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H ανθρώπινη διαβίωση με βάση τα φυτά στη βόρεια Ελλάδα κατά την Εποχή του σιδήρου (11ος- 6/5ος αι. π.Χ. περίπου) αποτελεί το ερευνητικό αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής που εξετάζεται μέσα από τα αρχαιοβοτανικά κατάλοιπα. Οι οικιστικές αποθέσεις από όπου προέρχεται το πρωτογενές αρχαιοβοτανικό υλικό χρονολογούνται στην Εποχή του σιδήρου (ΠΕΣ: 1100/750- 700 π.Χ. και προχωρημένη ΕΣ: 700-480 π.Χ.) προερχόμενο από τρεις οικισμούς, αποκαλούμενες τράπεζες (ή τραπεζιόσχημα πλατώματα): το Καραμπουρνάκι, την Τούμπα Θεσσαλονίκης και την Πολίχνη. Οι οικισμοί αποτελούσαν, κατά τους ιστορικούς χρόνους, κάποια από τα «προκασσάνδρεια» πολίσματα στον ανατολικό μυχό του Θερμαϊκού κόλπου όπου αναπτύχθηκε το αστικό πολεοδομικό συγκρότημα της Θεσσαλονίκης. Οι αρχαιοβοτανικές μελέτες στην Κεντρική Μακεδονία για την ΕΣ είναι λίγες και η παρακάτω εργασία έρχεται να καλύψει ένα μεγάλο κενό στην έρευνα της γεωργοκτηνοτροφίας την Εποχή του Σιδήρου. Η παρούσα μελέτη επιχειρεί να προσεγγίσει διάφορες όψεις της ανθρώπινης δραστηριότητας στους οικισμούς αυτούς όπως αυτές αποτυπώνονται στα απανθρακωμένα φυτικά κατάλοιπα. Διάφορες όψεις της καθημερινής ζωής των κατοίκων της περιοχής που διερευνώνται είναι οι γεωργοκτηνοτροφικές δραστηριότητες και η επεξεργασία των φυτών για την κάλυψη ποικίλων αναγκών του ανθρώπου, όπως η διατροφή, η καύσιμη ύλη, η ζωοτροφή. Η χρήση του χώρου (χώροι αποθήκευσης, απορριμμάτων κ.α.) καθώς και η χρήση της γης (πρακτικές καλλιέργειας, τρόποι βόσκησης κ.α.) αποτελούν ακόμη κάποια από τα ερευνητικά πεδία της παρούσας εργασίας και εξερευνώνται μέσα από τα αρχαιοβοτανικά κατάλοιπα. Η μελέτη στηρίζεται σε τρεις βασικούς μεθοδολογικούς άξονες: στην συλλογή και στην επεξεργασία δειγμάτων χώματος (π.χ. επίπλευση και διαλογή, προσδιορισμοί των φυτών), στην ανάλυση (ποσοτικοποίηση, στατιστική, χωρική, παλαιοοικολογική) και στην ερμηνεία των δεδομένων. Η ανασύνθεση όψεων της καθημερινής ζωής θα επιχειρηθεί τόσο σε επίπεδο οικισμού όσο και στην ευρύτερη περιοχή μέσα από ήδη δημοσιευμένα αρχαιοβοτανικά δεδομένα από άλλους οικισμούς στην περιοχή, από αυτόχθονους οικισμούς (π.χ. Καστανά) καθώς και από τις αποικίες (π.χ. Άργιλος), στα παράλια και στην ενδοχώρα. Θα μπορέσουν έτσι να εντοπιστούν κοινές πρακτικές αλλά και διαφοροποιήσεις στο χώρο και το χρόνο ως προς τις διατροφικές επιλογές και τις αγροτικές πρακτικές, διαφοροποιήσεις τα αίτια των οποίων θα αναζητηθούν στο μικροπεριβάλλον κάθε περιοχής καθώς και στα ιδιαίτερα πολιτισμικά χαρακτηριστικά του κάθε οικισμού. Κατά τη διάρκεια της Εποχής του Σιδήρου συντελέστηκαν διάφοροι κοινωνικοοικονομικοί μετασχηματισμοί που οδήγησαν στη διαμόρφωση ενός νέου πολιτιστικού τοπίου που αποδεικνύεται από τα αρχαιολογικά δεδομένα όπως η ίδρυση νέων οικισμών, η αύξηση του πληθυσμού, η ίδρυση αποικιών στα παράλια της κεντρικής Μακεδονίας. Η παρούσα αρχαιοβοτανική μελέτη έδειξε ότι την Εποχή του Σιδήρου μια μεγάλη ποικιλία φυτικών ειδών συνεχίστηκε να χρησιμοποιείται, τα περισσότερα από τα οποία ήταν ήδη γνωστά από τη Νεολιθική και την Εποχή του Χαλκού. Αν και διατηρήθηκαν ορισμένες κοινές παραδόσεις και συνέχειες με το παρελθόν όσον αφορά τη χρήση των φυτών, παρατηρούνται κάποιες διαφορές στον πιο έντονο ρόλο ορισμένων ειδών δημητριακών και φρούτων. Οι επιλογές των καλλιεργειών, οι χρήσεις των φυτών και η μετακίνηση των τροφίμων αποκαλύπτονται μέσα από αυτήν την μελέτη, σε ένα τοπίο που άλλαζε θεμελιωδώς με την εμφάνιση στην ύστερη αρχαϊκή/πρώιμη κλασική περίοδο καλά οργανωμένων ελληνικών πόλεων, την αύξηση των επαφών και ένα πιο οργανωμένο εμπόριο με το υπόλοιπο Αιγαίο., Human subsistence based on plants in Northern Greece during the Iron Age (11th-6th/5th centuries BC) is the research object of this doctoral thesis, which is examined through the archaeobotanical remains. The residential deposits from which the primary archaeobotanical material originates date to the Iron Age (Early IA: 1100/750-700 BC and advancedIA: 700-480 BC) and belongs to three settlements that have the form of ‘trapeza’ (trapezoidal platform): Karabournaki, Thessaloniki Toumba and Polichni. During historical times, the settlements were pre-Cassandrian ‘komai’ in the Eastern part of the Thermaic Gulf, where the later urban complex of Thessaloniki developed. The archaeobotanical studies in Central Macedonia for the IA are few, and the following work comes to fill a large gap in the research of agriculture in the Iron Ages. The present study attempts to approach various aspects of human activity in these settlements as they are reflected in the charred plant remains. Aspects of daily life of the inhabitants of the area that are investigated are agricultural and livestock activities and the processing of plants to cover various human needs, such as diet, fuel, fodder. The use of the space (for example, storage and cooking areas, refuse areas) as well as land uses (cultivation and grazing practices) are also some of the research fields of this work and are explored through the archaeobotanical remains. The study is based on three main methodological axes: the collection and processing of soil samples (e.g., flotation and sorting, plant identifications), the quantification and analysis (statistical, spatial, palaeoecological) and the interpretation of the data. The reconstruction of aspects of daily life is attempted both at the level of the settlement and in the wider area through already published archaeobotanical data from other settlements, indigenous settlements (e.g., Kastanas) as well as the colonies (e.g., Argilos), on the coasts and inland. It is thus possible to identify common practices as well as differences in space and time in terms of dietary choices and agricultural practices, differences the causes of which are sought in the microenvironment of each region as well as in the special cultural characteristics of each settlement. During the Iron Age, various socio-economic transformations took place that led to the formation of a new cultural landscape, which is indicated by the archaeological data, such as the establishment of new settlements and colonies on the coast of central Macedonia, and the increase of the population. The present archaeobotanical study showed that in the Iron Age a wide variety of plant species continued to be used, most of which were already known from the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Although some common traditions and continuities with the past were preserved in terms of the use of plants, some differences are observed in the more pronounced role of certain types of cereals and fruits. Crop choices, plant uses, and foodstuff trade are revealed through this study, in a landscape that was fundamentally changing with the appearance of well-organised Greek cities in the Late Archaic/Early Classic period, increased contact, and a more organised trade with the rest of the Aegean.

Our understanding of subsistence strategies, resources and lifeways of Finnish Iron Age populations remains incomplete despite archaeological, osteological, macrobotanical, and palynological investigations. This is due in part to poor preservation of organic macroremains in the acidic boreal sediments. To address this problem, here we present the first data from microscopic remains preserved in prehistoric dental calculus from Finland. We extracted and analysed both plant and animal microremains from human calculus and burial site sediment samples, originating from Luistari cemetery in southwestern Finland (samples from c. 600-1200 calAD). We recovered phytoliths, parasites, fibers and feathers. While in Finland few previous archaeological studies have investigated phytoliths, our study confirms the importance of these microremains for interpretating dietary patterns. It is also the first time that intestinal parasites have been reported in Finland. Our study demonstrates that, especially when working with acidic sediments typical for boreal environments, microremain studies can considerably increase the information value of archaeological samples, and that dental calculus and phytolith analysis are important new methods in the research of prehistorical lifestyles. This combined microremain analysis should be more broadly applied in contexts where other dietary records do not remain. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Рассмотрены керамические комплексы позднего неолита Приморья для выявления исторической информации, которую они могут дать. Поздний неолит Приморья представлен многочисленными памятниками, расположенными преимущественно в западной, юго-западной и центральной частях Приморского края. Они традиционно относятся к зайсановской археологической культуре. Состав керамических комплексов этих памятников сильно варьирует. Их анализ позволил выделить несколько групп памятников, которые отражают несколько вариантов зайсановской культуры. Они получили в литературе и другое название «памятники зайсановской культурной традиции». В результате дискуссии к настоящему времени выделено четыре основных культурно-хронологических варианта: раннезайсановский (верёвочный), хасанский, юго-восточный и ханкайский. Содержание вариантов зайсановской культуры: их хронология, локализация основных памятников, присутствие среди органических остатков зёрен культурных растений, дают целый спектр информации. Основное содержание её состоит в том, что территория Приморья в позднем неолите заселялась земледельческим населением с сопредельных территорий. Переселение происходило несколькими группами в несколько этапов. Анализ керамических комплексов вариантов позднего неолита Приморья показывает, что для ряда из них характерны текстильные, шнуровые и верёвочные оттиски или орнаменты, имитирующие плетение. Такие признаки дают представление о широком распространении плетения, изготовления текстиля в древности, которые не сохраняются в культурных отложениях. Оттиски и фрагменты текстиля демонстрируют высокий уровень производства текстиля в неолите, определённую динамику его в позднем неолите. Залегание керамики с декором, имитирующим плетение, или со шнуровыми оттисками в одном слое с остатками культурного проса делает её маркером земледелия в неолите Приморья. Появление земледельческого населения, расширение его ареала обитания свидетельствует о появлении в Приморье в позднем неолите нового типа адаптации - земледельческой., The article is devoted to analysis of ceramic complexes of the Late Neolithic epoch, with the aim to get historical data. There are many sites of late Neolithic epoch in Primorye traditionally they are attributed to Zaisanovskaya culture. Compositions of their complexes varies. An analysis of ceramic complexes allows to distinguish several groups of sites which are considered to be variants of zaisanovskaya culture. In scientific works they have another name «sites of zaisanovskaya cultural tradition». As a result of discussion, four main cultural-chronological variants were distinguished: early zaisanovskiy (with rope decoration), khasanskiy, south-eastern, khankaiskiy. The chronology and location of the main sites, findings of cultivated crops demonstrate that there were several stages of populating of Primorye by agricultural population in the Late Neolithic epoch. In Primorye Territory late neolithic ceramics has turned to be most informative. According to researches, shape of vessels, ornament on their walls, and some details of design indicate wide spread occurrence of plaiting and wickerwork of various kinds of plant fiber. The earliest data of the production of ancient textile come from the site is situated in Chortovy Vorota Cave (Rudninskaya culture). Textile remains inclusion small fragments of mats and net, scraps of ropes and braids and also pieces of rather thin textile. According to direct dating of the textile, its age is 7480±80 years ago (SNU05-083). Ornamental decoration of vessels of this culture with rhombic and triangular imprints forming a net-shaped pattern also indicates knowledge of the plaiting. Artifacts attributed to the early stage of “Zaisanovskaya cultural tradition” (ZCT) of the Late Neolithic (5200-4700 years ago) are most informative. Ornamental compositions reproducing a braiding made by tracing, comb and rope impressions are specific for them. A small rope or thin plates braided with a cord were used as a stamp. The impressions indicate high techniques of thread and rope production. Knowledge of the plating and production of textile is demonstrated by ceramic complex of Valentin-peresheyek site dated to the first half of 3 millennium B.C. Details of the design of top parts of vessels in shape of cornice with decoration imitating a braiding, ornamental motifs of a net and vertical zigzag indicate that had wickerwork as a model. Besides it, a number of bottoms of vessels with impressions of textile and several fragments of a vessel were found there. An anthropomorphous figure was stuck on the wall of the latter and a design of a net with rhombic cells was depicted below the figure. Wide and complex researches of Neolithic sites of ZCT in Primorye Region with use of water flotation method have made it possible to register traces of ancient agriculture in their cultural deposits. Ceramic complexes decorated with impressions of a rope correlate with early stage of agriculture associated with cultivation of hog millet ( Panicum miliaceum ) and oil plant ( Perilla frutenscence ). Late stage of ZCT identifies next stage of the agriculture in Primorye Region. Botanical data obtained in sites of this stage of ZCT allow to consider that its agriculture was based on cultivation of hog millet ( P. miliaceum ) and Italian millet ( Setaria italica ). The Late Neolithic complexes of Primorye Region have authentic data about existence, development and wide spread occurrence of the braiding, production of cords and textile in ancient times. Ceramic complexes of ZCT are indicators of existence of the agriculture in the Late Neolithic in Primorye Region. It testifies an emergence of new type of adaptation - agricultural one. It also indicates certain development of the society expressed in emergence of thin “spruce” ware and new forms of vessels. An analysis the Late Neolithic complexes of Primoria which indicate the agriculture will enable to trace main routes of migration of agricultural population., №1(16) (2019)

New excavations at Border Cave use high-resolution techniques, including FT-IR, for sediment samples and thin sections of micromorphology blocks from stratigraphy. These show that sediments have different moisture regimes, both spatially and chronologically. The site preserves desiccated grass bedding in multiple layers and they, along with seeds, rhizomes, and charcoal, provide a profile of palaeo-vegetation through time. A bushveld vegetation community is implied before 100,000 years ago. The density of lithics varies considerably through time, with high frequencies occurring before 100,000 years ago where a putative MSA 1/Pietersburg Industry was recovered. The highest percentage frequencies of blades and blade fragments were found here. In Members 1 BS and 1 WA, called Early Later Stone Age by Beaumont, we recovered large flakes from multifacial cores. Local rhyolite was the most common rock used for making stone tools, but siliceous minerals were popular in the upper members. Fil: Backwell, Lucinda Ruth. University of the Witwatersrand; Sudáfrica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán; Argentina Fil: d'Errico, Francesco. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia. University of Bergen; Noruega Fil: Banks, William E.. Universite de Bordeaux; Francia Fil: de la Peña, Paloma. University of the Witwatersrand; Sudáfrica Fil: Sievers, Christine. University of the Witwatersrand; Sudáfrica Fil: Stratford, Dominic. University of the Witwatersrand; Sudáfrica Fil: Lennox, Sandra J.. University of the Witwatersrand; Sudáfrica Fil: Wojcieszak, Marine. University of the Witwatersrand; Sudáfrica Fil: Bordy, Emese M.. University Of Cape Town; Fil: Bradfield, Justin. University of the Witwatersrand; Sudáfrica Fil: Wadley, Lyn. University of the Witwatersrand; Sudáfrica

Botanical remains from sanctuaries and necropolises provide valuable information about ancient religious practices. The current paper discusses old and new archaeobotanical data from Bulgaria and the use of plants in ritual context from Antiquity. The time span of the 44 considered sites (sanctuaries and necropolises) is between the 6th century BC and the 3rd century AD. Most of the sanctuaries in Bulgaria, where archaeobotanical remains have been studied, date to the Bronze and Iron Ages, and a large proportion represents the so called “pit fields”. Information concerning later periods is almost completely lacking. Some evidence on plant offerings is available from the necropolises of the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Although the archaeobotanical data from these sites are quite scarce, their increasing number allows the observation of some common tendencies. Cereals and pulses are most commonly identified at sanctuaries, while fruits are typical remains in the necropolises. Very often imported species (like stone pine, pistachio and olive) are found which testifies to existing contacts with adjacent regions (mainly the Mediterranean area and North Africa). Растителните материали, отложени и съхранени в седименти на светилища и некрополи, спомагат за изясняване и интерпретиране на древните култове и рели-гиозни практики. На територията на България археоботанично изследваните свети-лища най-общо могат да се датират в бронзовата и желязната епоха. Почти липсват данни за изследвани обекти от такъв характер, отнасящи се до по-късни периоди. Малко повече са данните за некрополи от античността.Една голяма част от изследваните светилища у нас спадат към т. нар. ямни по-лета. В тези обекти доста често се срещат житните култури. Чести са и останките от грозде. По-рядко се намират други плодни растения като череша, орех, пиния. В съ-седни на нашата страна райони, като Гърция например, ситуацията е сходна. Много често в светилищата се намират културни житни растения, но за разлика от Бълга-рия, намираните плодове са срещани по-чесдто и по-голямо разнообразие (смокиня, шишарки и семена от пиния, фурма, грозде, маслина, ябълка, нар, череша и др.). За пример могат да се посочат Делфи, светилището на Артемида и Аполон в Калаподи, на Деметра и Персефона в Коринт. Подобни са резултатите и от други изследвани светилища в Европа, като това на Деметра и Персефона в Апулия, Италия, на Изида и Великата богиня майка в Майнц, Германия, на Изида в Андалусия, Испания и др.Археоботанични материали не липсват и от некрополите на територията на България. Намерените растения са предимно плодове: бадеми, орехи, лешници, жълъди, грозде, фурми, смокини, череши и др. На базата на досегашните проучва-ния на територията на България, данни за наличие на растителни останки в гробен контекс от елинистическата и римската епохи са регистрирани на около 30 обекта. От подобен характер са и останките от растения, открити в некропол на о. Тасос, в некропола на Саламис, Кипър. Информация за ботаничните останки намерени в не-крополите в останалата част на Европа произлизат главно от гробове с кремации от римската епоха. Материалите в тях не се отличават съществено от тези, намирани у нас и в съседни райони. Bulgarian title: "Използване на растенията в ритуален контекст през античността: преглед на археоботаничните данни".