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Ants are ubiquitous and eusocial insects that exhibit frequent physical contact among colony members, thereby increasing their susceptibility to diseases. Some species are often found in beehives and in their surroundings, where they exploit the food resources of honey bees. This intricate relationship may facilitate the interspecific transmission of honey bee pathogens to ants, although ants themselves may contribute to spillback phenomena. The objective of this study was to assess the presence and abundance of honey bee pathogens in ants sampled from Italian apiaries. A total of 37 colonies within 24 apiaries across 7 regions were monitored. In total, 6 pathogens were detected in adult ants and 3 in the brood. In particular, the study revealed a high prevalence of honey bee pathogens in ants, with DWV, BQCV, and CBPV being the most commonly encountered. The brood also tested positive for the same viruses. Notably, all analyzed viruses were found to be replicative in both adult ants and ant broods. Furthermore, co‐infections were prevalent, suggesting complex pathogen interactions within ant populations. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences in pathogen prevalence and abundance among ant species and sample types. The findings highlight active infection in both the ants and the brood, suggesting a potential role of ants as reservoir hosts and vectors of honey bee pathogens emphasizing the need for further research to understand the implications of interspecific pathogen transmission on ant and bee health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim In this study, we investigated culturable yeast community, present in grape must sampled from vineyards with apiaries on the borders, and in honey bees collected in these apiaries. Methods and results To this aim, yeasts isolated from spontaneously fermented grapes randomly collected in two vineyards (P1 and P2) with apiaries on the borders (A1 and A2) were compared to those isolated from spontaneously fermented grapes collected from a vineyard without apiary (P4). At the same time, yeast community was analyzed on bees collected in each apiary placed in the vineyards, in comparison to yeasts isolated from an apiary (A3) located far from the vineyards. The analysis was performed for two consecutive years (2021 and 2022). The isolated yeasts were identified by restriction analysis of amplified ITS region, followed by sequencing of ITS fragment. Our research showed that the presence of apiaries seems to increase yeast counts of grape must, in particular of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; furthermore, the permanence of apiaries in the vineyards allowed the recovering of these yeasts also from bees. Conclusions Our findings seem to corroborate the role of bees as vectors and reservoirs of oenologically relevant yeasts, such as a source of non-conventional yeasts with potential biotechnological applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to adapt a methodological tool capable of improving the way to obtain the Innovation Adoption Index in the Puebla beekeeping system. A questionnaire was designed and applied to a sample of 62 beekeepers, from which information was obtained on the use of management, genetics, food, and health innovations, from which 32 original variables and seven innovation categories were defined. The Innovation Adoption Index (InAI) was redesigned and adapted using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), which made it easier to identify social aspects of beekeepers and innovations that contribute to improving honey productivity. The results show that the innovations that contribute the most to production are those contained in the categories of apiary location and health. On the other hand, the InAIalt evaluation proved to be a pertinent alternative for the explanation of the behavior of the yield per hive in addition to showing the specific contribution percentages on the innovations assessed, which can be used to calculate estimates that are more precise and consistent with the expected yields of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small hive beetle Aethina tumida (SHB) Murray,1867, is an invasive bee pest that is expanding its range across Latin America, parts of Australia and the Philippines, and is now established in two regions in Italy. However, despite multiple recent introductions, there is scant information about the dynamics of the initial stages of colonization of the SHB and this knowledge gap could impact management and quarantine strategies decisions for many countries. This note describes the monitoring strategies and the patterns of SHB establishment in a previously SHB‐free apiary on the island of Oahu, Hawaii in 2010–2011. The weekly hive inspections, conducted over a ten‐month period, showed that beetle prevalence increased slowly at the apiary level, and adult beetles were more commonly found (87.9%) inside the oil traps that were placed inside the hives between the outermost frames of the hive. There were relatively few "free roaming" beetles detected at this point and they were more often found on the side frames and underneath the cover of the hive, not on the floor of the hive. The results also suggest that in the early stages of colonization careful visual inspections of the frames of each colony had relatively low detection success when compared to oil traps. Our results support previous modelling studies that suggest the need to inspect a high proportion of colonies per apiary (>80%) to ensure a 5% detection rate during the initial stages of invasion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey is one of the products with huge benefits to mankind for medication and, a source of income and also serves as a food in many parts of the world, however, they had been affected by many pests. Therefore, the present research aimed to identify the honeybees’ visitors to modern apiaries in Sokoto State, Nigeria. A mixed design methodology involving experimental and ethnographic research methods was employed for the study, samples were collected using snowball purposive sampling techniques were employed, meanwhile 30 hives were used as a sample size from Madorawa, Kware and Duhuwa Locations. The hives were divided into two to detect the level of occurrences of the visitors to the colony. Both the hives were given proper inspection every two weeks to detect the condition of the colonies. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Chi-Square was used to identify significant association at P < 0.05. The results indicate that, the total pest frequency in the study area is 574, Duhuwa had the highest percentage (39.89%), significant associations of 0.002 and 0.000 were observed between the frequency of the pest at Madorawa and More sites respectively. In conclusion, it was observed that three (3) different classes of pests namely insects, mammals, and reptiles were the visitors of honeybees in modern apiaries of Sokoto State, therefore, it was recommended that, appropriate control and preventive measures should be considered for better production of honey in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic, a product of industrialization, has become an integral part of human life since its inception. Its extensive usage has led to a drastic increase in production, resulting in the widespread accumulation of plastic waste at various levels. Improper disposal practices have compounded this issue, transforming plastic waste into a significant environmental concern. Factors such as the sheer volume of plastic generated, inadequate management, persistent accumulation, and fragmentation exacerbate this problem. Of particular concern is the prevalence of microplastics, tiny particles measuring less than 5mm, which have permeated various natural ecosystems and have been detected within living organisms. For example, bees, due to their foraging activities, inadvertently carry microplastics and associated contaminants on their bodies. This study aims to investigate the presence of microplastics in bees (Apis mellifera), utilizing them as indicators of microplastic pollution. Additionally, it seeks to determine whether there is a correlation between proximity to urban centers and the abundance of microplastics in bees sampled from selected apiaries. Employing fluorescence microscopy and FTIR Spectroscopy, the study analyzed a total of 54 samples collected from 9 participating apiaries within the designated area. Statistical analyses revealed that Gualaceo is not immune to microplastic contamination, with fibers and synthetic fragments detected in bee specimens. Furthermore, the study found an inverse relationship between distance from urban centers and the concentration of microplastics within beehives. To advance knowledge in this field, future research could explore the extent to which microplastics are integrated into bee products and their potential impact on living organisms. These findings underscore the urgent need for a shift in attitudes and actions at both individual and institutional levels, emphasizing the importance of proactive engagement in formulating and implementing effective environmental policies and engineering solutions.

My paper wishes to delve into concepts such as assemblage and sympoiesis and examine them within the framework of my ethnographic fieldwork on beekeeping in the Western chain of the Italian Alps. I believe that the implications of notions such as sympoiesis and assemblage can be seen to surface in the context of beekeeping and bee culture, as they emerge as multispecies activities where everything and everyone involved can be regarded as a social actor. In this respect, the most relevant issues I would like to tackle are referred to knowledge production and know-how among beekeepers who keep their apiaries in the plains for most part of the year and move them to mountain areas for the summer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia is the property of Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Coronaviruses (CoVs), a subfamily of Orthocoronavirinae, are viruses that sometimes present a zoonotic character. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the recent outbreak of COVID-19, which, since its outbreak in 2019, has caused about 774,593,066 confirmed cases and 7,028,881 deaths. Aereosols are the main route of transmission among people; however, viral droplets can contaminate surfaces and fomites as well as particulate matter (PM) in suspensions of natural and human origin. Honey bees are well known bioindicators of the presence of pollutants and PMs in the environment as they can collect a great variety of substances during their foraging activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of honey bees as bioindicators of the prevalence SARS-CoV-2. In this regard, 91 samples of honey bees and 6 of honey were collected from different apiaries of Campania region (Southern Italy) in four time periods from September 2020 to June 2022 and were analyzed with Droplet Digital RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 target genes Orf1b and N. The screening revealed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in 12/91 in honey bee samples and in 2/6 honey samples. These results suggest that honey bees could also be used as indicators of outbreaks of airborne pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies in North America and Europe have experienced high losses in recent years, which have been linked to weather conditions, lack of quality forage, and high parasite loads, particularly the obligate brood parasite, Varroa destructor. These factors may interact at various scales to have compounding effects on honey bee health, but few studies have been able to simultaneously investigate the effects of weather conditions, landscape factors, and management of parasites. We analyzed a dataset of 3,210 survey responses from beekeepers in Pennsylvania from 2017 to 2022 and combined these with remotely sensed weather variables and novel datasets about seasonal forage availability into a Random Forest model to investigate drivers of winter loss. We found that beekeepers who used treatment against Varroa had higher colony survival than those who did not treat. Moreover, beekeepers who used multiple types of Varroa treatment had higher colony survival rates than those who used 1 type of treatment. Our models found weather conditions are strongly associated with survival, but multiple-treatment type colonies had higher survival across a broader range of climate conditions. These findings suggest that the integrated pest management approach of combining treatment types can potentially buffer managed honey bee colonies from adverse weather conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of efficient solutions in optimization has led to the development of metaheuristic algorithms (MHAs). Some of these algorithms adopt the behaviour of several different animals and insects. However, researchers still attempt to improve the performance of such algorithms. This study proposes a new metaheuristic optimization algorithm which is so-called the Apiary Organizational-Based Optimization Algorithm (AOOA). The proposed algorithm introduced a new concept of multiple populations inspired by the organizational behaviour of honeybees inside the apiary. Honeybees are a highly systematic and organized society that lives within an apiary and achieves specific tasks during their lifecycle. To develop the proposed algorithm, the key activities of the queen, drones, and workers inside the apiary are determined first. These activities are translated into several different phases to develop a mathematical model that represents the ground of the proposed AOOA. 23 classical unimodal, multimodal, and fixed-dimension benchmark functions are used to verify AOOA performance. The results are compared with 6 recent MHAs, puzzle optimization algorithm (POA), coati optimization algorithm (COA), Average and Subtraction-Based Optimizer (ASBO), guided pelican algorithm (GPA), Golden Search Optimization Algorithm (GSO) and extended stochastic coati optimizer (ESCO), showing that AOOA outperforms them in solving 21, 18, 20, 18, 21 and 15 functions, respectively. AOOA was superior in mean fitness of 17 out of 23 functions with superiority of 86%, 100%, and 50% of unimodal, multimodal, and fixed-dimension functions, respectively indicating the competitiveness of the proposed algorithm in providing more appropriate solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of pathogen distribution may result in a new threat to the host. The braconid Syntretomorpha szaboi Papp is an obligate parasite that targets Apis cerana, the Eastern honeybee, engaging in endoparasitism by ovipositing eggs inside the host bee. Although S. szaboi has been documented in India and in various regions across China, its epidemiological data are notably lacking. In this study, we summarized the distribution of S. szaboi based on the available literature and described the symptoms of infested honeybee workers. We also investigated the infestation rate in 36 apiaries in Zhejiang Province, China, after a new occurrence of the parasite was reported in these regions in 2020. A rapid increase in infestation rate was found from the year 2021 to 2022, reaching 53.88% at the colony level of the sampled colonies in the Jinhua and Wenzhou apiaries. The infestation rate at an individual level in positive colonies reached an average of 26%. A monthly survey showed high seasonal variation in S. szaboi infestation, with the peak occurring from May to August. These results suggest that S. szaboi poses a great threat to A. cerana. Further research is needed to elucidate its epidemiology and pathology and to develop disease prevention and control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honeybees are essential to human society, providing pollination services globally as well as producing honey and other valuable products. Effective management of apiaries should not only rely on beekeeper knowledge and skill, but also incorporate new information technologies. The options to identify, predict and prevent beekeeping problems are becoming more affordable and applicable. The interdisciplinary Horizon 2020 project HIVEOPOLIS focuses on developing a new approach in beekeeping, by creating novel mechatronic beehives and implementing new bio-hybrid ideas. These intelligent beehives aim to help honeybees to cope with adverse environmental factors and increase the survival rate of the bee colonies. This paper focuses on the software architecture design for these intelligent beehives, providing infrastructure for data management and decision support system operation. The presented infrastructure is suitable for highly dynamic and diverse environments where a multitude of components interact and exchange information across technology domains (embedded, cloud, UIs) in a reliable and secure way. Besides user support, the decision support system built upon this infrastructure enables closed-loop automated decision making and control. • Intelligent beehives comprise diverse sensors and robotic actuators. • A data processing architecture for these futuristic hive systems is presented. • A system of intelligent hives integrated into a network of online microservices. • Remote decision support and automated actions are provided for beekeepers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lotmaria passim (L. passim) is a single-celled flagellate which colonises the bee gastrointestinal tract and is highly prevalent in honey bees. This parasite is associated with colony losses. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies were sampled from five apiaries in the north-eastern part of Poland for the phylogenetic analysis of L. passim. Each apiary consisted of approximately 60 bee colonies, of which 20 were randomly selected. Samples of 60 differently aged worker bees were collected from each colony and pooled. A total of 100 bee colonies from five apiaries were examined. Protozoa of the Trypanosomatidae family were identified by PCR. L. passim was detected in 47 (47%) of the samples. The 18S ribosomal (r) RNA amplicons of L. passim were sequenced by a commercial service. Their sequences were analysed with BLASTN and noted to be compatible with the GenBank sequences of this region of the organism's genome. A sequence analysis was performed using the BioEdit Sequence Alignment Editor and Clustal W software. The amplicon sequences of L. passim were 100% homologous with the sequences deposited in GenBank under accession numbers KM066243.1., KJ684964.1 and KM980181.1. This is the first study to perform a phylogenetic analysis of L. passim in Polish honey bees. The analysis demonstrated high levels of genetic similarity between isolates of L. passim colonising apiaries in the north-eastern region of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are effective as a sentinel to assess environmental contaminants, particularly particulate matter (PM). Particulate matter (2.5 µm and 10 µm) exposure had deleterious impacts on the foraging performances of Apis mellifera in the treated area, hence expressing an average foraging rate and speed of 3.0 ± 0.13 flowers/min and 4.53 ± 0.45 sec/flower respectively in non-caged plots. Apis dorsata showed a similar pattern in the experimental area and indicated an average rate and speed of 3.39 ± 0.19 flowers/min and 4.46 ± 0.21 sec/flower respectively. A depressed bee population was observed in particulate matter simulated hives, hence reflecting smaller broods and lesser honey storage. The rate of non-emerging offspring cells was high (333.2 ± 48.92 and 200.8 ± 36.63) than non-incense controlled hive boxes (2.6 ± 0.58 and 1.1 ± 0.32) during experimental seasons. The statistical results elucidated a significant relation of PM with larval emergence in incense controlled colonies. The PM substantially degraded the olfaction and flight performance of Apis mellifera visiting bowl traps installed near incense controlled colonies. Comparison between bee visitation rate and bowls installed at 4 feet height asides the boxes were well marked with a high bee visiting rates towards blue and white bowls installed at 4 and 2.5 feet height in controlled territories. An increasing trend of Na (38.51 ± 0.14 and 43.56 ± 0.23) and K (24.99 ± 0.13 and 45.35 ± 0.35) was evidenced in body fluids of Apis mellifera exposed to agro-industrial PM. The interpretations of experimental findings for PM effects on bees' behaviour and development are discussed for the prevention of these vital pollinators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veracruz occupies one of the first places as a producer of honey. However, there are few studies that address the typing of bioactive compounds, and the physicochemical characteristics present in Veracruz honey. Objective: Determine the physicochemical and antioxidant parameters, and total phenols (TP) of Veracruz honey. Design/methodology/approach: Honey samples were collected at 17 sites in the state of Veracruz, and physicochemical, TP and antioxidant parameters were analyzed. Results: The determined physicochemical parameters presented values within the ranges set by NOM-004-SAG/GAN-2018 and the Codex Alimentarius. The color distribution showed the following values: dark (47.6%), amber (19.04%), white (19.04%), and the colors aqua white, light amber and extra light showed values of 4.77% each. Dark honeys presented ~370 μg GAE/mL, compared to the contents shown by light-colored honeys of ~200 μg GAE/mL. Sayula de Aleman honey had the highest antioxidant content with 143 μg TE/g honey. On the other hand, honey from San Pedro Soteapan showed the lowest contents (53 μg TE/g honey). Limitations on study/implications: The selection of Veracruz honey apiaries and lack of flora information. Findings/conclusions: The honeys presented physicochemical parameters within ranges of national standards. These Veracruz honeys exhibited a range of colors from dark to extra light. A positive correlation was shown between color and TP content. The antioxidant content was dependent on the botanical origin and color of these honeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, honey bee colony losses in the Republic of Kosovo remained largely unknown. From 2019 to 2021, 81 apiaries with different disease suspicions were investigated in the framework of honey bee disease passive surveillance. Fifty-nine of the eighty-one apiaries were tested for Vairimorpha ceranae, Vairimorpha apis, trypanosomatids Lotmaria passim, and Crithidia mellificae. All samples were positive for V. ceranae (100%) whereas L. passim was found with a lower frequency (11.9%). V. apis and C. mellificae were not found. Thirteen of the eighty-one apiaries were tested for seven viruses (ABPV, CBPV, DWV, BQCV, SBV, IAPV, KBV) and five of them were found (ABPV, CBPV, DWV, BQCV, SBV). The most frequently detected viruses in honey bees and Varroa mites were DWV (100%) followed by BQCV, ABPV, SBV, and CBPV (92.3%, 69.2%, 30.8%, and 7.7%, respectively). Varroa mite samples had different degrees of co-infection by viruses. Nine of the eighty-one apiaries consisted of brood combs with larvae, eight of them were AFB positive, ERIC I genotype, and one EFB positive. This paper represents the first molecular investigation (PCR) and detection of the honey bee viruses ABPV, CBPV, DWV, BQCV, and SBV as well as V. ceranae, L. passim, and M. plutonius in the Republic of Kosovo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the objective of evaluating the morphology of pollen in honey species from the tropical dry forest of the Quimis enclosure, five apiaries distributed in said plant formation were selected, the pollen loads obtained directly from the apiaries were collected and the bee flora was recorded according to the flowering time. The results revealed 21 honey species belonging to 13 families and 21 genera, being Convolvulus arvensis, Eriotheca ruizii, Ceiba trischistandra and Prosopis pallida the most common species and the most abundant family was Fabaceae. In relation to the pollen units, 0.95 % corresponds to the monad type and referring to symmetry, 0.67 % is characterized by being of the radiosymmetric type, while 0.48 % has tricolporate openings. Regarding the shape of the exine, 0.43% exhibited a psyllate shape, and 0.38 % showed a spheroidal shape. The months of greatest flowering coincided with June, July and August, which correspond to the dry season. The vast majority of nectariferous and polliniferous species were dominant, with the exception of Bonellia sprucei, Caesalpinia paipai and Trema micrantha, Muntingia calabura, Cojoba arborea, Sarcomphalus thyrsiflorus, Bursera graveolens, which only provide pollen and Cordia lutea and Cynophalla sclerophylla, which are nectar producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 25 samples of beeswax (9 from the southern and 16 from the northern of Çankırı) were collected within the scope of this study. Heavy metal contents of these samples were analyzed by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). The mean iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), vanadium (V), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se) levels in the samples were found to be 36.28 ppm, 1.69 ppm, 1.65 ppm, 1.14 ppm, 0.78 ppm, 0.68 ppm, 0.30 ppm, 0.13 ppm, 0.06 ppm, 0.01 ppm, respectively. Comparing the northern and southern regions, only Cd (1.10 ppm) was found to be higher in the southern region, whereas the other heavy metals were found to be higher in the northern region. No statistical difference was found between mean Fe, Pb, Zn, Al, Cr, V, and Se levels in the wax samples obtained from the northern and southern regions, whereas a statistically significant difference was found in Mn, Cu, and Cd concentrations. As a result, the heavy metal concentration in beeswax varied between the regions. Except for Cd element, all values were higher in the northern region of Çankırı and this region that is close to the highway with heavy traffic should be evaluated in terms of beekeeping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors propose system dynamics modelling as a new direction in Precision Beekeeping. By modeling the production process in beekeeping, it is possible to forecast the potential production capacity before the season, using the resources available to the beekeeper. The model included in this article reflects one specialisation of beekeeping - queen bee rearing, from the process of queen bee breeding up to the sale of queen bees throughout the entire season. The model helps beekeepers make decisions about the workforce needed to maintain the desired production volume, expected income and costs and resource allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern beekeeping uses various technological solutions to control and manage apiaries, but many need help with problems related to energy consumption and the inability to adapt to changing conditions. This article presents the development of the conceptual model of hardware-software complex architecture, focusing on the modularity and flexibility of the system. The main idea is to use a universal programmable logic controller with a modular architecture, which allows users to quickly adapt the system to new tasks by adding or replacing sensors and control mechanisms. The proposed approach considers minimizing energy consumption using energy-efficient LoRa technology for data transmission. Such a system's main advantages and potential risks are considered, and formulas for calculating energy consumption during data transmission are presented. The article can serve as a guide for specialists in the field of beekeeping and developers of automation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agro-Knowledge Journal / Agroznanje is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bee keeping as a commercial venture is still largely unexplored for large-scale production to meet the domestic and national demands. Bee keeping has the potential to reduce unemployment and can be developed as a supplementary enterprise of income to the farmers with a small investment. The study was carried out to analyse profitability of apiary units with different sizes in production of honey in plain areas of Karnataka during 2020-21 with a total sample size of 60 beekeepers from Koppal district. The study found that small, medium and large apiary units realized the net returns of ₹ 3,401, ₹ 15,085 and ₹ 75,796 per year, respectively. The overall net returns realized by of the beekeepers were ₹ 29,632 per year. The estimated net present value for small, medium and large apiary units was ₹ 21,275, ₹ 83,929 and ₹ 4,00,576 and the overall average value was = 1,58,979. The obtained benefit-cost ratio in small, medium and large apiary unit was estimated to be 1.27, 1.61 and 2.15 with an overall average benefit-cost ratio of 1.91. The internal rate of return from apiary was found to be 68 per cent which was higher than opportunity cost of capital. It was concluded that investment in beekeeping was highly feasible and profitable. In order to encourage the bee keeping activities in plain areas for enhancing income, employment of farmers, the study suggest the following policy options: 1) There is need to provide adequate loan at reasonable rate of interest with subsidy to boost honey and its products industry in the dry areas of Karnataka. 2) Indian honey is having good international demand due to its special feature of medicinal flower nectar source hence engaging in exporting activities will widen marketing choices for beekeepers. 3) To create interest, awareness and providing rural employment in beekeeping activities, there is a need for promotion of FPO's at bee keepers level and federation at state/national level should be formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences is the property of Eurasian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Zoologica Lilloana is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nest defense in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a complex collective behavior modulated by various interacting social, environmental, and genetic factors. Scutellata-hybrid ("Africanized") honey bees are usually considered to be far more defensive than European honey bees which are therefore preferred for commercial and hobbyist beekeeping. In the most recent zone of scutellata hybridization, the southern USA, the degree to which this defensiveness differs among current strains, and the extent to which defensiveness varies across a season has not been measured. We quantified the levels of A. m. scutellata ancestry in colonies and conducted a seasonal assessment (May through November) of colony nest defensiveness in feral scutellata-hybrid and a popular lineage of European honey bee commonly used in managed environments (sold as A. mellifera ligustica) hives at two apiaries in Southern California. Standard measures of defensiveness were low in both scutellata-hybrid and European colonies during May. Defensiveness increased during the later months of the study in scutellata-hybrid colonies. Most measures of defensiveness did not increase in managed colonies. Defensiveness in the scutellata-hybrids appears lower than what has been previously documented in Brazil and Mexico, possibly due to their lower proportion of A. m. scutellata ancestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The greater wax moth (GWM), Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a major bee pest that causes significant damage to beehives and results in economic losses. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) appears as a potential sustainable solution to control this pest. Here, we develop a novel Bt strain (designated BiotGm) that exhibits insecticidal activity against GWM larvae with a LC50 value lower than 2 μg/g, and low toxicity levels to honey bee with a LC50 = 20598.78 μg/mL for larvae and no observed adverse effect concentration = 100 μg/mL for adults. We design an entrapment method consisting of a lure for GWM larvae, BiotGm, and a trapping device that prevents bees from contacting the lure. We find that this method reduces the population of GWM larvae in both laboratory and field trials. Overall, these results provide a promising direction for the application of Bt-based biological control of GWM in beehives, although further optimization remain necessary. The greater wax moth (GWM) is a major bee pest. Here, the authors show how a pest control method that combines a strain of Bacillus thuringiensis and a lure-based entrapment can help to control GWM using lab experiments and field beehives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The varroa mite (Varroa destructor) is the most economically important parasitic pest of honey bees (Apis mellifera) that causes global colony decline and loss. Since its first detection in Ethiopia in 2010, little is known about the current infestation levels and contributing factors to the mite's distribution across the country. In this study, we conducted a large‐scale assessment of varroa prevalence and infestation levels in managed colonies across three potential beekeeping regions of Ethiopia; Oromia, Amhara and Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR). A total of 360 samples from 39 apiaries were collected following standard protocols and the mite prevalence and infestation levels were determined using the established method of varroa research. Overall, 89% of sampled colonies were infested by the mite, with varying prevalence rates across the regions: 95.8% in Oromia, 85.2% in Amhara and 71.9% in SNNPR, indicating the widespread nature of the parasite throughout the country. The varroa infestation levels were lower in local hives (2.6 ± 5.9) than in frame hives (5.0 ± 0.9), and significantly higher in brood bees (5.6 ± 0.8) than in adult bees (1.93 ± 0.17) (p < 0.001). Possible factors contributing to the varied mite prevalence and infestation levels in the country include differences in agro‐ecology, beekeeping practices, host age preference and the nature of bee hives. Therefore, our study provides insights into the current status of varroa prevalence and associated factors across regions in Ethiopia. Further investigation is required to explore the probable impact of the parasite on the health and productivity of local honey bees, in order to design future monitoring strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive host–pathogen interactions is critical for combating epidemics and conserving species. The Varroa destructor mite and deformed wing virus (DWV) are two synergistic threats to Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations across the globe. Distinct honeybee populations have been found to self-sustain despite Varroa infestations, including colonies within the Arnot Forest outside Ithaca, NY, USA. We hypothesized that in these bee populations, DWV has been selected to produce an avirulent infection phenotype, allowing for the persistence of both host and disease-causing agents. To investigate this, we assessed the titre of viruses in bees from the Arnot Forest and managed apiaries, and assessed genomic variation and virulence differences between DWV isolates. Across groups, we found viral abundance was similar, but DWV genotypes were distinct. We also found that infections with isolates from the Arnot Forest resulted in higher survival and lower rates of symptomatic deformed wings, compared to analogous isolates from managed colonies, providing preliminary evidence to support the hypothesis of adaptive decreased viral virulence. Overall, this multi-level investigation of virus genotype and phenotype indicates that host ecological context can be a significant driver of viral evolution and host–pathogen interactions in honeybees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nosemosis is a microsporidian disease caused by Nosema ceranae and N. apis and transmitted via oral-fecal and oral-oral routes. It is globally distributed among adult bees in honeybee colonies. Considering the health importance of nosemosis in honeybees, the study aims to determine the frequency of Nosema spp. infection in migratory apiaries in Hormozgan province by microscopic and molecular methods. In the present study, 20 bees from ten randomly selected hives in 84 migratory apiaries were collected. In the laboratory, the abdomen of the bees was separated from the rest of the body with entomological tweezers and scissors and then ground up in a mortar containing saline serum. The prepared suspension was filtered by passing through a sieve, then the prepared suspension was transferred to test tubes and centrifuged. The pellets were repeatedly washed by saline solution and centrifuged. Finally, the pellets were examined for spores of Nosema spp. by light microscopy and conventional PCR. In microscopy, 38.2 % of apiaries were positive for Nosema spp. spores. By PCR however, DNA of N. ceranae was detected in 39.2. % of apiaries with no samples positive for N. apis. Due to the considerable frequency of infection in migratory apiaries in Hormozgan province, it is necessary to carry out appropriate health measures such as screening of apiaries with appropriate diagnostic methods and training of beekeepers to disinfect hives in order to control Nosema infection in Iranian apiaries by the veterinary health officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apiculture plays a vital role in maintaining a genetically diverse ecosystem and is an economic activity that contributes to the development of rural communities, thereby enhancing the livelihoods of beekeepers. However, despite the presence of over forty thousand beekeepers in Peru, there is currently no cartographic information available on optimal areas for the development of apiculture. Our study focused on assessing the suitability of land for apiculture development in rural and indigenous communities within the Amazonas Department in northwest Peru. We integrated biophysical and socioeconomic criteria using the Multiple Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique, in conjunction with state-of-the-art geoinformation and earth observation techniques, to model and validate land suitability for supporting apiculture. It was identified that suitability is influenced by biophysical criteria (65%) and socioeconomic criteria (35%), resulting in highly suitable areas covering 315.6 km2 within the territory of peasant communities, 128.4 km2 within native communities, and an additional 41.4 km2 within conserved areas. Furthermore, to validate our results, we combined the use of high-resolution satellite imagery and visits to artisanal producers. This research provides valuable insights for spatiotemporal land use planning, emphasizing apicultural activity as a driver of rural development and biodiversity conservation. Consequently, this study contributes as a management tool to promote apicultural activities as support for rural development and in local-level decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to monitor the state of bee health through morphoclinical and laboratory examination of bees on samples of live bees and honeycombs with brood for the prevention and control of diseases in bees in order to include them in a study on the impact of the non-ionizing electromagnetic radiations on bees. Samples were collected during the active season 2023, and morpho-clinically and laboratory examined according to OIE regulations from 9 private apiaries (PH, AG, TR, CL, VN, IS, DB, VL and IF) from which we collected 18 samples. The laboratory results revealed the existence of some diseases in 6 apiaries (66.67%), as follows: a unique evolution (suspected foulbrood disease in one apiary) (11.11%), five apiaries with mixed conditions (55,56%) (varroosis, nosemosis, chalkbrood, and suspected poisoning), and three apiaries were diagnosed as clinically healthy (33.33%). Studying the influence of nonionizing radiation on bees has wider implications for ecology and the environment, as bees play a crucial role in pollination and maintaining ecosystems. The interaction between bees and electromagnetic radiation is a complex and multifactorial issue that may explain the diversity of conclusions in the available studies. Therefore, studies are needed in Romania to better understand the connection between non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation and the decline of bee populations (Collony Colapse Disorder). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Royal jelly production is a vital aspect of apiculture, yet achieving high yields while maintaining the health of bee colonies remains a challenge in industrial apiaries. This study addresses the need to enhance royal jelly production without compromising the production of other beekeeping products. The aim of this research was to compare the most effective technology for the formation of a nursery family for obtaining royal jelly in the field and to compare the queen cell acceptance by showing the type of material used in our experiment. The study outlines a comprehensive technology for obtaining royal jelly, encompassing key operations such as cup preparation, larval inoculation, colony preparation, jelly collection, and transportation. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental principles of royal jelly production in an industrial setting, with particular attention to stimulating queen cell formation and intensive larval rearing. Two variants of nursery family formation were investigated: one with complete orphanage and the other without orphanhood. The non-orphanhood method exhibited superior results, boasting a 33% larval adoption rate and 25% more mature queen cells compared to the complete orphanhood approach. Furthermore, this method yielded larger mother liquors and maintained colony productivity without interruption, addressing key concerns in royal jelly production. This study presents an innovative approach to royal jelly production that prioritizes both yield and colony health. The non-orphanhood method, coupled with the use of wax cups and silicone molds for larval transfer, offers a promising solution to enhance royal jelly production on an industrial scale, while preserving its biological value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bee products from urban apiaries are increasingly used. They are mainly used to promote local apiaries and cities in which they are located. The aim of the study was to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of propolis from 6 Polish apiaries located in cities (Legionowo, Torun, Cracow, Warsaw, Katowice, Lodz). The chemical composition was analyzed using liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and the analysis of antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals (ABTS and DPPH) and FRAP. The obtained results showed the presence of 24 phenolic compounds in propolis extracts. The tested samples showed differentiation in terms of the content of individual chemical components, however, cinnamic acid and its derivatives were dominant. High antioxidant activity of the tested extracts was demonstrated (ABTS was in the range of 16.80–51.53 mg Te/mL, DPPH was in the range of 7.54–22.13 mg Te/mL, while FRAP reduction was in the range of 10.93–29.55 mg Te/mL). The obtained results compared with literature data on propolis from agricultural areas allow to conclude that propolis samples from both Poland types of areas are similar and can be classified as poplar propolis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction in Europe of the yellow-legged hornet Vespa velutina in 2004 has been the most successful invasion of an eusocial vespid, with dramatic effects on honeybees. Whereas an eradication is almost impossible in mainland, attacks and pressure on beehives are arising. Here we study the efficiency of non-attractive interception traps, so-called electric harps, by following a recent work using the same type of device which took place in Galicia (Spain). We used eight beehives separated in two groups, four with electric harps and two without them. Electric harps captured a huge amount of individuals from V. velutina and other species. Thus, beehives with electric harps are expected to experiment less pressure than those without them. Our study is a first step which should motivate further studies on this system. It however illustrates the efficiency and high selectivity of electric harps in protecting beehives, and can be used to understand foraging periods of hornets. Here we conclude that, owing to their low impact on biodiversity, such interception non baited traps provide a good protection of hives as tested in small apiaries, and we advise beekeepers to use these traps for hives situated in areas with high predation pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apis mellifera pomonella is one of two subspecies that represent the eastern limits of honey bee (Apis mellifera) distribution, and it is important to understand its biogeography and evolution. Despite this, A. m. pomonella was not investigated after its discovery 20 years ago. In particular, it is not known if it was hybridized or not with exotic subspecies introduced by beekeepers. In this study, we analysed the variation in honey bee forewing shape in Kazakhstan. Bees were collected from apiaries, where the origin of the queens was not controlled by beekeepers; they formed a group called "local bees", and apiaries where queens declared as either A. m. carnica or A. m. mellifera were obtained from queen breeders. The two later groups were called "exotic bees". We showed that local bees are still distinct from exotic ones. However, some samples showed signs of introgression with exotic subspecies from lineage C. In terms of wing shape, the local bees were most similar to lineage O. We concluded that the local bees most likely represented A. m. pomonella. We provided wing images and identification data, which can help to identify A. m. pomonella and protect it in the future. It is interesting that the nearby honey bee population sourced from China, which is not separated by any clear barrier to gene flow, belonged to lineage M. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A continuing trend in precision apiculture is to use computer vision methods to quantify characteristics of bee traffic in managed colonies at the hive's entrance. Since traffic at the hive's entrance is a contributing factor to the hive's productivity and health, we assessed the potential of three open-source convolutional network models, YOLOv3, YOLOv4-tiny, and YOLOv7-tiny, to quantify omnidirectional traffic in videos from on-hive video loggers on regular, unmodified one- and two-super Langstroth hives and compared their accuracies, energy efficacies, and operational energy footprints. We trained and tested the models with a 70/30 split on a dataset of 23,173 flying bees manually labeled in 5819 images from 10 randomly selected videos and manually evaluated the trained models on 3600 images from 120 randomly selected videos from different apiaries, years, and queen races. We designed a new energy efficacy metric as a ratio of performance units per energy unit required to make a model operational in a continuous hive monitoring data pipeline. In terms of accuracy, YOLOv3 was first, YOLOv7-tiny—second, and YOLOv4-tiny—third. All models underestimated the true amount of traffic due to false negatives. YOLOv3 was the only model with no false positives, but had the lowest energy efficacy and highest operational energy footprint in a deployed hive monitoring data pipeline. YOLOv7-tiny had the highest energy efficacy and the lowest operational energy footprint in the same pipeline. Consequently, YOLOv7-tiny is a model worth considering for training on larger bee datasets if a primary objective is the discovery of non-invasive computer vision models of traffic quantification with higher energy efficacies and lower operational energy footprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to popular belief, beekeeping, which dates back to prehistoric times and is one of the most important plant and animal production branches today, is not an innocent profession in terms of occupational health and safety. In this study, in order to determine the occupational health and safety risk factors in the beekeeping profession, Interviews with beekeepers were conducted in 10 apiaries operating in Bayburt, where especially wandering beekeeping is practiced. In light of the data obtained from the danger hunt applied by the occupational health and safety specialist, ergonomic, physical, biological, and chemical risks were revealed using the FMEA risk analysis method. The effect, probability, and detection values were found for each failure mode, and then Risk Priority Number values were calculated. As a result of the study, for the five basic stages of beekeeping, 15 processes, 39 failure modes, 72 potential effects, and 39 failure causes were determined. Failure modes with a Risk Priority Number value of 100 and above were evaluated as “situations where urgent action and axiom should be taken,” and preventive axioms were proposed for each relevant failure mode. The number of studies on the risk factors in the beekeeping profession is very limited in the literature. For this reason, it is predicted that this study will fill an important gap in the related field and make significant contributions to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.; Hymenoptera, Apidae) are the most efficient pollinators in agroecosystems, responsible for the successful production of fruits, nuts, and vegetables, but they continue to face debilitating challenges. One of the major factors leading to these challenges could be linked to poor nutrition that results in weakening the colony, increasing susceptibility to pests and pathogens, and reducing the ability of bees to adapt to other abiotic stresses. Extensively used for commercial pollination, honey bee colonies regularly face exposure to limited diversity in their pollen diet as they are placed in flowering monocrops. Lack of access to diverse plant species compromises the availability of plant secondary compounds (phytochemicals), which, in small amounts, provide significant benefits to honey bee health. We analyzed the beneficial phytochemical content of honey and stored pollen (bee bread) samples from colonies in large apiaries through the active bee season. Samples were evaluated for 4 beneficial phytochemicals (caffeine, kaempferol, gallic acid, and p-coumaric acid), which have previously been shown to improve honey bee health. Our results, as relevant to the apiary locations in the study, indicated that p-coumaric acid is uniformly available throughout the season. Caffeine is completely absent, and gallic acid and kaempferol are not regularly available. Our results suggest the need to explore the potential to deliver beneficial phytochemicals as nutritional supplements to improve bee health. It may be vital for the pollination industry to consider such targeted dietary supplementation as beekeepers strive to meet the increasing demand for crop pollination services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]