attention to the specific relationship between the internationalization of higher education and nation building, so the topic of the paper is an important one and a necessary addition to the existing literature. What has been the role of international education in China's national transformation? What contributions has international education made to China's achievement of nation building goals at different stages of this transformation process? What implications can other developing nations draw from China's case with regard to the role of international education in nation building? These are the questions the researchers hope to answer in this study.

This paper examines the formation of the teachers' movement in South Korea, focusing on the publication of the short-lived magazine "Minjung Gyoyuk" (People's Education) in 1985. Progressive teachers published this magazine to systematically critique the education practises of the time and seek a new direction for education under repressive conditions, which led to dismissals and arrests of the contributors. This incident became central to the formation of the Korean Teachers' Union (KTU) in 1989, which emerged in the milieu of compressed growth and the struggle for democratisation. By looking at the cultural notions of shame as a source of struggle, the paper examines the complexity of political and social values inherent in the progressive movement, undergone in the process of compressed modernisation and democratisation.

This study proposed a cognitive-based game mechanism based on the revised Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive processing dimensions. Moreover, a mobile Chinese history educational game, Void Broken: The Qing Dynasty, was developed based on the cognitive-based game mechanism to promote learners' cognitive thinking in history learning. This empirical study conducted an experiment with a quasi-experiment design and the participants were 70 high school freshmen from northern Taiwan, who were selected by convenience sampling. The present study analyzed the participants' historical knowledge gains and flow state. This study proposed an operational behavior coding scheme to analyze learning behaviors and evaluate the proposed cognitive-based game mechanism design and conducted sequential analyses to explore their learning behavioral patterns and their collaborative problem solving (CPS) behaviors in the game-based learning (GBL) process. The results suggested that the mechanism helped learners' historical knowledge gains, flow, and CPS behaviors. The high flow groups showed more multifaceted and active problem-solving behavioral patterns than the low flow groups. We suggest educational game designers consider including the cognitive-based game mechanism and flow antecedents into their game designs.

The creative achievements of eminent genius in Chinese history are of enormous interest. There is, however, uncertainty about the accurate measurement of eminence and creativity. The most tenable measurement approach is historiometric. Nearly all historiometric research on eminence and creative achievement has involved Western samples. The present investigation used historiometry to test two hypotheses about creative achievement with Eastern samples. These point to developmental adversity (DA) and the "madness-to-genius link" thought to facilitate unusual cognitive patterns and thus a creative capacity. Here, historiometric methods were applied to a sample of 55 eminent scientists in the Chinese Tang and Song dynasties. DA and mental illness did not significantly predict Chinese scientists' creative outcomes. Other diversifying experiences, such as religious beliefs, migration, and role model mentors, had a positive relationship with eminence and creative achievement. The Tang and Song dynasties had different religious structures, so religion had a different impact on the creative achievements of scientists. In the Tang Dynasty, religion could positively predict the creative achievements of scientists, while in the Song Dynasty it could not. These findings warrant further research using other eminent creators in Chinese history.

The popularity of "Pokémon GO" has been credited to its branding by the Japanese multinational consumer electronics and video game company Nintendo, the technological innovations of the game's developer Niantic, and the historical traditions of European avant-garde locative play. The author, instead, offers a different explanation that involves a radical new take on "Poke´mon GO," pointing to its ancestry in the seasonal play of Japan. Based on his fieldwork during residencies at Studio Kura in Itoshima, Japan, and through Asialink at Tokyo Art and Space, he explores the Japanese roots of the game in insect collecting, shrine pilgrimage, leisure tourism, and stamp rallies as modes of play. He relocates the genealogy of "Poke´mon GO" and invokes the largely untold history of Japanese seasonal play, both of which hold significant implications for the ways we consider and conceptualize pervasive and location-based games globally.