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Funded by an American Battlefield Protection Program grant, LiDAR and KOCOA, guided a systematic metal detector survey to identify, and evaluate levels of preservation and battle pattern signatures from the Battle of Buckhead Creek, the largest American Civil War battle site in Southeast Georgia untouched by development. In November 1864, during Sherman's March to the Sea, Confederate and Union cavalry forces waged a running battle across Jenkins and Burke County, Georgia. These actions were ephemeral events in an archaeological sense, in time-depth and their impact on the archaeological record. However, this paper demonstrates that the application of conflict archaeology methodologies can identify and evaluate these sites, despite their wide-ranging geographical context, short-time spans, and the impacts of illicit metal detecting on the battle site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the composition of various chemical elements in ancient nephrite artifacts due to prolonged burial are critical factors that should not be underestimated. However, the increasingly stringent heritage management has made many techniques impractical. Consequently, portable X‐ray fluorescence (pXRF) has become an indispensable nondestructive field analysis method. This paper aims to make use of the pXRF dataset to distinguish which elements tested are endogenous or exogenous, as well as to gauge which elements have been affected by stronger burial effects. More specifically, we carry out this work on the example of 103 pieces of nephrite excavated from different cemeteries in the Nanyang area. In addition to traditional statistical techniques, a new tool, the concentration‐number (C‐N) fractal method can shed new light on the analysis of the distribution patterns of different elements in excavated nephrite. The anomalous boundaries generated by the method have clear geochemical significance and can be delineated between background zone and disturbed regions. The degree of resistance of different elements to fluctuations in external factors was assessed, which has a direct relationship with the content of the buried soil. Considering the richness of the model, it has the potential to be used in archaeometrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air traffic controllers' mental workload significantly impacts their operational efficiency and safety. Detecting their mental workload rapidly and accurately is crucial for preventing aviation accidents. This study introduces a mental workload detection model for controllers based on power spectrum features related to gamma waves. The model selects the feature with the highest classification accuracy, β + θ + α + γ, and utilizes the mRMR (Max-Relevance and Min-Redundancy) algorithm for channel selection. Furthermore, the channels that were less affected by ICA processing were identified, and the reliability of this result was demonstrated by artifact analysis brought about by EMG, ECG, etc. Finally, a model for rapid mental workload detection for controllers was developed and the detection rate for the 34 subjects reached 1, and the accuracy for the remaining subjects was as low as 0.986. In conclusion, we validated the usability of the mRMR algorithm in channel selection and proposed a rapid method for detecting mental workload in air traffic controllers using only three EEG channels. By reducing the number of EEG channels and shortening the data processing time, this approach simplifies equipment application and maintains detection accuracy, enhancing practical usability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centered around the questions of "whose" and "for whom" heritage is, this article explores various approaches in South America aimed at achieving a public archaeology that is inclusive and beneficial to communities. While the reflections and most case studies primarily focus on indigenous societies, specific efforts to develop collaborative methodologies that include other groups or collectives are also discussed. To provide a comprehensive view, a general review of relevant literature from different parts of the continent has been conducted, synthesizing it to present the state of the art on collaborative methodologies in the Americas, with a focus on South America. The core concepts addressed are heritage and community, their interrelationship, and the diverse ways their connection is crucial today, particularly in terms of collaborative methodologies in various research projects. The discussion highlights how the interpretation and presentation of the past become significant aspects when transitioning from theory to the practice of collaborations. After presenting several previously published examples and the articles comprising this dossier, the article concludes that significant advances have been made in the last decades in developing collaborative methodologies in archaeology. This progress marks a positive path toward the pluralization of the discipline. As an original contribution, the article offers a comparative reflection on collaborative work with communities in museums in Europe and the Americas, evaluating approaches and advancements. It concludes that researchers in the Americas have an advantage: working with materials that are closely connected to the groups that consider them their heritage, or considering themselves the heirs, allows for a more intimate and legitimate approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourier PlenOctrees have shown to be an efficient representation for real-time rendering of dynamic neural radiance fields (NeRF). Despite its many advantages, this method suffers from artifacts introduced by the involved compression when combining it with recent state-of-the-art techniques for training the static per-frame NeRF models. In this paper, we perform an in-depth analysis of these artifacts and leverage the resulting insights to propose an improved representation. In particular, we present a novel density encoding that adapts the Fourier-based compression to the characteristics of the transfer function used by the underlying volume rendering procedure and leads to a substantial reduction of artifacts in the dynamic model. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our enhanced Fourier PlenOctrees in the scope of quantitative and qualitative evaluations on synthetic and real-world scenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on Angel Mounds State Historic Site in Evansville, Indiana, a significant prehistoric Mississippian village that is currently undergoing museum renovations. Topics include site's history and excavation, changes in artifact display practices due to the decolonization movement; and the notable artifacts found at the site, such as the kneeling human statue made of translucent fluorite.

X-ray computed tomography (XRCT) imaging allows non-destructive visualization of the structure of various materials. Applied to wooden objects, it allows determination of their morphologies or manufacturing techniques, but also measurement of growth ring widths. We have applied XRCT to a selection of 38 mummy labels. This funerary furniture, made up of endemic or imported tree species, has survived thanks to environmental conditions in very large quantities in regions in Middle and Upper Egypt and is featured now in museum collections across the globe. Mummy labels thus represent a unique and abundant data source to build floating or absolutely dated dendrochronological chronologies for this period. Here we discuss the possible contributions and limitations of XRCT for the analysis of these artifacts and show that the approach allows identification of discriminating markers for the identification of certain species on the transverse plane, but that the insufficient resolution of the tangential and radial planes normally prevents formal identification of species. By contrast, XRCT undeniably enhances the visibility of toolmarks (in terms of numbers and depth), and thereby allows highlighting marks that remain invisible to the naked eye; XRCT also provides key insights into cutting methods and the calibers used and yields new information on silvicultural practices and the knowhow of Egyptian craftsmen. Finally, the measurement of ring widths on XRCT imagery is also more accurate than what can be achieved by traditional dendrochronological measurements, especially in the case of cuts realized on a slab. The approach also confirms the limited potential of local broadleaved species for dendrochronological approaches due to unreadable or poorly visible tree rings and mostly short tree-ring sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes a cultural and chronological analysis of artifacts from the late La Tène period, which were discovered in the Prosna and Warta rivers in Poland. Imported items such as brooches, painted ceramics, mirrors, and knot rings were found, while coins and blacksmithing products were locally produced. Gold coins were also found in the Janków II settlement, indicating the presence of a mint. In addition, rich graves of blacksmiths and armed individuals were discovered, indicating a flourishing power center of the Celtic Rix. The findings suggest that the area between the Prosna and Warta rivers was controlled by a Celtic faction within the Przeworsk culture at the end of the La Tène period. [Extracted from the article]

To compare hardness versus strain rate data from different kinds of indentation creep test can be challenging. It is often difficult to determine whether measured differences in material response along different loading paths, such as constant load creep or load relaxation, are real or merely arise as artifacts from the analysis. We argue that the difficulty lies in how indentation strain rate is defined. For traditional definitions of strain rate, such as ε ˙ h , which measures the rate of penetration, or ε ˙ A , which measures the growth of indent area, material response might seem path-dependent even when it is not. We introduce a new definition of plastic strain rate, ε ˙ irr , which is based on irreversible work and is well-posed in the sense that it gives the same results from different loading paths when deformation is path-independent. This property frees experimenters to isolate and explore deformation mechanisms that respond differently along different loading paths, which is useful for revealing the influences of time and strain rate on evolution of structure. ε ˙ irr is important for exploring path-dependence in high-hardness/modulus (≳ 0.02) materials like ceramics and polymers. For low-hardness-modulus materials other measures of strain rate suffice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mexicon is the property of Verlag Anton Saurwein and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Blooming artifacts caused by calcifications appearing on computed tomography (CT) images lead to an underestimation of the coronary artery lumen size, and higher X-ray energy levels are suggested to reduce the blooming artifacts with subjective visual assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of higher X-ray energy levels on the quantitative measurement of adjacent pixels affected by calcification using CT images. In this two-part study, CT images were acquired from dual-energy CT scanners by changing the X-ray energy levels such as kilovoltage peak (kVp) and kilo-electron volts (keV). Adjacent pixels affected by calcification were measured using the brightened length, excluding the actual calcified length, as determined by the full width at third maximum. In a separate clinical study, the adjacent affected pixels associated with 23 calcifications across 10 patients were measured using the same method as that used in the phantom study. Phantom and clinical studies showed that the change in kVp (field of view [FOV] 300 mm: p = 0.167, 0.494, and 0.861 for vendors 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and keV levels (p = 0.178 for vendor 2) failed to reduce the adjacent pixels affected by calcification, respectively. Moreover, the change in keV levels showed different aspects of adjacent pixels affected by calcification in the phantom study (FOV 300 mm: no significant difference [p = 0.191], increase [p < 0.001], and decrease [p < 0.001] for vendors 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Quantitative measurements revealed no significant relationship between higher X-ray energy levels and the adjacent pixels affected by calcification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A master copy is an artifact whose quality or value carries over to the copies it engenders. In the United Arab Emirates, home to a marketplace trade in Pashto‐language film and music, master copy also refers to the context of the artifact's accessibility; it describes a print made from a medium—such as a celluloid film, an audiocassette, or a vinyl record—considered to hold the earliest or highest‐quality recording. Situated at a narrowing analog‐to‐digital bottleneck, a master copy is not an original but an interface between the social circumstances afforded by storage and communication media. Thus, as distinct from the formats that manifest content or preserve data, bottlenecks and interfaces ought to be studied on their own terms, as is shown in ethnographic research on master copies that travel between Pakistan and Afghanistan, and beyond, throughout the Pashtun diaspora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a family of s-rectangular robust Markov decision processes (s-RMDPs) indexed with r in [1, infty ]. In each state, the ambiguity set of transition probability mass functions (pmfs) across actions equals a sublevel set of the ell rho -norm of a vector of distances from reference pmfs. Setting rho = infty recovers (s, a)-RMDPs. For any s-RMDP from this family, there is an (s, a)- RMDP whose robust optimal value is at least as good, and vice versa. This occurs because sand (s, a)-RMDPs can employ different ambiguity set radii, casting doubt on the belief that (s, a)- RMDPs are more conservative than s-RMDPs. If the distance is lower semicontinuous and convex, then, for any s-RMDP, there exists an (s, a)-RMDP with an identical robust optimal value. We also study data-driven s-RMDPs, where the reference pmf is constructed from state transition samples. If the distance satisfies a Pinsker-type inequality, the robust optimal and out-of-sample values both converge with sample-size to the true optimal. We derive rates of convergence and sample complexity when the distance satisfies a concentration inequality. Under this concentration inequality, the robust optimal value provides a probabilistic lower bound on the out-of-sample value. An artifact of the analyses behind these guarantees is the surprising conclusion that (s, a)-RMDPs might be the least conservative among all s-RMDPs within our family. The asymptotic and finite sample properties also extend for a class of nonrectangular RMDPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Salado and Verde streams constitute the two main seasonally available freshwater courses that flow into the Atlantic coast of the Río Negro province (continental Patagonia, Argentina, 42° South). This would have favored their use in the past as corridors for human circulation between the coast and the interior. This paper presents the results of the technomorphological and geochemical analyses of the obsidian artifacts recovered in the area to constrain mobility. The results allow us to propose the existence of toolkit reconditioning or replacement activities, and the identification of different sources of provenance of the obsidians (Sacanana, Telsen, and Portada Covunco, distant up to 800 km from the study area), reinforcing the hypothesis of a coast–inland circulation, with the possible existence of circuits of exchange of this raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the study and preservation of petroglyph sites in southern Illinois and southeastern Missouri, highlighting the techniques used to create these ancient images, their cultural importance, and the challenges they face. It also discusses the analysis of pigments by archaeologists, the diverse motifs depicted in the petroglyphs, and the significance of photography in documenting and safeguarding these sites.

The article focuses on two significant archaeological sites in North Carolina: Town Creek Indian Mound and the Rankin Museum of American Heritage. It discusses the history, excavations, artifacts, and modern interpretations of these sites, highlighting their importance in understanding Native American culture and history. Additionally, it recommends visiting these sites and suggests acquiring background information beforehand to enhance the experience.

Computer aided implant surgery has been widely adopted in modern implant dentistry. However, absence of reliable anatomic landmarks for superimposing digital data sets for patients with terminal dentition or complete edentulism remained challenging. Utilization of additional fiducial markers intraorally as the reference points for the improvement of accuracy became crucial in implant digital workflow. Nevertheless, the choice of the material for fiducial markers should present the least radiographic artifacts under cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for better accuracy. The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the volume of radiographic artifacts generated through different materials under the image of CBCT. Fifteen dental materials were selected and configured into cubic shape. All the materials were scanned initially with the laboratory scanner as the control groups. The samples were scanned by CBCT machine as test groups and the volume of artifact generated under CBCT images were compared and analyzed using 3D modeling software. Eleven out of fifteen materials could be recognized under CBCT images. Volumetric analysis reported that statistically significant differences among the materials could be noted, and the flowable composite resin presented the least volumetric difference. Lithium disilicate glass-ceramic, flowable composite resin, and gutta-percha presented the least deformation and maintained their cubic shapes. The results of the present study may imply that flowable composite resin compared to all ceramic materials, amalgam and gutta-percha may be a preferable choice when utilized as fiducial markers under CBCT images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Demonstrate a case study on project management using the Scrum framework in the development of systems for a public organization. Design / Methodology / Approach: The research method used in the Case Study is an exploratory research with a qualitative approach, through data collection, application of a structured questionnaire to Stakeholders, Scrum Master and Product Owner and analysis of the artifacts generated. Results: The work demonstrated the factors that affect the effectiveness application of the Scrum framework, highlighting bad practices and barriers related to the understanding of business and products, which reduce the ability to deliver quality and value, ineffectiveness of the method application. Research limitations: the number of interviewees in the organization, for further analysis in the case study. Originality/Value: while previous studies focus on the application of the Scrum method in private companies, this paper presents a case study from the perspective of a public organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on digital forensic investigations of the databases used in an instant messenger application. Instant messengers store and manage user data in databases, which can be encrypted for privacy protection. We proposed a method to identify and decrypt an SQLite version 3.40.0 database encrypted using wxSQLite3 version 4.9.1, and then we examined the LINE instant messenger application to validate the proposed method. As a result, we successfully acquired the wxSQLite3 passphrase, which was used to decrypt the database of the LINE messenger application. We also performed artifact analysis to enumerate the data from a digital forensics perspective. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to propose a method to identify and decrypt of wxSQLite3-encrypted database and its applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this technological era, as the need for security arises, the use of biometrics is increasing in authentication systems as a secure and convenient method of human identification and verification. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have gained significant attention among the various biometric modalities available because of their unique and unforgeable characteristics. In this study, we have proposed an EEG‐based multi‐subject and multi‐task biometric authentication system for the military applications that address the challenges associated with multi‐task variation in EEG signals. The proposed work considers the use of respective EEG signals for the access of artillery, entrance to highly confidential places for the military and so forth by authenticated personnel only. We have used a multi‐subject, multi‐session, and multi‐task (M3CV$$ {M}^3 CV $$) dataset. The dataset was partially preprocessed with basic signal processing techniques such as bad channel repairing, independent component analysis for artifact removal, downsampling to 250 Hz, and an audio filter of 0.01–200 Hz for signal improvisation. This partially preprocessed dataset was further processed and was used in our deep learning model (DL) architectures. For EEG‐based biometric authentication, convolutional neural network (CNN) outperforms many of the state‐of‐the‐art DL architectures with a validation accuracy of approximately 99.86%, training accuracy of 98.49% and precision, recall and F1‐score with values of 99.91% that makes this EEG‐based approach for authentication more reliable. The DL models were also compared based on training and inference time, where CNN used the most training time but took the least time to predict the output. We compared the performance of the CNN model for three preprocessing techniques by feeding mel spectrograms, chromagrams and mel frequency cepstral coefficients, out of which mel spectrograms provided better results. This proposed architecture proves to be robust and efficient for military applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an exploratory study that examines how 11 first-year writing instructors' conceptualizations of information literacy evolved over the course of their participation in an inquiry group co-developed and co-facilitated by the Libraries' teaching faculty and the Director of Composition & Rhetoric at a public university in the United States. The authors developed a coding schema to identify the presence of information literacy-related themes and practices in pre- and post-program course syllabi and in reflective pieces submitted by instructors. The findings revealed that instructors' use and applications of the ACRL Framework increased after the program, showing greater personal engagement as evidenced by more preferential application of frames most relevant to their learning goals. Moreover, instructors integrated those frames more fully into their instructional practices. The authors' analysis of instructor-created artifacts provides a unique lens into disciplinary instructors' conceptualizations of and approaches to information literacy while examining the impact of one path for collaboration and scalability of information literacy integration within a curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on utilizing museums in urban societies for multiliteracies education in English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction, drawing on the New London Group's pedagogy to engage learners critically with museum spaces. Topics discussed include the significance of museums in enriching learning experiences, fostering disciplinary literacy education, and welcoming newcomers to community culture through artifact representation.

Background: To compare the potential of various bone evaluations by considering photon-counting CT (PCCT) and multiple energy-integrating-detector CT (EIDCT), including three dual-energy CT (DECT) scanners with standardized various parameters in both standard resolution (STD) and ultra-high-resolution (UHR) modes. Methods: Four cadaveric forearms were scanned using PCCT and five EIDCTs, by applying STD and UHR modes. Visibility of bone architecture, image quality, and a non-displaced fracture were subjectively scored against a reference EIDCT image by using a five-point scale. Image noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) were also compared. To assess metal artifacts, a forearm with radial plate fixation was scanned by with and without Tin filter (Sn+ and Sn−), and virtual monoenergetic image (VMI) at 120 keV was created. Regarding Sn+ and VMI, images were only obtained from the technically available scanners. Subjective scores and the areas of streak artifacts were compared. Results: PCCT demonstrated significantly lower noise (p < 0.001) and higher bone SNR and CNR (p < 0.001) than all EIDCTs in both resolution modes. However, there was no significant difference between PCCT and EIDCTs in almost all subjective scores, regardless of scan modes, except for image quality where a significant difference was observed, compared to several EIDCTs. Metal artifact analysis revealed PCCT had larger artifact in Sn− and Sn+ (p < 0.001), but fewer in VMIs than three DECTs (p < 0.001 or 0.001). Conclusions: Under standardized conditions, while PCCT had almost no subjective superiority in visualizing bone structures and fracture line when compared to EIDCTs, it outperformed in quantitative analysis related to image quality, especially in lower noise and higher tissue contrast. When using PCCT to assess cases with metal implants, it may be recommended to use VMIs to minimize the possible tendency for artifact to be pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confucianism is often criticized as a disincentive for creativity and innovation. This article investigated Confucian conceptions of creativity and innovation from a sociocultural perspective using Glăveanu's Five A framework. Confucian aims of creation and innovation were lofty, but the range of people who could create was exclusionary, pathways to creative achievements were relatively narrow, and thus fewer creative artifacts were produced by Confucians. At the same time, Confucian thought contains a more nuanced conceptualization of both appropriateness/usefulness and aim/purpose than is found in contemporary, largely Western approaches to creativity and innovation. Based on the conceptual analysis, the authors recommend adding a sixth A, aim, to the 5A sociocultural framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the results of a systematic survey of La Pastosa Islet, located 700 m off the west coast of Río Negro, Argentina. This small islet has the particularity of hosting the northernmost colony of Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) to date and contains evidence of its use by hunter-gatherer groups during the late Holocene. This growing colony started around 2002 and has had a significant impact on the subsurface archeological record of the islet by increasing erosion and exposing buried materials through nest excavation, particularly lithic artifacts. The spatial analysis of the distribution of artifact and penguin burrows indicates that the actions of the latter generated a "snapshot" of the subsurface distribution of the lithic record. The observed distribution suggested higher discard rates at the center of the islet. Furthermore, this study shows the synergy between both types of records in the formation dynamics of the lithic landscape and the agency of penguins as active landscape engineers. Finally, the obtained results have important implications for the management of the protected sector of the recently established Islote Lobos National Park, within which the study area is located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2), a method of cerebral tissue oxygenation measurement, is recorded using non-invasive near-infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) devices. A major limitation is that recorded signals often contain artifacts. Manually removing these artifacts is both resource and time consuming. The objective was to evaluate the applicability of using wavelet analysis as an automated method for simple signal loss artifact clearance of rSO2 signals obtained from commercially available devices. A retrospective observational study using existing populations (healthy control (HC), elective spinal surgery patients (SP), and traumatic brain injury patients (TBI)) was conducted. Arterial blood pressure (ABP) and rSO2 data were collected in all patients. Wavelet analysis was determined to be successful in removing simple signal loss artifacts using wavelet coefficients and coherence to detect signal loss artifacts in rSO2 signals. The removal success rates in HC, SP, and TBI populations were 100%, 99.8%, and 99.7%, respectively (though it had limited precision in determining the exact point in time). Thus, wavelet analysis may prove to be useful in a layered approach NIRS signal artifact tool utilizing higher-frequency data; however, future work is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interdisciplinary scientific project composed of different work groups was set up after the fire of Notre-Dame cathedral in 2019 which aims at studying all different aspects of the building and its evolutions from the 12th to the 19th century. One of them is the Metal work group who investigates the use of iron and lead in this monument and try for instance to trace the history of lead uses in the construction and restorations of cathedrals. The present paper focuses on the case of Notre-Dame de Paris, a jewel of French gothic architecture to question the role of this metal in its structure, to determine the quantities used and to investigate issues related to its provisioning and its recycling. Paradoxically, though the fire of 15th April 2019 melted almost the whole lead roof as well as decorative elements on the spire, lost forever for scientific investigations, it also enabled to reveal hidden parts of the cathedral where lead used as sealing became accessible thanks to scaffolding. A methodology combining archaeology, archive record study and archaeometry was implemented to study the remaining lead in the cathedral leading to a textual approach coupled with a material approach. Two case studies are considered in this paper as representative of lead uses at different periods of the cathedral's life: in medieval masonry with cramp's sealings in the tribunes, and on the sacristy's roof dating from the 19th century. For the first case, a chronology of the construction will be suggested and for the second a discussion between chemical analyses and archive records will be opened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Philósophos is the property of Revista Philosophos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wine was a primary commodity in antiquity and prevalent in the Southern Levant Mediterranean-basin regions and Mesopotamia. Therefore, its identification in archaeological artifacts by chemical analysis is of great importance. Many studies of wine residues were conducted on pottery from Mediterranean and Near Eastern sites, using a wide range of approaches to extract and detect organic compounds. This article will evaluate and compare these methods and raise consequent considerations for the interpretation of results to arrive at a historic picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Wisconsin Winged bannerstones, also known as "Bowties," discussing their production by a clan of traders and their symbolism in representing ancestry clans or tribal deities. It covers general information on bannerstones, such as their use in elite burials and the materials used for their construction, as well as specific details about Wisconsin Winged bannerstones, including their distribution and unique features like miniature size and material composition.

The article focuses on the importance of documenting provenience in artifact collecting and archaeology, stressing its value in preserving historical context. It discusses methods for collectors to maintain detailed records of artifact finds, emphasizing the significance of preserving provenience information for future research and understanding.

In an attempt to understand the findings presented in the Comment by Greaves et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103539), we followed their data analysis methodology, omitting the hot and cold‐load calibrations that are an important part of the standard SOFIA GREAT instrument calibration procedure. This process requires scaling of the Venus off‐source spectra by an arbitrary factor, which in turn introduces residuals of the intrinsic receiver bandpass shape as spurious components in the resulting line/continuum spectra. Although these additional artifacts can be reduced via Fourier‐domain spectral filtering, their removal depends on an ill‐constrained interpolation of the Venus continuum across the PH3 spectral line positions, resulting in an unreliable final spectrum. We therefore conclude that the PH3 lines claimed to be detected in the Comment by Greaves et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103539) originate from data/analysis artifacts, and confirm our original result that there is no evidence for phosphine in the SOFIA Venus data. Plain Language Summary: We performed observations using a unique, flying telescope—the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA)—to search for a gas called phosphine in the atmosphere of Venus, which has been suggested to be an indicator for life. The observations, published by Cordiner et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl101055), were analyzed carefully but showed no evidence of phosphine. Our findings were called into question in the Comment by Greaves et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103539), who claimed to find phosphine lines in the SOFIA observations after following an unconventional data analysis method. We have investigated their method, and conclude that it is likely to introduce spurious signals into the data, so the claimed phosphine detection is therefore not significant. Key Points: The revised calibration procedure adopted by Greaves et al. (2023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023GL103539) introduces additional receiver artifacts into the SOFIA 4G2 Venus spectraThe claimed PH3 detection is likely a result of this, combined with interpolation artifacts that occur during subsequent Fourier filteringWe confirm our original conclusion that there is no evidence for phosphine in the SOFIA GREAT Venus data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanxingdui cultural relics are the precious cultural heritage of humanity with high values of history, science, culture, art and research. However, mainstream analytical methods are contacting and detrimental, which is unfavorable to the protection of cultural relics. This paper improves the accuracy of the extraction, location, and analysis of artifacts using hyperspectral methods. To improve the accuracy of cultural relic mining, positioning, and analysis, the segmentation algorithm of Sanxingdui cultural relics based on the spatial spectrum integrated network is proposed with the support of hyperspectral techniques. Firstly, region stitching algorithm based on the relative position of hyper spectrally collected data is proposed to improve stitching efficiency. Secondly, given the prominence of traditional HRNet (High-Resolution Net) models in high-resolution data processing, the spatial attention mechanism is put forward to obtain spatial dimension information. Thirdly, in view of the prominence of 3D networks in spectral information acquisition, the pyramid 3D residual network model is proposed to obtain internal spectral dimensional information. Fourthly, four kinds of fusion methods at the level of data and decision are presented to achieve cultural relic labeling. As shown by the experiment results, the proposed network adopts an integrated method of data-level and decision-level, which achieves the optimal average accuracy of identification 0.84, realizes shallow coverage of cultural relics labeling, and effectively supports the mining and protection of cultural relics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Implementation evaluations based on a hybrid deductive-inductive approach provide a detailed understanding of organizational choices to introduce and implement complex interventions and may help explain implementation success or failure. However, such evaluations may not be feasible due to resource constraints. Qualitative analyses of artifacts collected for other purposes during implementation may represent a cost-effective method to understand program implementation when robust evaluations are not feasible. This study used a work systems evaluation of how nursing homes (NHs) implemented a urinary tract infection (UTI) recognition and management improvement toolkit. Methods: Thirty NHs participated in a randomized control trial in which intervention NHs (n = 12) were assigned a clinical coach who employed a standard template to structure coach calls with the NH champion. A hybrid inductive-deductive approach, using the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model, characterized three action domains related to (1) engagement of staff and providers, (2) distribution of toolkit elements, and (3) toolkit use. Results: A total of 369 coded segments from 148 coach notes generated by three coaches working with 18 NH champions were examined. Planned changes (n = 203) were more frequent compared to actual changes (n = 169). While most NHs quickly engaged staff and providers, which leadership appeared to support, engagement actions were hindered in some NHs due to champion instability or extended champion or medical director absences. Dissemination of materials to family and providers and distribution of tools to staff occurred quickly in 75% of NHs, although delays were encountered in some NHs, usually because of champion instability. Conclusions: Implementing NH practice change is challenging, and studies examining actions to support planned versus actual change in this setting are limited. The application of the SEIPS model to coach notes collected during the implementation of a structured behavioral intervention to improve the recognition and management of UTI in NHs generated unique insights into the work system and how staff attempted to implement changes. This study identified several factors that interfered with progression from planning to actual change. Future studies are needed to better understand how to best support change interventions in NHs. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03520010, Registered May 9, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From at least 1750 until 1900, Euro-American settlers of New York and New Jersey appropriated the production of Indigenous North American shell beads, namely wampum. Excavations at the David Campbell House in northeastern New Jersey yielded deposits of worked shell coterminous with household assemblages dating from 1810 to 1850. Artifact analyses combined with merchant ledger manuscripts reveal the chaîne opératoire of settler beadmaking from 1770 to 1900, including temporalities of production, waste, and racial and gendered labor dynamics in transition to factory production. Conclusions warrant greater archaeological attention to the relationship between capitalist industrialization, settler-colonial dispossession, and Indigenous resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the results of a materials science analysis of artifacts from Grave 89 at the cemetery of Karzec in central Poland. The findings suggest a possible specialization in the metallurgical craft of the Lusatian culture during the Late Bronze Age. Reference is also made to similar burials in the Lusatian culture. The analysis of the casting molds shows different stages of production and indicates increased mobility of the craftsman. The results of the investigations are presented in the form of spectra and tables. It is recommended to conduct further research using modern analytical methods to verify these hypotheses. [Extracted from the article]

The adoption of technology-enhanced online learning platforms is transforming teaching and learning practices within and outside the university. As online learning and educational technology become increasingly ubiquitous, there is a need for equity-minded scholarship attending to the social, cultural, and political implications of the technology sustaining online learning. While prior literature has made important strides framing education technology within conversations of equity and justice, there is a lack of empirical research analyzing marketing material of education technology. This presents a significant gap in understanding for education researchers, as marketing material plays a significant role in shaping public perceptions of technology, and can be widely read among students, instructors, and university stakeholders before directly engaging with the tool. Given recent scholarly interest in the ways subjective understandings of temporality are implicated in learning design, the present study connects burgeoning interest in temporality towards corporate marketing material of learning design. Drawing on artifact analysis methods, we analyzed blog posts from Coursera and customer success stories from Microsoft that describe how their products are designed to support online learning. Our research questions include: (1) How does marketing material from two education technology companies shape subjective understandings of temporality in online learning? (2) How can these temporal representations be leveraged to promote equity-oriented pedagogical design? Results from our analysis show how time is constituted as an efficient and agentic resource, and as an orientation towards future careers. We discuss how these findings have implications for equity-oriented pedagogical design by linking conceptions of time to neoliberalism and humanization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited research examines the critical intersection between science and special education (SPED), particularly on the nature of science (NOS) in science methods courses. This study addresses this gap by investigating 10 preservice SPED teachers' NOS understanding, NOS implications for SPED, and the integration of NOS into their lesson plans in a science methods course. Quantitative and qualitative pre/post-course Students' Understanding of Science and Scientific Inquiry (SUSSI) response and course artifact analysis indicated that participants' NOS conceptions improved to be largely consistent with contemporary science education reforms; post-course, especially related to the NOS aspect of observations and inferences, and imagination and creativity in scientific investigations. Participants' strong growth in certain NOS aspects was reflected in their identification of implications of NOS in SPED, providing initial evidence that participants valued disabilities as a form of diversity instead of as a deficit or a barrier to learning science. This offers additional evidence of the potential of NOS to make science accessible for all. Quantitative rating of lesson plans showed substantive integration of inquiry, but NOS ideas were generally implicit, yet accurate in the lesson plans. Nevertheless, these findings represent some progress yet substantial additional growth opportunities. Additional research on supporting SPED preservice teachers' science instruction is needed to realize the potential of NOS to promote equity and social justice in science teaching and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its proven added value, modeling‐based learning (MbL) in science is not commonly incorporated into the early grades. Our purpose in this descriptive case study was to enrich our understanding of how kindergarten children enact MbL by examining these children's constructed models and their accompanying oral descriptions of their models. For this purpose, we adopted a drawing‐based modeling approach in which children used annotated drawings to represent their models. The participants consisted of four groups of 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds (68 children total) who studied the solution of substances in water. We analyzed child‐developed models (artifact analysis) and their oral presentations (discourse analysis), seeking to provide rich, detailed descriptions of the characteristics of these models. Our findings suggest that children in the study developed five different types of models using three different depiction strategies. Our findings also suggest that when developing and presenting their models of a physical phenomenon, our kindergarten children tended to rely on analogical reasoning to identify similar, known situations corresponding to the phenomenon under study. They then invoked mechanistic reasoning to develop representations of the phenomenon under study based on the analogy they used. The spectrum of mechanistic reasoning used by the children, and the analysis of the structure and components of their constructed models serve as evidence suggesting that despite their limited experiences with formal science education, as well as with MbL in science, participating children could successfully engage in authentic MbL activities. We contend that this is aligned with the idea of modeling resources, suggesting that it is more productive to help children to develop more reliable access to modeling resources they already have, even though they are usually not aware of their connection to MbL, such as prior scientific knowledge, experience, and MbL skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young men, especially from working-class backgrounds, often lack the space, capacity, or opportunity to reflect upon masculinities and their role in shaping future trajectories. By devising mechanisms to engage young men differently in creative activities, participants in our project were supported to think beyond assumed futures and explore new possibilities. Mobilizing the theory of possible selves, this article draws on data across three creative university outreach workshops in England with 18 participants who were given the opportunity to explore masculinities using creative writing, photography, and dance/movement. Combining artifact analysis and semi-structured interviews, the article argues that these workshops created safe spaces for young men to articulate their concerns and fears about harm and risk in everyday life while facilitating an exploration of alternative possible selves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative data analysis in single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) is crucial for studying cellular functions at the biomolecular level. In the past decade, several quantitative methods were developed for analyzing SMLM data; however, imaging artifacts in SMLM experiments reduce the accuracy of these methods, and these methods were seldom designed as user-friendly tools. Researchers are now trying to overcome these difficulties by developing easy-to-use SMLM data analysis software for certain image analysis tasks. But, this kind of software did not pay sufficient attention to the impact of imaging artifacts on the analysis accuracy, and usually contained only one type of analysis task. Therefore, users are still facing difficulties when they want to have the combined use of different types of analysis methods according to the characteristics of their data and their own needs. In this paper, we report an ImageJ plug-in called DecodeSTORM, which not only has a simple GUI for human–computer interaction, but also combines artifact correction with several quantitative analysis methods. DecodeSTORM includes format conversion, channel registration, artifact correction (drift correction and localization filtering), quantitative analysis (segmentation and clustering, spatial distribution statistics and colocalization) and visualization. Importantly, these data analysis methods can be combined freely, thus improving the accuracy of quantitative analysis and allowing users to have an optimal combination of methods. We believe DecodeSTORM is a user-friendly and powerful ImageJ plug-in, which provides an easy and accurate data analysis tool for adventurous biologists who are looking for new imaging tools for studying important questions in cell biology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open-air surface accumulations and scatters of material cultural remains often are perceived as less-reliable archaeological archives, where it is difficult to distinguish anthropogenic versus geogenic formation processes or to assess their specific effects on the integrity of archaeological records. Here we analyze the depositional histories of three Middle Paleolithic open-air sites in the Negev desert of Israel, combining archaeological and geomorphological methods to create a conceptual model of multi-scale effects on the archaeological remains. Relying on the long research history in archaeology and geomorphology in the Negev, we show that integration of archaeological and geomorphological methodologies provides nuanced insights to our understanding of the archaeological record. The links established between regional and local geomorphic processes and lithic taphonomy by applying such a multi-scale analysis further allow back-tracking environmental processes from flint taphonomic attributes. Placing each site within the range of regional and local processes of exposure and burial by using informed and critically evaluated data helps to create a robust regional archaeological data base. We suggest that our approach is useful in other arid zone contexts and may have implications for understanding Pleistocene population movements across such regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model for buried site potential has been developed and presented here following extensive geoarchaeological investigations conducted along the White River valley in Indiana. Backhoe-trenching efforts identified 35 buried archaeological sites dating from the Late Archaic through postcontact periods. Buried archaeological sites were found primarily in soils classified as inceptisols, with fewer found in soils classified as mollisols and entisols. Geochronological dating and artifact analysis suggest that after 3000 BP the White River valley transitioned from lateral to vertical accretion, providing landforms suitable for precontact occupation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The application of an integrated research approach to the reconstruction of ceramic production technology on the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic is considered based on the results obtained by modern methods. For the first time, the results of studying physicomechanical and physicochemical properties are summarized and an attempt is made to open up methods of technical analysis of ceramic artifacts. A unified scientific approach has been developed to the ceramics of various periods ranging from the 2nd millennium BC to our era up to the 10th – 12th centuries, and excavated in Kyrgyzstan, so as to determine the relationship between their microstructure and physical and mechanical properties. Ceramic technology, like no other industry, requires this kind of research because of the specificity of technical information associated with both natural and social factors. The lack of solid knowledge in the field of ceramics technology prevents the acquisition of important information about the history, culture, and economy of Kyrgyzstan as a nation-building entity. However, a comprehensive study of production techniques, types, compositions, and quality of ceramics would open up completely new prospects for confirming the antiquity of Kyrgyzstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image rotation makes fake images more realistic in geometric perspective, and the performance of existing JPEG image rotation angle estimation algorithms is easily disturbed by block artifacts and the image block size. It remains an imminent and challenging work for the rotation angle interval [1°,15°]. This study presents an effective algorithm to estimate the rotation angle of JPEG images based on block artifact spectral analysis. Firstly, the edges of the image are extracted and removed using a variant colony algorithm to highlight block effects. Secondly, the effect of image texture is further mitigated by cross-differentiation. Thirdly, extraneous peaks are removed in the Fourier transform domain by setting reasonable thresholds and using a Gaussian high-pass filter to reduce interference. Finally, the amplitude component of the Fourier spectrum is projected into the polar coordinates, and the polar angle corresponding to the peak in the polar coordinates is the estimation of rotation angle we need. The experimental results show that the average absolute error of the method is lower than that of the existing methods for the detection of small-size JPEG images whose rotation angle lies within the [1°,15°] interval. Besides, when the compression quality factor is gradually reduced, the performance of the proposed method is still better than the existing methods, and the robustness of the proposed method to JPEG compression is better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of wooden artifacts recovered in dry context is scarce. The objective of this work is to identify morphometric patterns in wooden artifacts and to evaluate their relationship with the technological manufacturing processes. To this end, wooden artifacts were analyzed from the site Cerro Casa de Piedra 7, through the 3D scanning, calculation of curvature directions and archaeobotanical analysis. These artifacts are associated to hunter-gatherer groups and different occupations of the early Holocene. The results obtained show, on the one hand, the efficiency of the use of these techniques in the analysis of wooden artifacts recovered in completely dry contexts. The use of 3D scanning techniques showed that they can improve the analysis of manufacturing traces and/or use of wooden artifacts and the possibility of simulating the obtained results by computer. On the other hand, they show the existence of morphometric patterns, sustained in time, which are related to the manufacturing of the artifacts from the Cerro Casa de Piedra 7. In summary, the archaeobotanical analysis methodology presented and developed in this work allows its application to the study of different woody materials regardless of their chronology and recovery site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing the depositional and temporal nature of sediments lends insight into the construction of monuments and midden accumulation. Identifying discrete deposits at Late Archaic shell rings can be challenging due to the seemingly homogenous nature of shell deposits. Data from cross-mended artifacts can help identify surfaces and determine whether deposits are contemporaneous. We present cross-mend results from the St. Catherines Shell Ring and the Sapelo Island Shell Ring complex. In both cases, we observed vertical distance between cross-mends suggesting that detailed spatial control of artifacts and cross-mend analysis can be used to understand the nature of anthropogenic deposition and postdepositional processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a techno-functional analysis of two perforated bone artifacts recovered from Indor Khera and Rohana Khurd, North India, dated to c. 6th-2nd century BCE and 4th century BCE, respectively. These artifacts are made from bone walls of the unknown limb of medium/large-size mammals. Based on their morphology and parallels from archaeological sites of India, they have been identified as pendants and daggers. However, a close microscopic analysis of these artifacts tells a different story. The use-wears generated by threads around perforations contraindicate suspending (string-up) assumption. An experimental program has tested this by employing replicas of these artifacts as suspenders and fasteners. The result of this experiment and their comparison with archaeological ones suggest that these artifacts were probably used as fasteners rather than suspenders, thus challenging the conventional hypothesis that they were used as pendants. Apart from the functional aspects of these artifacts, the same experimental program was also used to understand the manufacturing process, i.e., the chaine operatoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]