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This study demonstrates the development of alloying process and identifies the different alloys patterns used in Jezirah during the third millennium B.C. and examines if there was any relation between alloys patterns and the types of objects to be manufactured. To achieve these goals, findings of published studies that have analysed copper-based alloys chemically have been assembled and re-evaluated. In this multi-disciplinary paper, archaeometallurgical and archaeometric, 1279 copper-based alloys objects, from Jezirah, Mesopotamia and South-eastern Anatolian sites, were studied. Results of compositional analyses show that alloying process development in Jezirah during the third millennium B.C. was non-linear as was the case in the Mesopotamian and Anatolian schema. Three major types of different compositional patterns of copper-based alloys during the third millennium B.C. were used. At the beginning of third millennium B.C. arsenical copper alloys with arsenic content ≥ 4% were used alongside tin-bronze alloys with tin concentration from ≥ 2 to ≤ 5%. By the middle of the third millennium B.C., tin-bronze with tin content from ≥ 2 to ≥ 10%, arsenical copper alloys with arsenic content ≤ 2.5% and arsenical bronze with low tin and varied arsenic concentrations were diffused.

Archaeological evidence of human-influenced transformations of physical strata and the Earth system provides strong support to the broad concept of the Anthropocene, yet it also presents a powerful material challenge to some of its most entrenched assumptions. This substantial and growing body of time-transgressive evidence has the potential to radically alter the concept from the ground up and to provide a literal ground on which interdisciplinary collaboration among the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities can take place.

William Jones, famously, by identifying close linkages between Sanskrit and European languages, gave birth to research into the common ancestry between Indians and Europeans. In the earlier years of contention on the matter, India was considered the cradle of civilisation and Sanskrit as the mother of all Indo-European languages. With the rise in the imperial power of Europe over India, the cradle of civilisation began to shift outside India and ultimately landed in Europe. Simultaneously, the idea of invasion of India by the ‘Aryan race’, or the Aryan invasion theory (AIT), was promoted. Since then, however, one archaeological find over another have consistently refuted the AIT, proving it as false. As flawed as it remains, this theory has, nonetheless, persisted and morphed in its current form as the Aryan migration theory (AMT) and continues to find mention and favour in contemporary academic discourse. In mainstream academia, today, whether in grade-school texts or in texts meant for undergraduate and graduate study, whenever India and Hinduism are mentioned, the coming of Aryans from outside of India and establishing Hinduism and civilisation in India are discussed as veritable facts. By examining the theory in anticolonial and postcolonial contexts, we show that despite considerable archaeological evidence refuting the theories of the invasion or migration of Aryans into India, its colonial embeddedness in the notion of the racial superiority of the Europeans or people with European ancestry that the theory does not fade into oblivion.

В статье рассмотрены археологические свидетельства торговых связей главного золотоордынского центра на Северном Кавказе города Маджар с городами Византии. Эти связи проиллюстрированы на примере двух категорий находок византийского происхождения, зафиксированных на территории города Золотой Орды. Первая категория находок – поливная керамика. На Маджарском городище обнаружены образцы пяти групп керамики, изготовленные в различных производственных центрах Византийской империи. Наибольший интерес представляют находки поливных сосудов второй группы, являющейся хроноиндикатором для периода середины – третьей четверти XIII в. Дальнейшее картографирование находок сосудов этой группы на площади городища сделает возможным выявление наиболее раннего участка городской территории, на котором появляются первые строения и с которого начинается рост городских кварталов. Вторая категория – находка византийской монеты Андроника II и Михаила IX константинопольской чеканки. 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Новая находка костяной накладки с изображением дракона на Маджарском городище // Поволжская археология. 2018. №2 (24). С. 125–133 doi:10.24852/pa2018.2.24.125.133Бочаров С.Г., Обухов Ю.Д., Ситдиков А.Г. Золотоордынский город Маджар в системе культурных связей Евразии. По материалам новых археологических исследований (2015-2017 гг.) // Кавказ в системе культурных связей Евразии в древности и средневековье. XXX "Крупновские чтения" по археологии Северного Кавказа. Материалы международной научной конференции. (Карачаевск, 22–29 апреля 2018 г.) / Отв. ред. У.Ю. Кочкаров. Карачаевск: КЧГУ им. У.Д. Алиева, 2018а. С. 404–406.Бочаров С.Г., Обухов Ю.Д., Ситдиков А.Г. Три года археологических исследований золотоордынского города Маджар (2015-2017). Итоги и перспективы // Археология Евразийских степей. 2018б. № 5. С. 31–38.Бочаров С.Г., Яворская Л.В. К вопросу о кожевенном производстве в Золотой Орде: Результаты археологического и археозоологического исследования на городище Маджары в 2017 году // Поволжская археология. 2019. №4(30). С. 184–199 doi: 10.24852/pa2019.4.30.184.199Бочаров С.Г., Яворская Л.В. Кожевенное производство золотоордынского города Маджар (Северный Кавказ) по результатам археологических и археозоологических исследований // Маргулановские чтения – 2020: материалы международной научно-практической конференции «Великая Степь в свете археологических и междисциплинарных исследований» (г. Алматы, 17–18 сентября 2020 г.). / Гл. ред. Б.А. Байтанаев. Алматы: Институт археологии им. А.Х. Маргулана, 2020. Т. 1. С. 242–252.Волков И.В. Поливная керамика комплекса Кабарди (1240-1260) // Поливная керамика Средиземноморья и Причерноморья X–XVIII вв. / Ред. С.Г. Бочаров, В.Л. Мыц. Киев: Издательский дом «Стилос», 2005. С. 122–159.Волков И.В. 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The Ancient Near Eastern powerful states in the mid II millennium BC were not only directing and supervising the military-political, trading-economic, and sociocultural processes, but were also trying to obtain their dominance and control in the region. This was the reason that two conflicting groups gradually polarized in the region, where each state, despite its interests concerning the redistribution of spheres of influence in the ancient Near East, had to ally a more convenient political formation, given the current political situation and its capacities. As a result, the Hittite New Kingdom, Arzawa and Wilusa appeared to be in one of the groups, and the New Kingdom of Egypt, Kassite Babylonia and Mitanni were in the other one. The inter-state relations of these powers included both military-political and diplomatic rivalry, and a controlled system of well-organized transit trading and cultural relations. At the same time, each of the groups sought to urge other small early state organizations and tribal unions of the region to get involved in the alliance, contributing to the realization of prospective political plans with their capacities of raw materials, production of specific items and human resources. This was the situation also with the part of the early state organization of the Armenian Highland. Meanwhile, both the written sources and the archaeological excavations in general, testify the anti-Hittite orientation of the early state organizations of the Armenian Highland and their tending towards Egypt-Mitanni-Kassite Babylonia alliance.

The effects of the 4.2 kya climatic event on northern Mesopotamia have been the subject of significant scholarly debate, with the notion of a megadrought that forced local populations to migrate attracting particular attention. Here, the authors analyse stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes in human tooth and bone samples to assess trends in subsistence practice at three sites in Syria before, during and after the presumed megadrought event. Despite the proximity of the sites, isotopic differences between them are more significant than diachronic change. Combined with other archaeological evidence, these results indicate a continuity in subsistence patterns, with no indication of disruption associated with the 4.2 kya event. - The 4.2 kya event in northern Mesopotamia - Reconstructing subsistence using bone and tooth collagen δ13C and δ15N values - Materials and methods - Results - Discussion - Conclusions

The ancient city of Jaffa experienced considerable changes during the 19th century. The effects of warfare, extensive reconstruction and urban expansion turned the Jaffa of 1900 into a markedly different place than the town Napoleon besieged in 1799. Although textual, artistic and photographic records reflect these long-term changes, it is maps drawn by military and civilian European engineers that provide the most comprehensive illustrative testimony.Recent archaeological efforts have, moreover, added yet another perspective to this mosaic of sources. Among the material evidence providing valuable insight into Jaffa's 4000 years of history, data on the later phases of Ottoman rule is particularly intriguing. We now have previously unavailable material confirmation and more detailed records in a higher resolution for urban expansion over farmland and cemeteries, road paving, public construction and the dismantling of fortifications.The joint cartographic and archaeological testimonies offer a more realistic outlook on a period, which, until recently, had been subjectively perceived through military and religious filters, or the critical and often derogatory perspectives of explorers, adventurers and tourists. The challenges the Ottoman authorities faced were numerous and complex; cartographic and archaeological evidence has increased our understanding of the means, investment and planning they employed to maintain control over a thriving and heterogeneous harbor town during a period of profound transformation.

The goal of this paper1 was to shed light on the existence of stelae from Viminacium in the province of Upper Moesia which can be classified as topped by the two reclining lions. This type of stelae, surmounted by two lions and one element between them, was well-known in Noricum and Pannonia. There was no archaeological evidence and previous studies did not point out that this type of stelae was present in Viminacium and Upper Moesia. The study has shown that stelae of M. Valerius Speratus, T. Baebius Eutyches, and most probably of C. Corneilus Rufus, although not preserved in integral form today, were surmounted by the pediment, most likely with two reclining lions.

El análisis del terreno desde una perspectiva específicamente militar es una herramienta esencial para el estudio de batallas del pasado. La premisa básica que lo guía es que el terreno, incluyendo tanto los rasgos naturales como antrópicos, influye de manera decisiva en las batallas, tanto en el plano estratégico como táctico, condicionando su desarrollo y resultado. Es por ello que las investigaciones históricas y arqueológicas de campos de batalla han comenzado a incorporar esta perspectiva de análisis de manera rutinaria, destacándose el proceso analítico conocido como KOCOA, desarrollado en los Estados Unidos. En este trabajo se ensaya la aplicación de dicho protocolo al análisis del campo de batalla de Pavón, donde el 17 de septiembre de 1861 se libró un enfrentamiento crucial para nuestra historia nacional, definiéndose el curso del proceso de construcción del estado nacional argentino. Se exploran las distintas dimensiones que definen la configuración del campo de batalla, contrastándose la información así obtenida conlas interpretaciones historiográficas de la batalla y con la evidencia arqueológica recuperada hasta el momento.

Burial grounds and secular settlements in early medieval Wales (fifth to eleventh centuries AD) are understood to have been in geographically separate locations. In contrast, it is known that in England and on the Continent during this period burial began to be integrated within settlements. Changes in burial practice also occurred in Ireland, where early medieval ‘cemetery settlements’ with integrated burial and non-funerary activity are a relatively recent discovery. This paper presents a reassessment of the archaeological evidence from five published early medieval Welsh cemeteries and one recently-excavated example. It will demonstrate that these Welsh cemeteries share a number of attributes with Irish cemetery settlements and will critically evaluate the significance of this for our understanding of early medieval Wales. The paper will conclude that such sites are better conceptualized as ‘multifunctional cemeteries’, rather than ‘cemetery settlements’.

Although literary and epigraphic texts attest to the widespread use of random selection in the ancient Mediterranean, archaeological evidence beyond the Athenian-style kleroterion is rare. A recent...

In a recent article, Kunz and Mills (2021) report 10 drawn, a speo finished, turquoise blue, IIa40 beads manufactured in Venice and recovered from three late precontact sites in the Alaskan Arctic. They argue that these beads date to the fifteenth century, predating Columbus's arrival in the Americas. This conclusion is certainly in error because beads of this type were not manufactured prior to approximately AD 1560. The historical and archaeological evidence for this dating is substantial. Additionally, the elemental and radiocarbon evidence presented by Kunz and Mills (2021) supports a late sixteenth- to early seventeenth-century date for these beads.