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This report presents the scope of the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station's (WES) investigation of the proposed Lake Erie International Jetport and summarizes the data obtained from the literature and private individuals. The objectives of the investigation, Part I, include a review of the literature concerning wave activity (wind waves, seiches, and tides) and mass circulation in Lake Erie, preliminary design of necessary hydraulic models, and preliminary application of analytical and/or numerical models to seiching and mass circulation. (Modified author abstract)

It was assumed when empirical piping criteria were developed 25 yr ago that soil type and method of construction were the main parameters controlling the resistance of homogeneous earth dams to piping failure. Research on piping failure in earth dams constructed of dispersive clay (a particular type of soil in which the clay fraction erodes in the presence of water by a process of deflocculation) was initiated in Australia about 15 yr ago. This research has resulted in a method of analysis to assess the susceptibility of a homogeneous earth dam, constructed of predominately illite or montmorillonite clay, to dispersive clay piping. The first study of dispersive clay in the United States, reported in 1972, developed a relationship between percent sodium and total soluble salts in the soil pore water extract and field performance of earth dams as evidenced by piping failure or rainfall erosion damage. This research has demonstrated the usefulness of the pinhole erosion test as a method of identifying dispersive clays, shown the feasibility of using filters to prevent piping in dispersive clays, and indicated that stabilization of dispersive clays is possible.

The purpose of this investigation was to validate the accuracy and effectiveness of the temperature and thermal stress/strain calculation program currently being used by the Corps of Engineers by comparing analytical results with measured data obtained from embedded gages in Dworshak Dam. History of construction, weather data, and available material properties of Dworshak Dam were used for computer program input. Based on the results of this investgation, it can be concluded that the temperature and thermal stress calculation programs currently being used by the Corps are acceptable. Recommendations for further improvement of these computer programs are presented. (Author)

Physical hydraulic model dye tests were conducted to define near-field dilution of a cool-water discharge from a proposed LNG facility in Los Angeles Harbor, California, and to describe the far-field behavior of the resulting plume. (Author)

This report describes numerous bioassay experiments where representative aquatic invertebrates were exposed to heavily contaminated sediments and standard liquid (elutriate) and suspended particulate phases of the sediments. The purpose of the work was to develop biological methods for assessing the effects of open-water disposal of dredged material on water column and benthic animals, prior to actual disposal. Sediments and liquid phases were analyzed for selected chemical constituents in conjunction with the bioassays. Sediment samples were collected from the Vicksburg area as well as from the Duwamish River at Seattle, the James River in Virginia, and shipping channels in New York Harbor. These materials contained a wide variety of environmental contaminants. Animals and control or reference sediments were obtained from relatively clean Gulf Coast areas or from the Mississippi River system near Vicksburg. Some organisms were obtained from other workers and cultured in the laboratory. Marine test animals included Acartia, Mysidopsis, Palaemonetes, Neanthes, Rangia, Mercenaria, and benthic amphipods and isopods. Freshwater animals included Palaemonetes (freshwater species), Daphnia, Corbicula, Musculium, and the isopod Lirceus. Survival of exposed animals was compared to control survival using statistical methods to determine a significant adverse effect. Preliminary sublethal bioassays using larval growth as the critical parameter were also accomplished., Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

This study was a cooperative effort by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile (MDO) and the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) to illustrate application of technology developed by the Dredged Material Research Program (DMRP), administered by WES, in solution of field element problems. The study sought to determine if a site on Pinto Island, near Mobile, Alabama, could be used as a long-term disposal facility to contain maintenance dredging material from the Mobile River. Survey data, foundation characterization, and background data were provided by MDO, while evaluation and assessment were conducted by WES. Using DMRP-developed concepts, plans were developed for optimum use of the site, including details of sequential construction, dredged material dewatering, and productive use of dewatered dredged material., Report on Dredged Material Research Program. Original contains color plates: All DDC reproductions will be in black and white.

A laboratory testing program was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of a 1000-ft-lb impact wrench in transmitting torque to the anchor shells of various lengths of rock bolts. The investigation was limited to testing of one impact wrench on 2-, 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-, 16-, and 24-ft-length rock bolts. Results of torque tests indicated that transmitted torque generally decreases with increasing bolt length according to the equation: T = square root of (C/L) where c is a constant dependent upon bolt size and configuration and upon the type of impact wrench used. It was recommended that impact wrenches to be used for torquing rock bolts be proof tested in the laboratory and in the field before acceptance. (Author)

The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is critically examined with respect to its ability to estimate relative density in situ. Six test specimens, 4 ft in diameter by 6 ft high, were constructed using Platte River sand and Standard Concrete sand. SPT's were performed, using field drilling equipment, on specimens under three overburden pressures and constructed to three relative densities. The results are presented as a family of curves correlating relative density with SPT N-values at the three overburden pressures. This research is an extension of a previous test series on Reid Bedford Model sand and Ottawa sand. The results from tests of the four sands are compared, and a statistical analysis is presented which produced an empirical equation relating relative density to overburden pressure, SPT N-value, and coefficient of uniformity. Comparisons are also made between this work and that of Gibbs and Holtz at the Bureau of Reclamation and Bazaraa at the University of Illinois. Conclusions are presented based on both series of tests. (Author), See also rept. no. 3, AD-A037 192.

The Army Mobility Model (AMM) was used to establish for each study vehicle the on- and off-road mobility performance for dry, wet, and snow surface conditions in the HIMO West Germany and the dry, wet, and sand surface conditions for the HIMO Mid-East study areas. The mobility performance was expressed in terms of speed profiles for each surface condition of primary roads, secondary roads, and off road. The mobility rating speed was also established for each study vehicle at each surface condition for the five tactical mobility levels of the study areas. These data were then used to compare the mobility of the M578 Light Recovery Vehicle towing selected vehicles with the mobility of the M88 Medium Recovery Vehicle towing the same vehicles. (Author)

An investigation of the success of establishment and the growth of marsh plants on physically and chemically different dredged sediments was conducted under semicontrolled conditions in a greenhouse. Freshwater, brackish, and salt marsh environments were simulated for concurrent experimentation with various propagules of respective vegetative contingents. Growth of individual marsh plant species was determined on the basis of stem density and total plant biomass. Growth of the freshwater plants, affected by the availability of nitrogen, was significantly greater on fine-textured sediments than on sand. Growth of both brackish and salt marsh plants was relatively unrelated to nutrient availability, and was most affected by the salinity of the sediment solution. Within the same period of growth, transplants produced plant populations having greater biomass and numbers of stems than did any of the other plat propagules. Rhizomes, rootstocks, and tubers responded similarly, but to a lesser extent, to sediment differences than transplant propagules of the same species. Recommendations are made relevant to marsh-creation projects., Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

The water quality of the proposed Arcadia Lake, Oklahoma, was evaluated relative to water-quality criteria and standards appropriate for the project purposes. Study procedures included evaluation of existing data and previous studies of streams and lakes in the project area; collection and evaluation of additional field data; determination of available and limiting nutrients through algal bioassays; establishment of relationships between stream discharges and loadings of nutrients, metals, and pesticides based on stream concentrations and land-use patterns; application of various mathematical models; and comparison of predicted or measured results with existing or proposed water-quality criteria. A comparison of average values for 70 water-quality parameters with the most stringent standard or criterion revealed that ammonia, manganese, mercury, DDT, dieldrin, aldrin, chlordane, lindane, heptachlor, PCB, phenols, and fecal coliforms equaled or exceeded permissible or recommended levels at least part of the time.

This report documents the usage of the general purpose computer program CFRAME for the analysis of plane frame structures. The intent was to develop and easy-to-use program incorporating the best features of many similar programs and to provide the many additional capabilities required by a diverse group of users. CFRAME utilizes the stiffness methods of structural analysis. The Cholesky decomposition method is used to solve the resulting matrix equation. Automatic generation routines are available to simplify the data input. Graphical display of this input data is also available. The output may be printed or displayed with graphics. (Author)

Acoustic-to-seismic coupling is investigated using measurements of acoustic and seismic signals generated from acoustic sources. Source types used for the measurements were: pure tones, band limited pink and white noise, and broad band noise from an acoustic impulse (gun shot). The measurements showed that the frequency dependence of acoutic-to-seismic coupling was independent of source type. However, the efficiency of coupling favored certain frequency bands for a fixed source height. Dependence of the coupling on source height was also investigated. Measurements showed that the favored frequency bands were lowered as the source height was increased for frequencies below 250 Hz. Two techniques were evaluated for separating the acoustic-to-seismic coupled signature from the measured seismic signature in order to support development of methods for suppressing acoustic-to-seismic coupled background noise. Alternatively, such separation could help improve target classification. The two techniques (one using velocity measurements, the other using coherent measurements) were shown to be potentially useful for separating the acoustic-to-seismic coupled part of the seismic signature from the measured seismic signature. A theoretical approach with a simplified model of plane waves, a smooth surface, and no soil layering was not adequate to explain the measured dependence of acoustic-to-seismic coupling on frequency and source height. (Author)

A study was conducted to determine the effects of below-freezing temperatures and frozen ground on the output response of the enclosed-wire-in-tube (EWIT) sensor. The analysis of the results of below-freezing response tests indicated that low temperatures (neglecting the medium) did not cause a noticeable change in EWIT response. The analysis of the results of frozen soil tests showed that an increased depth of frost penetration caused a corresponding decrease in EWIT response by as much as 30 db. The analysis of the results of response tests conducted in soft and rigid unfrozen ground where shear moduli approximated that of unfrozen and frozen ground, respectively, showed that an increase in the rigidity of the emplacement media caused a decrease in EWIT response that was comparable to the decrease experienced under frozen-ground conditions. (Author)

A study was conducted for Long Beach Harbor to numerically investigate tidal circulation in existing basins and to define and evaluate the impact of a proposed oil terminal adjacent to pier J on existing harbor circulation. A two-dimensional depth-averaged formulation of the hydrodynamic equations was used in the model and an implicit-explicit finite difference scheme was used to numerically solve the equations. The numerical model had been verified in a previous study using tide and velocity data from the prototype and from physical model tests conducted at WES. Two landfill configurations for the oil terminal along with a channel dredging project in the Port of Los Angeles were considered in the study. Tidal currents were relatively unaffected by the proposed plans except near the oil terminal and the dredging project. Net discharges through the harbor entrances and through Cerritos Channel in the inner harbor were not changed significantly. (Author)

The development and formulation of a design procedure for rigid airport payments are presented. The design criteria used in the procedure are based on the tensile stress in the portland cement concrete (PCC) slab as computed by layered elastic theory and the strength of the PCC slab as measured in the flexural beam test. The criteria were developed by the analysis of some 60 test sections. Procedures are given for the characterization of the pavement materials both by laboratory testing and by typical values and/or correlation studies. The thickness requirements as determined by the new criteria are compared with the thickness as determined by present Corps of Engineers-Federal Aviation Administration design procedures. (Author)

An inventory of the sediment sample collection stations in the Mississippi River Basin pertinent to the mission of the Corps of Engineers was conducted; 433 stations were located. Data for the 433 stations are presented in tables. For stations on the Arkansas, Atchafalaya, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Old, and Red rivers, these data include the river mile, water resource region, Corps of Engineers (CE) District, Office of Water Data Coordination (OWDC) station number, agency station number, station name, geographic coordinates of the station location, type of water body on which the station is located, period of record of the station, frequency and types of data collected at the station, method used to collect sediment samples, and agency reporting to the OWDC regarding sediment collection activities at the station. For other streams in the basin on which stations are located, the data in the tables include the CE District, OWDC stations are located, the data in the tables include the CE District OWDC station number, station name, period of record, and agency reporting to the OWDC. In addition, narrative summaries were prepared for 74 key stations selected on the basis of location, period of record, and reliability of reported data. The summaries are presented in Appendix A, and include information on the station site location, the collection and laboratory analysis of sediment samples taken at the station, and the reduction and reporting of the resulting data. (Author)

This study was conducted to evaluate several different concepts of runway construction for possible application at the National Petroleum Reserve Alaska (NPRA) drilling sites. The runways are to be constructed during the winter months on permafrost and be capable of supporting C-130 aircraft for a period of at least 2 years. Five separate test sections were constructed and traffic tested with a test load cart simulating a C-130 aircraft loading. Construction concepts included in the study were: (1) Prefabricated aluminum landing mat over Styrofoam insulation; (2) Gravel base course over Styrofoam insulation; (3) Gravel base over loosely placed saturated sand fill; and (4) Sand-grid confinement fills. The significant finding from this study was that a landing mat or a good-quality, well-compacted gravel base, at least 15 in. thick, placed directly over a sufficient thickness of 60-psi Styrofoam insulation material to prevent thaw in the frozen subgrade will provide a satisfactory runway for C-130 aircraft operations. (Author)

Partial contents: Design Requirements for an Information Dissemination and Technology Transfer for the DMRP; U.S.-Japanese Meeting on Dredged Material Disposal; Heavy Metal Uptake by Selected Marsh Plant Species; and New Literature.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/Corps of Engineers (CE) Technical Committee on Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material presents herein its Activity Report for the period beginning October 1976 and ending January 1979. The primary activity of the Technical Committee is to act as a focal point for coordinating and disseminating the results from agency research related to criteria and guidelines for regulating the discharge of dredged and fill material as mandated by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Ammendments of 1972 (PL 92-500) ans for ocean disposal of dredged material under the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972 (PL 92-532). (Author)

Three special water-reducing admixtures for concrete were evaluated according to test method CRD-C 87-72. Tests were made to determine the effects of these admixtures on the properties of concrete. Air-entrained concrete mixtures were made with and without these admixtures. All three of the admixtures permitted water reductions exceeding 15 percent. The admixtures met all the requirements of CRD-C 87-72 except for frost resistance. (Author)

A Military Hydrology Workshop cosponsored by the U.S. Army Research Office and the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) was held at WES on 17-19 May 1978. The purpose of the workshop was to formulate military hydrology research needs. Hydrologic experts representing various Federal, State, and private agencies were in attendance. Technical papers concerning various aspects of hydrology were presented during general sessions. Working groups were then formed to address four specific areas of hydrology: (a) streamflow, (b) soil moisture, (c) meteorology, and (d) water supply. Each group developed a research plan which identified short-term capability update requirements and long-term technology advancement requirements. Synopses of the research plans were presented during the final general session. (Author)

The purpose of this report is to present disposal area reuse management guidelines developed under the Dredged Material Research Program (DMRP). The guidance provided herein has a threefold purpose. First, it is intended to describe the concept of disposal area reuse and to show the role of disposal area reuse in the long-range planning of dredged material disposal. Second, it provides guidance for determining the feasibility of developing reusable disposal areas, either new areas or existing areas converted for reuse. Third, it presents general guidance for preparing designs for reusable disposal areas. One of the most difficult problems facing the Corps is the acquisition of land for dredged material disposal areas. Choice land areas located near dredging projects have already been used, either for dredged material disposal or for commercial development. Undeveloped lands near dredging projects are frequently 'wetlands,' whose necessity in biological cycles make them too valuable to be used for dredged material disposal activities. A solution to this problem is to extend the service life of disposal areas as much as possible through the implementation of disposal area reuse management (DARM) practices. General guidance is provided for planning and site selection, reuse of existing disposal areas, and the development of disposal area reuse management facilities (DARM). The guidance includes the identification of pertinent legal, environmental, and technological factors which influence the planning and selection of reusable sites. (Author)

This paper summarizes the current status of high-strength concrete, the research needed, and the information and experience required for high-strength concrete to become universally accepted. Discussion involves examination of three levels of high-strength concrete: (1) the present range of 5,000 to 10,000 psi (34.4 to 68.9 MPa), (2) the available range of 10,000 to 15,000 psi (68.9 to 103.4 MPa), and (3) the exotic area of 15,000 psi (103.4 MPa). Present practices include use of low W/C, high cement factor, mixtures with fly ash, high-quality crushed aggregates, high-range water-reducing admixtures, and more coordination and quality control efforts. the second range is attainable with available materials and equipment such as slurry mixing, no-slump concrete, closer control, compaction by pressure, new admixtures, longer curing, and polymer material. research in the areas of vibration and compaction, use of artificial aggregates, polymers, discontinuous reinforcement, interaction with the energy situation, and design considerations will be needed before the 15,000-psi (103.4-MPa) range can be successfully entered. the exotic area may include heretofore impractical techniques such as combining pressure and vibration and development of the silica-lime bond. A prediction is offered of the technique to be used for the manufacture, placement, and consolidation of high-strength concrete in the year 2000. (Author)

This report is an interim report resulting from case studies of pavement performance conducted by the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station under contract order with the U. S. Army Forces Command. The purpose of this study was to determine if a stress-absorbing layer consisting of an asphalt-rubber membrane or a nonwoven fabric placed under a thin asphaltic concrete overlay (2 in. or less) will stop reflection cracking from occurring in the overlay. Field tests of two asphalt-rubber membrane formulations and three nonwoven fabrics were placed on roads and airfield pavements at five Army installations in various areas of the United States. This report covers the construction of the test areas and performance after a 6-month period. A final report will be prepared on the performance of each material after a number of years of annual inspections. (Author)

The unusally high 1973 and 1975 flood seasons on the Mississippi River revealed apparent significant reductions in flood-carrying capacity. In addition, a heretofore unappreciated phenomenon known as loop effect appeared to have a large impact on stage-discharge relations. As a part of a general re-analysis of the design flood flow line, a study was initiated to help quantify the dynamic loop effect. The purpose of the study was to estimate the loop magnitude at the design flood to be added to the separately evaluated steady-state design flood flow line.

Kissimmee River structures S-65E, S-65D, and S-65B were reproduced in a 1:20-scale model in order to study ways of eliminating scour of the downstream riprap blankets by means of structural modifications of operating procedures. All of the models had low ogee type spillways with vertical lift gates. The models and testing conditions were reproduced according to prototype data received from the U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, and the South Florida Water Management District. The only structure that has baffle blocks in the stilling basin is S-65E, and it has experienced a negligible amount of scour. Results show that little or no scour damage should have occurred downstream from the structure under normal operating conditions. Structures S-65D and S-65B experienced heavy scour of the downstream riprap blankets during a high discharge period in 1969. Two methods were evaluated to reduce the scouring action: placing baffle blocks in the stilling basin and replacing the existing 18-inch riprap with larger sizes of stone. Economic analysis by the U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, showed that it would be more economical to add baffle blocks to the stilling basins than increase the size of the riprap. Thus, only structure S-65D was tested with larger sizes of riprap. The test results showed that the scour potential will be greatly reduced by adding two rows of baffle blocks to the stilling basins. (Author)

The John H. Overton Lock and Dam will be the second navigation structure proposed for the development of navigation on the Red River waterways. The structure will be located in a cutoff channel in the left overbank about 74 realigned channel miles above the Mississippi River. The structure will include one lock located along the left bank with clear chamber dimensions of 84 by 785 ft and a dam consisting of a spillway with seven 50-ft-wide gates and a 330-ft-long fixed-crest overflow weir designed to maintain during low flows a minimum upper pool at el 58.0 extending upstream about 37.5 miles to the proposed Lock and Dam 3. A semifixed-bed model reproducing about 3.7 miles of the Red River channel and adjacent overbank areas to an undistorted scale of 1:100 was used to provide some general information on navigation conditions with the proposed design and to develop such modifications as might be required to eliminate conditions that would adversely affect navigation using the lock. Results of the investigation are included in the report.

Tests were conducted on a 1:24-scale model of the outlet works for the Cerrillos and Portugues Dams located in Puerto Rico. The purpose of the model investigation was to determine the performance of the stilling basins for the full range of discharges with minimum head pool and the optimum riprap protection plan for the exit channel. The model reproduced a schematic of the intake tower, conduit transition, 60 percent of the conduit length, the stilling basins, and exit channel. The original design stilling basin (type 1) for the Cerrillos outlet works performed satisfactorily for low discharges of 500 cfs and less, and for the higher range of discharges between 1500 and 2500 cfs (design discharge). The conduits of both Cerrillos and Portugues outlet works were designed to provide for river diversion during construction of the dams. When the dams are completed, the flow will be regulated so that only bank-full capacities will be passed through the stilling basins. The conduit capacities were 4500 cfs for Cerrillos and 5300 cfs for Portugues. However, the stilling basins were designed for 2500 cfs (Cerrillos) and 1100 cfs (Portugues), the bank-full capacities downstream. Therefore, considerable damage to the downstream exit channel will occur should it become necessary to pass the conduit design flow through the outlet works.

This report is the second in a series of reports on the resutls of model tests on the Mobile Bay model. Report 1 covers the verification and effects of porposed Theodore Ship Channel and Disposal Areas on Tides, currents, salinities, and dye dispersion. Model tests in this report (Report 2) were chiefly designed to determine the impact of widening and deepening of the navigation channels and the accompanying dredged material disposal islands on tides, currents, salinities, and dye-dispersion patterns in Mobile Bay. The test results consist of comparable measurements of tide heights, current velocities, salinities, and dye-dispersion patterns for existing and proposed conditions. There was very little change in the tide heights in the bay for any plan. In general, for all plans an increase in maximum velocity occurred at stations in the low-velocity regions (the central region of the channel) and essentially, no change or a slight reduction in maximum velocity occurred at stations in the high-velocity regions (the upper and lower reaches). Enlargement of the channel seemed to be the dominant cause of salinity changes in the bay. All the plans generally raised the average salinity of the upper (north) bay and lowered the average salinity in the lower (south) bay. No plan maintained status quo (change at 0.5 ppt or less) in all four critical oyster-bed areas for area-average salinity or average bottom salinity. (Author), See also AD-A015 475.

This report covers the results of a general investigation to determine and demonstrate some of the principles involved in shoaling in harbor entrances and some of the factors to be considered in the development of solutions to the problems. The model used was not a reproduction of a reach of any stream but was designed to fit in an existing facility and provide for two bends and a straight reach between the bends. The model was of the movable-bed type with scales established arbitrarily as 1:400 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tets were conducted with the harbor entrance located along the concave bank of the upper bend, in the straight reach, and along the convex bank of the lower bend simultaneously. Results of this investigation are given in the report.

A 1:75-scale (undistorted) hydraulic model of Newburyport Harbor, Massachusetts, which included the lower 5,700 ft of the Merrimack River, approximately 2,300 ft of the Atlantic coastline on each side of the harbor entrance, and sufficient offshore area to permit generation of the required test waves, was used to investigate the arrangement and design of proposed improvements with respect to riverbank erosion control, wave protection, and river flow conditions. The proposed improvements consisted of (a) changes in the length of the north jetty, (b) changes in the crown elevation of the north jetty, and (c) addition of groins at two locations. An 80-ft-long wave generator, a water circulating system, crushed coal tracer material, and an automated data acquisition and control system (ADACS) were used during model operation.

Tests were conducted at Raystown Dam, Juniata River, Pennsylvania, to investigate flow characteristics of the left spillway and warmwater chutes. Velocity probes were installed in the chutes for measurement of the vertical velocity distribution. These measurements were used to study the boundary layer development and to determine an equivalent roughness for the spillway surface. Depths of flow along the spillway were measured with staff gages painted on the walls of the warmwater chute. The trajectories from the spillway flip bucket were photographed for each test and then used to determine the height and length of the trajectory. The equivalent sand grain roughness K sub s determined for the Raystown spillway (0.00152 ft) supplements provisions data. A more accurate determination of the boundary layer location could have been obtained had the velocity probes encompassed the entire depth of flow at each location on the spillway. Trajectories of flow deflected by the spillway bucket agreed with the model studies. (Author)

This study evaluates the mobility performance of 15 truck/trailer candidates in the HIMO West Germany study area. The Army Mobility Model (AMM) was used to obtain on- and off-road mobility predictions in terms of speed profiles for each study vehicle for three surface conditions (dry, wet, and snow). The SWIMCRIT/WACROSS water-crossing model was used to obtain vehicle performance crossing linear features (water crossing). The HIMO methodology was used to establish mobility rating speed for the five tactical mobility levels (on-road, tactical support, tactical standard, tactical high, and high-high) in the HIMO West Germany study area. The study vehicles were then compared based on their mobility rating speeds for the three surface conditions at each tactical mobility level. The study vehicles were also compared based on their percent NOGO on trails and off-road. (Author), Addendum to Rept. no. WES-TR-M-76-3 dated Feb 76, AD-A020 986.

This report discusses certain dredged material disposal alternatives and provides guidelines and concepts in planning for land improvement projects using dredged material. It draws information from Dredged Material Research Program (DMRP) research reports, literature surveys, field demonstrations, and greenhouse studies to provide guidance in land improvement projects. Environmental, technical, economic, social, and legal aspects of projects are presented as well as outline of project planning procedures and dredged material transport systems. Three dredged material land improvement techniques are detailed: surface mine reclamation, sanitary landfill, and agricultural use. Planning, construction, and equipment considerations are presented for each technique. Local, state, and Federal government sources who have jurisdiction or expertise in the various aspects of land improvement projects are included in the report. The report describes techniques for land improvement which utilize dredged material productively as alternatives to conventional disposal methods in regions where land acquisition is difficult and open-water disposal infeasible. The Appendices provide summaries of DMRP research upon which this report is based. (Author), Report on Dredged Material Research Program. Includes errata sheet dated 15 Mar 79.

Seven regional DMRP studies were conducted throughout Corps of Engineers maintained waterways to determine dredged material island use by nesting waterbirds and the succession of vegetation on these islands as affected by bird use, to compare diked and undiked islands and natural and man-made islands and sites, and to study migratory and year-round use of dredged material islands. These data and pertinent management information are synthesized in this report. Recommendations and guidelines for management of existing dredged material islands and creation of new islands are set forth by the authors. Five major factors determining selection for waterbird colony sites on dredged material islands are set forth: isolation from predators and humans, habitat diversity, nesting substrate stability, species behavioral characteristics, and species feeding and foraging habits. Management for waterbird colonies has been proven feasible and may be accomplished by several important facotrs: (a) incorporation of management plans into routine dredging operations, (b) interagency and intraagency cooperation, and (c) public education and cooperation. It was determined that dredged material islands are often crucial habitat for colonial waterbirds and should be maintained and managed as such. (Author), Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

This study is concerned with a short reach of the Cumberland River just downstream of Barkley Lock and Dam. The reach is narrow and of irregular alignment with some very sharp bends and two fixed-span highway bridges, one located just downstream of the lower lock approach and the other located just downstream of a sharp bend. Currents in the reach are affected by continuous changes in powerhouse releases and changes in stages on the Ohio River located about 30 miles downstream of the dam. The model investigation was primarily concerned with navigation conditions in the lower lock approach and in the reach downstream and with the development of plans as required to provide satisfactory navigation conditions for both upbound and downbound traffic. A fixed-bed model reproducing Barkley Dam, the powerhouse, the portion of the lock downstream of the dam, and about 7.3 miles of the Cumberland River to an undistorted scale of 1:120 was used for the investigation. Results of the investigation indicated that with existing conditions navigation conditions are difficult and hazardous for large tows and are affected by changes in powerhouse release, eddy currents, high velocities, and sharp bends. Conditions could be improved by increasing the interval between the increase or decrease of the number of powerhouse units in operation, adding dikes downstream of the powerhouse and lower lock guard wall, and increasing the width of channel and realignment of the banks in the sharp bends.

Habitat development using dredged material offers an alternative dredged material disposal method that is often feasible from biological, engineering, and economic standpoints. Careful use of this alternative could significantly increase the extent of wetland and wildlife resources in many parts of the United States. Four general habitats are suitable for establishment on dredged material: marsh, upland, island, and aquatic. Marsh establishment has received more attention than any other habitat development alternative, and techniques have been developed to enable careful planning, design, and propagation of these habitats. Terrestrial habitat development is primarily the application of established wildlife management and soil reclamation procedures at a particular disposal area. The feasibility of both the marsh and terrestrial habitat development alternatives has been documented in numerous field and laboratory studies. Island habitat development uses a standard technique to dispose of dredged material and create exceptionally important wildlife habitat. This is often a viable alternative that can be greatly improved by management techniques. The development of aquatic habitats, such as seagrass meadows and oyster flats, on dredged material appears to offer significant potential for the creation of highly productive biological communities and at the same time provide for large disposal quantities; however, aquatic habitat development is largely untested in the field., Synthesis of Research Results, Dredged Material Research Program.

The US-USSR scientific exchange program in the field of polymer concrete was initiated in 1974; it has been one of the more active exchanges and as a result of this activity, three Soviets presented technical papers at the Second International Congress on Polymers in Concrete, held at the University of Texas, Austin, 25-27 October 1978. This report generally descibes the US-USSR exchange programs in various areas and in particular the exchange programs pertaining to the Water Resources Working Group. (Author), Presented at the International Congress on Polymers in Concrete (2nd) 25-27 Oct 78, Austin, TX.

Regional habitat development and preservation priorities should be established by identifying target populations, groups, or communities and their support populations in an ecosystem context. Properly planned dredged material habitats can be both visually and functionally compatible with preexisting natural habitats. The character of any upland, island, wetland, or aquatic habitat is determined by both physical (geomorphological, hydrological, climatological) and ecological (succession, competition, predation) principles. Properly planned disposal operations serve to modify physical conditions and thereby influence (with some predictability) biological responses. Chemically enriched (polluted) dredged material can be used to develop productive fish and wildlife habitats if available information about mechanisms affecting chemical solubilization and biological availability is incorporated into project design. Consequences of habitat displacement are not easily avoided because of limited understanding about the relative value of various sizes and configurations of specific habitat types. An awarenes of existing information describing the value of habitat types to management target resources together with studies designed to clarify specific target population-habitat interactions provides the only insurance against cumulative reduction in fish and wildlife resources. Blanket habitat development policies used in lieu of consideration of the unique qualities of each ecosystem should be avoided. (Author), Report on Synthesis of Research Results. Dredged Material Research Program. Also available as Engineer Manual 1110-2-5018.

The proposed New Ship Lock for the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet, Louisiana, will be 150 ft wide by 1290 ft long (pintle to pintle) and will have lifts varying from 1.0 to 18.4 ft as well as reverse heads up to 3.0 ft. Two sets of miter gates are planned to care for reverse heads. Since the proposed lock is some 40 ft wider than any locks previously designed in the United States and will be used by both ship and barge traffic and will be subjected to reverse head conditions, a hydraulic model investigation of the filling and emptying system was required. Results of tests of the hydraulic system for the proposed lock in a 1:25-scale model are presented in this report. The original intake and outlet designs which must perform as both intakes and outlets were investigated and found to be satisfactory. Tests of 20 sidewall port manifold arrangements resulted in the recommendation of the type 15 sidewall port manifold arrangement. The type 15 (recommended) design sidewall port system as developed is considered optimum for barge tows and will be satisfactory for ships with the proper clearance provided between the bottom of the ships and floor of the lock chamber. For the culvert size and sidewall port system selected, the optimum elements were developed from model tests.

A summary of the results from three work units (1B06, 1B07, and 1B09) of the Dredged Material Research Program, concerned with predicting and monitoring dredged material movement, is presented. Work Units 1B06 and 1B09 were concerned with the prediction of the short-term fate of dredged material discharged in open water. In particular, 1B06 was an evaluation and calibration of the Tetra Tech disposal models (developed under Work Unit 1B02 of the DMRP by Tetra Tech, Inc.) using field data collected at several disposal sites, including the Duwamish, New York Bight, and Lake Ontario sites. The collection of these field data was performed under Work Unit 1 B09 by Yale University. Work Unit 1B07 involved an evaluation of two two-dimensional finite element models (developed under Work Unit 1B05 of the DMRP by the University of California at Davis) for the long-term prediction of sediment transport in estuaries., Report on Dredged Material Research Program.

Use of dewatered fine-grained dredged material for large-scale perimeter dike raising was evaluated by a cooperative field demonstration between the U.S. Army Engineer District, Mobile, and the Dredged Material Research Program (DMRP) Disposal Operations Project (DOP) and Productive Uses Projects. It is recommended that Corps of Engineers field elements and other interested agencies seriously consider the use of dewatered fine-grained dredged material for large-scale perimeter dike-raising activities, following the construction procedures described and evaluated in the report. Such construction may be extremely cost effective at remote locations where offsite borrow is particularly expensive.

This document presents data collected on the vegetation of dredged material islands and sites in Corps of Engineer-maintained waterways throughout the United States. More than 2000 dredged material islands and numerous dredged material sites have been built in the past 100 years; 202 of these were intensively sampled and all vegetation recorded, identified, and/or collected as voucher specimens. Six tables present the following data: (a) An annotated listing by common name of 1120 plant species occurring on dredged material; (b) A selection of 361 upland and high marsh plant species and 115 wetland plant species that may be planted on dredged material for wildlife habitat enhancement and/or substrate stabilization; (c) Matrixes of the 361 upland and the 115 wetland plant species; and (d) An alphabetical group listing by scientific name and authority of the 1120 plant species occurring on dredged material. The data were prepared to provide managers with data pertinent to planned plant establishment on wetland and upland dredged material islands and sites throughout the United States. (Author)

This report documents the usage of the computer program GWALL to analyze the sliding stability of structures. The program provides for display of input data for easy checking and editing and requires the use of a Tektronix 4014 or other terminals with same capabilities. The analysis is a wedge method slope-stability analysis that follows the design procedures used in the Lower Mississippi Valley Division for analysis of plane failures. The program provides for calculation of uplift by entering profile of force water seepage pressures. (Author), See also Rept. no. WES-MP-K-77-1, AD-B018 763L.

This report presents the results of a study undertaken to determine the volumetric requirements of a confined disposal site filled with fine-grained dredged material. The method of study required a three-phase approach. The first phase was the evaluation of previous work and the formulation of a new prediction methodology based on modified consolidation theory and standard weight-volume relationships used in geotechnical engineering. The second phase consisted of developing the proposed prediction methodology. The final phase consisted of correlating the volume increase predicted by the proposed methodology with the rate of volume increase measured under field conditions. Also included in the final phase was the creation of a computer program based on the prediction methodology developed during the study. The computer program was developed for the purpose of evaluating the effect of various input variables on the gain in available storage volume. Since the program was designed for applicability over a large range of conditions, the results obtained from the computer program are site-specific., Report on Dredged Material Research Program. Doctoral thesis.

Model investigation of the outlet works for Meramec Lake was concerned with verification and improvement of the hydraulic performance of the intake structure, transition, conduit, stilling basin, and exit channel. Hydraulic performance of the original and revised outlet works with 22- and 14-ft-wide horseshoe-shaped conduits, respectively, was investigated by means of 1:40- and 1:25.5-scale models. Flow distirbution into the stilling basin was improved by providing a 38-ft-long horizontal apron immediately downstream of the 14-ft-wide conduit and placing the sidewalls 1 laterally in 16 longitudinally from the exit portal to the end sill. General discharge characteristics of the outlet works were defined as well as the minimum size and extent of stone protection required in the exit channel immediately downstream of the flared stilling basin. (Author)

A marsh habitat was developed using fine-textured inorganically and organically enriched sediments dredged from the James River navigation channel in the winter of 1974-75. During the period between the autumn of 1974 and September 1977, engineering and ecological activities were accomplished to document marsh construction operations and environmental alterations that accompanied the marsh habitat development. The hydraulic construction of a relatively inexpensive sand dike on a soft river bottom foundation and the ability of the dike to contain fine-grained hydraulically dredged sediments were demonstrated. Ecological monitoring and experimental studies of plants, soils, sediment and water quality; fish, aquatic invertebrate, and wildlife communities; and metals and chlorinated hydrocarbon compound uptake by marsh plants were also conducted. The ecological studies contrasted preconstruction and postconstruction conditions and compared postconstruction conditions with those of a natural marsh habitat. The freshwater inter-tidal, semi-contained and upland dredged material substrate was nearly completely covered with over 75 types of naturally invaded plants within about 6 months following its construction., Report on Dredged Material Research Program. Includes Appendices A and B. See also Appendix E, AD-A062 170.

Recent advances in the fields of remote sensing, engineering geology, seismology, and earthquake engineering have developed a need for a systematic comprehensive review of the basic principles and methods of applying remote sensing for evaluation of earthquakes hazards and seismic risk. This paper responds to this need by reviewing basic concepts, summarizing essential, state-of-the-art knowledge of theory and instrumental methods, establishing procedures evaluations, and discussing representative case histories that illustrate earthquake hazard evaluations that are based on remote sensing analysis. The approach that is recommended is based on a 'multi' approach that uses an integrated and systematic study of a region or a fault with a variety of imagery varying from small-scale (synoptic) to large-scale (detailed). The imagery analysis should be followed by a ground verification program of study that should include both ground and aerial reconnaissance examination of the major geologic structures of concern. The character of the earthquake hazards is discussed in the context of the lithologic, structural, vegetational, and topographic variations that are associated with different types of active geologic structures. The response of earth materials, landforms, and geologic structures is summarized for the several main types of passive and active electromagnetic radiation used in current remote-sensing practice. Limitations of the different spectral regions used in remote sensing are reviewed to assist in the selection of ideal methods or sequences of methods of study for effective evaluation of active or capable faults and for assessing the earthquake potential of geological structures that may affect a given engineering site., Original contains color plates: All DDC reproductions will be in black and white. See also Report 12, AD-A064 832.

The colloquium was held at WES, 1-3 Aug 78. The objective was to bring together people from throughout the Corps who were involved in developing and supporting graphics activities in their offices. Over 100 participants representing 11 Division offices, 22 District offices, and three Corps laboratories attended the colloquium. Speakers from the field offices addressed the graphics applications that are currently being pursued by their offices. Speakers from the R and D laboratories addressed graphics applications developed for field offices' use and other future developments. The interactive and passive workshops informed participants on using existing graphics programs and provided a forum to discuss the future needs of computer graphics. The Colloquium Proceedings are published in two volumes. All papers and abstracts of the presentations and workshops are included in Volume I. Volume II contains the abstracts of computer graphics programs being used by the Corps' offices., See also Volume 2, AD-A062 479.