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Purpose: To study the potential of a candidate probiotic strain belonging to the Enterococcus durans species in alleviating hypercholesterolemia and improving the microbial milieu of rat gut. Methods: A previously isolated and characterized E. durans strain NPL 1334 was further screened in vitro for its bile salt hydrolyzation and cholesterol assimilation ability. An in vivo trial using diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats was conducted to evaluate the effects of the administered test probiotic strain on the animal's blood biochemical parameters such as total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipopolysaccharides (HDL), low-density lipopolysaccharides (LDL), triglycerides (TG), on body weight, oxidative stress markers, and its impact on intestinal and fecal microbiota as well as a histopathological examination of the test animal's livers. Results: E. durans strain showed good bile salt hydrolyzing ability and ample cholesterol assimilation in vitro. Probiotic-fed hypercholesterolemic rats showed significantly lowered cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL levels. The body weight of probiotic-fed rats was reduced as compared to the control. E. durans also stimulated the growth of beneficial LAB in the intestine of experimental rats and did not harm the liver of the experimental rats. Conclusion: E. durans can be a natural therapeutic alternative to manage diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and may eventually enhance anti-cholesterolemic therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emergence of the coronavirus disease, there has been a notable surge in demand for herbal remedies with minimal or no adverse effects. Notably, existing vaccines and medications employed in its treatment have exhibited significant side effects, some of which have proven fatal. Consequently, there is an increasing focus on pharmacological research aimed at identifying optimal solutions to this challenge. This shift entails exploring organic alternatives to traditional medicines, involving the extraction of superior phytochemicals from plants for enhanced biomedical applications in treating various diseases and conditions. To evaluate the qualitative phytochemicals and the quantity of these phytochemicals present in the leaf extracts of the medicinally important plant Plumeria pudica Jacq. Also, the antioxidant property estimation and the study of the antimicrobial properties of the plant have been done in this research. The qualitative phytochemical analysis was done to evaluate the presence of various phytochemicals and to quantify these phytochemicals total content estimation of them was done. Also, phytochemical analysis was further enriched by LCMS-QTOF analysis for the presence of compounds. The determination of the antioxidant potential of the leaves was done by two assays, the reducing power assay and the DPPH(2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. With that the antimicrobial properties of the leaves were also put to test against four bacterial strains namely, Kocuria rhizophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, and E. coli. The results of the phytochemical evaluation indicated that both IPA and hydroalcoholic extracts exhibited a superior phytochemical composition, emphasizing the higher extractive potential of IPA compared to the non-polar petroleum ether extract. The quantitative analysis revealed the predominance of IPA extract as the quantity of phenols (101 mg GAE/g dry-weight of plant extract), flavonoids (402.2 mg QE/g dry-weight of plant extract), carbohydrates (336 mg GLU/g dry-weight of plant extract), and proteins (164 mg BSAE/g dry-weight of plant extract) were highest in the IPA extract. LC–MS QTOF analysis demonstrated the presence of significant phytocompounds in all leaf extracts that have pharmacological applications. Moreover, in antioxidant assays, the IPA extract showed the highest DPPH scavenging activity (66.85% of inhibition), with an IC50 value of 33.54 µg/mL, and the IPA extract exhibited the highest reducing power (1.5 absorbance), signifying robust antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the antimicrobial evaluation revealed that the aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts displayed larger zones of inhibition compared to the other leaf extracts. And, during the antimicrobial activity interestingly most susceptibility was shown by Klebsiella pneumonia. This study concludes that the diverse extracts of P. pudica leaves possess remarkable phytoconstituent properties both qualitatively and quantitatively, suggesting their rich bioactive compound content and potential as novel sources for therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical investigation of the methanolic root extract of Caloncoba glauca (P. Beauv.) Gilg exhibited two new 30-norfriedelane triterpenes, glaucalactones A and B (1–2), together with eight known compounds, caloncobalactone (3), friedelin (4), friedelanol (5), 3-oxo-friedelan-28-oic acid (6), stigmasterol (7), β-sitosterol (8), β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9) and pentacosanoic acid (10). The structures of the isolates were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic and spectrometric analyses (1D and 2D NMR, ESI-MS) and by comparison with previously reported data. All the compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial activities. Compound 1 displayed weak antibacterial effect with MIC value of 125 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherishia coli. Compound 6 exhibited moderated antifungal activity against Candida krusei with MIC value of 62.5 μg/mL. All the isolates were found to be inactive as antioxidants in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gurguéia nut represents a rich source of lipids and bioactive compounds with the potential for sustainable exploitation. In this work, the nutritional composition, and functional properties of gurguéia cakes obtained by hydraulic press (C1), supercritical CO2 (C2), and Soxhlet (SOX) with hexane (C3) were evaluated. In addition, hydroethanolic extracts obtained using SOX, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were evaluated for their yield, total phenolic compounds (TPC), flavonols, flavonoids, ortho-diphenols (ODP), condensed tannins (CT), and antioxidant potential (ABTS, TRC, CUPRAC, DPPH, FRAP, and IPL). The highest content of protein (34.8 g 100 g−1), carbohydrate (45.0 g 100 g−1), cellobiose (1710.7 mg 100 g−1), and malic acid (1399.4 mg 100 g−1) was observed for the sample C2. The highest water and oil absorption and foam capacities were also determined in sample C2. The main phenolic compounds in cakes were catechin (1.2-1.7 mg kg−1) and gallic acid (0.7-0.8 mg kg−1). The extraction using PLE with 70% ethanol showed the highest yield (35.6-39.9%) and higher antioxidant potential for ABTS (1319.1 mmol TE 100 g−1), TRC (1064.0 mg QE 100 g−1), CUPRAC (70.4 mmol TE 100 g−1), and IPL (75.6%). On the other hand, higher TPC (4624.7 mg GAE 100 g−1), flavonoids (418.4 mg EC 100 g−1), flavonols (150.4 mg QE 100 g−1), and ODP (381.9 mg CGA 100 g−1) contents were observed for the extract obtained by PLE with 30% ethanol. The results indicated that gurguéia cake is rich in bioactive compounds and can be fully explored using clean alternative technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zingiberaceae family of plants are ethnomedicinally well known. One of the less‐studied endemic species from this family, Curcuma neilgherrensis, and its leaves have been used as a folklore medicine by tribes of Western Ghats of India since ancient times. The aim of the study is to investigate in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials of organic solvent extracts prepared from C. neilgherrensis leaves as well as phytochemical profiling of the selected extract capable of apoptotic induction in cancer cells. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by the estimation of total phenolics and flavanoid contents, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays. Cytotoxic/antiproliferative potential was assessed employing human cancer cell lines (K562, HCT116, MDA‐MB‐231, and HL60) and normal lymphocyte cultures by MTT and trypan blue dye exclusion assays. Fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation, and caspase activity assays were utilized to study apoptosis induction by the extract in HCT116 cells. HR‐ESI‐MS/MS was used to identify chemical constituents present in the extract. C. neilgherrensis leaves extracts were found to contain varying amounts of total phenolics and flavanoid contents as well as antioxidant activity, with the methanolic extract (CNLM) displaying maximal activity. Higher antiproliferative potential was shown by the chloroform extract (CNLC) for a 48 h treatment period, against colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cells (IC50‐8.3 ± 0.8 μg/mL). CNLC treatment caused cytomorphological alternations, phosphatidylserine externalization, reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, increase in intracellular ROS, sub‐G1 phase cell population, and DNA fragmentation, as well as caspase 3 and 9 activities, confirming apoptosis induction in HCT116 cells. Phytochemical profiling of the CNLC extract by HR‐ESI‐MS/MS enabled identification of bioactive compounds, previously reported with anticancer potential such as rutin, tamarixetin, embelin, ginkgolide B, traumatic acid, and rosmarinic acid. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating in vitro antioxidant and antiproliferative potentials of C. neilgherrensis leaf extracts. The results presented reveal that C. neilgherrensis leaves are indeed a potent bioresource for chemotherapeutic candidate drugs for future use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the present investigation was to demonstrate the antibacterial activity of different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, cold aqueous and hot aqueous) of Crassocephalum crepidioides against ATCC bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its antioxidant potential. Furthermore, the chemical constituents present in the extract was perused by Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), along with in vitro cytotoxicity assessment. All the extracts were shown to be sensitive against S. aureus, MRSA and P. aeruginosa except for the ethanolic extract which was resistant to P. aeruginosa. Of all the extracts, hot aqueous extract found to be the most effective. It was found that Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of hot aqueous extract against S. aureus, MRSA and P. aeruginosa were 5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL, respectively. DPPH results showed that C. crepidioides leaf extract has potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 57.9 µg/mL. 22 compounds were detected in hot aqueous extract through Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The results of the cytotoxicity evaluation displayed that the IC50 value of the hot aqueous extract of C. crepidioides on Vero cell lines was 292 µg/mL. This study concludes that C. crepidioides leaf extract is non-toxic, has various bioactive components and strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities, thus making it a promising therapeutic agent for various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of nanoparticles (NPs) into agriculture is altering traditional methods, enhancing productivity and sustainability. This study explores the application of iron oxide nanoparticles (FeONPs) to mitigate salt-alkaline stress in cherry tomatoes. We investigated FeONPs at three concentrations (FeONP25, FeONP50, FeONP100 mg/kg soil) in pot experiments under non-stress (NS) and salt-alkaline stress (SAS) conditions. SAS conditions decreased biomass and nutrients in untreated plants, a trend reversed by FeONPs. FeONPs treatments significantly boosted pigment levels under SAS, thereby increasing chlorophyll a (10.65–43.05%), chlorophyll b (7.19–41.33%), total chlorophyll (9.84–42.49%), and carotenoids (8.97–36.09%) compared to the control. FeONPs also reduced NPQ under stress, indicating enhanced photosynthetic efficiency. Oxidative stress markers (H2O2, O₂−, and MDA) were strongly induced in control plants but significantly declined with FeONPs treatments. Antioxidants and osmoregulatory substances significantly improved with FeONPs, thereby demonstrating their potential to alleviate SAS in cherry tomato plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research investigated the effectiveness of cumin and black cumin extracts as natural antioxidants in uncooked chicken nuggets stored at refrigeration temperature (4°C) for 12 days and compared the results with a control treatment. Seven treatments were formulated, including a control group (Tc), T1 (0.5% cumin), T2 (1% cumin), T3 (1.5% cumin), T4 (0.5% black cumin), T5 (1% black cumin), and T6 (1.5% black cumin). The product was evaluated for several physicochemical parameters on days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 of storage. The data was analyzed using a two-way factorial design under a completely randomized (CRD) design. Results showed that both treatments and storage significantly impacted all physicochemical properties, including DPPH, TPC, pH, POV, and TBARS (p < 0.05). The values of TBARS significantly decreased with the increase in the concentration of cumin extract whereas TBARS increases during the storage period. Moreover, the interaction effect (Treatment*storage days) did not significantly affect any of the physicochemical parameters (p > 0.05). Sensory evaluation showed that T3 (1.5% cumin) was the most pleasant and preferred treatment. Conclusively, both cumin and black cumin have good antioxidant properties and can be used as natural antioxidants to increase the shelf life of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foods with higher bioactive activities are being sought as a potential tool to prevent lifestyle-related disorders. In this context, germinated foods are preferred over conventional foods as they are rich in health promoting moieties. The current research was planned to assess the germination-induced modifications in physicochemical and bioactive profile of black chickpea (Cicer arietinum). For this purpose, black chickpeas (desi) were soaked for 12 h and germinated. The germinated black chickpeas were recovered after 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h of germination, separately, and their physicochemical and antioxidant profiles were studied. The phytochemical profiling of the germinated black chickpea revealed that germination time significantly influenced the chemical composition of black chickpea. It was observed that the phytochemical contents of the germinated chickpeas increased with an increase in germination time. However, the flavonoids such as rutin, luteolin, kaempferol, and quercetin were decreased, but isorhamnetin was increased as the germination time was extended. Moreover, the antioxidant capacity quantified by DPPH and ABTS activity of germinated chickpeas also increased with an increase in germination time. The highest content of DPPH antioxidant activity was observed at the 72 h of germination, while the highest concentration of ABTS was observed at the fourth day of germination. Conclusively, extended germination for 120 h can negatively influence the phytochemical and antioxidant profile of black chickpea, whereas optimum germination for 72 h was found satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The release of bioactive peptides from proteins can be achieved by enzymatic hydrolysis, whereby mainly commercial enzymes are applied, although increasing attention is focused on alternative proteases. Hence, crude proteases from Bacillus sp. CL14, CL18, and CL33A were investigated to obtain antioxidant hydrolysates from bovine sodium caseinate (NaCAS) and soy protein isolate (SPI). The proteases were able to hydrolyze both substrates. Hydrolysis improved the radical-scavenging, Fe2+-chelating, and reducing power abilities of NaCAS and SPI. Higher antioxidant activities were commonly achieved at 2–3 h of hydrolysis. Overall antioxidant activities were higher for NaCAS hydrolysates produced with CL14 > CL18 > CL33 protease, and for SPI hydrolysates obtained with CL14 > CL33A ∼ CL18 protease. Generation of antioxidant protein hydrolysates suggest applications of enzymes and hydrolysates in food/feed (bio)technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) leaves are valuable sources of bioactive compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, which contribute to their potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Objectives: The overall aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial potential of extracts rich in bioactive compounds from blackcurrant leaves prepared in natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs). The objectives included the optimization of polyphenols extraction in NaDESs, characterization of the phytochemical composition by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), explanation of the chemical interactions between solvent systems and the main bioactive compound (chlorogenic acid) by molecular dynamics simulations, and evaluation of biological efficacy through antimicrobial tests. Methods: Two hydrogen-bond acceptors (HBAs) and three hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs) were tested. The experimental design included variables such as the HBA:HBD molar ratio, water percentage, extraction time, and extraction techniques used, specifically ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and ultra-turrax extraction (UTE). The evaluated responses included the total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content, and total antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial assays were performed on four Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacterial species, as well as one fungus, Candida albicans. Results: The extracts obtained by UAE showed higher concentrations of polyphenols and increased antioxidant potential. LC-MS analysis revealed the predominant presence of chlorogenic acid. The extracts showed significant activities against Gram-positive bacteria and Candida albicans. Conclusions: This study highlights the antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of blackcurrant leaves extracts prepared in NaDESs, confirming that this type of solvent enhances polyphenols extraction and offers perspectives for new therapeutic formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits and vegetables are sources of natural nutraceuticals. They contain a variety of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and other phytochemicals that contribute to their health-promoting properties and disease prevention. A wide variety of fruits and vegetables should be eaten to ensure that an individual's diet includes a combination of phytonutraceuticals and to obtain all their health benefits. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant potential and cardiovascular benefits within a restricted sample of ten fruits and ten vegetables, previously reported as largely consumed in Portugal. With data available from the literature, antioxidant potential scales were established. Additionally, a set of seven criteria, including high antioxidant capacity (FRAP values above 1), presence of n-3 fatty acids, saturated fat, cholesterol, trans fatty acids, fiber and sodium was used to create comparative scales of their potential cardiovascular benefits. The main results showed that the fruits that simultaneously exhibited the highest antioxidant potential values and the highest cardiovascular potential benefit were lemon, grapes, and melon; among vegetables, the top rankings were found to be tomato and onion. These products have been recognized as interesting sources of natural nutraceuticals for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In the future, similar approaches are desirable to translate complex scientific data into practical, simple and user-friendly information for food literacy initiatives, including nutrition education materials, about the relative level of the potential cardiovascular benefits of a wide diversity of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work portrays a sustainable utilization of fruits and vegetable waste (FVW) and aims in extraction of valuables. The waste chosen for the study are papaya peel, pea pod, mustard oil cake, banana peel, orange peel, pomegranate peel, pineapple peel, used coffee bean, onion peel, and apple peel. The extraction of bioactive components was done with methanol by percolation method at room temperature. The extraction was also done using microwave extractor and bath ultrasonicator. The extracts were analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) using Folin-Ciocalteu method in terms of mg/ml of gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Total phenolic content was found to be highest in apple peels (0.171 mg/ml), papaya peels (0.166 mg/ml), onion peel (0.146 mg/ml), and pomegranate (0.126 mg/ml). The extracts were analyzed for their antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Pomegranate peel showed 51.05% degradation in comparison to pure ascorbic acid which is a super antioxidant showing 90% degradation of DPPH (0.2 mM). Total protein content was determined by Biuret method. Anthrone reagent was used to determine the amount of carbohydrate in each sample quantitatively. The results underscore the immense potential for sustainability and innovation within the domain of food waste utilization for extraction of valuables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 36 cultivars and genotypes of quince fruits were harvested as materials from the collection garden of Yalova Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute. This study aims to determine the nutritional contents of quince cultivars and genotypes, including vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid mg/100 g), reducing sugar content (glucose mg/100 g), mineral substances (N, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, K, Ca, Mg, P; mg/100 g, Ash %), total antioxidant activity (DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, CUPRAC; µmol/100 g TE), total phenolic content (mg/100 g GAE), SSC (%), titratable total acidity (%), and pH and color values (L*, a*, b*). Based on these evaluations, quince cultivars and types with the highest nutritional content beneficial to human health were determined. This study can contribute to recommending high-nutrient cultivars and types to producers for cultivation in broder areas and promoting their widespread adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to assess the effectiveness of gamma irradiation in developing genetic variability in dragon fruit by influencing biochemical attributes. Seeds of dragon fruit were exposed to 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy γ-radiation using Co-60 source. Highest germinability, mean germination time, mean daily germination, vigour index and growth rate were observed in untreated seeds, however these traits were relatively less affected at lower irradiation level (up to 200 Gy). An irradiation level of ≥ 400 Gy severely affected germination traits and seedling growth and consequently 441 Gy irradiation level was considered as the lethal dose (LD50) for dragon fruit. Photosynthetic pigments, protein content and nutrient content were highest in untreated seedlings and moderately high up to 200 Gy. Findings demonstrated that the concentration of biochemical markers for abiotic stress tolerance viz. proline, phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase), were significantly high at 200 Gy irradiation level. Hence an irradiation dose of 200 Gy may be considered as an optimal for induced mutagenesis for abiotic stress tolerance in dragon fruit with the least possible unintended damage to seedling growth traits. The findings provide valuable insights into the efficient utilization of γ-irradiation in expediting the development of abiotic stress-tolerant mutant lines of dragon fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work evaluates the effect of casein, glucose, and olive oil on phytochemical bioaccessibility, antioxidant potential (DPPH and FRAP), antidiabetic potential (inhibition of amylase, α-glucosidase, and BSA glycation), and antihyperlipidemic potential (inhibition of lipase) of gingko standardized leaf extract in the form of tablets after in vitro digestion. Gingko extract formulations with protein, carbohydrates, and oil had high (>70%) in vitro bioaccessibility of quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin after each phases of digestion in comparison to moderate (35–70%) in vitro bioaccessibility from gingko water extract. Formulation with the highest in vitro bioaccessibility of the majority of the tested polyphenolic groups and terpene lactones after oral and intestinal phases was ginkgo with olive oil. High (>70%) antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP), antidiabetic (α-glucosidase and BSA glycation), and antihyperlipidemic potential were detected in almost all ginkgo formulations. Based on the results, we conclude that the in vitro bioaccessibility of individual compounds or groups of compounds depends on whether the tablets are taken with water or with foods (protein, carbohydrates, and oil). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant biotechnology creates opportunities for the cultivation of plants regardless of their natural habitats, which are often protected or difficult to access. Maintaining suspension cell cultures in bioreactors is an advanced part of biotechnological research that provides possibilities for obtaining plant tissue on a large scale. In this study, the suspension culture cultivation of a Chinese endemic plant, Schisandra henryi, in a stirred tank bioreactor was elaborated for the first time. The phytochemical profile of the tissue extracts was determined with UHPLC-MS/MS for the lignans (fifteen dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, one aryltetralin lignan, and two neolignans) and UHPLC-DAD-ESI-MS3 for the phenolic compounds (procyanidins and their derivatives and catechin). The maximum total lignan content of 1289 µg/100 g DW was detected for the extracts from suspensions cultured in a bioreactor for over 10 days. For the phenolic compounds, catechin was the dominant compound (390.44 mg/100 g DW). The biological activity of the extracts was tested too. To determine antioxidant potential we used DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), Molybdenum reduction, and β-carotene bleaching tests. The inhibition activity of the S. henryi extract on the enzymes responsible for skin aging, hyaluronidase and tyrosinase, was assessed with spectrophotometry. The cytotoxic activity of the extracts was estimated on human ovarian SKOV-3, cervical HeLa, and gastric AGS cancer cells and non-cancer, normal fibroblasts by an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The results showed the great potential of the obtained cell biomass extracts. The results of the antioxidant tests indicated their strong ability to reduce the level of free radicals, similarly to that of ascorbic acid, as well as the weak capacity to protect lipids from oxidation. Moreover, anticancer potential, particularly on the cervical and gastric cancer cells, was confirmed too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at investigating the chemical composition and a selected group of bioactivities of jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril L.) pod residue. An aqueous extract (deionized water; AE) and a hydroethanolic extract (ethanol: deionized water, 70:30 v/v; ETOH) were obtained via maceration. Ten phenolic compounds were characterized via LC-DAD-ESI/MSn: seven procyanidins, two quercetin derivatives and one taxifolin derivative, with dimers and trimers of procyanidins being the main components of both extracts. Total phenolic compound levels of 2.42 ± 0.06 and 11 ± 1 mg/g were found in AE and ETOH, respectively; however, only seven compounds were identified in ETOH. The jatoba pod residue extracts showed notable antioxidant activities: ETOH had greater antioxidant potential in the OxHLIA and DPPH assays (IC50 = 25.4 μg/mL and 0.71 μg/mL, respectively); however, EA demonstrated greater potential in the FRAP system (IC50 = 2001.0 µM TE/mg). Only AE showed antiproliferative potential, being effective against cell lines of gastric (GI50 = 35 ± 1 µg/mL) and breast (GI50 = 89 ± 4 µg/mL) adenocarcinomas. Likewise, only AE showed modest anti-inflammatory potential (IC50 = 225 ± 2 µg/mL) in mouse macrophages. Bacteriostatic effects against bacteria were exerted by both extracts. Enterococcus faecalis and Listeria monocytogenes (MICs = 2.5 mg/mL) were especially sensitive to the ETOH extract. Taken together, the results suggest potential for jatoba pod residue as a source of molecules with biological activities and with possible industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey is a sweet syrup mixture substance produced by honey bees. Contradictory results have been reported on the influence of organic and conventional beekeeping on the properties of honey. The aim of this research was to determine the potential difference between organically and conventionally produced honey of the same botanical origin (linden, acacia, chestnut, meadow). It was shown that the electrical conductivity (0.16–0.98 mS/cm), optical rotation (−1.00 − (−2.60) [α]D20), pH values (3.30–4.95), free acidity (4.0–9.0 mmol/kg), total content of phenolic (76.5–145.9 μg GAE/g dry weight (d.w.)) and flavonoids (48.7–307.0 μg QE/g d.w.), antioxidant potential, phenolic profile, mineral composition, color (−8.62–126.57 mmPfund) and sensory characteristics, although statistically significant differences were found, were not significantly improved better in the organic samples. All organic honey samples were richer in hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (60.5–112.1 μg CGAE/g d.w.) compared to conventional honey (56.7–91.1 μg CGAE/g d.w.) of the corresponding botanical origin. The results show that organic beekeeping does not lead to the production of honey with significantly better physicochemical, nutritional and sensory properties compared to conventionally produced honey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of fermenting plum pulp with Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis (BAL) on its physicochemical and bioactive properties, as well as the optimization of the freeze-drying (FD) process to develop a fruit-based probiotic delivery system. Fermentation significantly reduced the pH and total acidity of the pulp, achieving a cell viability of 11 log CFU/mL. The FD process was optimized using a factorial design, with maltodextrin concentration (3, 5, and 7%) and freezing temperature (−150, −100, and −50 °C) as variables. The P2 experiment, which used 7% maltodextrin and freezing at −150 °C, showed the best results in terms of yield (25.67%), cell viability (8 log CFU/g), and probiotic survival rate (97.66%). Samples P5, P6, and P7, prepared with 5% maltodextrin and freezing at −100 °C, exhibited the highest levels of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (p < 0.05). During 28 days of storage, all samples maintained cell viability without significant logarithmic reduction. In summary, probiotic plum powders offer an excellent plant-based alternative for probiotic consumption, providing safe levels of beneficial bacteria and bioactive compounds with antioxidant action, meeting health and nutrition needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research investigated the antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials of four medicinal plants from the Lamiaceae family, including Marrubium vulgare L., Vitex agnus-castus L., Phlomis olivieri Benth., and Nepeta ucranica L. The study evaluated the extracts' cytotoxicity by analyzing the mitotic index in onion root tip meristematic regions and cell viability in green algae Dunaliella salina. The findings indicated that P. olivieri and V. agnus-castus exhibited more significant antioxidant potential, but compared to the other, N. ucranica showed the lowest potential. The mitotic indices in the onion root tip's meristematic region and vulgar aqueous extract decreased with some increase in the extract concentrations of all studied plants. Additionally, the number of cells in various mitotic phases decreased, whatever cells in interphase increased in the treatment, and D. salina experienced a decrease in the number of cells with an increase in extract concentration. The study also observed a decline in the number of cells in the algal suspension with growth in extract concentration, particularly when exposed to V. agnus-castus extract. However, medicinal plants with high antioxidant potential are used in prevention, and various treatments with caution are advised due to their observed cytotoxic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an experimental analysis of greenhouse solar dryer (GHSD) under natural and forced convection for shelf storage of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) leaves, and the obtained results are compared with conventional open sun drying and shade drying to determine the optimal drying method. The GHSD, being capable of raising the interior temperature 15–25 °C higher than the ambient temperature, took only 2.5 and 2.0 h for drying of 100 gm Tulsi under natural and forced convection mode compared to 5.0 and 7.0 h in open sun and shade drying, respectively. The peak drying rate under natural and forced convection GHSD drying was 0.57 and 0.70 gm of water per gram of dry solid, while dryer efficiencies were estimated as 14% and 16%, respectively. The findings revealed a reduction in drying time by 50% and 60% compared to open sun drying, and by 64% and 71% compared to shade drying under natural and forced convection, respectively. The calculated energy payback time (EPBT) was 0.78 years with earned carbon credit of US$ 60.22 for 10 years of intended life span while the economic payback period was 1.3 years associated with potential saving of Rs 1,11,916. In quality evaluation, total phenolic and flavonoid content (73.39 mg GAE/g and 5.09 mg QE/g) along with antioxidant potential (IC50 value: 55.09 μg/mL) have been recorded higher for the leaves dried in GHSD compared to open sun drying. The findings established a sustainable, eco‐friendly and economical path for the blooming herbal medicine industry. Practical application: Greenhouse solar dryer is an eco‐friendly, sustainable, clean and hygienic way to dry herbs and medicinal plants. The greenhouse solar dryer can shorten the drying time by 50%–60% compared to natural stand in the sun (OSD), improve the quality of dried herbs and medicinal plants, and reduce the decay rate of the dried products. These leaves can be best suited for Ayurveda medicine industries for herbal powder (Churna). Being economically advantageous, greenhouse solar dryers improve the shelf life of the dried leaves, reduce their density, and lower transportation costs, boosting farmers' income in herbal farming and nutritional security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruits and vegetables are sources of natural nutraceuticals. They contain a variety of bioactive compounds such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers and other phytochemicals that contribute to their health-promoting properties and disease prevention. A wide variety of fruits and vegetables should be eaten to ensure that an individual’s diet includes a combination of phytonutraceuticals and to obtain all their health benefits. This study aimed to compare the antioxidant potential and cardiovascular benefits within a restricted sample of ten fruits and ten vegetables, previously reported as largely consumed in Portugal. With data available from the literature, antioxidant potential scales were established. Additionally, a set of seven criteria, including high antioxidant capacity (FRAP values above 1), presence of n-3 fatty acids, saturated fat, cholesterol, trans fatty acids, fiber and sodium was used to create comparative scales of their potential cardiovascular benefits. The main results showed that the fruits that simultaneously exhibited the highest antioxidant potential values and the highest cardiovascular potential benefit were lemon, grapes, and melon; among vegetables, the top rankings were found to be tomato and onion. These products have been recognized as interesting sources of natural nutraceuticals for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In the future, similar approaches are desirable to translate complex scientific data into practical, simple and user-friendly information for food literacy initiatives, including nutrition education materials, about the relative level of the potential cardiovascular benefits of a wide diversity of food products.

A functionalized product (tincture) was developed using blackberries leaves (Rubus caesius L., Fam. Rosaceae, subfam. Rosoideae species) at different stages, since they provide biologically active compounds. Physicochemical analyzes were performed, such as the evaluation of the total poly-phenol content (TPC), the antioxidant potential, evaluation of the a chlorophyll, b chlorophyll and total chlorophyll for the raw material. The influence of solvents type on the extraction and the content of the total polyphenols and the antioxidant potential were also assessed. Moreover, the antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and Bacillus cereus was revealed. The green and red leaves registered a decrease in TPC during maceration, meaning the polyphenols were transferred to the tinctures. In the acetone extract of the green leaves, highest TPC of 538.59 mg GAE/100g was determined, with an antioxidant potential of 93.13 %RSA DPPH inhibited, which was not statistically different from the antioxidant values of the extracts obtained with other solvents. The red leaves exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity on the tested strains, except for Salmonella typhimurium, which exhibited resistance towards each tested extract. The current study demonstrates the potential usage of blackberry leaves from sustainable sources.

Abstract Acridocarpus monodii Arène & Jaeger is an endemic plant species to the ‘’Dogon Country’’ in Mali. This species is highly popular in Dogon ethnic groups, but no scientific data on its medicinal and biochemical properties are available in Mali. This work aimed to list its medicinal uses and assess its phytochemical composition and antioxidant power. An ethnobotanical investigation based on semi structured questionnaire was used to identify the traditional uses of A. monodii among the local population in three villages (Ireli, Youdiou and Yon-biré) inside ‘’Dogon country’’ in Mali. The phytochemical composition was determined using qualitative tests, while the antioxidant potency was performed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydazyl (DPPH) and phosphomolybdate (TAC) tests. A total of 45 people were interviewed, the majority of whom were male (82.20%) and over 52 years of age. A. monodii is used to treat a dozen pathologies or diseases, dominated by malaria (71.10%), yellow fever (24.40%) and dysuria (20%). Although, all parts of this species are used to treat these pathologies, leaves (88.90%) were the most coveted followed by roots (37.80%). The use of these parts was significantly (p = 0.016

The black puçá (Mouriri pusa) is an unconventional fruit from the Cerrado region of Brazil, commonly known as the jabuticaba of the forest. However, data on its nutritional and phytochemical composition are limited. This study investigated the nutritional composition, physicochemical characteristics, profile of carbohydrates and organic acids, phenolics and flavonoids individual, amino acids composition, bioactive substances, and antioxidant potential in the pulp, peel, and seed fractions of puçá-preto. The results confirm that puçá-preto is an important nutritional source. The main organic acids were malic acid (187.54 − 290.50 mg g−1) followed by tartaric acid (57.89 − 134.79 mg g−1). In the black puçá, 8 of the 9 essential amino acids were determined, with arginine presenting the highest results (0.24 – 2.03 g 100 g−1), followed by glutamic acid (0.34 – 1.87 g 100 g−1). It presented satisfactory results for vitamin C, carotenoids, and anthocyanins, demonstrating potential for pigment extraction. The pulp and peel showed good antioxidant activity in capturing free radicals by the DPPH method and reducing ferric ions in the pulp. Regarding individual phenolic compounds, quercetin was the major compound in the pulp fraction (4.69 µg mL−1); on the other hand, kaempferol had greater expression in the peels (20.78 µg mL−1), while myricetin was quantified only in the seeds (10.67 µg mL−1). The results showed that black puçá is rich in nutrients and bioactive products and can be fully utilized. The products from black puçá processing can be applied in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Strategies to increase the secondary metabolite production, obtained from medicinal plants has been the topic of research in recent years. The symbiotic interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plants allows host-fungus pairings to enhance secondary metabolite synthesis. Therefore, the current study investigated the effect of inoculating two distinct AMF species discretely as well as in conjunction on the flower-derived secondary metabolites in Gomphrena globosa. The findings showed that the plants inoculated with combined treatment exhibited higher total phenolic (50.11 mg GAE/g DW), flavonoids (29.67 mg QE/g DW), saponins (122.55 mg DE/g DW), tannins (165.71 TAE/g DW) and terpenoid (8.24 mg LE/g DW) content in the methanolic extract. HPTLC examination showed the existence of kaempferol and benzoic acid with the highest amount (0.90% and 5.83% respectively) observed in the same treatment. FTIR analysis revealed functional group peaks with increased peak intensity in the combination treatment. Higher antioxidant activities such as DPPH (IC50: 401.39 µg/mL), ABTS (IC50: 71.18 µg/mL) and FRAP (8774.73 µM Fe (II) equivalent) were observed in the methanolic extract of combined treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the impact of AMF inoculation on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities in G. globosa flowers. Moreover, this study could lead to the development of novel pharmaceuticals and herbal remedies for various diseases.

In this study, phenolic and non-phenolic metabolites in different parts of A. viridis (from the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus) were characterized with reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with diode array detector and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. In total, approximately twenty-five phenolic compounds including quercetin, chrysin, t-Ferulic acid, and sinapic acid as the most abundant secondary metabolites were identified. On the other hand, four organic acids as non-phenolic compounds quantitatively predominant were identified for the first time in A. viridis extracts. The seed and flower extract showed strong ferric-reducing capacity, radical scavenging activity for DPPH˙, phosphomolybdenum assay, metal chelating, and α-amylase inhibition activity by in vitro assays. Our results suggest that A. viridis widely used in the human diet in Cyprus is a source of numerous metabolites showing antioxidant and antibacterial potential.

Natural product chemistry plays a pivotal role in drug discovery and development. This study investigated the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant capacities of three prominent Philippine plants: Blue ternate (Clitoria ternatea), Kantutay (Lantana camara), and Katuray (Sesbania grandiflora). The primary aim is to provide a comprehensive assessment of their bioactive constituents and evaluate their potential for pharmacological applications. Phytochemical screening identified a diverse array of compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, and other major chemical constituent classes, highlighting their therapeutic potential. The pigment analysis revealed substantial variations, with Blue ternate exhibiting the highest concentration, suggesting it as a promising source of carotenoids. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and chlorophyll analysis further revealed distinct compound profiles. Total Phenolic Content (TPC) analysis and the DPPH radical scavenging method marked Blue ternate to have the highest phenolic content and the most potent antioxidant activity among the plant samples. These findings collectively emphasize the significant therapeutic potential of these plants, warranting further exploration for pharmaceutical development.

The aim of this study was to optimise ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of the herb Sanguisorba officinalis L. in terms of the antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP method) and total polyphenol content (TPC). Optimisation was performed using the response surface methodology (RSM) with a third-degree (33) Central Composite Design (CCD) approach. The RSM was applied to obtain the optimal combination of (1) raw material content (2.25–7.5 g raw material/100 mL of solvent), (2) ethanol concentration (20–60% v/v), and (3) extraction time (1–15 min). The optimal conditions for the extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant potential were a raw material content of 7.5 g/100 mL of solvent (solid/solvent ratio 13.3 mL/g), an ethanol concentration of 47% v/v, and an extraction time of 10 min. At these optimal extraction parameters, the maximum extraction of polyphenols and antioxidant activity obtained experimentally was found to be very close to its predicted value and was 12.9 mmol Trolox/L (DPPH method), 19.4 mmol FeSO4/L (FRAP method), and 2.1 g GA/L (TPC). The mathematical model developed was found to fit with the experimental data on the antioxidant potential and polyphenol extraction. The n-octanol/water partition coefficient of the optimised extract was used to determine their lipophilicity. Our studies have shown that the optimised extract is highly hydrophilic (log P < 0). Optimal parameters can be used for the industrial extraction of the S. officinalis herb for the needs of, among others, the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the influence of gastrointestinal digestion on the bioaccessibility and antidiabetic potential of xique-xique (Pilosocereus gounellei) and mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru) fruits. After digestion, the content of total phenolics and flavonoids reduced by 58.3 and 73.51% in xique-xique and 48.33 and 88.43% in mandacaru. In addition, compounds such as rutin, ρ-coumaric acid, catechin and epicatechin reduced during digestion for both fruits. The antioxidant potential by the ABTS assay increased by 153.3% for xique-xique and 273.46% for mandacaru in the intestinal phase. However, using the ORAC assay, the antioxidant potential of xique-xique reduced from 255.42 to 112.17 μmol TE g−1. The capacity of xique-xique fruit to reduce α-amylase activity reduced 23.71-fold after digestion, but the potential to inhibit α-glucosidase increased 17.8-fold. The antiglycation potential reduced in both fruits after the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Thus, the bioaccessibility of the phenolic compounds from the fruits, as well as their functional potential, were influenced by the digestive process, as well as by the sample evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia royleana belongs to family Euphorbiaceae, with great therapeutic potential. The present study is aimed to validate its traditional uses. GC-MS analysis of Euphorbia royleana crude and fractionated extracts were performed. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by Brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay. Plant extract antioxidant activity was performed through in vitro multidimensional assays. Plant elemental analysis was performed through atomic absorption spectroscopy. In addition, the extract antibacterial activity against two gram negative i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Xanthomonas campestris, and two gram-positive bacterial strains i.e. Escherichia. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae with agar well diffusion assay was performed. GC-MS analysis of nhexane fraction revealed the presence of 16 phytocomponents. Phytochemical investigation led to identification and quantification of phenols, glycol cyanide, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Highest phenol and flavonoid content (1.886±0.02 µg/mg, 0.855±0.01 µg/mg, 0.551±0.01 µg/mg and 0.090±0.01 µg/mg respectively) was quantified in plant extract and in n-hexane fraction. Crude and fractionated extracts (n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate and methanol) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity 81%, 71%, 52.5%, 57.5% and 51.5% respectively against brine shrimp nauplii with LD50 values of 168.46 and 220.30%. Plant extracts also showed scavenging activity ranging from 23-61% at 25-400 µg/mL. E. royleana consist of various compounds and minerals, namely K +, Na+ , Fe+2, Co+3, Mn+2, Cu+3, Cr+3, and Cd+2. The antimicrobial activity revealed that the plant crude extract and n-hexane fraction comparatively exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Xanthomonas campestris. This study evaluated the plant's potential as a source of antimicrobials and antioxidants for future application in treating infectious disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study five different complexes of Cu(II) were synthesized for the purpose of environmentally notorious mercury sensing and preliminary biological screening. Pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid (also known as dipicolinic acid, and abbreviated as H2DPA), 3‐phenyl pyrazole (3‐ppz), 4‐iodo‐1H‐pyrazole (4‐ipz), 4‐nitropyrazole (4‐npz), 4‐bromopyrazole (4‐bpz), and 4‐chloropyrazole (4‐cpz) were chosen as potential ligands. The synthesized complexes labelled as 1–5, namely [Cu(DPA)(3‐ppz)], [Cu(DPA)(4‐ipz)], [Cu(DPA)(4‐npz)], [Cu(DPA)(4‐bpz)], [Cu(DPA)(4‐cpz)], were proposed based on spectroscopic data (FTIR, TGA, and UV‐visible spectroscopy). These complexes feature C=O functionalities that are not involved in coordination and may be used for further applications. The isolated complexes were utilized for detecting Hg(II) ions in water samples. Various concentrations of Hg(II) ions were prepared for detection purposes, and changes in absorption concerning complexes 1–5 were determined using UV‐Visible spectroscopy. It was found that complexes 3 and 4 exhibit efficient sensing abilities towards Hg(II) ions. The antibacterial activities of complexes 1–5 were assessed against S. typhi and E. coli. The complexes 1 and 3 displayed good antibacterial activities against S. typhi (13.67, and 13.56 mm, respectively) while complexes 1, 2 and 4 were found to be efficient against E. coli (11.6, 12.66, 11.31 mm, respectively). The absorption maxima of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryhydrazyl (DPPH) at 517 nm, considerably shifted upon addition of complexes 1–5. The results reveal that the complexes possess potential free radical scavenging abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is a widely used culinary herb. In this study, ethanol, dichloromethane, and sunflower oil were used separately as solvents with distinct polarities for the extraction of basil aerial parts to simulate the different polarity conditions in domestic food processing. The oil extract (OE) was re-extracted with acetonitrile, and the chemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial activities of the ethanol (EE), dichloromethane (DCME), and acetonitrile (ACNE) extracts were determined. A total of 109 compounds were tentatively identified in EE, DCME, and ACNE by HPLC–DAD/ESI-ToF-MS. Fatty acids were present in all extracts. Phenolic acids and flavonoids dominated in EE. DCME was characterised by triterpenoid acids, while diterpenoids were mainly found in ACNE. The extracts were analysed for their antioxidant capacity using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay. EE and DCME showed significant radical scavenging potential. Antimicrobial activity was explored in eight bacterial, two yeast, and one fungal species. All extracts exhibited high antifungal activity, comparable to or better than that of the commercial drug nistatin. Antibacterial activities were notable for EE and ACNE, while DCME showed no activity against bacteria in the applied concentration ranges. The different polarities of the solvents led to distinctive phytochemical compositions and bioactivities in the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]