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AIM: To perform an independent validation of deep learning (DL) algorithms for automated scleral spur detection and measurement of scleral spur-based biometric parameters in anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) images. METHODS: Patients receiving routine eye care underwent AS-OCT imaging using the ANTERION OCT system (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Scleral spur locations were marked by three human graders (reference, expert and novice) and predicted using DL algorithms developed by Heidelberg Engineering that prioritise a false positive rate 95% (TPR95). Performance of human graders and DL algorithms were evaluated based on agreement of scleral spur locations and biometric measurements with the reference grader. RESULTS: 1308 AS-OCT images were obtained from 117 participants. Median differences in scleral spur locations from reference locations were significantly smaller (p

PurposeMutations in the genes encoding type IV collagen alpha 1 (COL4A1) and alpha 2 (COL4A2) cause a multisystem disorder that includes ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) and glaucoma. We previously showed that transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling was elevated in developing anterior segments from Col4a1 mutant mice and that reducing TGFβ signaling ameliorated ASD, supporting a role for the TGFβ pathway in disease pathogenesis. Here, we tested whether altered TGFβ signaling also contributes to glaucoma-related phenotypes in Col4a1 mutant mice.MethodsTo test the role of TGFβ signaling in glaucoma-relevant phenotypes, we genetically reduced TGFβ signaling using mice with mutated Tgfbr2, which encodes the common receptor for all TGFβ ligands in Col4a1+/G1344D mice. We performed slit-lamp biomicroscopy and optical coherence tomography for qualitative and quantitative analyses of anterior and posterior ocular segments, histological analyses of ocular tissues and optic nerves, and intraocular pressure assessments using rebound tonometry.ResultsCol4a1+/G1344D mice showed defects of the ocular drainage structures, including iridocorneal adhesions, and phenotypes consistent with glaucomatous neurodegeneration, including thinning of the nerve fiber layer, retinal ganglion cell loss, optic nerve head excavation, and optic nerve degeneration. We found that reducing TGFβ receptor 2 (TGFBR2) was protective for ASD, ameliorated ocular drainage structure defects, and protected against glaucomatous neurodegeneration in Col4a1+/G1344D mice.ConclusionsOur results suggest that elevated TGFβ signaling contributes to glaucomatous neurodegeneration in Col4a1 mutant mice.

This prospective cohort study is aimed to investigate circadian variations in corneal parameters, focusing on sleep-deprived subjects. Sixty-four healthy individuals (age range: 21–76 years) actively participated in this study, undergoing examinations at least five times within a 24-hour timeframe. The analysis encompassed keratometric parameters of the cornea's front (F) and back (B) surfaces, refractive power in flattest and steepest axes (K1, K2), astigmatism (Astig) and its axis (Axis), aspheric coefficient (Asph), corneal pachymetry values of thinnest corneal thickness (Pachy Min) and corneal thickness in the center of the pupil (Pachy Pupil), volume relative to the 3 and 10 mm corneal diagonal (Vol D3, Vol D10) and surface variance index (ISV). Circadian changes were assessed using a hierarchical, mixed-effects linear regression adjusted for age and night shift. A total of 1,636 measurements revealed significant circadian changes in various corneal parameters, including K1 F, K2 F/B, Astig F/B, Asph F/B, Pachy Min/Pupil, Vol D3/10, and ISV (p < 0.0001). Moreover, K1 B exhibited a significant circadian change (p = 0.0002), while Axis F/B remained unchanged. Notably, Corneal thickness peaked before 6 o'clock in the morning and reached its minimum after 12 o'clock. Contrary to previous notions linking corneal diurnal changes with eyelid closure during sleep, our study reveals that these changes persist in the absence of sleep. This research contributes valuable insights into the impact of sleep deprivation on corneal properties, warranting further investigations to deepen our understanding of daily variations in visual quality and guide the planning of refractive eye surgery interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION Trauma can result in wide spectrum of eye injury of the globe, optic nerve and adnexa ranging from superficial to vision threatening complication Timely intervention and surgical repair of anterior segment injury and subsequent visual rehabilitation with long term impact is a topic of great significance and challenges to the practicing ophthalmologists. Even though with the advent of new modalities and improved technology, the management of penetrating ocular injuries has changed. We need to prognosticate any patient with ocular trauma before and even after the repair of ocular injury. OBJECTIVES 1. To assess the various factors affecting the final visual outcome in patients with mechanical ocular injury 2. To assess the severity of ocular trauma at the time of presentation METHOD This prospective study was conducted on minimum of 72 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria in the department of Ophthalmology, R. L. Jalappa Hospital and Research centre, Kolar from August 2022 to December 2023, after obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Ethical Committee of Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College and written informed consent from the subjects. All cases of mechanical ocular injuries involving the anterior segment of eye age more than 5 years were assessed by a detailed history regarding Time of onset an mode of injury, Mode of injury Clinical examination including Visual acuity, Color Vision, Slit lamp examination, fundus examination, X-ray orbit, B-Scan CT and MRI orbit if needed. RESULTS Among 72 eyes studied, patients' average age (years) was 31.82, and most were 11-30. Around 60% were males. The left eye was implicated among 45.8%, and 9.7% had bilateral eye involvement. Around one-fourth had trauma by RTA, followed by wooden pieces. At the presentation time, 44.4% had Cf 1-meter to Cf 5-meter vision, and 30.6% had 6/60 to 6/24 visual acuity. At one week follow-up, 54.2% had a VA 6/60 to 6/24, 26.4% had 6/18 to 6/6, and 19.4% had Cf 1 meter to Cf 5 meter. At one month follow-up, 25% had a VA 6/60 to 6/24, 73.6% had 6/18 to 6/6, and 1.4% had Cf 1 meter to Cf 5 meter Corneal foreign body with epi defects was the most common complication, followed by Traumatic cataract (9.7%), IOP was high among 13.9% of the patients.11.1% of the patients had wounds involving the pupillary axis. 16.7% of the patients were immunocompromised. Most patients presented within 24 hours (75%), while 16.7% and 8.3% presented within 24-48 hours and >48 hours, respectively. CONCLUSION This study concluded, most had ocular injury by RTA, Corneal foreign body with epi defects is the common complications observed upon the presentation Three-fourths of those with ocular injury had good vision by follow-up. A significant association was found between visual acuity and wounds involving the pupillary axis, the immunocompromised status of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMethodsResultsConclusionsThe anterior segment of the eye plays a crucial role in maintaining the normal intraocular pressure and vision. Developmental defects in the anterior segment structures lead to anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) and primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), which share overlapping clinical features. Several genes have been mapped and characterized in ASD, some of which are also involved in other glaucoma phenotypes. PCG exhibits genetic heterogeneity like ASD, but the known genes do not account for the entire genetic basis of the disease. Considering the significant phenotypic and genotypic overlap between ASD and PCG, this article explores the possible involvements of ASD-associated genes in PCG pathogenesis.A nonsystematic search in PubMed was performed using various combinations of keywords related to ASD, glaucoma, genetics, and molecular mechanisms, and articles published up until March 2024 were considered. Specifically, information pertaining to ASD-associated genes (FBN1, FOXE3, HMX1, LMX1B, MAF, OTX2, PAX6, PITX2, PITX3, PRDM5, PRSS56, RAX, SLC4A11, SOX2, TRIM44, VAX1, and WT1) was extracted, and their expressions were determined from the GTEx and EMBL-EBI Expression Atlas. Interactions of these genes were determined through the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software.Most of the ASD-associated genes were found to be highly expressed in the early embryonic stages. Interactome analysis revealed that TRIM44, PAX6, WT1, SOX2, OTX2, PRDM5, and FBN1 interacted through the NFκB and Akt/PI3K pathways, either directly, or through interactions with other partners. FOXC1, PITX2, and HMX1 interacted through Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways. Both ASD and PCG present similar clinical features and harbor mutations in genes that are implicated in both these conditions. Collectively, we constructed a hypothetical model and proposed two parallel mechanisms comprising the defects in the anterior chamber angle and cell death in PCG pathogenesis.Our findings suggest that complex interplay of these ASD-associated genes and their interactions could potentially result in defects in the anterior chamber angle and trabecular meshwork and induce cell death, resulting in PCG pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses various topics related to ophthalmic surgery, including the Peking Retina International Meeting in Beijing, Uveal Effusion Syndrome, Peeling the Internal Limiting Membrane in Epiretinal Membrane Surgery, and Partially Scrambled Best Disease. It highlights the importance of ILM peeling in ERM surgery to prevent recurrences and reduce reoperation rates, while also discussing the challenges and benefits associated with this procedure. The text provides insights from experts in the field and presents a case study of Partially Scrambled Best Disease, associated with mutations in the BEST1 gene. [Extracted from the article]

The ophthalmic diseases often affect the elderly and require proper diagnosis, treatments, and follow ups. However, many cases lack adequate eye care due to limited resources and decreased daily living activities among individuals. Despite the importance of ophthalmic home care, epidemiological research in this area has been lacking. This study utilized portable ophthalmological equipment to conduct an epidemiological research of anterior segment diseases in patients receiving home-based medical care in Japanese isolated island "Miyako island". A retrospective examination was conducted on home visit cases from a single facility in Miyako island (Dr. Gon Clinic). Data from 147 cases were collected and analyzed which the data are all recorded by the home care doctors and send the data to the cloud in order to make a diagnosis by the ophthalmologists. Findings included various anterior segment eye diseases such as Ptosis, meibomian gland dysfunction, conjunctival chalasis, corneal opacity, conjunctival hyperemia, pterygium, and cataract. Notably, over half of the cases (51.67%) had not undergone cataract surgery although the average age are notably high (85.69 ± 12.11 age of years). Among those without surgery, all showed signs of moderate to severe cataracts, with severity increasing with age. Additionally, a shallow anterior chamber depth was observed in one-third of these cases (33.63%) which considerable to receive a surgery to prevent the acute glaucoma attack. From our study, to ensure that patients in remote islands as Miyako island do not miss opportunities for eye care, there is an urgent need for the establishment of a supportive medical system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We demonstrate a new tomographic imaging device for 2D cross-sectional and 3D volumetric images of the anterior eye segment. The optical system combines optical sectioning with a stereoscopic camera setup to determine the true spatial location of the ocular structures. Moreover, we propose a calibration procedure to estimate the triangulation function that links the stereo camera pixel indices with the eye-referenced 3D spatial coordinates. The proposed instrument will image the entire anterior chamber and contiguous structures, including the corneal limbus, sclera and eyelids. Furthermore, the system can obtain corneal topography. Finally, we studied the repeatability of the instrument and its agreement with a commercial Scheimpflug imaging tomographer in a group of healthy subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Difluprednate (DFP) (difluoroprednisolone butyrate acetate, or DFBA) ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% (Durezol®) was the first potent corticosteroid to be approved for both postoperative pain and inflammation in 2008. In June 2012, it was approved for the treatment of endogenous anterior uveitis. It is a synthetic difluorinated prednisolone derivative that was originally developed in Japan as a dermatologic ointment. The glucocorticoid binding affinity of its active metabolite was demonstrated to be 56 times stronger than prednisolone. Experimental models showed that it reached the anterior and posterior segments of the eye quickly, via both transcorneal and noncorneal (conjunctiva and sclera) absorption routes. Its clinical applications have been expanded to treat patients with uveitic macular edema and anterior scleritis. Case reports and case series also describe its use in some forms of posterior uveitis and in non-uveitic entities. Elevated intraocular pressure and acceleration of cataract formation are the main concerns with DFP as with all corticosteroids. Because IOP elevation is particularly pronounced in the pediatric age group, IOP is to be closely monitored at every visit in children. High incidence of cataract formation and progression was also documented in children, thus necessitating vigilant follow-up of children on chronic treatment. This review aims to give a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of difluprednate’s pharmacological properties, clinical applications, safety profiles, and alternative delivery methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the pattern of spheroidal degeneration of cornea (SDC) and its association with other eye diseases at the anterior segment clinic (ASC) in Menelik II Tertiary Referral Hospital. Methods: A hospital-based prospective descriptive study was conducted at ASC, in Menelik II Tertiary Referral Hospital, from May 2021 to September 2022. All enrolled patients meeting the inclusion criteria were selected and assessed with a structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the study variables in terms of frequency and percentage. The results were presented using tables and figures. Results: Out of 62 cases of SDC, 48 (77.4%) were male and 14 (22.6%) were female. It was more prevalent in the age groups of 60– 69 and 70– 79. Most respondents had outdoor activity (91.9%). A total of 24.2% of patients were found to have Stage I; 35.5% were found to have Stage II; and 40.3% were in Stage III. Posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) was found in 10 (16.1%) SDC cases, post-trachomatous corneal opacity (CO) in 10 (16.1%) SDC cases, and non-trachomatous CO in 8 (12.9%) SDC cases, but none of them had an association with SDC. Conclusion: Between May 2021 and September 2022, sixty-two cases of SDC were found at the ASC in Menelik II Tertiary Referral Hospital. The data showed a preponderance of SDC in males and older subjects. Stage III and primary types are the leading presentations. It was observed predominantly in individuals who spent most of their time outdoors. Pterygium, corneal opacity, pseudoexfoliation (PXF), PSC, and glaucoma were noted; however, none of these had a significant association with SDC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 56-year-old woman presented with left blurring of vision for 6 months. She gave a history of previous left eye trauma for which she had undergone suturing of a corneal laceration. The right eyewas 20/20 and normal. Her left visual acuity was hand motion. A linear corneal scar was present extending obliquely from 5 to 9 o'clock. In addition, there were iridodialysis from 8 to 1 o'clock, a fixed dilated pupil, and extensive zonulysis with displacement of a dense nuclear sclerotic cataract temporally (Figures 1 and 2). There was no vitreous in the anterior chamber. The posterior segment appeared normal, as were the intraocular pressures. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the anterior segment of the left eye confirmed the absence of zonular fibers from 6 to 12 o'clock. Optical coherence tomography was unable to capture any image of the macular or optic nerve. Corneal topography showed irregular astigmatism. The endothelial cell density was 1650 cells/mm2. Describe how you would manage this case surgically, given that her financial resources were limited, and she was unable to afford a prosthetic iris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprehensively reviewed publicly available image datasets for the anterior segment, with a focus on cataract, refractive, and corneal surgeries. The goal was to assess characteristics of existing datasets and identify areas for improvement. PubMED and Google searches were performed using the search terms "refractive surgery," "anterior segment," "cornea," "corneal," "cataract" AND "database," with the related word of "imaging." Results of each of these searches were collated, identifying 26 publicly available anterior segment image datasets. Imaging modalities included optical coherence tomography, photography, and confocal microscopy. Most datasets were small, 80% originated in the U.S., China, or Europe. Over 50% of images were from normal eyes. Disease states represented included keratoconus, corneal ulcers, and Fuchs dystrophy. Most of the datasets were incompletely described. To promote accessibility going forward to 2030, the ESCRS Digital Health Special InterestGroup will annually update a list of available image datasets for anterior segment at www.escrs.org. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Special Issue "Recent Advances in Pathogenesis and Management of Eye Diseases" highlights significant advancements in understanding and treating eye diseases, such as glaucoma, keratoconus, and diabetic keratopathy. Innovative technologies like the Pentacam system and carbon dioxide laser-treated contact lenses offer non-invasive methods for diagnosis and monitoring. Research on genetic factors contributing to eye diseases underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in improving treatment strategies. The issue also discusses the importance of selecting the right storage medium for corneal transplantation to ensure optimal outcomes. [Extracted from the article]

Closed globe injuries can cause serious posterior segment injuries even if there is no damage to the anterior segment of the eye. Optic nerve head (ONH) avulsion is a rare but very serious complication of blunt eye trauma. While avulsion often occurs where the optic nerve attaches to the globe, it can also occur at any point along the nerve and there is no effective treatment. Preventing eye trauma will also prevent serious morbidity. In this report, we present a case with ONH avulsion and accompanying inferior canalicular laceration following blunt eye trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye disorders affect a substantial portion of the global population, yet the availability of efficacious ophthalmic drug products remains limited. This can be partly ascribed to a number of factors: (1) inadequate understanding of physiological barriers, treatment strategies, drug and polymer properties, and delivery systems; (2) challenges in effectively delivering drugs to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye due to anatomical and physiological constraints; and (3) manufacturing and regulatory hurdles in ocular drug product development. The present review discusses innovative ocular delivery and treatments, encompassing implants, liposomes, nanoparticles, nanomicelles, microparticles, iontophoresis, in situ gels, contact lenses, microneedles, hydrogels, bispecific antibodies, and gene delivery strategies. Furthermore, this review also introduces advanced manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing and hot-melt extrusion (HME), aimed at improving bioavailability, reducing therapeutic dosages and side effects, facilitating the design of personalized ophthalmic dosage forms, as well as enhancing patient compliance. This comprehensive review lastly offers insights into digital healthcare, market trends, and industry and regulatory perspectives pertaining to ocular product development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a common age-related ocular condition characterized by the accumulation of a fibrillar, pseudoexfoliative material on the anterior segment of the eye. This study aims to investigate the histopathological characteristics of pseudoexfoliative material within different ocular structures, including the eyelid, conjunctiva, and anterior lens capsule. Methods: A total of 32 anterior lens capsules, 3 eyelid fragments, and 12 conjunctival specimens were obtained from patients clinically diagnosed with PEX during ocular surgeries at the Onioptic Hospital of Ophthalmology. The tissue specimens were subsequently processed using the classical histological technique of paraffin embedding. This process enabled the production of serial sections with a thickness of 4 microns, facilitating the microscopic examination of fine details. The sections were stained with the hematoxylin-eosin (HE) method for the observation of microscopic structures. Results: This study's findings reveal that PEX material, characterized by its fibrillar and amorphous components, is consistently present across multiple ocular structures, including the anterior lens capsule, eyelid, and conjunctiva. When stained with H&E, the PEX material typically appears as amorphous, eosinophilic deposits. Under higher magnification, these deposits exhibit a fibrillar structure, often appearing as irregular, granular, or filamentous aggregates. Conclusions: The deposit of fibrillar material in the eyelid and conjunctiva, though less commonly emphasized compared to other structures, is a significant finding that sheds light on the systemic nature of the syndrome. The consistent identification of fibrillar eosinophilic deposits across these structures highlights the systemic distribution of PEX material, reinforcing the notion that PEX syndrome is not confined to the anterior segment of the eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, various convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures for the detection of pterygium in the anterior segment of the eye are explored and compared. Five CNN architectures (ResNet101, ResNext101, Se-ResNext50, ResNext50, and MobileNet V2) are evaluated with the objective of identifying one that surpasses the precision and diagnostic efficacy of the current existing solutions. The results show that the Se-ResNext50 architecture offers the best overall performance in terms of precision, recall, and accuracy, with values of 93%, 92%, and 92%, respectively, for these metrics. These results demonstrate its potential to enhance diagnostic tools in ophthalmology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a case of a penetrating orbital injury caused by an automobile airbag cover. The patient, a 30-year-old Asian male, experienced serious facial and orbital trauma after the dislodgement of a metal coated piece from the airbag cover during a high-impact motor vehicle accident. The injury resulted in a penetrating orbital floor fracture, optic neuropathy, and choroidal rupture. The article highlights the potential for serious ocular injuries from airbag deployment and emphasizes the need for healthcare providers to be aware of and appropriately manage these injuries. [Extracted from the article]

The renewed focus on eye growth in preterm‐born children was primarily triggered by Danish cohort studies, including the Copenhagen Project, which focused on children born from 1959–1961. The retinotoxic effects of excessive oxygen on premature neonates had long been clarified and therapeutically adjusted for. Later, ultrasound oculometry and keratometry established that ocular size deficits, linked to development, also occurred in normally developing children, not just frail outliers. This indicated that general catch‐up had not been achieved. This paper discusses whether one early segment of eye development does not occur in preterm, and here even in more robust neonates, without later compensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia is the property of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective of achieving visual rehabilitation. Among the surgical cohort, paediatric cases with International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) codes Q14.0 for PFV and Q12.0 for congenital cataract were identified and analyzed. Data were collected through a comprehensive review of medical records, encompassing clinical history (birth weight), gender distribution, ocular parameters (laterality, intraocular pressure [IOP], visual acuity [VA]), details of cataract and vitreoretinal surgical interventions, indications for surgery, postoperative ophthalmic complications, as well as evaluations of functional and anatomical outcomes. Results: The cohort consisted of 11 children, ranging in age from 6 months to 12 years. Surgical intervention resulted in the attainment of at least light perception vision in nine of the operated eyes, representing 81.8% of cases. Among these, two eyes (18.2%) achieved hand motion vision, while 5 eyes (55.6%) achieved vision of finger counting or better. Additionally, two eyes (18.2%) achieved visual acuity measurable on the Snellen chart. However, one eye (9.1%) experienced complete vision loss, while the contralateral eye developed sympathetic ophthalmia. Conclusions: Congenital cataract with PHV without anterior segment pathology associated with best postoperative VA, while eyes with anterior segment pathology or a complex posterior segment pathology had poor visual prognosis. Case selection for surgery is considered of great importance, since sympathetic ophthalmia may occur postoperatively. Understanding more deeply pathogenesis of PFV is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of drug in the eye depends on various factors such as genetics, layers structure, temperature distribution, and aqueous humor flow field. The heat transfer, fluid flow field, and drug delivery in the eye are numerically simulated using a three-dimensional model. The results are compared with experimental data on human and rabbit eyes. The effect of ambient temperature on the flow field in standing and supine positions was investigated. Then the transfer of drug concentration by intravitreal injection method was simulated using the obtained flow field. The results showed that the temperature distribution and the position of the eye relative to the direction of gravity have a significant role in the process of concentration transfer in the anterior segment of the eye. The results showed that in an intravitreal injection method, the drug has a significant concentration in the posterior part of the eye. In the intravitreal injection method with the injection of 1.25 mg of the drug, the maximum concentration in the vitreous humor is 1575.5 μg/ml, and the drug vanishes into the eye after 30 days. In this case, the maximum drug concentration in the aqueous humor is 30.16 μg/ml, which occurs after 1.5 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces an innovative mobile solution for Pterygium detection, an eye disease, using a classification model based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture ResNext50 in images of the anterior segment of the eye. Four models (ResNext50, ResNet50, MobileNet v2, and DenseNet201) were used for the analysis, with ResNext50 standing out for its high accuracy and diagnostic efficiency. The research, focused on applications for ophthalmological medical centers in Lima, Peru, explains the process of development and integration of the ResNext50 model into a mobile application. The results indicate the high effectiveness of the system, highlighting its high precision, recall, and specificity, which exceed 85%, thus showing its potential as an advanced diagnostic tool in ophthalmology. This system represents a significant tool in ophthalmology, especially for areas with limited access to specialists, offering a rapid and reliable diagnosis of Pterygium. The study also addresses the technical challenges and clinical implications of implementing this technology in a real-world context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermediate uveitis (IU) in an intraocular inflammation that predominantly affects the vitreous. It typically manifests as chronic low-grade inflammation, mainly affecting children and young adults. Uncontrolled chronic intraocular inflammation carries a high risk of visual loss. IU, despite being a low-grade inflammation, is among the sight-threatening conditions owing to its intrinsically-associated vision-robbing ocular complications. It can cause early and late-onset ocular complications affecting the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. 40–60% of the patients who suffer from IU will develop at least one ocular complication during the disease course. Prompt management and long-term monitoring are vital for the early detection of ocular complications and timely intervention. Proactive screening programs are essential in children because of the occult nature of IU in the pediatric age group and the high prevalence of complications at the initial visit. This review provides a comprehensive panorama of anterior segment complications, namely, band keratopathy, corneal endotheliopathy, posterior synechiae, and cataract as well as of posterior segment complications including macular edema, retinoschisis, retinal detachment, vitreous hemorrhage, vasoproliferative tumor, optic neuritis, and papillitis, in addition to glaucoma and hypotony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The distinctive feature of corneal dystrophies is the existence of abnormal deposits that are insoluble and found in different layers of the cornea. While corneal thickness has been investigated in corneal stromal dystrophies, anterior scleral thickness has not yet been evaluated. We aimed to investigate anterior scleral thickness and corneal and anterior segment parameters in corneal stromal dystrophies in this study. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 35 eyes with corneal stromal dystrophies from 19 patients and 35 healthy controls. We calculated the anterior scleral thickness 4 mm posterior to the scleral spur in the nasal and temporal quadrants, by anterior segment optic coherence tomography (Triton, Topcon, Japan). Scheimflug corneal tomography (Sirius, CSO, Italy) was performed to assess corneal and anterior segment parameters. Results: The mean age was 36.5±12.1 years in the dystrophy group. The mean temporal scleral thickness was 556.67±15.11 µm, and the mean nasal scleral thickness was 565.83±15.18 µm, statistically similar to those of the control group (p=0.81, p=0.51, respectively). However, the difference between temporal and nasal scleral thickness values was not statistically significant in the dystrophy group (p=0.53, p=0.57). Intraocular pressure was higher in lattice stromal dystrophy than in other dystrophies (p=0.005). There was found to be a moderate, positive correlation between age and nasal scleral thickness in the control group. (r=0.432; p=0.010). Conclusion: In conclusion, we found that scleral thickness did not change in corneal dystrophies. Further histological studies are needed to conclusively exclude microstructural alterations of scleral thickness in patients with corneal stromal dystrophies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia is the property of Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim and background: The study aims to determine the accuracy of utilizing a temporal view in the detection of a shallow anterior chamber (AC), in comparison to the conventional anterior view, by evaluation of photographs of the anterior segment of the eye. Materials and methods: Two hundred fifty students who had completed basic undergraduate ophthalmology training as part of their medical education graded the AC depth in anterior segment photographs as "shallow" or "not shallow." Each eye was photographed from the anterior and temporal views. A total of 40 photographs of 20 eyes were provided. Results: The ability to detect a shallow AC by temporal view had a sensitivity of 73.3%, compared to 63.2% in the anterior view. The specificity of the temporal view was better at 66.2% compared to the anterior view, which was 65.3%. The overall accuracy of the temporal view in detecting a shallow AC was higher than the anterior view (68.3 vs 64.7%, respectively). Combining both techniques increased the detection of a shallow AC to 88.3%. Conclusion: In our study, the temporal view was more accurate in detecting a shallow AC compared to the anterior view. Integrating the temporal view of AC depth assessment with the traditional anterior view further improves the chances of detecting a shallow AC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We present a 34-year-old patient with sudden bilateral worsening of vision. The ophthalmic examination revealed myopia, anterior chamber shallowing and acute angle closure in both eyes. The patient had initiated systemic hypertension therapy with indapamide 14 days prior to the onset of symptoms. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated in both eyes (28 mmHg in right eye, 32 mmHg in left eye). Images of the anterior segment of the eye were obtained with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). The anterior chamber depth (ACD) and iridotrabecular contact were measured in both eyes. The symptoms resolved three days later. The ophthalmic examination showed normal IOP and AS-OCT image. Acute-onset bilateral myopia accompanied by acute angle closure may be a side-effect of the use of systemic drugs such as topiramate, sulphonamides and, in this case, indapamide. The treatment includes causative agent withdrawal and ocular anti-hypertensive topical therapy. The case report underlines the importance of knowledge of systemic drugs' side-effects on the eye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical outcomes, rotational stability, and footplate position of the toric Implantable Collamer Lens (TICL) (STAAR Surgical) in eyes with low vault and analyze factors related to rotational stability. Methods: This prospective observational study included 59 eyes of 59 patients with insufficient vault (< 250 µm). Postoperative rotation was defined as the difference between the achieved angle and the intraoperative fixation angle, and assessed with a digital anterior segment photograph after full mydriasis at 1 week and 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Ultrasound biomicroscopy was used to determine the ciliary body morphology and position of the footplate. Correlation analysis was employed to identify the risk factors associated with TICL rotation at 6 months postoperatively. Results: At 6 months postoperatively, the mean central vault was 137.4 ± 61.0 µm (range: 40 to 236 µm), and the mean efficacy and safety indices were 1.04 and 1.15, respectively. The mean manifest refractive astigmatism decreased from −1.67 ± 0.82 diopters (D) preoperatively to −0.43 ± 0.33 D postoperatively, and the mean absolute rotation was 4.50 ± 3.08 degrees (range: 0 to 12.50 degrees). The angle of rotation was correlated with the preoperative spherical power (r = −0.318, P =.014), the average value of TICL footplates position (r = 0.284, P =.029), and postoperative astigmatism (r = −.469, P⩽.001). Conclusions: TICL implantation is predictable, safe, and effective in correcting myopic astigmatism in eyes with low vault. The rotational stability was acceptable and related to the malposition of the footplate and preoperative spherical power. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(7):e460–e467.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability of automatic measurements of a new anterior segment optical coherence tomographer (ANTERION; Heidelberg Engineering) and their agreement with an anterior segment optical coherence tomography device combined with Placido disc corneal topography (MS-39; CSO) in patients affected by keratoconus. Methods: Fifty-four consecutive patients were included. Three measurements were performed with the ANTERION and one with the MS-39. Repeatability was assessed by means of within-subject standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CoV), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement was investigated with the 95% limits of agreement. The paired t-test and Wilcoxon matched-pairs test were performed to compare the measurements of the different devices. Results: Repeatability of ANTERION measurements was high, with an ICC greater than 0.98 for all parameters. Many parameters revealed a CoV of less than 1% and a CoV within 5% was obtained for astigmatism measurements. The ANTERION measured a significantly higher corneal power and the MS-39 more negative posterior keratometric values. These differences were mirrored by a moderate agreement for mean simulated keratometry and poor agreement for total corneal power and posterior keratometry. Conclusions: The ANTERION revealed high repeatability of automatic measurements and good agreement with the MS-39 for many parameters in patients affected by keratoconus, but for most parameters the two instruments cannot be considered interchangeable. [J Refract Surg. 2024;40(7):e445–e452.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a progressive optic neuropathy with a complex, multifactorial aetiology. Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is the most important clinically modifiable risk factor for POAG. All current pharmacological agents target aqueous humour dynamics to lower IOP. Newer therapeutic agents are required as some patients with POAG show a limited therapeutic response or develop ocular and systemic side effects to topical medication. Elevated IOP in POAG results from cellular and molecular changes in the trabecular meshwork driven by increased levels of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) in the anterior segment of the eye. Understanding how TGFβ affects both the structural and functional changes in the outflow pathway and IOP is required to develop new glaucoma therapies that target the molecular pathology in the trabecular meshwork. In this study, we evaluated the effects of TGF-β1 and -β2 treatment on miRNA expression in cultured human primary trabecular meshwork cells. Our findings are presented in terms of specific miRNAs (miRNA-centric), but given miRNAs work in networks to control cellular pathways and processes, a pathway-centric view of miRNA action is also reported. Evaluating TGFβ-responsive miRNA expression in trabecular meshwork cells will further our understanding of the important pathways and changes involved in the pathogenesis of glaucoma and could lead to the development of miRNAs as new therapeutic modalities in glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chronic non-infectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment (NIU-PS), which can be recurrent and persistent for numerous years, mainly affects people of working age and significantly increases the risk of visual impairment. This study aimed to investigate the cost-effectiveness of fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal (FAI) implant in the treatment of patients with chronic NIU-PS from the Chinese healthcare perspective. Methods: A Markov model with a 2-week cycle was constructed from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system over a lifetime time horizon. The model consists of four health states: on-treatment, treatment failure, blindness, and death. The outcomes for effectiveness were based on the Chinese real-world study (RWS). Utilities and mortality rates were derived from published literature and standard sources. Costs were determined from the MENET website, prices of medical service items at local providers, published literature, and expert surveys. Outcomes were measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses were performed to account for the impact of uncertainty. Results: It was estimated that in the base case, the FAI implant provided 0.43 incremental QALYs compared with the limited current practice (LCP) at an additional cost of $7503.72 (¥50,575.05), resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $17,373.49 (¥117,097.33) per QALY gained. Parameters related to utility emerged as the primary influencers on the outcomes. In probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA), considering the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $19,072 (¥128,547) and $38,145 (¥257,094), the FAI implant had 67.70% and 99.50% probability of being cost-effective, respectively. As demonstrated in the scenario analysis, if the FAI implant aligns its price reduction with the average rate from the 2023 negotiation of the National Reimbursement Drug List (NRDL), it would result in lower costs and represent an absolute advantage. Conclusions: The FAI implant, which can effectively reduce the recurrence rate and maintain the incremental costs within the WTP limit, is likely to be cost-effective in treating chronic NIU-PS in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is an irreversible and progressive neurological disorder. A 20-year-old woman with SSPE presented with a decline in visual acuity. Anterior segment was evaluated with slit lamp and in vivo confocal microscopy, revealing the presence of dendritiform keratic precipitates and +2 cells in the anterior chamber. In fundus examination, white-yellowish lesions involving the macula and periphery were observed, which gradually progressed into atrophy over time. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging showed progression to atrophy of moth-eaten shaped cavities including all retinal layers due to necrotizing retinitis. OCT angiography (OCTA) further revealed reduced vessel densities and flow void areas. Notably, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case documenting anterior segment findings in SSPE in detail. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2024;55:344–348.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitors (RKIs) have been available commercially as topical ocular hypotensive agents for approximately a decade. RKIs have promise as their presumed mechanism of action is increased trabecular meshwork (TM) outflow, the presumed primary site of pathology in open-angle glaucoma. We reviewed recent literature on netarsudil, ripasudil, H-1337, and VVN539 as monotherapy and in combination with other topical ocular hypotensive agents. With a unique primary mechanism of increase in trabecular outflow, these agents target the glaucomatous pathology in aqueous humor dynamics. The ocular hypotensive efficacy of netarsudil, once-daily (q.d.), is in the range of non-cardioselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonists. Ripasudil, given twice-daily (b.i.d.), is somewhat less effective. H-1337 and VVN539, at an early development stage, both seem to have efficacy in the range of netarsudil. Conjunctival hyperemia is an adverse event common to all RKIs tested to date. The greater adoption of RKIs in therapy may be limited by financial considerations, at least in the U.S. We searched PubMed for the keywords netarsudil (AR13324), ripasudil (K-115), H-1337, and VVN539 as of November 2023. We found 349 citations which we reviewed for consideration in this review. Herein we summarize primary research reports, excluding news stories or meeting abstracts. We also searched to find new trials of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anterior segment dysgeneses are congenital ocular anomalies that involve the cornea, iris, anterior chamber, iridicorneal angle structures, and ciliary body. Management highly varies and often depends on the extent of cornea and lens involvement and glaucoma diagnosis. A coordinated approach between pediatric ophthalmology, cornea, retina, and glaucoma specialists may be required to minimize complications and optimize results. A review of the clinical findings of primary congenital glaucoma, congenital aniridia, Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, Peters anomaly, sclerocornea, congenital ectropion uvea, and megalocornea/megalophthalmos will be followed by the current management of these diseases. For optimal outcomes, these diseases often require a multi-specialty approach incorporating glaucoma, cornea, and retina specialists with pediatric ophthalmologists. However, there is a critical shortage of pediatric ophthalmologists and few adult sub-specialists have an interest and desire to incorporate children into their practices. A greater emphasis on pediatric eye diseases during training and exposure to anterior segment dysgeneses is needed to provide the optimal care for these rare conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Macular retinoschisis (MRS) and myopic macular neovascularization (mMNV) are both potentially blinding complications of high myopia. In this case report, we highlight the progression of MRS after intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for mMNV, as well as an extensive review of the literature on this topic. Case description: A 49-year-old woman presented with two weeks of recent onset blurring and metamorphopsia in her right eye. She had high myopia in both eyes (right eye − 20/60 with − 16D, left eye − 20/20 with − 13D). Slit-lamp ophthalmoscopy found a normal anterior segment in both eyes. On fundus examination, features of pathological myopia with posterior staphyloma and peripapillary atrophy were observed in both eyes. An active mMNV, as well as intraretinal fluid, minimal perifoveal inner and outer MRS, and focal posterior vitreous traction along the inferotemporal retinal arcade, were detected on optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the right eye. The patient received an intravitreal injection of Aflibercept (2 mg/0.05 ml). Results: OCT scans at two- and four-month follow-up visits revealed regressed mMNV with a taut epiretinal membrane, progressive worsening of outer MRS, and the development of multiple perifoveal retinal detachment inferior to the fovea. Pars plana vitrectomy surgery was performed for the progressive MRS with good anatomical (resolved MRS) and functional outcome (maintained visual acuity at 20/60) at the last one-month post-surgery visit. Conclusion: Intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for mMNV can cause vitreoretinal interface changes, exacerbating MRS and causing visual deterioration. Vitrectomy for MRS could be one of several treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important parameters in orthodontics is the perimeter of the dental arch. Precise assessment is necessary in cases of maxillary constriction treated with a rapid maxillary expander (RME). The orthodontic software allows customization of the processes from diagnosis to manufacturing of the treatment device. The aim of the present study is to evaluate a relationship between the parameters of the dental arch—perimeter, width, and length—and to follow the changes during treatment. The study is based on the digital measurements of 3D models of 33 patients treated with a digitally planned and printed RME. In the results an increase of 3.99 mm in perimeter was achieved. The rest of the parameters were changed as follows: The width of the dental arch was increased in the premolar area by an average of 3.3 mm; in the area of the first molars, the increase was 4.41 mm; the length of the dental arch in the anterior segment was reduced by an average of 0.54 mm; and the whole length by 0.52 mm. Correlation between the studied variables was described by linear equations. In conclusion, rapid maxillary expansion is a reliable method for gaining predictable space in the dental arch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since coronavirus disease infection-19 (COVID-19) entry to the cells is angiotensin enzyme receptor (ACEII) dependent, extrapulmonary manifestations have been suspected. Ocular manifestations reported in several studies to involve the anterior as well as posterior eye segments. However, the predominance of the anterior eye segment reduced the attention of the scientific community on the posterior eye segment. Our results showed that the incidence of changes in the posterior eye segment is 1/5 of the anterior eye segment. Posterior eye segment manifestations include acute macular neuroretinopathy and paracentral middle maculopathy, central retinal vein/artery occlusion, reactivation of previous uveitis, varicella zoster virus-related acute retinal necrosis in an immunocompromised patient, chorioretinitis, macular hemorrhage, paracentral acute middle maculopathy, retinal detachment, and vitritis with outer retinal abnormalities. The pathogenesis of posterior eye segment manifestations under COVID-19 includes viremia, autoimmune vasculitis, hyperimmune response, coagulopathy, and cytokine storm. A full ophthalmological examination is crucial for patients recovering from COVID-19. The paper provided up-to-date manifestations with potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of development, as well as pathogenetic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 56-year-old man with a history of myopic LASIK presented with left eye gradual blurring of vision over 3 months. There was no history of trauma. His uncorrected visual acuities were 20/25 in the right eye and 20/400 in the left eye. The right eye was normal except for an early cataract. The left eye had a moderate cataract that was phacodonetic. Vitreous was present in the shallow anterior chamber (AC) (Figure 1). The fundus was normal. The intraocular pressures (IOPs) were 14 mm Hg in the right eye and 20 mm Hg in the left eye. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the anterior segment in the left eye revealed near total zonular loss with few intact zonular strands at the 6 and 10 o'clock regions (Figure 2). Vitreous was observed in the AC, herniating mostly from the 3 o'clock region. The endothelial cell density and optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the macular and disc in both eyes were normal. Central corneal thickness was 527 µm in the right eye and 520 µm in the left eye. Describe how you would manage this case surgically. Optical biometry had been obtained, and the axial length in both eyes was similar. Discuss how you would select the monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) diopter (D) targeted for -1.50 D if the AC depth in the left eye was 2.48 mm and in the right eye was 3.25 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the repeatability of a new swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT)-based biometer to measure anterior segment parameters and to assess the agreement with 3 other imaging devices based on different measurement principles. Setting: Unit of Eye and Vision, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Design: Prospective, comparative case series. Methods: 3 consecutive measurements were obtained in unoperated eyes with the Eyestar900 (SS-OCT), Lenstar 900, MS-39, and Sirius. The following anterior segment parameters were evaluated: central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal diameter (CD), aqueous depth (AQD), and corneal power metrics. The repeatability limit (Rlim), coefficient of variation (CoV), and a repeated measures Bland-Altman analysis were performed. Results: 74 eyes of 74 participants were measured. The Rlims for CCT, CD, and AQD were lower than 10 µm, 0.3 mm, and 0.10 mm for all devices, respectively. The corresponding CoVs for these parameters never exceeded 1.2%. The Rlim for the corneal power metrics never exceeded 0.60 diopter (D) for any of the instruments. Lenstar showed the best agreement with the MS-39 to measure CCT, CD, and AQD (limit of agreement interval, LoA: 15.54 µm, 0.55 mm, and 0.16 mm, respectively). The mean difference for keratometry parameters was lower than 0.3 D for all device comparisons, and the LoA interval ranged between 0.52 D and 1.21 D. Conclusions: The repeatability for measuring anterior segment parameters was good, and the agreement among all the instruments was good for CD and AQD measurements. However, for CCT and keratometer parameters, the instruments cannot be used interchangeably due to large LoA interval. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune connective tissue disease that affects more than 2 million people worldwide. It manifests through vasculopathy, an abnormal immunological response, and fibrosis leading to dysfunction of the multiple organs. The disease is categorized into two subtypes: limited cutaneous SSc and diffuse cutaneous SSc. Scleroderma can affect vital organs with respiratory, cardiac, renal, ocular, and dermatological complications. The ocular manifestations of the disease can occur in the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Changes in the anterior segment related to the disease include eyelid skin remodeling, dry eye syndrome, and conjunctival abnormalities. The disease's impact on the posterior segment of the eye mostly causes pathologies in the retinal microcirculatory system and abnormalities in the optic nerve. This review provides detailed insights into ocular complications associated with scleroderma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 had a significant impact on the health of the global human population, affecting almost every human organ, including the organ of vision. Research focus on understanding the pathophysiology, identifying symptoms and complications of the disease. Eye-related pathologies are important foci of research due to the potential for direct impact of the virus. Ophthalmologists around the world are reporting various symptoms of eye infections and ocular pathologies associated with SARS-CoV-2. The review of ophthalmic symptoms was conducted to help physicians of various specialties recognize possible ophthalmic manifestations of this viral disease. A literature review was conducted from January 2020 to July 2023 in the PubMed, MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus, Scielo and Google Scholar databases. The review of the literature showed that conjunctivitis is the most common ophthalmic symptom observed during the course of COVID-19 and can occur at any stage of the disease. Changes in the eye may result from the direct effect of the virus, immune response, prothrombotic states, comorbidities, and medications used. Symptoms related to the organ of vision can be divided into: changes affecting the protective apparatus of the eye, the anterior eye segment, the posterior eye segment, neuro-ophthalmic, and orbital changes. Ocular symptoms may suggest COVID-19 infection or appear several weeks after recovery. Following COVID-19 vaccinations, a diverse range of ophthalmic symptoms was observed in various locations and at different times, mirroring the ocular symptoms experienced throughout the course of the COVID-19 illness. It is important for physicians of all specialties to be aware of possible potential connections between eye diseases and SARS-CoV-2, in order to effectively diagnose and treat patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with incurable corneal diseases experience visual impairment (VI) despite having a healthy retina and optic pathway. Low-vision aids (LVAs) can optimize the use of remaining vision through magnification and contrast enhancement, but do not harness the full visual capacity because they rely on the optic media. Therefore, we investigated a novel laser eyewear (LEW) technology that bypasses the anterior segment of the eye. Images captured by an integrated camera are projected directly onto the retina using a low-energy laser. The patient is able to view a full-color video, realized as augmented reality. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the LEW to enhance the vision of individuals with corneal diseases. Prospective, randomized, crossover clinical trial. We examined the retinal projection glasses in 21 patients (25–69 years) with VI (0.7 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] or worse) resulting from corneal diseases. Patients with comorbidities that impact vision, such as retinal disorders, were excluded. Standardized measurements of visual acuity (VA) for near vision (NV) and distance vision (DV) were conducted using ETDRS charts with the respective best correction (BC) and then with LEW. In addition reading speed, vision-related quality of life (QoL) and capacity to carry out daily tasks were assessed at an initial visit and at 2 subsequent visits after a home phase with and without the device. Six weeks after last use of the LEW, an ophthalmologic examination including spectral-domain-OCT or full-field-electroretinography was conducted and compared with baseline findings to evaluate the safety of the device. Four patients participated and completed a subsequent 12-month follow-up phase. Improvement of VA using the LEW. Secondary objectives included safety, reading speed, QoL, and usability in daily activities. The mean VA in patients with VI was improved by 0.43 logMAR in DV using the LEW compared with BC (P < 0.0001). Using the ×2 magnification mode of the LEW resulted in an average improvement of 0.66 logMAR compared with BC (P < 0.0001). In NV, an increase of 0.47 logMAR was achieved compared with BC (P < 0.0001). Although only 4 of 21 participants were able to read with BC, 17 of 21 participants were able to read with the LEW. Quality of life significantly improved in the 17 participants who completed all visits. We demonstrated that the retinal projection glasses resulted in enhanced VA for all participants by directly projecting images onto the intact retina. In future, the LEW could represent a new option as an LVA for patients with corneal diseases. No pathological alterations were observed in the safety assessments. The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fifteen-year-old boy appeared at my clinic with impaired vision in his left eye to 20/70 following a brief exposure to a high power class IVb blue laser pointer. A mirror at a distance of one meter reflected the beam for two seconds onto his left eye. He reported having a left eye with a central black spot and a blurry vision. A sub-internal limiting membrane (ILM) haemorrhage near the fovea was discovered during a fundus examination. of the left eye was identified as a red, well-circumscribed patch in the foveal area. The optical coherence tomography (OCT) scan verified the existence of bleeding beneath the ILM layer. The central fovea of the left eye's fluorescein angiography showed a little early transmission deficiency without late staining. A relative central scotoma was discovered by perimetry in the left eye. Both eyes' anterior segments appeared normal. The fundus examination of the right eye revealed normal results. The haemorrhage was completely cured and the visual acuity recovered to 20/20 seven weeks later. These devices need to be properly warned of, and children shouldn't have unlimited access to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ophthalmic diseases affect many people, causing partial or total loss of vision and a reduced quality of life. The anterior segment of the eye accounts for nearly half of all visual impairment that can lead to blindness. Therefore, there is a growing demand for ocular research and regenerative medicine that specifically targets the anterior segment to improve vision quality. This study aims to generate a microfluidic platform for investigating the formation of the anterior segment of the eye derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) under various spatial‐mechanoresponsive conditions. Microfluidic platforms are developed to examine the effects of dynamic conditions on the generation of hiPSCs‐derived ocular organoids. The differentiation protocol is validated, and mechanoresponsive genes are identified through transcriptomic analysis. Several culture strategies is implemented for the anterior segment of eye cells in a microfluidic chip. hiPSC‐derived cells showed anterior eye cell characteristics in mRNA and protein expression levels under dynamic culture conditions. The expression levels of yes‐associated protein and transcriptional coactivator PDZ binding motif (YAP/TAZ) and PIEZO1, varied depending on the differentiation and growth conditions of the cells, as well as the metabolomic profiles under dynamic culture conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Congenital corneal staphyloma is a rare congenital malformation with guarded visual potential. The cornea is opaque, markedly ectatic, and lined by uveal tissue with a variety of associated anterior segment abnormalities. In this case report, the detailed histopathology of this condition is highlighted with an unusual finding of the malformed lens. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2024;61(3):e28–e32.] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]