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Background/Purpose: Organized events with environmental and outdoor education (EOE) components have the potential to change participant environmental behaviors. This study further investigates emergent outcomes, meanings, and effect on behavior that an organized, community-based, multigenerational river canoeing and kayaking event may have for its participants and considers these intersections of pro-environmental behavior, sense of place, and multigenerational community involvement. Methodology/Approach: Research participants experienced a multi-day canoeing and kayaking event and were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews (n = 13). Participants ranged from teen-age to older adults. This research uses a qualitative methodology and a data collection procedure which employs semi-structured interviews conducted on the water, in-situ, during the program. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Findings: Emergent themes and sub-themes including experiential learning's effect on knowledge acquisition, changes in attitude and environmental behavior, the value of rivers, and sense of place and socio-cultural outcomes related to such EOE programs. Implications: These results support experientially based EOE programs effectiveness for the continued development of pro-environmental behavior in the citizenry. This research aims to add to the current EOE literature on diverse and inclusive socially supported, community engagement EOE programs through a diverse sample (i.e., age, gender, race/ethnicity, etc.).

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of core exercises on swimmers Functional Movement Screen (FMS) test scores and swimming performance. A total of 32 volunteer children aged 12-15 participated in this study. Participants were separated into 3 main groups: the control group (CG; N = 10) that did not perform any exercises, the swimming group that only performed swimming training (SG; N = 11), and the core exercise training group (TG; N = 11) that performed core exercises in addition to swimming training. The functional movement patterns of the children were determined by the FMS test, and their swimming performances of 50 meters and 100 meters were measured by means of a stopwatch. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was utilized to determine the ingroup difference between the pre-tests and post-tests of the children's FMS scores and swimming performances. According to the statistical analysis results, it was observed that swimming training increased FMS total score and active straight leg raising test score. Besides, core exercises significantly increased all FMS sub-tests and total score values in the post-test. At the end of the study, although there was no significant difference between pre and posttests in SG both 50m and 100m swimming performances, statistical results also proved that the 100m swimming performances of the TG increased significantly in the post-test (p < 0.05). As a result, it can be stated that the swimmers', who performs core exercises, swimming performance increased, and improved FMS test scores, which is a significant element regarding the decrease in sports injury.

Surf therapy is a structured intervention which utilizes surfing as a vehicle to achieve therapeutic benefit (International Surf Therapy Organization [ISTO], 2019). Surf therapy is presently delivered internationally within a diverse array of contexts and populations. Despite the publication of many internal evaluation studies, little research has examined themes common to the process of surf therapy across programs. The present study recruited a sample of ISTO-affiliated surf therapy programs (n = 33) to engage with an online survey, "Mapping the Stoke," examining core aspects of surf therapy structure and process internationally. Findings indicated both similarities across current program delivery internationally, with examples of primary similarities including target age (adolescents and young adults) and population (mental health), recruitment (self-referral), and structure (group sessions), geographic delivery (major cities) and challenges (funding). Areas of greater diversity included support staff (roles/qualifications), therapeutic aims, measures (outcome) and therapeutic structures. The present study outlines concrete structures and processes which appear integral to the delivery of surf therapy across cultures.

The aim of this study was to investigation of the relationship between knee and ankle angles and squat/countermovement jump heights at the age group of 15-17 swimmers. 10 girls (mean age 15.30±0.48yrs, mean height 165.00±5.33cm, mean mass 49.60±5.10kg) and 13 boys (mean age 16.00±1.00yrs, mean height 178.00±7.32cm, mean mass 64.31±7.35kg) were participated to this study as voluntarily. 10min dynamic dryland warming time were given and after that reflective markers were placed on the lower extremity joints. The wand calibration method was used for calibrated to the area. Fusion Sport Smart Jump matt was located in the area to calculated swimmers' jump heights. Swimmers performed three squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) trials which were recorded at a frequency of 120Hz using seven high-speed cameras (Oqus 7+). The results were analyzed by Qualisys Track Manager program. Both knee and ankle angles and jump heights relations were calculated. Pearson Correlation and Mann Whitney-U was used in SPSS 21.0 program for analysed. There were no significant relations between SJ and CMJ performances and angles (p>0.05). There were significant differences between boys and girls in both jump heights (p<0.05). For correct jump performance, it is recommended to position the joints according to the recommended optimal angular values. [Note: The publication year (2022) shown on the PDF is incorrect. The correct publication year for this article is 2023.]

The aim of the research is to analyze the technological addiction of middle and high school students in the context of swimming, by examining variables such as gender, school level, attitudes towards swimming, and participation in swimming. The study was carried out utilizing causal-comparative and correlational research methodologies. Study's target population comprises middle and high school students enrolled in Medan during the academic year of 2022-2023. The study's sample comprises 268 students, with 126 females and 146 males, who were selected from the population through convenience sampling. Technology Addiction Scale (TAS), Swimming Participation Scale (SPS) and Attitude Scale Towards Swimming (STS) were used as data collection tool. Study employed the independent samples t-test method to examine the potential differences in technology addiction, swimming attitude, and participation scores among students based on gender, school level, and regular sports participation variables. The study employed Pearson's moment product-moment correlation coefficient and regression analysis methods to examine the associations among students' technology dependence, swimming attitudes, and participation scores. According to the results, a significant difference was found between the technological addiction scores of the students who regularly do swimming and those who do not. Moreover, there wasn't significant difference between genders in swimming attitude and swimming participation scores. The higher levels of technological addiction observed among high school students compared to middle school students in the domains of instant messaging and overall technological addiction. The significant and negative relationships between attitude towards swimming, participation in swimming, and technological addiction emphasize the potential function of swimming as a protective factor against addictive behaviors.

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the 8-week swimming training applied to secondary school students on their motor skills and 50-meter freestyle swimming ratings. 24 students having swimming license in the age range of 11 to 14 participated in the study voluntarily. Munich fitness test (MFT) protocol was used to determine the motor skill levels of the athletes, and 50-meter freestyle swimming ratings were used to determine the swimming performances. According to the test of normality results, it was determined that the data collected had a normal distribution. Paired samples t-test was used to determine the difference between the MFT pre-test and post-test. According to the statistical analysis results, a significant difference in favor of the post-test was determined in Goal Throwing, Flexibility, Flexed Arm Hanging, Step Test, MFT total score and 50-meter swimming ratings of the participants. It is believed that the swimming training applied to the students improved their swimming performances and motor skill levels. It may be recommended that swimming exercises, as well as other factors, should be used in the cases where it is desired to improve children's motor skills.

Purpose: This study aims to investigate how physical education teachers analyze their students' swimming skills. Particular attention is given to information gathering within the diagnostic process. Methods: Data were collected from a quantitative online survey of German physical education teachers from primary and secondary schools (n = 551). This survey's questionnaire is based on evaluated statements from a qualitative interview study (n = 10). Findings: Teachers' diagnostic approaches vary greatly and differ in terms of quality criteria and usability. The predominant method used is movement observation, but 50.3% of the teachers do it rather rarely or without the use of criteria. Many of them (63.8%) would like to be supported by a diagnostic tool for the analysis of swimming skills. Discussion/Conclusion: It has been concluded that an accurate analysis of the students' swimming skills as a precondition for adaptive lesson structuring is not achieved. It is necessary to determine whether a diagnostic tool could improve this process.

Never has the domain of sports coaching been so inundated with "secondary information." In high-performance contexts, for example, coaches are routinely presented with detailed reports specifying features about an athlete's or team's performance. Here, we question whether such detailed secondary information has led us to know "too much," obscuring what the world has to share "directly" with us. To over-rely on secondary information is to narrow in on certainty, on cause-effects that are oft-espoused through de-contextualised 'performance' tests and metrics. This indirect approach eschews opening up to uncertainty, to ongoing inquiry embedded in primary experience. For where certainty risks closures, uncertainty opens to the possibility of carrying on with and alongside others. We explore this thesis through the reflections of an Olympic Canoe Slalom coach, meandering through three sections: (i) on paying attention; (ii) on knowing better; (iii) on guidance without specification. In presenting this thesis, we hope to encourage others -- in sports coaching and beyond -- to embrace an ethos of "not"-knowing, opening up to the 'goings on' of what interests them, actively attending and directly responding with genuine care and curiosity. Indeed, while embracing an ethos of not-knowing can be unsettling, vulnerably exposing oneself to changing power relations in a world perpetually on the move, it can facilitate primary experience of the surrounding ecology. The accompanying growth of responsiveness to one's surroundings emerges from "listening" to what it has share, joining in conversation to find ways of carrying on. It is in this responsiveness, we contend, that a wisdom can be found; a "wisdom of not-knowing."

Anaerobic capacity is an important determinant of swimming performance, and a feasible land-based test for measuring swim-specific anaerobic capacity is lacking. This study assessed the test-retest reliability of a swim-specific modification of the Wingate anaerobic capacity test: the WAnT-Swim. Ten competitive and fitness swimmers from the local college community completed four WAnT-Swim tests, two per day on two separate days, to determine peak, mean, and low power, as well as fatigue index (FI). Reliability was assessed using coefficients of variation (CV), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Pearson correlations. Power output exhibited low CV (<6%) with excellent reliability (ICC [greater than or equal to] 0.98) and strong associations between tests (r [greater than or equal to] 0.92). FI demonstrated the weakest reliability (CV = 3.9 ± 1.0%; ICC = 0.65; r = 0.13). These data suggest that the WAnT-Swim, when administered using the VASA swimming ergometer, is a reliable test of anaerobic power during land-based swimming.

This paper provides an alternative lens of viewing digital technologies and networked spaces in outdoor intercultural learning, by introducing the Taoist philosophy of Ziran (nature) and Wuwei (inaction). The application of digital technology to outdoor learning has become prevailing and triggered critical debates and discussions among scholars and practitioners. The majority of the perspectives are, however, oriented in Western ideologies, and very rarely has any research considered this issue in the context of outdoor intercultural learning. A mini-ethnographic study was conducted to reconcile the nature-technology dichotomy during an EU-exchange sail-training voyage. Methodological implications are provided for conducting fieldwork in outdoor learning research, in line with the Ziran-Wuwei principles. The findings suggest that educators and facilitators follow the dialectical, relational, and contextual orientations to manage the (non)use of digital devices to maximise learners' outdoor experiential engagement and reflections.

Surf therapy programs have been successfully utilised with vulnerable populations worldwide. This study is the first to examine the effects of a surf therapy program on the psychosocial functioning of young men at high risk of adverse life outcomes in Aotearoa New Zealand. A single-group pre-test post-test research design, with repeated measures and replication was used. The Youth Outcome Questionnaire Self-Report's Reliable Change Index and clinical cut-off scores were employed to assess outcomes pertaining to each individual. Effect size measures were used to estimate an overall treatment effect. Modified Brinley plots revealed that 25 out of 27 participants demonstrated reliable improvement in psychosocial functioning, 20 of whom also demonstrated clinically significant improvement. The effect size measures also confirmed a large overall treatment effect. Findings suggest that the Tai Watea surf therapy program may be a highly effective intervention for reaching, retaining and improving the psychosocial functioning of high-risk young men.

Sail training is described as an educational endeavour where participants are required to adapt to an unfamiliar physical and social environment, acquire new skills (maritime and domestic), and confront personal challenges (e.g. going aloft, dealing with seasickness). It shares many of the philosophical underpinnings of adventure education, where personal and social growth is believed to be achieved through challenge and working as a team. Sail training has a focus on educational experiences "through" the sea rather than "for" the sea--thus practitioners need a combination of maritime and people management skills. This study looks at the motivation of crew to engage in sail training, the challenges they face, and what they believe would assist them to perform their role. This study contributes to the growing research on the professional development needs of 'incidental' outdoor educators and makes recommendations to address some of the challenges they face.

As part of its STEM programming initiatives, Community Boating, Inc., the nation's oldest public sailing organization introduced an "Introduction to Microscopy" course merging principles of scientific investigation with analytical techniques using compound light microscopes. Boston's Charles River provided the environmental setting for five two-day sessions. In all, 49 students between the ages of 10 and 15 took part. Students developed an ability to analyze river water samples they had collected during field expeditions in kayaks. Once in the laboratory, following instruction in the use of the microscope, wet mount slides were prepared for microscopic investigation for cyanobacteria and photosynthetic phytoplankton, diatoms, and dinoflagellates crucial for a healthy aquatic ecosystem. With these new skills students were able to better appreciate the biodiversity of the microbial life within the river, and better understand the importance of environmental stewardship in a world threatened by global climate change and the effects of urban pollution. This program demonstrated the feasibility of developing sophisticated STEM programming founded upon principles of the scientific method for important environmental initiatives in the unique setting of a community sailing program.

The importance of nutrition is known in swimming as in other sports branches. Knowing the right strategies for nutrition will enable swimmers to improve their recovery time as well as increase their performance. This study aims to investigate the effects of with and without diet training programs on the performance and recovery times of male swimmers aged 9-14. 24 performance swimmers in the 9-14 age group participated in the study. 50m-400m freestyle swimming performances and recovery times of the participants were tested in 2 different conditions (with and without diet). While performing without diet, the participants continued their normal eating habits. Before taking dietary performance, each participant was given a suitable diet program (60% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 25% fat) depending on the individual differences of the participants. After the diet program was applied for 2 days, the dietary performances of the participants were taken. According to the findings we obtained from this study on 24 performance swimmers between the ages of 9-14, it was observed that the nutrition program applied improved the 50m and 400m swimming performance and recovery time of the athletes. Considering the effects of nutrition on performance and recovery time, special diet programs should be prepared for each athlete to increase their performance of the athletes. Considering the individual differences of the athletes, with the help of an expert, the preparation of the diet program according to the needs of the athletes is necessary for optimal performance.

The aim of this study is to investigate the differences in kinematic parameters of freestyle swimming with respect to young swimmers before and after 3x200 metres (m) performances. Seven male swimmers (mean age: 13.86±0.90; mean height: 164.79±6.89cm; mean mass: 54±5.54kg) participated in this study as volunteers without any injury history. Before the test, the cube calibration was used to calibrate the field for calculation of kinematic parameters. Also, appropriate warming time was given to all participants and then, reflector markers were attached to their selected joints. When the swimmers were ready, they were asked to perform 3x200m freestyle, and their performances were recorded by three underwater cameras (60hz). Stroke length, stroke rate, stroke count, and end time were calculated as performance parameters, while the values of segmental angles were calculated as kinematic parameters using SIMI Motion, version 8.7.2. The differences between the beginning of the first 200m and end of the third 200m performances with respect to kinematic parameters were identified using Wilcoxon Test in SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) program. Also, the relationships between performance parameters and kinematic parameters were assessed using Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The results of this study indicate that there is a positive relationship between elbow angle and stroke count (r=.946). Also, there is a negative relationship between stroke length (r=-0.934) and stroke rate (r=-0.867) at the pull phase, while there are significant relationships between wrist angle, velocity (r=-0.838) and end time (r=0.824) at the push phase (p<0.05).

Environmental Physiology at Boise State University, Idaho, is a multidisciplinary course that expands students' understanding of human regulatory physiology through acute and chronic responses to environmental extremes. Students explore the physics (pressure, fluid dynamics, gas laws, sound, and light) of the underwater environment, marine flora and fauna adaptations to this environment, and the human experience within this environment. Included is completion of the Professional Association of Dive Instructors (PADI) Open Water Scuba Certification. The course culminates in an international dive trip where course concepts are further demonstrated and explored, and conservation activities are undertaken.

Emotions are one of the important factors guiding our behaviors. People often make decisions by being influenced by their emotions throughout their lives. Therefore, it is important to recognize and learn to control our emotions. There are different groups of individuals with disabilities, and the swimming training of each group with disabilities is different. Swimming, which is one of the Paralympic sports branches, appeals to almost all groups with disabilities. There are very few swimming coaches in Turkey who provide swimming training to individuals with disabilities, and are only interested in groups with disabilities. There are swimming coaches who are accredited to the Swimming Federation of Turkey and who provide swimming training to individuals without disabilities, and their number is higher than the coaches who provide training to swimmers with disabilities. A coach, who is defined as the individual who provides sports skills and tactical development for an athlete to achieve success, is the individual who prepares many sports players for matches and tournaments to be held. The coach is responsible for raising the players to the required level by considering the variables such as process, place, equipment, technique, and tactics. In our study, it is aimed to examine the emotional intelligence levels of the coaches working with individuals with disabilities and individuals without disabilities in the swimming branch. The research is a descriptive study and the data were collected by the questionnaire method. The research data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 software. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the total score of the scale according to the status of coaching an individual with disability whereas MANOVA analysis was used to compare the status of coaching an individual with a disability * according to demographic variables.

This study aimed to research the effect of dry-land quickness training for 14-16 years old male swimmers on 50 m freestyle swimming performance. 30 volunteer male athletes and 10 volunteer males in the same age group who do not sport participated in this study. Athletes were grouped who took swimming training as experiment1 (E1), experiment2 (E2) who took swimming & quickness training and control (C) group who did not take an exercise. Zig-zag (ZZ), Square test (ST), Illinois test (IT), and T-test were applied for quickness skills; 50 m freestyle swimming degree was computed for the swimming performance before and after the training. Findings were discussed by applying paired sample T-test for in-group, independent samples T-test and One-Way ANOVA tests were applied for intergroup comparison. There are significant differences in all the measurement parameters based on pared sample T-test analysis results (p<0.05). Also, with reference to intergroup analysis that compared E1, E2, and C groups, there are significant differences in all the parameters (p<0.05) while there is no difference between E2 and C group in ZZ, ST, K, and IT measurement parameters (p>0.05). On the other hand, there is a significant difference at 50 m freestyle swimming degree. Exercise that were applied on dry-land as an addition to swimming training have an effect on quickness and swimming performance. It can be considered to be available method for swimmers to plan their training at the appropriate time.

Based on philosophical reflections on the concepts of place, place-based education, wild pedagogies and outdoor schooling in Denmark, the article presents and reflects upon selected results from a three-year accompanying qualitative research conducted in connection with a project for underserved young people and students. Approximately 40 participants aged 14-29 with social, personal, relational and/or substance abuse problems were enrolled as crewmembers on a schooner in periods ranging from a few weeks to six to eight months during the project's three-year duration. The results indicate that place, nature, an extended stay and the relationship competency of the crew are all factors that can have a positive and transformative impact on participants, supporting their efforts to get "on an even keel" - to use a maritime expression that alludes to keeping a vessel's keel steady, assuring smooth sailing.

In this study, we analyzed data of heart rate and pulse amplitude collected by undergraduate students in a physiology lab course during and after the diving reflex. On average, heart rate was reduced 21% at 15 seconds and 29% at 30 seconds during diving. Pulse amplitude generally decreased but with greater individual variation. There is no difference in the heart rate decrease seen between male and female subjects. Athletes started with slightly lower heart rate but showed the same response as non-athletes during diving. This study provides some variations on the typical diving reflex laboratory activity that could be used with students studying the physiological regulation of cardiac function.

In this paper, we report on the use of the swim golf (SWOLF) index as a method for assessing and predicting swimming performance. The SWOLF index is the sum of the number of arm strokes and the time needed to cover a certain distance. A reduction of the SWOLF index means improved swimming performance since a decrease of this index reflects higher technical ability and/or higher swimming speed. A total of 188 freshmen university students in Movement Sciences (59 girls, 129 boys, mean age 19 years), enrolled in an 11-lesson crawl unit, participated in this study. Front crawl was taught by a certified teacher using direct instruction (8 lessons) and peer learning (2 lessons), aiming to improve performance and skill analysis. Before and after the crawl unit, students' SWOLF index was calculated during a 50-meter sprint test. Results demonstrated a significant decrease of the SWOLF index for both female (p < 0.001, d = 0.88) and male (p < 0.001, d = 0.54) students from pretest to posttest. Based on these results, SWOLF-charts were produced visualizing expected learning outcomes based on performance level at course entry. To conclude, the SWOLF index is a promising tool for assessing swimming performance. In addition, SWOLF index percentiles can be used to predict and target individual swimming performance after well-defined educational interventions. Future work could investigate the generalizability and applicability of the SWOLF index to assess and predict swimming performance in a variety of settings.

A mandatory outdoor experience program (MOEP), involving a three- to four-day outdoor canoe excursion, has been a compulsory university course for undergraduate students for nearly five decades at a post-secondary institution in Northern Ontario, Canada. However, the experiences and perspectives of students who participated in these excursions have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to harness the power of storytelling by alumni to improve our understanding of the long-term impact of MOEPs. Using an innovative methodology combining computer-assisted qualitative data analysis (Leximancer) and framing theory, the links between alumni stories became evident through three main interconnected frames: people, activity, and environment. Although there are unique components of the MOEP program described by our participants, the results contribute to the retrospective literature on the critical and memorable features that students recall years after completing an outdoor adventure experience.

The characteristics of optimal developmental experiences are examined in a group of international Sea Kayaking Guides. This paper considers how these experiences contributed to the development of decision-making. A mixed approach was utilised that included a survey followed by a series of semi-structured interviews that are thematically analysed. An optimal developmental experience is identified as one with authenticity, diversity, transferability, and reflective value. The Guides developed their judgment and decision-making processes as an aspect of their 'seamanship' via experiences they described as 'epics'. The paper concludes that training for Guides must involve individualised, optimal developmental experiences.

The purpose of this study was to describe community partners' (CPs) perceptions of an out-of-school swimming program (OSSP) for under­served children and youth. Participants were four CPs associated with the OSSP during three consecutive summers and parents of the children and youth who participated in the program. We employed a theoretical perspective derived from the literature on community-engaged scholarship and worked within the interpretive paradigm through a descriptive case study design. We collected data with five qualitative techniques. They were analyzed through analytic induction and constant comparison. Key findings were that CPs found the OSSP to be relevant, to have a high level of reciprocity, and to be resilient. The OSSP was shown to counter structural, institutional, personal, and cultural barriers that limited underserved children's and youth's access to and value of swimming. The research and assessment data generated during the OSSP led to little reflection or program improvement. Others aiming to design similar programs may benefit from examining the organizational structure and content of the OSSP.

Overuse injuries are the most prevalent injuries in aesthetic sports, due to the repetitive nature of the training. Evidence of their relationship with growth, maturation, and training load is equivocal. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of these factors on overuse injuries in dance and aesthetic sports. A database search was conducted using standard methods for article identification, selection, and risk of bias appraisal. The eligibility criteria for inclusion in the study consisted of peer-reviewed articles using any type of study design. Twenty-three studies met the criteria. These studies were cross-sectional in design, focusing on dance, gymnastics and diving. Nineteen studies indicated a positive association between growth, maturation, and overuse injuries and a further 6 reported a positive association with training load. There were inconsistencies in how the included studies accounted for important confounding associations of growth and maturation, in addition to showing high or unclear risk of bias. In conclusion, both the quantity and quality of research available on growth, maturation, and training load in association with overuse injuries in dance and aesthetic sports is lacking. The methodological approaches used, combined with the heterogeneity of the investigated populations, lead to equivocal and thus inconclusive results.

Background: The relation between physical activity (PA), motor skills and cognitive function in children is receiving considerable attention. To transition scientific evidence into pedagogical practice, however, we need to further our understanding of which qualitative PA characteristics are best suited to stimulate motor skills and executive functions (EFs) relevant for children to develop their full potential. Purpose: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of cognitively enriched PA on the development of motor skills and core EFs at preschool age, which is still less investigated than middle childhood in exercise and cognition research. Specific objectives were to also provide detailed information on the intervention for replicability and effect sizes for sample size computation for future well-powered studies. Participants and setting: A sample of 36 children (19 girls; 17 boys) aged 3-6 years was divided in two intervention groups allocated to afterschool PA enriched with cognitive challenges or swimming (45-minute sessions twice a week for 12 weeks) and one control group that did not practise any afterschool PA. Methods: Before and after the intervention period, children were assessed for gross and fine motor skills with the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition (PDMS-2) and for core EFs (working memory, inhibition and cognitive flexibility) with the Forward Word Span Test and Trail Making Test for young children. Intervention effects were explored with two-way Repeated Measures MANOVAs (Group × Time), followed by similar ANOVAs for each dependent variable, planned pairwise comparisons for post-hoc simple effects. Results: Only children assigned to the enriched PA intervention showed significant improvements in "gross" motor skills (p = 0.001, [partial eta-squared] = 0.35) and working memory (p < 0.001, [partial eta-squared] = 0.53) with higher performances at post-test as compared to children assigned to swimming, who showed a marginally significant, less pronounced gross motor improvement, or to the control group, which did not show any improvement. Both intervention groups also showed significant and similar improvements in "fine" motor skills (p = 0.011, [partial eta-squared] = 0.24) but no between-group differences at post-test, as they caught up, reaching the level of the control group at post-test. Conclusions: The results suggest that cognitive enrichment in PA is a viable way to 'fill two needs with one deed' as early as preschool age. The 'two needs' are motor and cognitive development promotion, while the 'one deed' is designed PA that joins physical and cognitive challenges. The results are discussed in the framework of pedagogical approaches to motor and cognitive development promotion through early quality PA experiences and limitations of this pilot study are presented to orient future research.

Background: There is a need for promoting exercise practice among people with intellectual disabilities (ID). Aquatic exercise (AE) could be a viable option in this regard.Objective: To identify and critically analyze the best available evidence concerning the effects of AE in the physical and mental health of people with ID. Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative studies was performed after searching within several databases up to March 2021. Results: A total of 4 RCTs and 3 comparative studies were found. Their methodological quality ranged from high to low. Aquatic interventions had positive effects on cardiorespiratory, muscular fitness and balance. Mixed effects were seen on parameters related to obesity and cognition. Scant information regarding feasibility and intervention fidelity was provided. In general, interventions details were not discussed in deep. Conclusion: Preliminary evidence shows that aquatic exercise can be prescribed to people with ID in order to improve their physical health. The impact of aquatic exercise on motor skills, cognitive function and mental health remains unclear. Further research on this topic should provide a detailed description of the interventions carried out, including information on the feasibility and intervention fidelity.

Surfing has a great educational potential. This paper shows Physical Education (PE) teachers how to introduce surfing in their lessons although they are far from the coast and the waves. Our intention is to show its implementation through several stages that will progressively bring students closer to practicing surfing. For that purpose, we selected the pedagogical model "Interactive Challenges with Shared Responsibility" based on the contents are presented by means of highly demanding challenges, interactions are encouraged in a dialogic learning context, a support network and a safe and no-violence work environment. The pedagogical approach used for including surfing in the PE class comprises three consecutive stages (ground, pool, sea) attending to the contents and facilities used, familiarizing students progressively to the aquatic and sea environment. In the ground stage, students develop static to dynamic balance and sliding skills with Bosu, Fitball, Indo boards, skates, tarp surf or slack-line. Buoyancy, diving and swimming skills are achieved in the pool stage. Finally, surfing skills and techniques are developed in the sea stage. In conclusion, surfing is a challenging and attractive content that can be included in the Physical Education classes for becoming a means that enriches the active leisure options of our students and provides a setting for socialization in contact with nature.

Research shows that athletes across levels and sports have been subjected to maltreatment with non-sexualised forms such as psychological abuse and neglect found to be the most common. With the normalisation of many of these forms of abuse occurring in sports, researchers have called for the 'safeguarding' of athletes to focus on prevention through evidence-based education. Yet evidence-based education that teaches about abuse remains limited in the research literature. Further, an examination of educational theory, design considerations and the implications of such applications when applied to learning contexts in sport remains scarce. This paper is the first generated from a project where an online athlete-and coach-led abuse education program was designed, implemented, and evaluated with the purpose of teaching children through to adults (coaches, athletes) about non-sexualised types of abuse, along with the effects of such maltreatment. This paper provides an overview of the educational theory and design considerations, namely Ivor Goodson and Scherto "Gill's" narrative pedagogy and the use of culturally responsive and culturally relevant content, with challenges and possibilities of these applications outlined. Recommendations are then made, based on facilitator and participant feedback which may assist sporting organisations and child protection agencies worldwide when designing, developing, revising, or implementing their own education programs to teach about abuse.

Parent coaching interventions have been shown to be effective for increasing parent responsiveness and improving communication skills for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, few interventions have involved fathers. Challenges to father involvement include scheduling limitations, as well as evidence that strategies and activities shown to be effective with mothers may not generalise to fathers. Fathers may benefit from interventions that target strategies, which align with father-child communication and interaction styles. To mitigate barriers to father involvement, this study investigated the effects of a 12-week hybrid intervention program that combined telehealth coaching and in-person father-child aquatics sessions, on a father's use of responsive communication and play strategies and child communication skills. A single subject, multiple baselines across behaviours experiment was conducted with one dyad (i.e. father, 5-year, 6-month-old child with ASD). Results showed that the participating father was able to quickly learn to use two of the three, targeted responsive strategies (i.e. follow-in comments, follow-in directives) within the context of parent-child aquatic play. The participating child showed small increases in use of spontaneous single words. Findings of this single subject study have important potential clinical implications for adapting ASD parent coaching programs to more effectively involve fathers.

Is it possible for young people to develop intercultural understanding through an ocean-crossing sailing voyage? What would happen to intercultural communication in a tall-ship space? This article unpacks the process of interculturality construction and participants' identity negotiation within an ocean-sailing setting. It applies an analytical tool of intersubjectivity and seeks to relate interculturality to experiential learning theory. It draws upon a mini ethnographic study that collected data during a sailing voyage across the North Sea. The finding reveals six intersubjective factors that influence the process of interculturality co-construction. The article suggests that sail-training, as an outdoor medium of experiential learning, has the potential to stimulate participants to develop an analytical vision towards the self, the other and specific interactive dynamics.

In this paper, findings from an investigation into the gender imbalance in swim coaching in Australia, particularly at the higher levels of accreditation, are reported. Stories of the experience of two elite female swim coaches were analysed with reference to the concept of hegemonic masculinity. Analysis found that some male coaches and attendants to the swimming culture use literal and ideological force, including differentiation, direct control, and trivialisation to enact hegemony and to (re)create a gendered order. The findings suggest that without intervention and (re)education, this ideology will remain uncontested, will continue to inform the practice of coaches in the field, and will remain deeply entrenched in the system of values of the sport's organising body and the federal funding organisation for sports in Australia.

Lifeguards engage in a continuous process of deciding whether swimmers are in danger or not. The variety of behaviours that distressed swimmers show makes it difficult to impart declarative knowledge to this effect during lifeguard training. As an alternative, we propose a novel training tool that requires novice participants to rapidly categorise 3-s video clips of real-life swimmers as either 'safe' or 'drowning'. A control group also completed a sham intervention, with surfers that may 'fall'. Due to the complex nature of swimming pools, a scaffolded training approach was employed, which gradually increased the amount of background information over subsequent training rounds. Results demonstrated that the drowning classification training improved responses in a subsequent drowning detection test, compared with the active control-group. The scaffolded approach appeared to prepare participants for processing swimmers in the drowning-detection test. The results provide a foundation for a novel training protocol to improve lifeguard skills.

Water safety programs to protect children from water-related accidents and increase their awareness of the risk factor crucial to maintaining safety. This study examined the behavior of 48 junior high school students after an intervention program on water safety in a river using the Rohrmann's Risk Communication Model and the Analysis, Design, Development, and Evaluation (ADDIE) model. A self-administered questionnaire was designed to collect responses about the children's perception of danger at three-time points: pre-post-post (5 months) after the program's implementation. We hypothesized that water safety education can increase children's awareness of appropriate behavior around water and raise their awareness of danger. The evaluation indicators consisted of an increase in the awareness of the water area risk perception, general risk acceptance, and risk-taking behavior. The results suggest that practical water safety program may have a positive effect on the students' awareness of water safety and help prevent water accidents. This study is unique in that it was conducted in a natural body of water.

There are a number of difficulties that an individual face during all stages of his life. In order to adapt to these difficulties and maintain a healthy self-perception, he needs some defense mechanisms. Research on psychological theory and existence focuses on negative factors. In the last 20 years, studies to further develop the positive characteristics of the individual in the field of psychology have come to the fore. The aim of this study is to examine the psychological well-being and happiness level of university students who do swimming and fitness. In this study, 113 university students were swimming in the Indoor Swimming Pool of Pamukkale University Sports Center in Denizli and exercising in the fitness center. Slimming will be made according to the gender and marital status of the individuals. To determine the psychological well-being and happiness levels of the participants (Keldali 2015), the "Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale", whose validity and reliability study was conducted, and the "Oxford Happiness Scale", the validity and reliability study of which was conducted by Dogan and Sapmaz (2012) used. Inventories were applied one-to-one to the participants and an inventory was made by explaining the questions. A significant difference was found between the psychological well-being levels of swimming and fitness men (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the happiness and well-being scores of the individuals who do swimming and fitness according to their marital status (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference between the happiness and well-being levels of individuals who do swimming and fitness (p < 0.05). Conclusions and recommendations, when we look at the literature on this subject, we see that different results emerge. Studies with more subjects are needed.

The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of 12 weeks swimming exercise on the levels of hopelessness and depression in women aged over 55. This study is constructed by considering the period of hopelessness emerging as a part of self-integrity seen as the last step of psychosocial development theory; the levels of hopelessness and depression levels of 40 women were included. The Beck Depression and Hopelessness Scale were used to determine the level of hopelessness and depression of the participants. Participants with high were divided into two groups by random assignment method, while one group was given swimming exercise for 12 weeks, no application was made to the other group. Swimming exercise was applied to the experimental group for 12 weeks 3 days a week. The data of the research were evaluated in SPSS 22 package program. In order to determine whether the difference between the two related samples is significant, the t-test was used for the analysis of the data. When analyzing the results, significant reduction in depression and hopelessness levels of women over 55 was observed after 12 weeks of swimming exercise.

The aim of this research is to examine the social phobia status of children who are trained three days a week in swimming activity in summer sport activities. For some children, the swimming learning process can be a source of stress in itself, sometimes even at the level of social phobia. There are thoughts and researches in the directions that the level of social phobia is minimized, especially social, cultural, reconstructive and sport activities. In this context, it is thought that knowing to what extent the swimming activity affects social phobia status will be important by families, educational institutions and sports scientists besides contributing to the literature. In quantitative research type, single group pre-test / posttest model, which is one of the weak experimental patterns, was applied with simple random sampling method. This study constitutes the universe of children between 6 and 14 years of age who enroll in the swimming activities in 8 different neighborhoods in Kahramanmaras, where they are given free training for two months within the scope of 2017 summer sports activities. In the study, in the analysis of the data obtained as a result of the answers given to the survey statements consisting of the expressions of the Çapa Scale of Social Phobia for Children and Adolescents, percentage and frequency analyzes were included for demographic information. Binary comparisons in Pretest and Posttest Social Phobia scores were analyzed with Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, Mann-Whitney U Test for variables in variables and Kruskal Wallis Test in multiple comparisons. In this study, in which the Social Phobia (SP) status of children participating in swimming activities was investigated, there was no statistically significant difference between the Pretest and Posttest total scores, and there was no significant difference in age, residence and family monthly income levels, although there was a significant difference in gender within the group.

The aim of this study is to analyze whether the national athletes' perceptions of hopelessness and their self-esteem levels differ in terms of different variables (age, marital status, and income status, place of residence, educational status, and active national career). The study group of the research consists of 200 active male national rowing athletes. "Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)" was used to determine the hopelessness perceptions of the rowers participating in the research, "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) and the personal information form created by the researcher were used to determine the self-esteem levels. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 package program was used to analyze the data. Independent Samples T Test was used in binary groups and One-Way ANOVA tests were used in groups of three and above. LSD test was used to determine which groups favor significant differences as a result of One-Way ANOVA. Significance level is accepted as p < 0.05. According to the results of the research, the level of hopelessness (x = 12.32) of the national rowing athletes was found to be moderate and the self-esteem levels (x = 29.63) are high. Considering different variables, there is no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels in terms of hopelessness levels according to age, income status, place of residence, educational status. Moreover, according to marital status variable, there is no significant difference in levels of hopelessness and self-esteem. While there is no significant difference in self-esteem levels according to active national career, statistically significant difference was found in perceptions of hopelessness (p < 0.05)

This study has been designed to evaluate the effect of the sports expectation of adolescents participating in summer sports schools in Konya and the environmental factors on athlete's satisfaction. A total of 458 individuals, 179 girls and 279 boys, who attended sports schools, participated in the study with the principle of voluntary participation via the convenience sampling method. In addition, a survey form created by conducting expert opinion and literature review was used for the relationship between the expectation levels of adolescents and the satisfaction level of environmental factors. In addition to descriptive statistical models, Anova analysis methods were used in the statistical analysis of data ([alpha] = 0.05). According to the results of t-test on the expectations of athletes according to gender and the effects of environmental factors on athlete's satisfaction, it was found that there was a significant difference in terms of gender in the subdimensions of "Athletes Expectation Level" and "The Effect of Environmental Factors on Athlete Satisfaction" (p < 0.05).

As in many fields of work, burnout syndrome may also occur in the coaching profession. The aim of this study is to examine the burnout levels of coaches working with physically disabled swimmers in terms of various variables. In the research, single screening method, which is one of the general screening methods, was adopted. While the population of the research consists of the coaches working with physically disabled swimmers in Turkey, its sample consists of 68 trainers who were chosen by the random sampling method among 80 swimming coaches working with the disabled athletes participating in the Physically Disabled Turkey Swimming Championship and National Team auditions held on 23 to 25 January, 2019. Whereas the "Personal Information Form" developed by the researchers was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the Swimming Coaches, the "Professional Burnout" scale developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981) and adapted into Turkish by Ergin (1992) was used to be able to determine their occupational burnout levels. According to the findings obtained, no significant difference was found between the personal accomplishment feelings regarding professional burnout levels, emotional burnout and depersonalization sub scales of coaches working with physically disabled swimmers and the variables of age, coaching level, working year, gender, marital status and whether there is a disabled person in their families or not (P > 0.05). It was concluded that, the professional burnout levels of coaches who work with the physically disabled swimmers in Turkey is high on the feeling of personal accomplishment subscale and moderate on the emotional burnout and depersonalization subscales. Besides, no significant difference was observed between the occupational burnout levels of coaches working with physically disabled swimmers and all their other variables.

Achieving superior performance in swimming, as in other sports, depends on the customization of training for young athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sprint interval trainings on heart rate and 50 m swimming performances of young male swimmers. 24 young male swimmers joined to the study by having their parents confirm the "Parental Permission Form". Swimmers randomly divided into two groups as normal training group and interval sprint training group. As normal training group continued the routine swimming training, interval sprint trainings (8 x 50 interval repeats in crawl and backstroke styles) were applied to the other group additionally for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, at least 30 min a day. Rested-maximum heart rate, 50 m sprint swimming test in crawl and backstroke styles were applied to the swimmers in 1st and 8th weeks of the period. The analysis of data was made in the statistical package program by using "Descriptive statistics", "Paired t Test" and "Independent t Test" for comparison. Results of pre- and post-test comparison of each group, significant differences were found in resting heart rate values of normal training group and all values of interval sprint training group (p < 0.05). Results of comparison between groups, differences found statistically significant in 8th week maximum heart rate, crawl and backstroke performances (p < 0.05). To conclude, we could say that the reason of finding significant differences in rested and maximum heart rate is the positive effects of physical activity on the cardio-vascular system (adaptation). And, the reason for the positive effects on sprint interval performance is depended on sprint interval swimming was acute origination of body's physiological reaction to rising energy need during short time and intensive physical activity even in micro plan.

Social anxiety disorder is a common psychological problem that may negatively impact the cognitive and social development of children. Its severity may, however, be reduced through regular participation in sports or other physical activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between competitive student-athlete swimmers' social anxiety levels and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and BMI), body composition (body fat and lean body mass), and body type (ectomorph, endomorph, or mesomorph). The participants were pre-adolescent female and male lower secondary education student-athlete swimmers. The Social Anxiety Scale was used to evaluate their social anxiety levels, while the anthropometric parameters included height and weight, from which BMI was calculated. Body composition involved determining the percentage of body fat and lean body mass; ectomorphic, endomorphic, and mesomorphic values were then calculated. We found that the social anxiety levels of both female and male student-athlete swimmers were low. There was no statistically significant relationship between the social anxiety levels of the male and female student-athlete swimmers with BMI, lean body mass, or ectomorphy. For the female swimmers, social anxiety levels were not associated with body fat, endomorphy, or mesomorphy, nor were those of the male student-athlete swimmers. These findings suggest that participation in competitive swimming during adolescence is effective in controlling social anxiety. Furthermore, this study revealed that social anxiety is not associated with lower secondary education student-athlete swimmers' anthropometric measurements, body composition, or body type.

This study was aimed to investigate the opinions of licensed swimming referees within the structure of Turkey Swimming Federation about referee training process and determine the level of their expectations. The study group was randomly selected by a total of 212 swimming referees (95 female and 117 male), and attended Development Seminar for Swimming Referees which was held in Antalya in 2016. "The Review of Referee Training Process and The Survey of Expectation Levels" developed by Bahadir Kayisoglu in 2008 was used as a data collection tool in the study. Necessary formal permissions were obtained from Turkish Swimming Federation for the scale applied to the referees. In the analysis of the data, t-test was used for binary comparisons, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for multiple comparisons. SPSS Statistics 24.0 was used in the analysis of the data. The p-value that was less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. As a result of the research, it was found that some variables of swimming referees (age, gender, classification, professional experience, educational level, satisfaction level and the reasons to become a referee) have impacts on referees' training processes, so it was determined that the referees had both positive and negative opinions regarding the referee training process. [Paper presented at the International Congress on Science, Culture and Sports (6th, Lviv, Ukraine, Apr 25-28 2018).]

Purpose: The aim of this study is the effect of core stabilization training (CST) at male swimmers in 10-13 ages on 50 m backstroke swimming time (ST), Biering Sorenson (BS) test, Flexor (FE) and Lateral Endurance test (LE) and Stork (SD) balance test parameters. Methods: 14 volunteer male swimmers who swim at the Yesilvadi Galatasaray Sports School were randomized to Experiment1 (D1) (n = 7) (age 11.57 ± 1.272 years, height 1.53 ± 0.04 m and weight 39.62). ± 3.55 kg) and Experiment2 (D2) (n = 7) (age 11.43 ± 1.272 years, height 1.53 ± 0.04 m and weight 41.43 ± 4.11 kg) after first measurements via the random method and 7 volunteered males were divided into the control group (F) (n = 7) (age 12 ± 1,155 years, height 1.53 ± 0.04 m and weight 41.43 ± 4.11 kg) and included in the study. CSA was applied to the D1 group athletes before swimming training 3 days a week (plank, side plank, reverse arm, reverse leg, reverse crunch, supine bridge, "V" sitting). The D2 group had only club swimming training and the K group had no training. The data were analyzed by Paired-Samples T Test and ANOVA test in SPSS 22.0 package program and the significance level was determined as p> 0.05. Results: Statistically significant difference detected in D1 group 50 m (ST) (p=0,012), BS (p=0,001), LE-right (p=0,04) and LE-left (p=0,022), FE values (p=0,004). Significant difference detected in D2 group 50 m ST (p=0,015) and BS test (p=0,000) result (p<0.05). No difference found in K group all parameters (p>0.05). As the result of final measurement results, significant difference detected at LE-right measurement between D1 group and D2 group, and LE-right and LE-left measurements among K group (p<0.05). Conclusions: As a result, it can be said that 8-week core and swimming trainings provide improvement in swimming point and endurance parameters and performance improvement can be achieved by applying to swimmers in 10-12 ages.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between students' individual interest, achievement goals, perceived competence and situational interest, by using a cluster analysis in swimming. Three hundred and eighty-two secondary school students (M[subscript age] = 14.8, SD = 0.9, 52.4% girls, aged 13-17) enrolled in swimming lessons during physical education classes participated in the study. They responded to validated questionnaires assessing their individual and situational interest, achievement goals and perceived competence in swimming. A cluster analysis was performed to examine students' profiles in relation to their individual interest in swimming. Then, for each profile identified, correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between students' individual interest, achievement goals, perceived competence and situational interest. Four different students' profiles were identified, which represented a continuum from a 'Very low individual interest and triggering situational interest' towards a 'Well-developed individual interest and actualised situational interest'. Each profile was characterised by specific relationships between individual interest, achievement goals, perceived competence and situational interest. Referring to the model of interest development (Hidi and Renninger, 2006), the four profiles identified were aligned with the four phases that represent the transition from students' situational interest towards students' individual interest.