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Images of military conquest on Sennacherib's palace walls often featured his siege camps. By comparing the visual and textual references to these camps with the surroundings of the cities he besieged (on site and via aerial and satellite imagery, archaeological and historical data, and early maps and surveys), likely locations are proposed for Sennacherib's royal camps. These sites are found to have all had the same name on early maps, Mudawwara , which, in Arabic in the Middle Ages, denoted the enormous tent that housed the sultan on military expeditions. (At times, this name was prefaced with Khirbet al , indicating the ancient stone ruins thereof.) Examining all occurrences of this toponym within Judah and Philistia reveals a distribution consistent with what is known of Sennacherib's invasion route and of the cities besieged. It also resolves some long-standing questions and contributes to identifying the locations of the cities of Libnah and Nob. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, I argue that Josephus’ interpretation of the period of the biblical judges, following the conquest of Canaan and settlement in the land, mirrors Greco-Roman rhetoric that traced the origins of Rome’s decline to the middle and late republic. Survey of Greco-Roman writers shows that Josephus modelled his diagnosis of the decline of Israel during the period of the judges on the causes of Roman decline identified by many Greek and Latin writers, these being: (1) influx of foreign wealth; (2) discharge of veterans and turn toward agricultural living; and (3) growth of rural elite estates. Beyond serving as his own inspiration, this literary milieu informed Josephus’ elite Greco-Roman audience, thus ensuring that they would read his interpretation of the period of the judges in light of tropes about Roman decline that were popular in their day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connections between northern Iberia and western France around the Bay of Biscay during the Chalcolithic, Early Bronze Age, and Middle Bronze Age are addressed in this article through a multivariate cluster analysis of a dataset of 1273 metal finds, comprising 4554 metal artefacts grouped into five multiregional clusters with distinctive distributions, chronologies, content, and contexts. Changes in distribution and chronology show that metalwork from faraway regions was deposited in similar ways, reflecting changing patterns of interregional connectivity. Changes in context and content suggest social transformations. The clustering method known as Latent Class Analysis is presented here in the hope that it will be applicable to other datasets elsewhere in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores dance improvisation as an alternative mode of understanding the archaeological heritage site beyond representational knowledge. Drawing on projects undertaken on Liangzhu Archaeological Site over the past five years (2018–2023), we have employed dance improvisation as a method for participants to explore here and now interactions with the heritage site, focusing on their sensing, feeling and thinking. Using an A/r/tography methodology, this study considers how intersections of art-making and writing allow new meanings and bodily interpretation to emerge during the improvisation process. Participant reflection notes reveal how embodied encounters create space for rhizomatic interpretations of the archaeological site, transcending power dynamics embedded in existing politically-sacred and archaeologically-authoritative knowledge systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artefacts are human-made objects deemed culturally and historically significant. But they are also those scratches, burns and glitches that appear on audiovisual screens due to poor projection, improper storage or faulty processing. They are those unwanted additions that visualise the presence of loss. This paper explores the politics of audiovisual loss by looking at the history of the Ghana Film Industry Corporation film collection's demise alongside the 2020 films by Onyeka Igwe – a so-called archive and No Archive Can Restore You – that feature a similar collection in Nigeria. Igwe's exploratory camera floats around the Nigerian Film Corporation building documenting the filmic carnage within its vaults, reminding audiences that archival horror lies in the "colonial residue" of the archive's architecture. Artefacts of decay in Igwe's films, that mark the elimination of information from the image that restoration seeks to renew, are not the result of inaction, but acts of refusal. Film artefacts not only mark loss but are also traces of postcolonial affect. As such, I argue that archival neglect and the losses that it produces may also be acts of archival labour – an articulation of artefacting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article puts early modern material culture center stage in a discussion of relational reasoning in the first age of globalization. I argue that early modern featherwork functioned as a site of innovative cultural crossings and material experiments. A combined approach of in-depth archival research and imaging technologies reveals new insights into material choices and artisanal making processes that crafted the modalities of early modern feather fans' affectivity. I argue that the so-called Messel Standing Feather Fan points to the global scale of the trade in materials, the transmission of artisanal knowledge, and the blurred boundaries of consumer cultures in the late seventeenth-century Dutch Empire. Feather fans exemplify outstanding craft cultures that brought globally traded materials into dialogue with artisans' creative skills to craft the world of affective material experiences. This study of feather fans as affective artifacts transcends the widespread fetishization of featherwork as symbols of Amazonian Indigeneity. Instead, the fan's affectivity emerged from an early modern artisan's creative response to South American biodiversity, translating Amazonian biocreativity into the material aesthetics of early modern craft cultures. Charting the significance of biocreativity in an age of globalized consumerism and colonialism, this study of featherwork reconsiders seventeenth-century Indigenous-European material cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1970, the United States military was ordered to halt the use of herbicides in the Vietnam War. The suspension pre-empted a series of considerations by the military to determine what to do with the millions of gallons of surplus herbicides, such as Agent Orange, White, and Blue. In 1972, in response to a directive to return all Agent Orange stock to the continental United States for disposal, officials moved the herbicides to Johnston Atoll in the Pacific Ocean. In the 1980s, Johnston Atoll was slowly transformed into the site of the US military's first chemical munitions incineration facility. The military's use of the Atoll as a munitions waste site offers material and historical traces of the vast and continued global circulation of US military waste, how the military conceptualized the 'destruction' of such waste, and where it was deemed acceptable to house and carry out these attempts of waste removal. Drawing from primary sources including military scientific studies and correspondence, and situated within environmental justice and postcolonial science studies scholarship, I offer a reading of the Atoll as a place that was used to obscure, yet laid bare, several unattended histories and contemporalities of US empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing the comedy of Ziwe Fumudoh, this paper examines how repeated comedic bits can challenge white audiences' disingenuous anti‐racism, satirize toxic white womanhood in the U.S., and script what is possible when white feminists demonstrate sincere attempts at cross‐racial connection. Each artifact from Ziwe's comedy—an interview with chef Alison Roman, a musical sketch titled "Lisa Called the Cops," and an interview with activist Gloria Steinem—carve out productive modes of confrontation. Ziwe satirizes the ridiculousness of white performative allyship and toxic white womanhood, and demonstrates the push and pull between hope and hopelessness of structural progress in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1854 and 1856 the shape of private and public collections of arms, armour, and ordnance were influenced directly by the conflict with Russia, especially from the main theatre in the Crimea and its key military engagements including Alma, Balaklava, Inkerman, and Sevastopol. While antiquities and some examples of militaria had entered private collections through personal travel during the first half of the nineteenth century, it was the outbreak of war with Russia that perhaps had the strongest influence on collections. The new theatre of war provided fresh opportunities to begin a collection or expand an existing one. Moreover, a greater number of individuals from all levels of society were given chances to acquire objects than hithertofore, from militaria to objets d'art to ordinary domestic items. Pictures and photographs were often the most highly prized, particularly of the time before war had started and the destruction of cities such as Sevastopol had occurred.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a new method for reconstructing how bronzewares were employed in everyday acts of food preparation in first-century CE Pompeii. Through the morphologically sensitive analysis of use alterations (physical or chemical changes to the body of an object resulting from use) exhibited by bronze kitchenwares recovered from 19 properties in the town, I retrace the life histories of individual implements and offer new insights into how particular forms tended to be used. This study thus represents the first large-scale investigation of use alterations in Roman bronzewares, which rarely survive archaeologically but are amply attested in a state of exceptional preservation at the Vesuvian sites. In this article, I review the most common types of use alterations exhibited by this material, including various forms of accretion, attrition, and deformation, as well as intentional modifications (such as repairs), and consider what these tell us about the mechanics of meal-making in antiquity. Biographical sketches of two common bronze vessel forms at Pompeii, the pentola and the boiler-pitcher, offer a final illustration of the promise this sort of analysis holds for assessing the technical choices of ancient cooks, whose labor merits greater scholarly attention than it has garnered to date.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1610s and 1620s, a new computational technology took hold in England: printed mathematical tables for compound interest and discounting ("present value") problems. Historians of finance and accounting have long recognized these paper tools as predecessors of essential modern techniques like "discounted cash flow." Yet the history of these tables remains hazy. What did early seventeenth-century users do with them? Who used them? Why did they appear when they did? This article turns to one obscure but influential text—Ambrose Acroyd's Tables of Leasses and Interest (1628)—as a guide to these questions. Two key facts emerge. First, despite the prominence of similar calculations in financial applications today, these early tables were not confined to England's nascent financial sector. Rather, their foremost use related to agricultural property, specifically in assessing certain payments ("fines") landlords charged tenants for farm leases. Second, among the leading "early adopters" were institutions of the Church of England. Amidst the inflation of the early modern "price revolution," bishops, cathedrals, and colleges confronted a complex of economic, political, and social pressures. Mathematical tables like Acroyd's emerged out of long-running conflicts between church landlords and tenants over how to determine just and reasonable fines on church lands. Discounting tables were thus not tools of instrumental rationality evincing a new capitalist mentality, but tools of social accommodation and products of the era's "economy of obligation." This early modern tale offers a vivid example of how and why one community turned to a mathematical algorithm to resolve conflicts about fairness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Langdon Winner uses the expression "technology somnambulism" referring to the fact of not taking into account the active and constitutive role technologies play in the shaping of forms of life (practices, actions, identities, etc.). Winner refers to this somnambulism in the sphere of the use of technical artefacts, but we can extend this notion to the sphere of the manufacture and operation of these artefacts and technologies, and thus speak of a "production somnambulism". This somnambulism would be the oblivion of human labour, design, actions, decisions, and processes making possible the existence and functioning of technologies. In particular, we will deal with the somnambulism associated with the internet content moderation. We will look at what this type of digital labour consists of, its invisibility by design and the alienation it causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 2023, the Manchester Museum opened its new South Asia Gallery. Co-curated by a collective - 'individuals from British Asian communities in and around Manchester and fellow experts', the gallery encapsulates a unique curatorial spirit, and challenges traditional spatial juxtapositions in museum spaces. This review explores the collection and spatial experience of the gallery, examining the relationship between content and curatorial priorities. The gallery stands out in its unique telling of a people's history of large-scale global events, in the ways it traces the relationship between the everyday and empire, and between belongings and artefacts. This however brings with it certain lacunas in the 'global' connections of South Asia, and the need for future opportunities to explore under-represented voices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last 10,000 y, humans have manipulated fallow deer populations with varying outcomes. Persian fallow deer (Dama mesopotamica) are now endangered. European fallow deer (Dama dama) are globally widespread and are simultaneously considered wild, domestic, endangered, invasive and are even the national animal of Barbuda and Antigua. Despite their close association with people, there is no consensus regarding their natural ranges or the timing and circumstances of their human-mediated translocations and extirpations. Our mitochondrial analyses of modern and archaeological specimens revealed two distinct clades of European fallow deer present in Anatolia and the Balkans. Zooarchaeological evidence suggests these regions were their sole glacial refugia. By combining biomolecular analyses with archaeological and textual evidence, we chart the declining distribution of Persian fallow deer and demonstrate that humans repeatedly translocated European fallow deer, sourced from the most geographically distant populations. Deer taken to Neolithic Chios and Rhodes derived not from nearby Anatolia, but from the Balkans. Though fallow deer were translocated throughout the Mediterranean as part of their association with the Greco-Roman goddesses Artemis and Diana, deer taken to Roman Mallorca were not locally available Dama dama, but Dama mesopotamica. Romans also initially introduced fallow deer to Northern Europe but the species became extinct and was reintroduced in the medieval period, this time from Anatolia. European colonial powers then transported deer populations across the globe. The biocultural histories of fallow deer challenge preconceptions about the divisions between wild and domestic species and provide information that should underpin modern management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the national scale, Lydd is one of the "mixed cities" in Israel; however, to the Lydd municipality, the city is an "ancient historical city." Through a discourse analysis of how the Lydd Municipality uses heritage as a tool to construct the city's image as an "ancient historical city," this article highlights how the two disparate urban identities align in producing and maintaining histories of colonial erasure. To the Lydd Municipality, the image of Lydd as an "ancient historical city" begins with the Shelby White and Leon Levy Lod Mosaic Archaeological Center, a pristine modern structure standing only a few blocks away from several abandoned and haphazardly cordoned-off ruins from the Ottoman era. Looking to municipal rhetorics and urban development plans for several of the heritage sites in the northeastern portion of the city, heritage is understood as a tool through which national priorities, municipal entrepreneurialism, and colonial erasure coalesce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defensive infrastructure in the hinterland of the late Roman province of Germania Secunda hinged upon the widespread use of burgi. These defended settlements played a role in transforming villa estates, depopulated zones, and the expansion of the military footprint. They are common in the late third- and fourth-century landscape, spread throughout the loess belt of Belgium, Dutch Limburg, and the Rhineland, yet little has been done to quantify them. This article is dedicated to the chronology, morphology, and functional aspects of burgi , primarily in the loess plain of the Lower Rhine region. The author assembles data from a wide variety of burgi , to characterize them and reach meaningful conclusions about what they represent within the landscape, in the hope that it will act as a pilot project for future work in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using collaborative autoethnography, critical incidents, and artefacts, one teacher/coach (T/C) role conflict is contextualized in the Canadian physical education & school sport (PESS) setting. The purpose of the project was to use CAE in conjunction with a systematic analysis to promote personal narratives as both an approach to practitioner reflection and as a form of research inquiry to forward the field of PESS and occupational socialization. Data analysis sought to answer the singular question: Was the experience educative? An educative experience required alignment with the Meaningful PE democratic principles of autonomy and inclusivity. Critical accounts of T/C role conflicts resulted in the undesired continuity of T/C role socialization. By sharing these stories to learn by educators are encouraged to reflect on, question, and consider T/C roles in their educational settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yasmine Khayyat's book, "War Remains: Ruination and Resistance in Lebanon," offers a unique perspective on the intersection of trauma, memory, and resistance in Lebanon. The book examines the use of ruins in poetry, novels, memoirs, and cultural expressions, as well as their connection to resistance, hope, and regeneration. Khayyat focuses on the South of Lebanon, an area heavily impacted by warfare and occupation, and explores how ruins can serve as sites of connection to one's former self and markers of hope and restoration. The book also discusses the role of ruins in contemporary art and archival practices, as well as their incorporation into cultural practices to counteract state-sponsored amnesia. Overall, this book provides a rich and contextualized study of Lebanese cultural production and is recommended for those interested in Lebanese literature, history, and the theme of ruination. [Extracted from the article]

This article attempts to situate land art in the deserts of the US Southwest in terms of the works' relation to and rupture with more traditional genres (seventeenth to twentieth centuries) of parks, gardens, and landscape architecture. It argues that the earlier works provide implicit answers to questions concerning Earth's meaning and offer models of flourishing habitation. In contrast, the more recent works, all constructed in the era of the great acceleration (the Anthropocene), pose questions having to do with new challenges posed by climate change and the devastation of the Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores contracts as both legal constructs and "social artifacts," examining their historical and sociopolitical dimensions. It highlights the often-overlooked role of contracts in art transactions, authentication, and artists attempts to reshape power dynamics. It is reported that the discussion extends to contemporary artists using contracts to challenge inequalities and emphasizes the evolving nature of these agreements beyond economic terms.

In the city of Antioch-on-the-Orontes in 387 c.e. statues of the emperor Theodosius I and his family were destroyed by a crowd angered by a recent tax increase, resulting in a series of imperial punishments enacted upon the city. In the months after the event, two prominent residents, the pagan author Libanius and the Christian priest John Chrysostom, wrote (in the case of Libanius) and preached (in the case of Chrysostom) in response to the destruction of the statues and the ensuing punishments. This article focuses on the varied understandings of the power and presence of imperial portraits written into Libanius's and Chrysostom's texts. In contrast with Libanius's traditional understanding of the statue as a surrogate for the venerable subject it represented, Chrysostom instead argues that the living human is superior to the lifeless statue, as we are created "in the image of God" by the supreme artist himself. By marshaling Neoplatonic ideas and pagan critiques of statuary, as well as Christian doctrine, Chrysostom seeks to convince his congregants and later readers still attached to the imperial statue cult that the faithful, rather than graven images, are what matter. Writing in a period in which Christianity was ascendant, and in which some cult statues of the pagan gods were targeted for destruction, Chrysostom's homilies provide a unique window into late fourth-century conceptions of portrait statues, which though different from statues of divine subjects were potentially problematic sites of animation and veneration. Read closely against each other, Libanius's and Chrysostom's texts supplement our understanding of the factors behind the subsequent decline in the production and display of portrait statues, as well as changing ideas about three-dimensional representation in a Christian empire. [End Page 543] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on materials recovered from archaeological sites a cornerstone of archaeological sciences. Topics include explorations of the skills, knowledge, cognition, values, and beliefs of past human societies; and erasure of barriers through collaboration within Africa and between Africa and diferent areas of the Global South and Global North.

A domestic organ built by William Hill between 1832 and 1837, currently housed at Wesley Methodist Chapel in Makhanda (formerly Grahamstown), is amongst the oldest pipe organs in South Africa. It is thought to have belonged to Lt Gen. Sir Henry Somerset and his wife Frances, who were tied to the British settlement of the Eastern Cape in 1820. The organ's age, in relation to this history of settlement, has allowed it to generate interest as an artefact of early colonial life in Makhanda. Several authors have written about the Hill organ, among whom Percival Kirby and Albert Troskie have been keen to stress the instrument's unchanged nature. However, the idea that the organ has remained unchanged is not reflected in the material and archival history of the instrument. The pipework and a documented history of regular repairs suggest that the Hill organ has been significantly changed at least once since its initial construction. In addressing these omissions, I hope to destabilise existing narratives and perceptions of the instrument. By focusing on its 'unchanged' nature as a point of merit, authors such as Kirby and Troskie have hindered a nuanced understanding of the organ's societal context and impeded an appraisal of its legacy as a settler colonial artefact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appeals to metaphysics have lately come to ascendancy in analytic legal philosophy. Over the last 20 years or so, a new discourse framework has emerged in analytic legal metaphysics that focusses on the explanatory question of how law is made. By any measure the most influential refinement of this question is to be found in Mark Greenberg's seminal 2004 article How Facts Make Law. This essay tries to exert some pressure on this familiar question by posing the categorial question of what type of entities different theories of law take up as ontologically basic for their inquiry. The essay singles out four exemplary avenues for answering the categorial question. Introducing a categorial instead of explanatory lens is an overdue step in the process of updating the metaphysical toolbox of contemporary analytic theories of law. The categorial question of what kind of entity law is ismeant to complement the explanatory question of how law is made in a way that makes disagreements about the metaphysical-explanatory demands of theories of law more tractable or amenable to principled adjudication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the history of clandestine activities concerning Buddhist antiquities in the former Khyber Agency of the British Indian Empire. To this end, the archives kept at the Directorate of Archives and Libraries at Peshawar prove that Gandhāran sculptures recovered during these clandestine excavations were transported to England in violation of the law in force. In addition, some sculptures belonging to senior officers have disappeared and are to this day unknown. This article envisions and considers some of these facts and therefore focuses particularly on the discovery, hasty excavation, and devastation of Buddhist ruins near the great stupa called Shpola which was part of the Khyber Agency under the British Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discute sobre un sitio mesoamericano ubicado en la ciudad de Tula, en el Valle de Tula, Hidalgo, México, con un enfoque en la historia prehispánica y atractivos importantes dentro de la ciudad como el Coatepantli y la pirámide, Edificio B.

The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) is a partnership project, funded by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport and Welsh Government, run by the British Museum in England and Amgueddfa Cymru-Museum Wales in Wales, with over 40 archaeologists – Finds Liaison Officers (FLOs) – based at partner institutions throughout these two countries. It exists to record small finds made by members of the public, for the advancement of knowledge and to preserve the archaeological record. Since its inception as a pilot project covering six counties in 1997, it has recorded more than 1.6 million objects on its online database at https:// finds.org.uk, the vast majority of these voluntarily submitted (the exception being finds meeting the definition of Treasure, which must be reported by law). The data amassed by the PAS has been used in hundreds of research projects and feeds into local Historic Environment Records. This round-up of finds recorded with the PAS covers the period between 1 January and 31 December 2021, for everything classed as ‘Post-Medieval’ (c.1500–c.1900) or ‘Modern’ (c.1901–present) on its database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Algerian coast is rich in cultural heritage. Many major historical cities and archaeological remains are scattered along its coastline. This cultural heritage is increasingly threatened by the rapid urbanisation that Algeria has experienced in recent years. In 2018 the area of El Hamdania (Cherchell region) was selected as the site of a new commercial mega port. This large construction project will affect a number of archaeological sites located in this region. This paper aims to highlight the archaeological importance of the El Hamdania region and assesses the risks of such a construction to the heritage of the region. The archaeological evidence discussed is based on survey work carried out by members of the Laboratoire d'Études Historiques et Archéologiques (LEHA), an institution that carries out research projects on coastal and maritime archaeology in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coastline of Cyrenaica, Libya, is rich in cultural heritage dating from prehistory to the modern periods. Despite the region's long-standing and strong connection to the sea, maritime archaeology remains a peripheral, but growing, branch of archaeology in Libya. This paper aims to provide an overview of the maritime projects that have been carried out in Cyrenaica in the past. Furthermore, it will highlight the main threats and damages that coastal heritage faces today and will provide some suggestions on how the discipline could develop in the future. The Cyrenaica Coastal Survey (CCS), a collaboration between the Maritime Endangered Archaeology (MarEA) project and the Department of Antiquities (DoA), Libya, will serve as a case study of an ongoing project that documents and assesses the condition of sites along the Cyrenaican coast between Tocra and Apollonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Prior Analytics 1.15, Aristotle attempts to give a proof through the impossible of Barbara, Celarent, Darii, and Ferio with an assertoric first premiss, a contingent second premiss, and a possible conclusion. These proofs have been controversial since antiquity. I shall show that they are valid, and that Aristotle is able to explain them by relying on two meta-syllogistic lemmas on the nature of possibility interpreted as syntactic consistency. It will turn out that Aristotle's proofs are not of the intended schemata. I shall investigate some of the results that the impact of this reconstruction on the modal syllogistic has: the relationship between Aristotle's syllogistic and the logics of relevance; the value of Aristotle's requirement that universal affirmative propositions be taken 'absolutely'; the destruction of many Aristotelian proofs; the recovery of certain principles of modal opposition from a charge of inconsistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the translation of "Horace's" Ars Poetica by José Morell in the late 17th century, examining its context amidst a shift in literary paradigms influenced by classical antiquity and Italian styles. Topics include the evolution of Spanish poetry, the significance of translating classical texts into vernacular languages, and the diverse approaches to translation, shedding light on the complexities of literary transformation during this period.

This essay addresses how new procedural knowledge was promoted during the devotional revolution in nineteenth-century Ireland, particularly in relation to bodily-material culture techniques. It argues that a more orthopraxic physical disposition was a significant aspect of the experience and practice of Catholicism, and suggests ways of thinking about that in relation to religious imagination and space. In this, it sees bodies as connected to artefacts through material practices. The bodily-material culture techniques under discussion include gesture, ways of interacting with objects and spaces, and in general the embedding of new forms of material knowledge and body schema. In this, this essay re-examines the relationship between religious and secular space during this period. On the one hand, at this time the intense construction and prominent siting of thousands of religious buildings including churches, denominational institutions and entire urban quarters suggest that sacred and secular spaces were highly defined and circumscribed. However, a focus on bodies and objects also suggests the idea of immanence, and a more fluid inter-relationship between sacred and profane space than might be generally considered. The contribution draws largely on regulatory and instructive literature including catechisms and popular devotional tracts, personal testimony and specific liturgical and devotional objects and spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Zhao Liang's stylistic approach to representing the intersections between Inner Mongolia's landscapes and migrant workers in his unconventional documentary Beixi moshuo (Behemoth , 2015). It argues that the blending of artificiality with realism and the juxtaposition of the wounded land and wounded human bodies are the ways in which Zhao calls on viewers to explore an affective, contemplative, and biocentric understanding of ecology. In an artistic manner, Behemoth powerfully exposes the surreal magnitude of China's environmental ruin, the environmental injustices state policies have caused for marginalized regions and populations, and the absurdity of China's post-socialist development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether or not Ross's theory that P.Euphrates 18 was drafted in a distinctly different political climate than were P.Euphrates 19 and P.Dura 28 is ultimately correct, it does seem entirely too coincidental to suggest that the production of the three Syriac documentary parchments was not somehow informed by the political situation in Edessa during the Abgarid restoration from 238 to 242 ce, since this corresponds almost exactly with the production of all three Syriac documentary parchments. These are: P.Euphrates 1 (28 August 245 ce) P.Euphrates 3-4 (252-256 ce) P.Euphrates 10 (26 May 250 ce) P.Euphrates 16 (239-241 ce) P.Euphrates 18 (18 December 240 ce), and P.Euphrates 19 (1 September 242 ce). There are only three extant documentary texts from antiquity that were written entirely in Syriac.[2] These are P.Euphrates 18 (240 ce), P.Euphrates 19 (242 ce), and P.Dura 28 (243 ce). Although this must have been outlined in the original I s ara i drafted prior to the drafting of P.Euphrates 18, we only know about the terms of the loan as they are recounted in P.Euphrates 18. 35 P.Euphrates 18.22-25. 36 P.Euphrates 18.27-28. 37 P.Euphrates 18.29-30. 38 P.Euphrates 18.2.1-5v. [Extracted from the article]