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In this paper, we examine the grammatical status of el que in Spanish prepositional relative clauses (el lugar en el que vivo) [the place where I live] from a variationist perspective of the theory of grammaticalization. At least from the nineteenth century onwards, several authors have defended the nature of el que as a compound relative pronoun, even if these forms continue alternating today with others without the article [el lugar en que vivo], in contrast to el cual, a fully grammaticalized relative since the late fifteenth century. Based on a 3,200,000 word corpus of immediacy text (mainly private letters), we test the hypothesis of el que being a case of grammaticalization in progress from a variationist point of view, examining in depth what happens inside the grammar and the socio-stylistic matrix in different periods of history, from 1700 to 1960. The idea underlying this approach is that the structure of changes as well as the grammaticalization in progress can be inferred from the comparative analysis between different quantitative magnitudes of functionally similar variants. To do so, we have performed three independent mixed-effects regression analyses (Rbrul), one for each century. The results of these comparative analyses confirm the progression of el que in prepositional subordinate clauses between the early eighteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. Yet, this progression has taken place at a slow pace and, objectively, can only be described as moderate. Moreover, a number of elements of continuity in history are revealed, such as several conditioning factors that are systematically selected and with the same explanatory direction in all periods. This casts serious doubt on the existence of a grammaticalization in progress in the case of el que, and sees the evolution as not essentially different from other morphosyntactic changes that have taken place in the history of Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this work an empirical study grounded in the principles and methods of the comparative variationist framework is conducted to measure the scope of language contact as a factor constraining some potentially diverging uses of a Spanish verbal periphrasis that has undergone a sharp decline over the last century (haber de plus infinitive). The analysis is based on three independent samples of text that correspond to three dialectal areas of peninsular Spanish (monolingual zones, Catalan-speaking linguistic territories and the north-western linguistic area). These samples, extracted from a corpus made up of texts of communicative immediacy from the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries, confirm the existence of a certain linguistic convergence in the expressive habits of the speakers in the bilingual communities. In each region, however, the outcomes are different, due to parallel differences in the structural position of the periphrasis in each language. However, a thorough analysis of the variable context that surrounds the periphrasis shows that the observed differences do not affect the essence of the underlying grammar of this variant, whose decline (which favours tener que plus infinitive and becomes faster as the 20th century advances) is constrained by identical linguistic and extralinguistic conditioning factors in all the dialectal areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work offers a discursive analysis of questions in face to face political debates. From a corpus of five debates held in Spain during the General Elections of 1993 and 2008, the author analyses a wide range of question types which differ from other speech genres both from a quality and quantity standpoint. Next to questions meant by the speaker to get a reply and obtain information from his/her interlocutor, there are others that don't follow that pattern. However, among the latter we should distinguish between traditional rhetorical questions which do not need reply and others of a mixed nature since they share some characteristics of both types. On the one hand, just like rhetorical questions, they don't look for the interlocutor's response but, unlike diese ones, they follow the usual search for information of standard questions. Their peculiarity lies on the fact that this information is provided by the speaker and not by the opponent. At die same time, institutional constraints of these debates are such that die answer is not meant to solve the cognitive gap of the speaker or the interlocutor, but that of the audience, die final target of the politicians' messages in electoral campaigns. In addition to the interactional and informational analysis, the article reviews other functions of the referred and other questions, both at argumentative and interpersonal levels, as well as the influence of various contextual factors that help to explain die varied distribution of these utterances in the corpus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]