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Catalytic conversion of CO2 to valuable products is a promising way to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emission. Herein, a strategy for coupling conversion of CO2 and high‐carbon alkane to CO and gasoline is developed, which is a feasible choice for the combination of CO2 recycling and petroleum refining. The CO2 conversion reaches 2.6% under mild condition (270 °C), and the selectivity of gasoline in the cracking products exceeds 70 wt%. Additionally, the introduction of CO2 improves the selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons and increases the octane number of gasoline. Mechanism studies indicate that synergistic effect between Brønsted acid centers and Ni sites on the Beta zeolite supported Ni (20 wt%) catalyst (20Ni/β) plays the key role in alkane cracking and CO2 reduction. Notably, 13CO2 isotopic experiments show that the hydrogen produced during the aromatization can be captured by CO2, inhibiting undesired hydrogen transfer pathways and enhanced the yield of aromatics, while CO2 is converted into valuable CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid fuel, such as 2,5‐dimethylfuran (DMF), from biomass, is an efficient, potential alternative to fossil‐based fuels due to its exceptional properties, including lower volatility, a remarkable octane number, heightened energy density, and immiscibility with water. DMF can be the starting substrate for producing bio‐based p‐xylene through the Diels‐Alder reaction with ethylene to produce biobased polyethylene terephthalate (PET). This review, thus, discusses the catalytic role of various precious and non‐precious metals on different supports, such as carbon, metal‐oxide, zeolite, and hydrotalcite, for the production of DMF via catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) based on the previously reported literature. Various characteristic properties of the employed catalytic materials, such as particle size, metal‐support and substrate interaction, surface area, porosity, and acidic and basic sites, are delineated, playing a crucial role in the HDO of HMF to DMF. The influence of various reaction parameters, such as hydrogen atmosphere, solvents‐ including hydrogen donor solvents‐ and temperature are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective separation of linear and branched C6 alkanes is of importance in the improvement of the research octane number of gasoline during the isomerization of linear alkanes. However, developing a novel material for this separation remains a challenge. Activated crystals with a collapsed "channel-like sorption site" by assembling p-bromothiacalix[4]arene propyl ether molecules after removing cyclohexane (CyC6) molecules that act as templates are classified as a nonporous adaptive crystal. The activated crystals are capable of storing branched alkanes such as isohexane (2-C6), 3-methylpentane (3-C6), and 2,2- and 2,3-dimethylbutane (2,2- and 2,3-C6) vapors in the single-component system. In contrast, no sorption of n-hexane (n-C6) as one of the linear alkanes was observed. In these branched alkanes, the crystals preferentially adsorbed more branched alkanes, specifically 2,2-C6 and 2,3-C6, compared to mono-branched alkanes like 2-C6 and 3-C6 in two-component systems. Surprisingly, slight adsorption of n-C6 was observed in the system. The retention capacity of mono- and di-branched and linear alkanes in the crystals follows the order: 2,2-C6 ≈ 2,3-C6 > 3-C6 > 2-C6 ≫; n-C6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the vehicles used by Malaysians have engines that only require petrol RON 95 to power the engine. However, many people claimed that utilising RON 100 instead of RON 95 for their vehicles will improve engine performance. Furthermore, many people speculate that using oil with a low octane level in an engine with low performance will affect the engine's performance. The goal of this research is to analyse and compare the engine performance and emissions on a spark ignition engine using gasoline RON 95 and RON 100. In this study, a single-cylinder four-stroke engine running with RON 95 and RON 100 has been tested on an engine dynamometer to evaluate the brake power, torque, specific fuel consumption, and exhaust emissions. The emissions from the engines have been determined using a gas emissions analyser. The outcomes of the experiment have been analysed based on engine torque, braking power, and exhaust emissions. Based on the analysis, torque, brake power, and emissions data obtained from the dynamometer engine, RON 100 has a higher and smoother performance than RON 95. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furfural has become one of the most promising building blocks directly derived from biomass. It can be transformed into numerous important biobased chemicals. Among them, furfuryl ethers such as furfuryl ethyl ether (FEE) and tetrahydrofurfuryl ethyl ether (THFEE) are considered to be attractive derivatives, notably as fuel components, due to their high stability and high octane numbers. Therefore, the production of furfuryl ethers from furfural via a hydrogenation route is an important academic and industrial challenge and requires the deployment of new catalytic processes under green and competitive reaction conditions. The existing processes are based on a two-step process combining hydrogenation and reaction with a strong Bronsted acid catalyst in batch conditions. For the first time, a continuous flow one-step process has been elaborated for the conversion of furfural directly into furfuryl ethers based on reductive etherification. The present work explores the catalytic performance in a continuous flow of commercial palladium catalysts supported on activated carbon for the catalytic reductive etherification of furfural with ethanol in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid. The chemical and engineering aspects, such as the mechanisms and reaction conditions, will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wax deposition of diesel oil and contamination of gasoline by diesel wax deposit is a severe problem in sequential transportation of product oil in pipes. However, it has long been neglected by the pipeline transportation industry. In response, this work aims to present a unique perspective on wax deposition of diesel oil and consequent contamination of gasoline. A cold finger apparatus was designed and constructed. Model oil composed of diesel and refined wax was prepared for wax deposition. Shear dispersion was excluded for wax deposition of diesel oil. Moreover, dissolution experiments of diesel wax deposit in gasoline were conducted. It was found that the dissolution rate increases with oil temperature and decreases with cold finger temperature and shear stress. Analysis on gasoline quality after diesel wax deposit dissolution indicated that contamination of gasoline caused by diesel wax deposit severely deteriorates its distillation range, but the octane number remains acceptable. This work features an interesting investigation on the wax-deposition mechanism of diesel oil, dissolution characteristics of diesel wax deposit, as well as quality deterioration of subsequent gasoline. It would be helpful in scheduling a product oil-transportation program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has provided additional information to conduct performance evaluation of petrol, ethanol and spent engine oil using various mix ratio of sample 0 (98%:00:02%) as control, A (89%:09%02%), B (93%:05%:02%) and C (91%:07%:02%) fueled single-cylinder spark-ignition (SI) engine for power generation and other similar services. Specifically, at load of 0.4kW, 2353Rpm, brake power of 0.65kW, brake mean effective pressure of 254.8kN m²/ was obtained. However, carbon-dioxide emission was quite appreciable at 0.7kW load at 5% ethanol blend which produces 21.5%. Emission characterization shows that emission of CO and HC are eco-friendlier when blended with cassava-ethanol, however, due to higher temperature of combustion as the potency of the spent oil is increased, more NOx are likely to be formed. When the quantity of air supplied and thus, oxygen is completely utilized that is, combustion is stoichiometric, the use of spent oil is advisable for high speed twostroke engines with fines and other heat dissipation systems modified to handle high temperature, otherwise, operation control systems should be incorporated to restrict the limit of loss of viscosity for the oil to be changed. The presence of lower CO with fuel blend spent oil and ethanol as well as increase in the amount of CO2 emitted with increase in engine load shows the presence of high carbons in the mixture. Hence the use of spent oil and ethanol as blends is on average beneficent to human and vegetation as reported in [25, 29]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The maverick American chemist Russell Earl Marker (1902–1995) is known for his studies on the fragmentation of organic mercury compounds, establishing the concept of the octane number, investigating the rearrangements of hydrocarbons and exploring the relationship between optical rotation and the configuration of organic compounds. His greatest achievement, however, is the elaboration of seminal isolation and synthetic methods of an important class of natural products that helped found a new industry, based on the pharmaceutical chemistry of steroids. The nomadic life of this extraordinary man demonstrates that the enormous obstacles thwarting the progress of science and technology can be surmounted by serendipity, acumen and devotion. However, his premature retirement from chemistry is a warning sign that every scientist is vulnerable and even the toughest man's perseverance can fade if the conditions worsen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of fuel depends on its chemical composition, which influences engine performance. Gas chromatography, a cornerstone of global oil and fuel R&D, remains crucial for ensuring the quality of petroleum products and regulatory compliance. Scientists use the most accurate analysis (PIONA) as a tool derived from gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to identify and quantify hydrocarbons that influence resistance to detonation, which is determined by the research octane number (RON). This study introduces the "average carbon number (ACN)", calculated from the molar chemical composition of commercial gasoline samples sold in Ecuador (Extra gasoline and Súper gasoline). A quantitative comparison of the ACN with techniques applied using standardized international procedures reveals that the ACN characterizes gasoline samples by providing insight into the distribution shape of carbon graphs. A comprehensive statistical analysis demonstrates the potential usefulness of ACN in characterizing fuel composition, highlighting its relevance in broader fuel quality assessments without the need for carbon distribution plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydroprocessing of gasoline on modified alumina catalysts makes it possible to obtain high-octane products. The implementation and development of the process have largely become possible due to the development of modified alumina catalysts that do not contain noble metals and exhibit special catalytic properties. This article discusses topical issues of petrochemistry, namely the creation of catalysts with improved characteristics for the production of high-octane gasoline with low sulfur content. New catalytic systems based on alumina and other carriers modified with transition metals, lanthanum and phosphorus were synthesized. By physico-chemical methods of analysis TPD of ammonia, TEM and XRD, we studied the acid–base and structural characteristics of the developed catalysts. The activity of the developed catalysts in the studied process of hydrotreating gasoline fractions depends on the structure and condition of the active centers. The process of hydrotreating straight-run gasoline in the presence of synthesized catalysts was carried out on a laboratory flow unit. It was shown that, during the hydrotreating of straight-run gasoline on the NiO-MoO3-La-P-HZSM-HY-Al2O3 catalyst, the octane number in the final product increased to 88.6, and the sulfur content decreased from 0.0088 to 0.001%. It was found that the minimum sulfur content in the gasoline hydrotreating product of 0.0005% was achieved on the catalyst CoO-WO3-La-P-HZSM-HY-Al2O3, which is significantly lower than for other studied catalytic systems. The obtained results of the sulfur content in the hydrotreating products fully comply with the Euro-5 standard. Thus, the efficiency of hydrotreating the gasoline fractions studied in this work was mainly determined by the nature of the carriers and modifiers used for the synthesis of catalysts and the technological parameters of the process. The synthesized catalysts showed high activity and selectivity, resulting in high-octane gasoline with a low sulfur content that meets international quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental pressure to reduce the use of fossil fuels such as gasoline generates the need to search for new fuels that have similar characteristics to conventional fuels. In this sense, the objective of the present study is the use of commercial gasoline in mixtures with pyrolytic oil from plastic waste and the addition of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) in a spark ignition engine to analyze both the power generated in a real engine and the emissions resulting from the combustion process. The pyrolytic oil used was obtained from thermal pyrolysis at low temperatures (450 °C) of a mixture composed of 75% polystyrene (PS) and 25% polypropylene (PP), which was mixed with 87 octane commercial gasoline in 2% and 5% by volume and 40 mg of γ-Fe2O3 NPs. A standard sample was proposed, which was only gasoline, one mixture of gasoline with bio-oil, and a gasoline, bio-oil, and NPs mixture. The bio-oil produced from the pyrolysis of PS and PP enhances the octane number of the fuel and improves the engine's power performance at low revolutions. In contrast, the addition of iron NPs significantly improves gaseous emissions with a reduction in emissions of CO (carbon monoxide), NOx (nitrogen oxide), and HCs (hydrocarbons) due to its advantages, which include its catalytic effect, presence of active oxygen, and its large surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) is a destructive combustion event associated primarily with new, ultra-efficient, downsized gasoline engines, which provide efficiency benefits in general operation. Biofuels, specifically bio-gasoline, are an alternative fuel that attempts to reduce the harmful emissions output by modern Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs). This study attempts to understand the effect of biofuel use on LSPI, through the use of a numerical simulation tool developed in Ricardo Wave. Development of the tool includes the integration of RFlame, an extension capable of modeling autoignition within a 1D domain. Use of the tool highlights the impact of five ethanol blends, E10, E20, E30, E50 and E85, with clear impacts on both the severity and frequency of LSPI events correlated with chemical properties, such as the enthalpy of vaporization (HoV) and octane number. E30 is highlighted as the critical blend for LSPI severity, with both increased severity and intensity seen with a 30% concentration, and a greater sensitivity to effects such as the start of ignition (SOI). Higher-concentration biofuels, such as E50 and E85 bio-gasoline, show much more favorable behaviors, such as a vast reduction in end-gas knock events, but are limited in their use due to their deployment being both cost-prohibitive and potentially damaging in current hardware. Future work on this topic will surround the further development of the simulation tool to integrate 3D solving elements, understand the role of fluid interactions in LSPI, and study optimal fuel characteristics for future use in ICEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vehicle gasoline engines are fueled by ethanol as a low-cost environmentally renewable fuel in several areas. Ethanol possesses high antidetonation properties, which is further appropriate for gasoline engines. Therefore, the current research proposes a new conceptual methodology to examine the perspective merits of motor gasoline-ethanol (GE) mixtures and their formulation using Fuzzy model. The effect of these blends on antidetonation combustion properties, in respect to motor and research octane ratings (MON and RON) of automotive gasoline-ethanol (GE) mixtures at several proportions are also studied. Industrial-grade ethanol was mixed in fractions of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 70%, and 85% by weight with lower octane hydrocarbons, comprising heavy hydrocracked naphtha (HHN) and straight run naphtha (SRN) as baseline fuels. The experimental results proved that mid-ethanol fuels (E40) based on lower-octane fractions, including SRN and HHN were produced. The optimal proportion for these blends was E40 with SRN-60 and HHN-60 by weight percent. The results demonstrated that the addition of ethyl alcohol into motor gasoline has maximized the entire petrol engine performance. Additionally, a great gasoline-ethanol fuel mixture (E40) is appropriate for small engine speeds. The obtained results declared that the created Fuzzy models are good, corresponding with the actual tested results to a good level, exhibiting the trustworthiness of the Fuzzy models. Furthermore, this is a perspective to employing ethanol at low mixing ratios, excluding any alterations in the mechanical sections of the gasoline engine and automotive gasoline system as well. Finally, mid-ethanol fuels based on low-octane hydrocarbon fractions, including SRN and HHN were produced. Even though the utilization of gasoline-free ethanol needs several alterations in the gasoline system in internal combustion engines and the engine design, GE blends at small percentages as mid-ethanol fuel can be employed without any alteration to the engines. [Display omitted] • Blending ON with ethanol was done linearly. • The created models corresponded with the actual tested results. • The optimal blend was E40 with SRN-60 and HHN-60. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was found that limiting the number of explanatory distillation curves input variables in a multivariate regression method to the most significant ones (10%, 50%, 90%, and 100% of recovered condensate volumes) provides a reliable model that can be used as a quick and inexpensive method for determining the octane rating of commercial gasoline. Octane numbers were predicted using a combination of distillation curves and multivariate calibration techniques of partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal component regression (PCR). The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) evaluation for calibration and prediction sets for PLSR technique varies between 0.545 and 0.902 for MON and RON, respectively, which is relatively acceptable when compared to earlier studies. Comparing PLSR and PCR results revealed that PCR has slightly lower RMSEP values for MON and RON, 0.527 and 0.899, respectively. The fact that measurements of studied key temperatures are a routine part of gasoline quality control makes the current technique a promising alternative to the suggested PLS distillation curves models in the literature, which require a larger number of explanatory variables. This method can also replace the costly and time-consuming spectral analysis now used to determine the octane rating of gasoline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is a high-yield crop, and a great source of fermentable sugars, which gives the plant the potential to be used as raw material for economical fuel alcohol production. In this article, the authors focus on the technological aspect of the biofuel manufacturing process and its properties. First, the fuel alcohol manufacturing process is described, afterwards assessing its characteristics such as kinematic viscosity, density and octane number. The amount of fuel alcohol obtained from 10 kg of biomass equals to 0.85 L. Afterwards, the mixtures of gasoline and obtained fuel alcohol are prepared and studied. Optimal alcohol and gasoline mixtures are determined to obtain biofuels with octane ratings of 92, 95 and 98. The kinematic viscosity of obtained mixtures does not differ significantly from its values for pure gasoline. The obtained biofuel mixture with 25% alcohol content yielded a decrease of sulfur content by 38%, an increase of vaporized fuel amount by 17.5% at 70 °C and by 10.5% at a temperature of 100 °C, which improves engine startup time and ensures its stable operation in comparison to pure gasoline. The alcohol obtained can be successfully used as a high-octane additive for gasolines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane Number (MN) is a fuel rating technique for gaseous fuels analogous to Octane Number. This study establishes and shares a repeatable and reproducible method for MN determination of a gaseous fuel using a modified Cooperative Fuel Research Engine (CFR). Adaptations required to convert a CFR engine for use in the MN test procedure are identified. The investigation includes allowable environmental parameters and operating variation limits. An essential aspect of the MN method involves identifying and quantifying Knock Intensity (KI) during engine operation. CFR engines, originally designed for gasoline testing, come equipped with their own knock measurement systems utilizing a capacitive detonation sensor. The original system is compared with a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) approach that uses a piezoelectric pressure transducer. Quantification of methane number requires an accurate assessment of the reference fuel blend (CH4 + H2). A comparison is carried out between dynamic blending using mass flow meters and bracketing using certified gas bottles containing various CH4/H2 blends from a gas supplier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of the Total Isomerization Process (TIP) for the production of high‐quality gasoline with the ultimate goal of reaching a Research Octane Number (RON) higher than 92 requires the use of specific sorbents to separate pentane and hexane isomers into classes of linear, mono‐ and di‐branched isomers. Herein we report the design of a new multi‐cage microporous Fe(III)‐MOF (referred to as MIP‐214, MIP stands for materials of the Institute of Porous Materials of Paris) with a flu‐e topology, incorporating an asymmetric heterofunctional ditopic ligand, 4‐pyrazolecarboxylic acid, that exhibits an appropriate microporous structure for a thermodynamic‐controlled separation of hydrocarbon isomers. This MOF produced via a direct, scalable, and mild synthesis route was proven to encompass a unique separation of C5/C6 isomers by classes of low RON over high RON alkanes with a sorption hierarchy: (n‐hexane≫n‐pentane≈2‐methylpentane>3‐methylpentane)low RON≫(2,3‐dimethylbutane≈i‐pentane≈2,2‐dimethylbutane)high RON following the adsorption enthalpy sequence. We reveal for the first time that a single sorbent can efficiently separate such a complex mixture of high RON di‐branched hexane and mono‐branched pentane isomers from their low RON counterparts, which is a major achievement reported so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interest in this process lies in the fact that it has great value since low-octane components are used as raw materials - the n fraction. temperature – 62 °С and catalytic reforming raffinates. This raw material contains mainly pentane and hexane fractions. This raw material, as well as fractions С5 and С6 obtained from a gas fractionation unit (GFU), and a central gas fractionation unit (CGFU), are isomerized in a hydrogen environment in the presence of a catalyst. Hydrocarbons with a relatively high octane number are obtained. When isomerizing the pentane fraction, a product with a higher octane number is obtained. Isomerization of n-pentane is of interest not only for the oil refining industry, but also for the petrochemical industry, since isopentane can be converted by dehydrogenation into isoprene, a raw material for rubber. The article conducted a study on the selection of the optimal catalyst for the light gasoline fraction isomerization unit located at the Atyrau Oil Refinery. The catalytic activity of the catalyst samples was assessed in a laboratory flow-type installation. Determination of the mass fraction of С2 -С5 hydrocarbons in С5 hydrocarbon fractions (in raw materials and catalyst) was carried out by a method based on the separation of mixture components by gas-liquid chromatography. The components leaving the chromatographic column were detected using a thermal conductivity detector. The calculation of the mass fractions of components was carried out using the normalization method, taking into account correction factors. The minimum concentration of C2 -С5 hydrocarbons, determined by the method used, is 0.01-0.05% wt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knock in spark ignition (SI) engines occurs when the air–fuel mixture in the combustion chamber ignites spontaneously ahead of the flame front, reducing combustion efficiency and possibly leading to engine damage if left unattended. The use of knock sensors to prevent it is common practice in modern engines. Another measure to mitigate knock is the use of higher-octane fuels. The American Society for Testing and Materials' (ASTM) determination of the Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON) of spark ignition fuels has been based on measuring cylinder pressure rise at the onset of knock since its inception in the 1930s. This is achieved through a low-pass filtered pressure signal. Knock detection in contemporary engines, however, relies on measuring engine vibrations caused by high-frequency pressure oscillations during knock. The difference between conditions in which fuels are evaluated for their octane rating and the conditions that generate a knock intensity signal from the knock sensor suggests a potential difference between octane rating and the knock limit typically identified by a contemporary knock sensor. To address this disparity, a modified RON measurement method has been developed, incorporating pressure oscillation measurements. This test method addresses the historical lack of correlation between RON and high-frequency pressure oscillation intensity during knock. Using toluene standardization fuels (TSFs) as a reference, the obtained results demonstrate excellent high-frequency knock intensity-based RON estimations for gasoline. The method is able to differentiate between two fuels that share the same ASTM RON, associating them with a RON-like metric that is more aligned with their performance in a modern SI engine. This alternative method could potentially serve as a template for an upgrade to the existing ASTM RON method without significantly disrupting the current approach. Additionally, its capability to evaluate fuels beyond RON 100 opens the door to assessing a wider range of fuels for antiknock properties and the intensity of fuel oscillations during knocking combustion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gasoline fractionation scheme used in catalytic cracking has a significant impact on the blended gasoline's octane number. This study proposes an improved three-cut fractionation scheme for the fluid catalytic cracking gasoline fractionator and optimizes the process with respect to evaluation metrics such as total annual cost (TAC), light gasoline recovery, and CO 2 emissions (E CO2). To achieve energy efficiency and reduce emissions in the process, the dividing wall column is employed for process intensification. In comparison to the cascaded binary columns process, the middle cracked naphtha recovery of the FCC-DWC-M has increased by 1.96%, the TAC has decreased by 22.15%, and the E CO2 has decreased by 26.18%. Finally, the study investigates the dynamic characteristics of the FCC-DWC-M process, establishes a control scheme, and examines its performance while experiencing disturbances in feed flow rates of ±10% and ±20%. The findings indicate exceptional control performance of the FCC-DWC-M process. [Display omitted] • Propose two methods for fluid catalytic cracking gasoline fractionation. • The dividing wall column process is both cost-effective and eco-friendly. • The enhanced configuration's control scheme demonstrates strong robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of this research lies in keeping pace with the global trend to diversify energy sources and reduce climate change and air pollution by shedding light on how to benefit from agricultural waste by using it as a raw material for the production of bioethanol, which is one of the most important types of renewable fuels. This review highlighted the; ways of converting agricultural and fruit waste into bioethanol and its environmental and economic benefits-including adding it to gasoline used as car fuel in different proportions, as it works to raise the octane number of gasoline and improve its quality, thus reducing its production costs and reducing gas emissions from vehicle exhaust. In addition, the global production of bio-ethanol was reviewed and is expected to reach it by the end of 2023. It also highlighted the results of several studies that dealt with the properties and uses of ethanol and the best agricultural wastes used for this purpose. It is suggested to focus on the agricultural waste in Iraq, such as rice husks, in terms of cost and conditions for improvement to increase bio-ethanol production using fermentation processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly discusses two implementation methods of non-linear blending in the refined oil blending module of the enterprise planning optimization model: the property mixing index model and the "linear + interactive influence" model. This paper introduces the conversion relationship between strong nonlinear properties research octane number and octane number mixing index, and proposes a method for regression calculation of "linear + interactive influence" model parameters based on historical formula data. Based on real blending results data, a comparative analysis is conducted on the calculation results of the linear blending model, the property mixing index model, and the "linear + interactive influence" model. The results indicate that the method of using historical formula data regression to calculate the required interaction factor parameters for establishing a linear + interaction influence model in dealing with nonlinear blending problems can effectively reduce the calculation error of nonlinear properties in the blending process and reduce the workload of blending experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to avoid the food vs. fuel debate, other than food-based products, agricultural products are effective sources for fuel development. Various parts of plants and trees are used to produce sustainable, low-viscous biofuels, which are gaining much attraction due to their superior burning abilities. The turpentine biofuel produced from pine tree oil has been used for gasoline engines because of its better calorific value and other notable benefits. An attempt has been made to investigate the suitability of turpentine biofuel as a 50% replacement for gasoline in automotive applications to identify the optimum blend ratio. In this study, the experiments are conducted in the port-fuel-injected gasoline engine at different loading conditions of 0 kg to 15 kg at 1800 rpm. Using turpentine blends in a port-fuel-injected SI engine, performance characteristics have been observed with up to a 3–5% improvement in brake thermal efficiency and fuel economy for all concentrations of turpentine biofuel due to their higher calorific value. However, the implementation of turpentine biofuel has shown remarkable reductions in unburnt hydrocarbons by 50% and carbon monoxide emissions by 90% due to its superior burning ability. However, this reduction is not witnessed in oxides of nitrogen and carbon dioxide emissions due to the lower octane number and higher viscosity, which result in a 30% and 5% increase, respectively. Interestingly, the combustion characteristics are observed to be better at part load operations for lower concentrations (30%) of turpentine biofuel in the blends, and this trend has not been noticed at higher concentrations of turpentine biofuel. Finally, it has been concluded that turpentine biofuel would be a better option for the partial replacement of gasoline by up to 30%. However, for further investigation, the anti-knocking characteristics of the turpentine biofuel need to be improved, especially in 40% and 50% turpentine biofuel blends using suitable anti-knocking agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of dumping plastic waste is realized in different ecosystems of the planet. Several methods have been adopted to dispose of these wastes for energy recovery. This study, for the first time, proposed the Box–Behnken design technique to optimize the pyrolysis process parameters for fuel oil production from waste polypropylene (PP) grocery bags using a semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor. The semibatch-type pyrolytic reactor was developed and employed to produce fuel oil from waste PP grocery bags. The effect of different process parameters on fuel oil production was comprehensively analyzed using the response surface methodology (RSM) with the conjunction of the Box–Behnken design (BBD). The BBD facilitates the prediction of the response variables with respect to changes in the input variables by developing a response model. The BBD was used to optimize the process parameters, such as the reaction temperature (400–550 °C), nitrogen flow rate (5–20 mL min−1), and substrate feed rate (0.25–1.5 kg h−1), and their effect on the responses were observed. The optimum response yields of the fuel oil (89.34 %), solid residue (2.74%), and gas yield (7.92%) were obtained with an optimized temperature (481 °C), a nitrogen flow rate (13 mL min−1), and a feed rate (0.61 kg h−1). The quadratic model obtained for the fuel oil response denotes the greater R2 value (0.99). The specific gravity and calorific value of the fuel oil were found to be 0.787 and 45.42 MJ kg−1, respectively. The fuel oil had higher research octane number (RON) (100.0 min) and motor octane number (MON) (85.1 min) values. These characteristics of the fuel oil were matched with conventional petroleum fuels. Further, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) were used to analyze the fuel oil, and the results revealed that the fuel oil was enriched with different hydrocarbons, namely, alkane (paraffins) and alkene (olefins), in the carbon range of C4–C20. These results, and also the fractional distillation of the fuel oil, show the presence of petroleum-range hydrocarbons in the waste PP fuel oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The semi-regenerative reforming unit of a refinery enterprise was shut down due to the decline in activity of the reforming catalysts, and the catalysts in the first and second reactors were replaced. After analyzing the old catalysts, it was found that the mass fraction of silicon dioxide reached a maximum of 20.4%, indicating that the reforming catalysts had been poisoned by silicon. During the silicon poisoning period, the temperature drop of the first reactor decreased from 73.7 °C in the initial stage to 20.12 °C in the final stage, and the reforming reaction was moved to the second reactor. The hydrogen volume fraction in recycle hydrogen increased to 90%, and the pure hydrogen yield decreased to 2.17%; The research octane number (RON) of stable gasoline has dropped to 83.7. Silicon poisoning of reforming catalysts is relatively rare, and the phenomenon is similar to nitrogen poisoning, making it easy to be misidentified as catalyst nitrogen poisoning. Trace the source of silicon and confirm that it is carried by crude oil. The analysis suggests that the pre-hydro-genation silicon trap agent cannot fully capture all silicon, resulting in some silicon penetrating the pre-hydro-genation system. The effect of silicon on the pre-hydrogenation catalyst is less than that on the reforming catalyst. Silicon poisoning can lead to the loss of chlorine from the catalyst, requiring an increase in the amount of chlorine injected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back-Propagation neural networks, as well as RSM-DOE techniques, were used to predict the properties of various compositions of Iraqi oil, which were presented in this study. Paraffin and Aromatics' effect on petroleum properties, e.g., yield, density, calorific value, and other essential properties, were studied. The input-output data to the neural networks were obtained from existing local refineries in Iraq. Several network activation functions to simulate the hydrocracking process were tested and compared. the network function that gave satisfactory results in terms of convergence time and accuracy was adopted. The data were divided into training and testing parts. The results of the trained artificial neural network models for each one of the tested functions have been cross-validated with the experimental data. The network that compared well against this new set of data (i.e. testing data), with an average percent error always less than 3% for the various products of the hydrocracking unit were chosen for the study. Aromatics showed to have more profound effect on the Octane number at low concentrations of paraffin, while, for specific gravity and calorific value they have similar effects. As for boiling points and sulfur contents, aromatics have almost no effect at lower levels of paraffin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian government is optimizing the production of high-octane gasoline by utilizing existing ingredients that are plentiful and rarely used in Indonesia to keep up with the rising demand for it. Although light naphtha, a by-product of the oil refinery process, has the potential to be transformed into fuel with a high Research Octane Number, its application has not yet been fully realized. The objective of this study is to carry out a study of the economic and technical feasibility of high-octane gasoline plants. A 10,000 barrel/day production potential has been built into the plant. In order to reach the RON objective of 98 for high-octane fuel, light naphtha, which has a Research Octane Number of 73, will need to be increased. The production process includes isomerization, depentanizing, and adsorption. From a technical perspective, this plant can produce high-octane gasoline from light naphtha with RON 98. From an economic perspective, the Net Present Value is $ 138,247,252; Internal Rate of Return of 29.38 % per year; Pay Out Time is 3 years 5 months; and Break Even Point is 49 %. Overall, based on technical and economic perspectives, this power plant is feasible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response surface methodology (RSM) is an expert method for demonstration of effective input factors and responses. In this study, RSM was used with the purpose of increasing the octane number of the primary feed (n‐heptane) in n‐heptane reforming reaction over Pt/Zr‐HMS catalysts. Based on the results of analysis of variance, the correlation coefficient values upper 0.9 were obtained for all responses. However, the results of n‐heptane conversion and selectivity to isomers as two responses were fit to Quadratic model and Research Octane Number was fit to Cubic model. Furthermore, the maximum n‐heptane conversion of 98.8 was obtained at T = 500°C, TOS = 3.5 h, and Si/Zr = 5. Also, at the optimal conditions of (T = 200°C, TOS = 3.5 h, and Si/Zr = 35) and (T = 500°C, TOS = 1 h, and Si/Zr = 20), the maximum isomers selectivity of 54.2 and RON of 100.0 was obtained, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contains the results of an analysis of the suitability of a pressure sensing glow plug for use in a hydrogen engine control system. Due to the properties of hydrogen, the process of its combustion in sparkignition engines is significantly different from the classic fuels. It is planned to use the pressure sensor signal to control the combustion process to obtain high power and efficiency, with the lowest possible emission of nitrogen oxides, which is the main harmful component of hydrogen engines. After an initial assessment of suitability, it was decided to use a pressure sensing glow plug. This choice is dictated by the low price, good availability and high durability of these sensors. The preliminary tests were carried out using a low-power single-cylinder SI engine coupled with a 48 V generator. The tests were carried out for several values of engine speed and load of the generator and for classic gasoline with a research octane number (RON) of 95. To obtain an increased pressure rise rate in the cylinder, as for hydrogen fueling, the engine operation was also tested with unmodified light gasoline used as solvent, which is characterized by a significantly lower RON value. The use of a reference pressure sensor in the cylinder made it possible to determine the behavior of the PSG in various operating conditions. The tests revealed that the differences in the pressure waveforms registered with both sensors can be systematized depending on the engine speed and its load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prediction of catalytic naphtha reforming products is one of the main challenges issues in oil sector. Investigating continues catalytic reforming (CCR) C5+, C1, C2, C3, and C4 are achieved by using response surface methodology (RSM). The process can be described in terms of several controllable variables which are research octane number (RON), naphthenes and aromatics. In present work, a quadratic polynomial equation for Naphtha C5+, SCFB H2 has been obtained by utilizing RSM and the results were tested by design of experiment (DOE) and ANOVA analysis. The experimental results show good agreement with the predicted model with a yield of C5+ ranging from 77.27 to 109 when the RON is in the range of 68 to 95, naphthenes (vol %) is in the range of 15 to 25 and aromatics (vol %) is in the range of 10 to 30. H2 yield varying from 0 to 1.37 is significantly affected by increasing C5+ and reduced by decreasing RON. The yield of other products is calculated by multiple regression analysis depending on C5+ conversion range 77–100. The yields of other products of reformer (C1, C2, C3, C4) can be calculated from correlation that developed using multiple regression analysis. This case study indicates that the statistical model is useful of CCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The exceptional properties of methanol, such as its high octane number and latent heat of evaporation, make it an advantageous fuel for efficient utilization in dual-fuel combustion techniques. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of direct methanol injection timing on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a dual-fuel spark ignition engine at different injection pressures. We conducted four different direct injection pressure tests ranging from 360° ahead to 30° CA ahead at 30° CA intervals. The experimental results indicate that regardless of the injection pressure, altering the methanol injection timing from −360° to −30° CA ATDC leads to distinct combustion behavior and changes in the combustion phase. Initially, as the injection timing is delayed, the combustion process accelerates, which is followed by a slower combustion phase. Additionally, the combustion phase itself experiences a delay and then advances. Regarding performance characteristics, both the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) exhibit a consistent pattern of first increasing and then decreasing as the injection timing is delayed. This suggests that there is an optimal injection timing window that can enhance both the engine's efficiency and its ability to manage exhaust temperature. In terms of emissions, there are different trends in this process due to the different conditions under which the individual emissions are produced, with CO and HC showing a decreasing and then increasing trend, and NOx showing the opposite trend. In conclusion, regardless of the injection pressure employed, adopting a thoughtful and well-designed injection strategy can significantly improve the combustion performance and emission characteristics of the engine. The findings of this study shed light on the potential of methanol dual-fuel combustion and provide valuable insights for optimizing engine operation in terms of efficiency and emissions control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propanol isomers, which are oxygen-rich fuels, possess superior octane ratings and energy density in comparison to methanol and ethanol. Recently, due to advancements in fermentation techniques, these propanol isomers have garnered increased interest as additives for engines. They are being explored to decrease emissions and reduce the usage of conventional fossil fuels. This study delves into this emerging field. One of the alternatives is the use of alcohol fuels in their pure state or as additives to traditional fuels. Alcohols, due to their higher volumetric energy density, are better fuels for spark ignition engines than hydrogen and biogas. Alcohol-blended fuels or alcohol fuels in their pure state may be used in gasoline engines to reduce exhaust emissions. The current research emphasizes the effect of isopropanol gasoline blends on the performance and emissions characteristics of a gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine. This investigation was conducted with different blends of isopropanol and gasoline (by volume: 10% isopropanol [IP10], 20% isopropanol [IP10], 30% isopropanol [IP30], 40% isopropanol [IP40], and 50% isopropanol [IP50]). The reviewed results showed that with increasing isopropanol in the fuel blends, engine brake power increased while BSFC decreased. In terms of emissions, with the increase in isopropanol in the fuel blends, CO and HC emissions decreased while CO2 and NOx emissions increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental standards have recently imposed very rigorous limitations on the amounts of benzene, aromatics, and olefins, which can be found in finished gasoline. Reduction of these components could negatively affect the octane number of gasoline, so the isomerization process is gaining importance in the present refining context as an excellent safe alternative to increase the octane number of gasoline. The main aim of the naphtha isomerization unit is to modify the molecular structure of light naphtha to transform it into a more valuable gasoline blend stock, and simultaneously the benzene content is reduced by saturation of the benzene fraction. In this work, Aspen HYSYS version 12.1 is used to simulate the hydrogen once-through isomerization unit of an Egyptian refinery plant, located in Alexandria, in order to determine the properties, composition, and octane number of the isomerate product. Many potential changes are investigated in order to find the best design that efficiently raises octane number with the least amount of expense. Firstly, the plant is modified by adding one fractionator either before or after the reactor, then by adding two fractionators before and after the reactor; then the configuration which gives the highest product octane number with the highest Return on Investment (ROI) is chosen as the recommended optimum configuration. The results show that using two fractionators before and after the reactor is the best configuration. Optimization of this best configuration resulted in an increase in octane number by 7% and a decrease in the total cost by 13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vacuum residue hydrocracker naphtha (VRHN) is a chemically unstable product that during storage changes its colour and forms sediments after two weeks. It cannot be directly exported from the refinery without improving its chemical stability. In this research, the hydrotreatment of H-Oil naphtha with straight run naphtha in a commercial hydrotreater, its co-processing with fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline in a commercial Prime-G+ post-treater, and its co-processing with vacuum gas oil (VGO) in a commercial FCC unit were discussed. The hydrotreatment improves the chemical stability of H-Oil naphtha and reduces its sulphur content to 3 ppm. The Prime-G+ co-hydrotreating increases the H-Oil naphtha blending research octane number (RON) by 6 points and motor octane number (MON) by 9 points. The FCC co-cracking with VGO enhances the blending RON by 11.5 points and blending MON by 17.6 points. H-Oil naphtha conversion to gaseous products (C1–C4 hydrocarbons) in the commercial FCC unit was found to be 50%. The use of ZSM 5 containing catalyst additive during processing H-Oil naphtha showed to lead to FCC gasoline blending octane enhancement by 2 points. This enabled an increment of low octane number naphtha in the commodity premium near zero sulphur automotive gasoline by 2.4 vol.% and substantial improvement of refinery margin. The processing of H-Oil naphtha in the FCC unit leads also to energy saving as a result of an equivalent lift steam substitution in the FCC riser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isobutanol, one of the four isomers of butanol (C4H9OH), possesses some favorable properties that make it an attractive fuel for internal combustion engines. For instance, when compared to ethanol, isobutanol features a higher heating value and lower hygroscopicity (which prevents corrosion and enables it to be transported via pipelines). Moreover, its addition to gasoline does not distort the fuel blend's vapor pressure to the same extent as ethanol does. All of this while having a high octane rating. Those advantages over ethanol suggest that isobutanol has the potential to be used as a gasoline oxygenate or even as a neat fuel. Furthermore, the advances made in biotechnology have enabled isobutanol to be produced from biomass more efficiently, allowing it to be used in compliance with existing renewable energy mandates. This article reviews some of the relevant literature dedicated to isobutanol as a motor fuel, covering its merits and drawbacks. Several studies on its combustion characteristics are also discussed. Most of the included literature refers to the use of isobutanol in spark-ignition (SI) engines, as its properties naturally lend themselves to such applications. However, isobutanol's utilization in diesel engines is also addressed, along with a couple of low-temperature combustion examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dynamic neural networks (DNNs) are a type of artificial neural network (ANN) designed to work with sequential data where context in time is important. Unlike traditional static neural networks that process data in a fixed order, dynamic neural networks use information about past inputs, which is important if the dynamic of a certain process is emphasized. They are commonly used in natural language processing, speech recognition, and time series prediction. In industrial processes, their use is interesting for the prediction of difficult-to-measure process variables. In an industrial isomerization process, it is crucial to measure the quality attributes that affect the octane number of gasoline. Process analyzers commonly used for this purpose are expensive and subject to failure. Therefore, to achieve continuous production in the event of a malfunction, mathematical models for estimating product quality attributes are imposed as a solution. In this paper, mathematical models were developed using dynamic recurrent neural networks (RNNs), i.e., their subtype of a long short-term memory (LSTM) architecture. The results of the developed models were compared with the results of several types of other data-driven models developed for an isomerization process, such as multilayer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural networks, support vector machines (SVM), and dynamic polynomial models. The obtained results are satisfactory, suggesting a good possibility of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of fundamental importance to assess the additive for isobutane alkylation catalyzed by the concentrated H2SO4 in actual industrial reactor, which usually contains 6.0–7.0 wt% red oil (ASO) impurity. Herein, the formyl functional [N1,1,1,1][C10SO4] additive was developed to enhance the catalytic performance of the H2SO4 taken from industrial stream with emphasis on process optimization and reaction kinetics. The ASO that existed in the H2SO4 from industrial stream has a promoting effect, and the introduction of [N1,1,1,1][C10SO4] with ratio of 0.3 wt% can further improve research octane number of alkylate even in a shorter reaction time. The kinetic model can well predict the concentration changes of key components, in which [N1,1,1,1][C10SO4] contributes to the larger reaction rate and lower activation energy for the targeted trimethylpentanes generation due to the intensified isobutane solvation. Hopefully, the novel additive has a promising application to optimize the H2SO4‐catalyzed industrial alkylation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of model transfer is to solve the problem that multivariate calibration models cannot be shared among different near‐infrared spectrometers. Taking gasoline as the research object, the transfer analysis of its octane number model was carried out. The gasoline samples collected by two near‐infrared spectrometers of the same type were used as the research object. The screening wavelengths with consistent and stable signals (SWCSS) combined with competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), uninformative variable elimination (UVE), and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were used to reduce the adverse effects of invalid wavelengths in the SWCSS method; therefore, the analysis ability of the master model to the slave samples was improved. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models based on SWCSS‐UVE, SWCSS‐CARS, and SWCSS‐SPA algorithms were established, and comparison was made between their analytical capabilities for slave samples and those of SWCSS, direct standardization (DS) algorithm , piecewise direct standardization (PDS) algorithm, and slope/bias (S/B) algorithm. The results shown that the SWCSS‐UVE and SWCSS‐CARS methods can be used to establish models from the 231 and 6 wavelengths selected from the consistent wavelengths, respectively. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of the gasoline octane number (RON) content of the direct analysis of the spectrum measured by the slave machine was reduced from 5.7490 to 0.3226 and 0.3250, respectively, which was better than the single SWCSS and DS, PDS, and SWCSS‐SPA methods, and was close to the model transfer accuracy of the S/B algorithm. The transfer accuracy of SWCSS‐UVE and SWCSS‐CARS was not much different, but the wavelength variable involved in the model transfer of the latter was much smaller than that of the former, and the AIC value of SWCSS‐CARS was −59.59, which was much smaller than the akaike information criterion (AIC) value of SWCSS‐UVE 398.42. Using gasoline samples collected by two NIR spectrometers, the SWCSS‐UVE, SWCSS‐CARS and SWCSS‐SPA methods in this study were able to eliminate the invalid variables in the SWCSS algorithm alone, thus improving the analysis of the master model for the slave instrument samples. Contribution to the application of near‐infrared spectroscopy for rapid oil product detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kinetic modeling is receiving more attention in recent years due to the availability of advanced computational tools and enhancement in the accuracy of analytical techniques. These advances facilitate investigation of the chemical transformations on a molecular level rather than on the bulk properties, such as density, distillation cuts, or octane number. Molecular kinetic modeling of catalytic naphtha reforming is of particular interest as it processes light petroleum fraction that enable full molecular-level analysis. Moreover, the process is an important source of valuable chemicals, hydrogen, and high-octane transportation fuel. Over the years, the goal of the kinetic modeling has evolved from predicting the octane number or other properties of reformate to tracking a particular molecule, such as benzene. Several kinetic models are published in the last decade – each of them strived to adopt somewhat different approach either in the complexity of proposed reaction network or in the methodology of estimating the kinetic parameters. The approaches that have been considered in formulating the rate expressions include: (i) classical power-law model; (ii) models based on Langmuir-Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson kinetics; (iii) structure-oriented kinetics approach; and (iv) single-event fundamental model. The review presents a systematic comparison of these kinetic models in depth as well as their limitations. An appraisal of the mathematical methods for estimation of kinetic parameters and the computational tools employed for determination of the numerical values of these parameters is made. Finally, the current trends and outlook of this field is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for clean and efficient fuels in the world reflects the rapid growth in automotive vehicles and more stringent environmental regulations. Hence, the refining industry must employ diverse strategies to obtain a gasoline pool made up of streams from different processes focused on improving the fuel quality and the octane ratings suitable for the current demanding automotive performance. The composition of gasoline varies mainly from each country's policies, climate, environmental regulations, financial capacity, and local producer's oil refining infrastructure. However, a generally accepted composition by source of the gasoline pool is: FCC naphtha and reformate, making up about 60%, light straight-run naphtha and alkylate gasoline, around 30%, isomerate, close to 5%, and variable proportions of butane, oxygenating agents, such as methyl-ter-butyl ether (MTBE), ter-amyl-methyl ether (TAME) and/or ethanol and additives for the remaining 5%. This review is focused on the recent research in the advancement and development of catalysts for the different processes used by the oil refining industry to improve the composition and properties of gasoline fuels. A detailed section on the Fischer-Tropsch process, where liquid hydrocarbons are potentially employed to further produce clean gasoline, is also discussed. A section devoted to research on biogasoline as a potential renewable fuel is also addressed. Finally, a discussion of the physicochemical properties of the gasoline blending components is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]