Author: "ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

Your search keyword '"ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)"' showing total 86 results

Start Over Author "ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)"

86 results on '"ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)"'

1. Atmospheric phosphorus deposition amplifies carbon sinks in simulations of a tropical forest in Central Africa

Author: Daniel S. Goll, Marijn Bauters, Haicheng Zhang, Philippe Ciais, Yves Balkanski, Rong Wang, Hans Verbeeck, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 34823748, BOF16/STA/008, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, FNRS, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, FWO: G018319N, DSG and PC acknowledge support from the ANR CLAND Convergence Institute (ANR: ANR-16-CONV-0003), HV from the Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FWO, grant no. G018319N) and the UGent special research fund (BOF16/STA/008), HZ from the ‘Lateral-CNP’ project (no. 34823748) supported by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique–FNRS. We acknowledge the use of data provided by the ESA CCI Land Cover project. We thank Marie Combe for handing over her discontinued initial modelling analysis to us., and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: tropical forest, nutrient limitation, Physiology, atmospheric deposition, land surface modelling, Plant Science, carbon sink, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Earth and Environmental Sciences, Africa, carbon cycle, cavelab, phosphorus
Abstract: International audience; Spatial redistribution of nutrients by atmospheric transport and deposition could theoretically act as a continental-scale mechanism which counteracts declines in soil fertility caused by nutrient lock-up in accumulating biomass in tropical forests in Central Africa. However, to what extent it affects carbon sinks in forests remains elusive. Here we use a terrestrial biosphere model to quantify the impact of changes in atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition on plant nutrition and biomass carbon sink at a typical lowland forest site in Central Africa. We find that the increase in nutrient deposition since the 1980s could have contributed to the carbon sink over the past four decades up to an extent which is similar to that from the combined effects of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and climate change. Furthermore, we find that the modelled carbon sink responds to changes in phosphorus deposition, but less so to nitrogen deposition. The pronounced response of ecosystem productivity to changes in nutrient deposition illustrates a potential mechanism that could control carbon sinks in Central Africa. Monitoring the quantity and quality of nutrient deposition is needed in this region, given the changes in nutrient deposition due to human land use.
Published: 2022

2. Alimentation, climat et biodiversité : le trilemme de l'utilisation de l'azote minéral dans l'agriculture européenne

Author: Rémi Prudhomme, Raja Chakir, Anna Lungarska, Thierry Brunelle, Narayanappa Devaraju, Nathalie de Noblet, Pierre-Alain Jayet, Stéphane De Cara, Jean-Christophe Bureau, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (UMR PSAE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural (US ODR), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-11-LABX-0034,BASC,Biodiversité, Agroécosystèmes, Société, Climat(2011), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture/Q.Q1.Q11 - Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q5 - Environmental Economics/Q.Q5.Q52 - Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q5 - Environmental Economics/Q.Q5.Q53 - Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling, mineral nitrogen pollution, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture/Q.Q1.Q18 - Agricultural Policy • Food Policy, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture/Q.Q1.Q15 - Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture/Q.Q1.Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, General Medicine, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q5 - Environmental Economics/Q.Q5.Q54 - Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance
Abstract: International audience; Mineral nitrogen (N) application in agriculture has significantly increased food production over the past century. However, the intensive use of N-fertilizers also impacts negatively the environment, notably through greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss and remains a major challenge for policymakers. In this paper, we explore the effects of a public policy aiming at halving agricultural mineral nitrogen use across the European Union (EU). We investigate the impacts on food security, climate mitigation, and biodiversity conservation and we analyse the potential trade-offs and synergies between them. Despite the uncertainties associated with monetary valuation and the choice of modeling approach, our results show that climate-and-biodiversity-related benefits of halving N use in EU agriculture more than offset the decrease in agricultural benefits.; L'application d'azote minéral (N) dans l'agriculture a considérablement augmenté la production alimentaire au cours du siècle dernier et a joué un rôle important dans la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Cependant, l'utilisation intensive des engrais azotés a également un impact négatif sur l'environnement, notamment à travers les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et la perte de biodiversité, et reste un défi majeur pour les décideurs. Dans cet article, nous explorons les effets d'une politique publique visant à réduire de moitié l'utilisation d'azote minéral agricole dans l'Union européenne (UE). Nous étudions les impacts sur la sécurité alimentaire, l'atténuation du changement climatique et la conservation de la biodiversité et nous analysons les compromis potentiels et les synergies entre eux. Malgré les incertitudes associées à l'évaluation monétaire et au choix de l'approche de modélisation, nos résultats montrent que les avantages de la réduction de moitié de l'utilisation de N dans l'agriculture de l'UE, liés l'atténuation du changement climatique et à la conservation de la biodiversité, compensent largement la baisse des bénéfices agricoles.
Published: 2022

3. Soil organic carbon models need independent time-series validation for reliable prediction

Author: Julia Le Noë, Stefano Manzoni, Rose Abramoff, Tobias Bölscher, Elisa Bruni, Rémi Cardinael, Philippe Ciais, Claire Chenu, Hugues Clivot, Delphine Derrien, Fabien Ferchaud, Patricia Garnier, Daniel Goll, Gwenaëlle Lashermes, Manuel Martin, Daniel Rasse, Frédéric Rees, Julien Sainte-Marie, Elodie Salmon, Marcus Schiedung, Josh Schimel, William Wieder, Samuel Abiven, Pierre Barré, Lauric Cécillon, Bertrand Guenet, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Physical Geography [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Zimbabwe (UZ), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche Biogéochimie des Ecosystèmes Forestiers (BEF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Transfrontalière BioEcoAgro - UMR 1158 (BioEcoAgro), Université d'Artois (UA)-Université de Liège-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV)-Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO)-Université de Lille-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-JUNIA (JUNIA), Université catholique de Lille (UCL)-Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Info&Sols (Info&Sols), Norsk institutt for bioøkonomi=Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH CHE, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology [Santa Barbara] (EEMB), University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Climate and Global Dynamics Division [Boulder] (CGD), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), University of Colorado [Boulder], Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Etude et Compréhension de la biodiversité (ECODIV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), This contribution has been partly supported by the grant 'Holistic management practices,modelling and monitoring for European forest soils' (HoliSoils) (Horizon 2020Grant 101000289), by CLand programme (ANR-16-CONV-0003). S.M. has receivedfunding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020Research and Innovation Programme (Grant 101001608). D.S.G. has benefited from theFrench state aid managed by the ANR under the 'Investissements d’avenir' programmewith the reference ANR-16-CONV-0003. C.C. has received support from French AgenceNationale de la Recherche (StoreSoilC project, grant ANR- 17-CE32-0005) and from EUH2020 European Joint programme EJP SOIL (grant agreement no. 869625). W.R.W.would like to acknowledge United States Department of Agriculture award #2020-67019-31395 and US National Science Foundation award #1926413., ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), ANR-17-CE32-0005,StoreSoilC,Potentiel et durabilité du stockage de carbone dans les sols agricoles(2017), University of Zurich, and Le Noë, Julia
Subjects: P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, Carbone organique du sol, 1900 General Earth and Planetary Sciences, technique de prévision, 2300 General Environmental Science, 10122 Institute of Geography, Modélisation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, 910 Geography & travel, Analyse de séries chronologiques, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Numerical models are crucial to understand and/or predict past and future soil organic carbon dynamics. For those models aiming at prediction, validation is a critical step to gain confidence in projections. With a comprehensive review of ~250 models, we assess how models are validated depending on their objectives and features, discuss how validation of predictive models can be improved. We find a critical lack of independent validation using observed time series. Conducting such validations should be a priority to improve the model reliability. Approximately 60% of the models we analysed are not designed for predictions, but rather for conceptual understanding of soil processes. These models provide important insights by identifying key processes and alternative formalisms that can be relevant for predictive models. We argue that combining independent validation based on observed time series and improved information flow between predictive and conceptual models will increase reliability in predictions.
Published: 2023

4. Strategies for future robust meat production and climate change mitigation under imported input constraints in Alentejo, Portugal

Author: Corentin Pinsard, Tiago G. Morais, Tiago Domingos, Francesco Accatino, Ricardo F. M. Teixeira, Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Instituto Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia through project 'LEAnMeat -Lifecycle-based Environmental Assessment and impact reduction of Meat production with a novel multi-level tool' PTDC/EAM-AMB/30809/2017Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia through 'GrassData - Development of algorithms for identification, monitoring, compliance checks and quantification of carbon sequestration in pastures' DSAIPA/DS/0074/2019Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) CEECIND/00365/2018 - UIDB/50009/2020 - 696231, Springer, ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and European Project: 696231,H2020,H2020-ISIB-2015-1,SusAn(2016)
Subjects: [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Environmental Engineering, Peak oil, Nitrogen mass flow balance, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Sown biodiverse pastures rich in legumes, Agronomy and Crop Science, Dynamic model, Beef cattle farming systems
Abstract: International audience; The Alentejo region in Portugal is vital to the country's beef industry and is home to 60% of the Portuguese beef cattle population. Farmers increasingly rely on imported synthetic fertilizer and feed. The uncertainty of global oil supply and indirect inputs calls into question the robustness of the beef farming system in Alentejo, defined as the capacity of the system to maintain its function (beef production) in spite of a disturbance (decreased input availability). An additional challenge is the need for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to meet decarbonization goals. At present, these challenges are being addressed through management practices such as expanding areas of high-yield sown biodiverse pastures and fattening steers partially on grass rather than concentrates. These practices have been shown to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but their effect on the robustness of beef production when inputs are scarce is unknown. To fill this gap, we adapted a dynamic nitrogen mass flow model to assess herd dynamics and calculate a greenhouse gas emissions balance. We applied the model for seven scenarios corresponding to different combinations of management practices over 50 years with increasing input constraints. We estimated, without changes and without constraints, a greenhouse gas balance of 55 kgCO(2)-e kg carcass(-1) year(-1) (100-years global warming potential). Without changes but faced with constraints, meat production dropped 60% (low long-term robustness) in 50 years while increasing by 17% the greenhouse gas balance. Our results showed that a combination of high-yield legume-rich pastures, maximization of grass intake, herd size reduction, and increased animal productivity allowed the smallest reduction of meat production (28%) and largest greenhouse gas emission reduction (30%, i.e., 38.9 kgCO(2)-e kg carcass(-1) year(-1)). This was the best, among the combination studied, at mitigating the trade-off between robust meat production and climate change mitigation.
Published: 2023

5. A marginal abatement cost curve for greenhouse gases attenuation by additional carbon storage in French agricultural land

Author: Bamiere, Laure, Bellassen, Valentin, Angers, Denis, Cardinael, Rémi, Ceschia, Eric, Chenu, Claire, Constantin, Julie, Delame, Nathalie, Diallo, A., Graux, Anne-Isabelle, Houot, Sabine, Klumpp, Katja, Launay, Camille, Letort, Elodie, Martin, Raphael, Meziere, Delphine, Mosnier, Claire, Réchauchère, Olivier, Schiavo, Michele, Thérond, Olivier, Pellerin, Sylvain, Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (UMR PSAE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de recherche et de développement sur les aliments, Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada [Saint Hyacinte, Québec, Canada], Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Direction du département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Direction Persyst), University of Zimbabwe (UZ), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Agronomie, Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Etudes, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI), Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), This work was supported by the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and environment (INRAE), the French Agency for Ecological Transition (ADEME), and the French Ministry of Agriculture (MAA) (convention n.1660C0020). The Secure Data Access Centre (CASD) of the French Ministry of Agriculture provided access to the French Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) and this work was indirectly supported by a public grant of the French National Research Agency as part of the 'Investissements d'avenir' program (ANR-10-EQPX-0017, Centre d'acces securise aux donnees - CASD). Authors acknowledges support from the Horizon 2020 European Joint Programme SOIL (EJP-SOIL, grant agreement: 862695). L. Bamière, C. Chenu, N. Delame, and S. Houot acknowledges support from CLAND and benefited from the French state aid managed by the ANR under the 'Investissements d'avenir' programme with the reference ANR-16-CONV-0003., ANR-10-EQPX-0017,CASD,Développement et construction d'un Centre d'Accès Sécurisé Distant aux données confidentielles (CASD) pour la recherche française en sciences sociales et en économie.(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and European Project: 862695,H2020,H2020-SFS-2019-1,EJP SOIL(2020)
Subjects: Terre agricole, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Carbone organique du sol, Abatement cost, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Greenhouse gas, Carbon neutrality, Climate change mitigation, atténuation des effets du changement climatique, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture, émission de gaz, Coût marginal, Agriculture, [SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q5 - Environmental Economics/Q.Q5.Q54 - Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, séquestration du carbone, réduction des émissions, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics, France, Gaz à effet de serre, Soil organic carbon sequestration
Abstract: International audience; Highlights:• Additional carbon storage, net GHG budget, and cost of 8 agricultural practices.• MACC shows abatement potential of 40–60 MtCO2e.yr−1 for carbon price 55–250 €.tCO2e−1.• Key practices: agroforestry, hedges, cover crops, grasslands in crop sequences.• No “one size fits all strategy” due to heterogeneity across regions and practices.• French agricultural carbon sink potential is 5 times higher than anticipated by the government.Abstract:Following the Paris agreement in 2015, the European Union (EU) set a carbon neutrality objective by 2050, and so did France. The French agricultural sector can contribute as a carbon sink through carbon storage in biomass and soil, in addition to reducing GHG emissions. The objective of this study is to quantitatively assess the additional storage potential and cost of a set of eight carbon-storing practices. The impacts of these agricultural practices on soil organic carbon storage and crop production are assessed at a very fine spatial scale, using crop and grassland models. The associated area base, GHG budget, and implementation costs are assessed and aggregated at the region level. The economic model BANCO uses this information to derive the marginal abatement cost curve for France and identify the combination of carbon storing practices that minimizes the total cost of achieving a given national net GHG mitigation target. We find that a substantial amount of carbon, 36.2 to 52.9 MtCO2e yr-1, can be stored in soil and biomass for reasonable carbon prices of 55 and 250 € tCO2e-1, respectively (corresponding to current and 2030 French carbon value for climate action), mainly by developing agroforestry and hedges, generalising cover crops, and introducing or extending temporary grasslands in crop sequences. This finding questions the 3-5 times lower target of 10 MtCO2e.yr-1 retained for the agricultural carbon sink by the French climate neutrality strategy. Overall, this would decrease total French GHG emissions by 9.2 to 13.8%, respectively (reference year 2019).; Suite aux accords de Paris en 2015, l'Union européenne (UE) s'est fixé un objectif de neutralité carbone d'ici à 2050, tout comme la France. En plus de réduire les émissions de GES, le secteur agricole français peut contribuer à la neutralité carbone en tant que puits de carbone, par le stockage de carbone dans le sol et la biomasse. L'objectif de cette étude est de quantifier le potentiel de stockage additionnel et le coût d'un ensemble de huit pratiques stockantes. Les impacts de ces pratiques agricoles sur le stockage du carbone organique du sol et les rendements des cultures sont évalués à une échelle spatiale très fine, à l'aide de modèles de cultures et de prairies. L'assiette, le bilan GES net et le coût de mise en œuvre associés à chaque pratique sont également évalués et agrégés au niveau régional. Le modèle économique BANCO utilise ces informations pour générer la courbe de coût marginal d'abattement pour la France, et identifier la combinaison de pratiques stockantes qui minimise le coût total pour atteindre un objectif national donné d'atténuation des émissions de GES nettes. Nous montrons qu'une quantité non négligeable de carbone, de 36,2 à 52,9 MtCO2e an-1, peut être stockée dans le sol et la biomasse pour des prix du carbone raisonnables de 55 et 250 € tCO2e-1, respectivement (correspondant à la "valeur de l'action pour le climat" actuelle et 2030, fixée par le gouvernement français), et cela principalement par le développement de l'agroforesterie et des haies, la généralisation des cultures intermédiaires, l'introduction ou l'extension des prairies temporaires dans les séquences de culture. Ce résultat remet en cause l'objectif 3 à 5 fois inférieur retenu pour le puits de carbone agricole (10 MtCO2e.an-1) par la stratégie nationale bas carbone. Globalement, ce stockage additionnel de carbone permettrait de réduire les émissions totales de GES de la France de 9,2 à 13,8 %, respectivement (année de référence 2019).
Published: 2023

6. Changements structurels des températures et des précipitations dans les pays du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord

Author: Hassan Amouzay, Raja Chakir, Sophie Dabo-Niang, Ahmed El Ghini, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (UMR PSAE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Paul Painlevé (LPP), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Individual rainfall seasonality index, Global and Planetary Change, Structural change model, Economic Geology, Geology, Computers in Earth Sciences, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance
Abstract: International audience; This paper evaluates the extent of climate variability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region using time series structural change tests. The MENA region is highly susceptible to climate change, being one of the driest and most water-scarce regions in the world. The study aims to identify structural breaks in temperature and precipitation time series from 1901 to 2012. Specifically, a statistical analysis is performed based on a structural change model (Bai and Perron 1998, 2003a) for temperature and precipitation across 19 countries. The results indicate significant structural changes in temperature and precipitation patterns during the observation period, and suggest that climate variability has indeed begun to occur in all study area, with 1990 marking a turning point in terms of global warming. North African countries, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates experienced a large number of breaks in temperature variables between 1901 and 2012, while other countries experienced fewer breaks. With regards to the seasonal aspect of precipitation, the individual rainfall Seasonality Index results demonstrate strong seasonal variability of rainfall from one year to another. Results show that rainfall in MENA countries is irregular throughout the year and that it ranges from seasonal to extremely seasonal throughout the study period. These findings have important implications for water resources management, agriculture, human health, and ecosystems in the region.; Cet article évalue l'ampleur de la variabilité climatique dans la région du Moyen-Orient et de l'Afrique du Nord à l'aide de tests de changement structurel des séries temporelles. La région est très sensible au changement climatique, car elle est l'une des régions les plus sèches et les plus pauvres en eau du monde. L'étude vise à identifier les ruptures structurelles dans les séries chronologiques de températures et de précipitations de 1901 à 2012. Plus précisément, une analyse statistique est réalisée sur la base d'un modèle de changement structurel (Bai et Perron 1998, 2003a) pour les températures et les précipitations dans 19 pays. Les résultats indiquent des changements structurels significatifs dans les modèles de température et de précipitations au cours de la période d'observation, et suggèrent que la variabilité climatique a effectivement commencé à se produire dans toute la zone d'étude, l'année 1990 marquant un tournant en termes de réchauffement climatique. Les pays d'Afrique du Nord, le Qatar et les Émirats arabes unis ont connu un grand nombre de ruptures dans les variables de température entre 1901 et 2012, tandis que les autres pays ont connu moins de ruptures. En ce qui concerne l'aspect saisonnier des précipitations, les résultats de l'indice de saisonnalité des précipitations individuelles démontrent une forte variabilité saisonnière des précipitations d'une année à l'autre. Les résultats montrent que les précipitations dans les pays de la région sont irrégulières tout au long de l'année et qu'elles varient de saisonnières à extrêmement saisonnières tout au long de la période étudiée. Ces résultats ont des implications importantes pour la gestion des ressources en eau, l'agriculture, la santé humaine et les écosystèmes de la région.
Published: 2023

7. How drought events during the last century have impacted biomass carbon in Amazonian rainforests

Author: Yitong Yao, Philippe Ciais, Nicolas Viovy, Emilie Joetzjer, Jerome Chave, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Amazon rainforest, net forest carbon sink, tree mortality, Environmental Chemistry, process-based model, drought sensitivity, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, General Environmental Science
Abstract: During the last two decades, droughts have recurrently impacted the Amazon forests, as in the severe drought events of 2005, 2010 and 2015/16. The analysis of forest inventory plots suggests that these droughts have resulted in a reduction of the carbon sink of intact forests by causing mortality to exceed growth. Process-based models have struggled to include drought-induced responses of growth and mortality, and have not been evaluated against plot data. In this study, we use ORCHIDEE-CAN-NHA, a DGVM which includes modules of forest demography with different tree size cohorts dynamically influenced by growth, self-thinning from light competition and recruitment, a detailed tree hydraulic architecture function of each tree cohort, and drought-driven mortality due to the loss of tree conductance to simulate the impact of drought on biomass dynamics. We calibrated the model at a long drought experiment site (Caxiuanã). We then ran the model over Amazonia forests using as an input gridded climate fields and rising atmospheric CO2 from 1901 to 2019. The model reproduced the drought sensitivity of aboveground biomass (AGB) growth and mortality observed at forest plots across selected Amazon intact forests for 2005 and 2010, and the net balance between these two carbon fluxes. No plot data have been published yet for the recent 2015/16 El Nino, but we predict a more negative sensitivity of the net carbon sink during this event compared to the former 2005 and 2010 droughts. We then ranked all past drought events of the last century based on their maximum cumulated water deficit anomalies, and found that 2015/16 was the most severe drought in terms of both AGB loss and area experiencing a severe carbon loss. Because of the 2015/16 event, together with the 2005 and 2010 droughts, the last 20 years was the period with the largest climate-driven cumulative AGB loss than any other previous 20-years period since 1901. Factorial simulations allowed us to separate the individual contribution of climate change and rising CO2 concentration on AGB dynamics. We found that even if climate change did increase mortality, increased CO2 concentration contributed to balance the C loss due to mortality. This is because, in our model, CO2-induced stomatal closure reduces transpiration and increases soil moisture, offsetting increasing transpiration from CO2 induced higher foliage area.
Published: 2023

8. Natural forests promote phosphorus retention in soil

Author: Zhou Guoyi, Lei Liu, Lin Li, Wantong Wang, Juxiu Liu, Stefano Manzoni, Philippe Ciais, Xuli Tang, Junhua Yan, Jordi Sardans, Zhen Yu, Josep Peñuelas, Daniel S. Goll, Jie Zhu, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (NUIST), Stockholm University, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, China National Science Foundation. Grant Numbers: 32001166, 42071031, 42130506, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology Foundation. Grant Number: JKLAM2004, Startup Foundation for Introducing Talent of NUIST. Grant Number: 2019r059, and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: China, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Forest management, Natural forest, chemistry.chemical_element, natural forests, Ecological succession, Forests, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Trees, successional stage, Soil, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, phosphorus, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Phosphorus, planted forests, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, growth stage, Pedogenesis, chemistry, Plant productivity, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil horizon
Abstract: International audience; AbstractSoil phosphorus (P) availability often limits plant productivity. Classical theories suggest that total P content declines at the temporal scale of pedogenesis, and ecosystems develop toward the efficient use of scarce P during succession. However, the trajectory of ecosystem P within shorter time scales of succession remains unclear. We analyzed changes to P pools at the early (I), middle (II), and late (III) stages of growth of plantation forests (PFs) and the successional stages of natural forests (NFs) at 1969 sites in China. We found significantly lower P contents at later growth stages compared to earlier ones in the PF (p < .05), but higher contents at late successional stages than in earlier stages in the NF (p < .05). Our results indicate that increasing P demand of natural vegetation during succession, may raise, retain, and accumulate P from deeper soil layers. In contrast, ecosystem P in PF was depleted by the more rapidly increasing demand outpacing the development of a P-efficient system. We advocate for more studies to illuminate the mechanisms for determining the divergent changes, which would improve forest management and avoid the vast degradation of PF ecosystems suffering from the ongoing depletion of P.
Published: 2021

9. Evaluating the vegetation–atmosphere coupling strength of ORCHIDEE land surface model (v7266)

Author: Yuan Zhang, Devaraju Narayanappa, Philippe Ciais, Wei Li, Daniel Goll, Nicolas Vuichard, Martin G. De Kauwe, Laurent Li, Fabienne Maignan, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, School of Biological Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, General Medicine, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: Plant transpiration dominates terrestrial latent heat fluxes (LE) and plays a central role in regulating the water cycle and land surface energy budget. However, Earth system models (ESMs) currently disagree strongly on the amount of transpiration, and thus LE, leading to large uncertainties in simulating future climate. Therefore, it is crucial to correctly represent the mechanisms controlling the transpiration in models. At the leaf scale, transpiration is controlled by stomatal regulation, and at the canopy scale, through turbulence, which is a function of canopy structure and wind. The coupling of vegetation to the atmosphere can be characterized by the coefficient Ω. A value of Ω→0 implies a strong coupling of vegetation and the atmosphere, leaving a dominant role to stomatal conductance in regulating water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, while Ω→1 implies a complete decoupling of leaves from the atmosphere, i.e., the transfer of H2O and CO2 is limited by aerodynamic transport. In this study, we investigated how well the land surface model (LSM) Organising Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems (ORCHIDEE) (v7266) simulates the coupling of vegetation to the atmosphere by using empirical daily estimates of Ω derived from flux measurements from 90 FLUXNET sites. Our results show that ORCHIDEE generally captures the Ω in forest vegetation types (0.27 ± 0.12) compared with observation (0.26 ± 0.09) but underestimates Ω in grasslands (GRA) and croplands (CRO) (0.25 ± 0.15 for model, 0.33 ± 0.17 for observation). The good model performance in forests is due to compensation of biases in surface conductance (Gs) and aerodynamic conductance (Ga). Calibration of key parameters controlling the dependence of the stomatal conductance to the water vapor deficit (VPD) improves the simulated Gs and Ω estimates in grasslands and croplands (0.28 ± 0.20). To assess the underlying controls of Ω, we applied random forest (RF) models to both simulated and observation-based Ω. We found that large observed Ω are associated with periods of low wind speed, high temperature and low VPD; it is also related to sites with large leaf area index (LAI) and/or short vegetation. The RF models applied to ORCHIDEE output generally agree with this pattern. However, we found that the ORCHIDEE underestimated the sensitivity of Ω to VPD when the VPD is high, overestimated the impact of the LAI on Ω, and did not correctly simulate the temperature dependence of Ω when temperature is high. Our results highlight the importance of observational constraints on simulating the vegetation–atmosphere coupling strength, which can help to improve predictive accuracy of water fluxes in Earth system models.
Published: 2022

10. Global changes alter the amount and composition of land carbon deliveries to European rivers and seas

Author: Haicheng Zhang, Ronny Lauerwald, Philippe Ciais, Kristof Van Oost, Bertrand Guenet, Pierre Regnier, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Georges Lemaître for Earth and Climate Research [Louvain] (TECLIM), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL)-Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), ANR-16- CONV-0003t no. 101003536 (ESM2025 – Earth System Models for the Future, ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Lateral carbon transfer along the land-ocean continuum is a key component of global carbon cycle, yet its response to global change is poorly quantified. Here, we use a land-surface model to simulate vertical (soil-plant-atmosphere) and lateral (land-river-ocean) carbon exchanges in Europe between 1901–2014 and investigate the effect of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate and land use changes on lateral carbon transfer. We find that global change during 1901–2014 led to a significant increase in the total terrestrial carbon delivery to European rivers (33% increase) and to the sea (20% increase). Carbon delivery increased in the dissolved phase and decreased in the particulate phase. Climate change, increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, and land-use change explain 62%, 36% and 2% of the temporal change in European lateral carbon transfer during the study period, respectively. Our findings suggest that redistribution of soil carbon due to lateral carbon transfer induced a 5% reduction in the net land carbon sink in Europe.
Published: 2022

11. Interactions entre les services écosystémiques et l'utilisation des terres en France : une analyse statistique spatiale

Author: Issam-Ali Moindjié, Corentin Pinsard, Francesco Accatino, Raja Chakir, Laboratoire Paul Painlevé (LPP), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (UMR PSAE), ANR-11-LABX-0034,BASC,Biodiversité, Agroécosystèmes, Société, Climat(2011), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; The provision of ecosystem services (ESs) is driven by land use and biophysical conditions and is thus intrinsically linked to space. Large-scale ES models, developed to inform policy makers on ES drivers, do not usually consider spatial autocorrelation that could be inherent to the distribution of these ESs or to the modeling process. The objective of this study is to estimate the drivers of ecosystem services in France using statistical models and show how taking into account spatial autocorrelation improves the predictive quality of these models. We study six regulating ESs (habitat quality index, water retention index, topsoil organic matter, carbon storage, soil erosion control, and nitrogen oxide deposition velocity) and three provisioning ESs (crop production, grazing livestock density, and timber removal). For each of these ESs, we estimated and compared five spatial statistical models to investigate the best specification (using statistical tests and goodness-of-fit metrics). Our results show that (1) taking into account spatial autocorrelation improves the predictive accuracy of all ES models (Δ R 2 ranging from 0.13 to 0.58); (2) land use and biophysical variables (weather and soil texture) are significant drivers of most ESs; (3) forest was the most balanced land use for provision of a diversity of ESs compared to other land uses (agriculture, pasture, urban, and others); (4) Urban area is the worst land use for provision of most ESs. Our findings imply that further studies need to consider spatial autocorrelation of ESs in land use change and optimization scenario simulations.; La fourniture de services écosystémiques (SE) est déterminée par l'utilisation des terres et les conditions biophysiques et est donc intrinsèquement liée à l'espace. Les modèles d'ES à grande échelle, développés pour informer les décideurs politiques sur les moteurs des ES, ne prennent généralement pas en compte l'autocorrélation spatiale qui pourrait être inhérente à la distribution de ces ES ou au processus de modélisation. L'objectif de cette étude est d'estimer les moteurs des services écosystémiques en France en utilisant des modèles statistiques et de montrer comment la prise en compte de l'autocorrélation spatiale améliore la qualité prédictive de ces modèles. Nous étudions six SE régulateurs (indice de qualité de l'habitat, indice de rétention d'eau, matière organique de la couche arable, stockage du carbone, contrôle de l'érosion du sol et vitesse de dépôt des oxydes d'azote) et trois SE fournisseurs (production végétale, densité du bétail de pâturage et prélèvement de bois). Pour chacun de ces SE, nous avons estimé et comparé cinq modèles statistiques spatiaux afin d'étudier la meilleure spécification (en utilisant des tests statistiques et des mesures d'adéquation). Nos résultats montrent que (1) la prise en compte de l'autocorrélation spatiale améliore la précision prédictive de tous les modèles d'ES (Δ R 2 allant de 0,13 à 0,58) ; (2) l'utilisation des terres et les variables biophysiques (météo et texture du sol) sont des facteurs significatifs de la plupart des ES ; (3) la forêt était l'utilisation des terres la plus équilibrée pour la fourniture d'une diversité d'ES par rapport aux autres utilisations des terres (agriculture, pâturage, urbain et autres) ; (4) la zone urbaine est la pire utilisation des terres pour la fourniture de la plupart des ES. Nos résultats impliquent que d'autres études doivent prendre en compte l'autocorrélation spatiale des SE dans les simulations de scénarios de changement d'affectation des sols et d'optimisation.
Published: 2022

12. Quantifying the benefits of reducing synthetic nitrogen application policy on ecosystem carbon sequestration and biodiversity

Author: N. Devaraju, Rémi Prudhomme, Anna Lungarska, Xuhui Wang, Zun Yin, Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré, Raja Chakir, Pierre-Alain Jayet, Thierry Brunelle, Nicolas Viovy, Adriana De Palma, Ricardo Gonzalez, Philippe Ciais, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Observatoire des Programmes Communautaires de Développement Rural (US ODR), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), College of Urban and Environmental Sciences [Beijing], Peking University [Beijing], Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (UMR PSAE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), STIMUL, ANR-11-LABX-0034,BASC,Biodiversité, Agroécosystèmes, Société, Climat(2011), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Carbon Sequestration, Nitrogen, Public Policy, Soil, Animals, Fertilizers, Ecosystem, E10 - Économie et politique agricoles, Multidisciplinary, Engrais azoté, Impact sur l'environnement, Biodiversity, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Carbon, séquestration du carbone, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Biodiversité, Politique agricole, F04 - Fertilisation, Écosystème
Abstract: Voir la prépublication How reducing synthetic nitrogen in Europe affects ecosystem carbon and biodiversity: two perspectives of the same policy, hal-03763653,; International audience; Synthetic Nitrogen (N) usage in agriculture has greatly increased food supply over the past century. However, the intensive use of N fertilizer is nevertheless the source of numerous environmental issues and remains a major challenge for policymakers to understand, measure, and quantify the interactions and trade-offs between ecosystem carbon and terrestrial biodiversity loss. In this study, we investigate the impacts of a public policy scenario that aims to halve N fertilizer application across European Union (EU) agriculture on both carbon (C) sequestration and biodiversity changes. We quantify the impacts by integrating two economic models with an agricultural land surface model and a terrestrial biodiversity model (that uses data from a range of taxonomic groups, including plants, fungi, vertebrates and invertebrates). Here, we show that the two economic scenarios lead to different outcomes in terms of C sequestration potential and biodiversity. Land abandonment associated with increased fertilizer price scenario facilitates higher C sequestration in soils (+ 1014 MtC) and similar species richness levels (+ 1.9%) at the EU scale. On the other hand, the more extensive crop production scenario is associated with lower C sequestration potential in soils (− 97 MtC) and similar species richness levels (− 0.4%) because of a lower area of grazing land. Our results therefore highlight the complexity of the environmental consequences of a nitrogen reduction policy, which will depend fundamentally on how the economic models used to project consequences.; L'utilisation de l'azote synthétique (N) dans l'agriculture a permis d'accroître considérablement l'approvisionnement alimentaire au cours du siècle dernier. L'utilisation intensive d'engrais azotés est néanmoins à l'origine de nombreux problèmes environnementaux et reste un défi majeur pour les décideurs politiques pour comprendre, mesurer et quantifier les interactions et les compromis entre le carbone des écosystèmes et la perte de biodiversité terrestre. Dans cette étude, nous examinons les impacts d'un scénario de politique publique visant à réduire de moitié l'application d'engrais azotés dans l'agriculture de l'Union européenne (UE) sur la séquestration du carbone (C) et les changements de biodiversité. Nous quantifions les impacts en intégrant deux modèles économiques avec un modèle de surface des terres agricoles et un modèle de biodiversité terrestre (qui utilise les données d'une série de groupes taxonomiques, y compris les plantes, les champignons, les vertébrés et les invertébrés). Nous montrons ici que les deux scénarios économiques conduisent à des résultats différents en termes de potentiel de séquestration du carbone et de biodiversité. L'abandon des terres associé au scénario d'augmentation du prix des engrais facilite une plus grande séquestration de C dans les sols (+ 1014 MtC) et des niveaux de richesse des espèces similaires (+ 1,9 %) à l'échelle de l'UE. En revanche, le scénario de production végétale plus extensive est associé à un potentiel de séquestration de carbone plus faible dans les sols (- 97 MtC) et à des niveaux de richesse en espèces similaires (- 0,4 %) en raison d'une surface de pâturage plus faible. Nos résultats soulignent donc la complexité des conséquences environnementales d'une politique de réduction de l'azote, qui dépendra fondamentalement de la manière dont les modèles économiques utilisés pour projeter les conséquences.
Published: 2022

13. Lowering water table reduces carbon sink strength and carbon stocks in northern peatlands

Author: Min Jung Kwon, Ashley Ballantyne, Philippe Ciais, Chunjing Qiu, Elodie Salmon, Nina Raoult, Bertrand Guenet, Mathias Göckede, Eugénie S. Euskirchen, Hannu Nykänen, Edward A. G. Schuur, Merritt R. Turetsky, Catherine M. Dieleman, Evan S. Kane, Donatella Zona, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Hamburg, University of Montana, AgroParisTech, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), University of Eastern Finland, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], University of Colorado [Boulder], University of Guelph, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Michigan Technological University (MTU), University of Sheffield [Sheffield], San Diego State University (SDSU), National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Number: DEB-1026415, DEB-1636476 and LTREB-2011276, the NSF Long-Term Research in Environmental Biology Program (NSF LTREB 2011276)., Hannu Nykänen acknowledges Atmosphere and Climate Competence Center (Academy of Finland, 337550), ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), ANR-18-MPGA-0007,POMELO,Evaluation du modèle orienté processus - lien avec les observations(2018), and European Project: 641816,H2020,H2020-SC5-2014-two-stage,CRESCENDO(2015)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, Carbon Sequestration, Ecology, permafrost thaw, carbon stock, land surface model, high latitude, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon, manipulation experiment, carbon flux, Greenhouse Gases, Soil, Environmental Chemistry, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Groundwater, Methane, drainage, Ecosystem, General Environmental Science
Abstract: Peatlands at high latitudes have accumulated >400 Pg carbon (C) because saturated soil and cold temperatures suppress C decomposition. This substantial amount of C in Arctic and Boreal peatlands is potentially subject to increased decomposition if the water table (WT) decreases due to climate change, including permafrost thaw-related drying. Here, we optimize a version of the Organizing Carbon and Hydrology In Dynamic Ecosystems model (ORCHIDEE-PCH4) using site-specific observations to investigate changes in CO2 and CH4 fluxes as well as C stock responses to an experimentally manipulated decrease of WT at six northern peatlands. The unmanipulated control peatlands, with the WT 2 kg C m−2 over 100 years when WT is lowered by 50 cm, while permafrost peatlands temporally switched from C sinks to sources. These results highlight that reductions in C storage capacity in response to drying of northern peatlands are offset in part by reduced CH4 emissions, thus slightly reducing the positive carbon climate feedbacks of peatlands under a warmer and drier future climate scenario.
Published: 2022

14. Spatially explicit analysis identifies significant potential for bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in China

Author: Xin Yang, Jianmin Ma, Rong Wang, Guofeng Shen, Olivier Boucher, Siqing Xu, Ivan A. Janssens, Xingnan Ye, Yutao Wang, Xiaofan Xing, Josep Peñuelas, Lin Wang, Daniel S. Goll, Philippe Ciais, James H. Clark, Nico Bauer, Xu Tang, Jianmin Chen, Qing X. Li, Bo Pan, Wei Li, Junji Cao, Gang Luo, Shicheng Zhang, Yves Balkanski, Yechen Yang, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan University [Shanghai], Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics (MERMAID), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41877506,21925601, 41922057), National Key Research and Development Program of China(No. 2017YFC0212200), the Chinese Thousand Youth Talents Program, Chinese Academyof Science (XDA23010100), the ERC-Synergy IMBALANCE-P, and the ANR CLANDConvergence Institute 16-CONV-0003. The research leading to these results was also supported by the PEGASOS (01LA1826C) project funded by the German Federal Ministry ofEducation and Research (BMBF). We gratefully acknowledge the useful comments offeredby three anonymous referees which are helpful to improve the manuscript., and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Marginal cost, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Economics, Natural resource economics, 020209 energy, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Biomass, 02 engineering and technology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 12. Responsible consumption, Engineering, Economic cost, 11. Sustainability, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Carbon capture and storage, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Climate-change mitigation, Biology, ddc:910, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Energy, Multidisciplinary, Agriculture, Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage, General Chemistry, Climate change mitigation, Carbon neutrality, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, Climate Change Mitigation, Engineering sciences. Technology
Abstract: As China ramped-up coal power capacities rapidly while CO2 emissions need to decline, these capacities would turn into stranded assets. To deal with this risk, a promising option is to retrofit these capacities to co-fire with biomass and eventually upgrade to CCS operation (BECCS), but the feasibility is debated with respect to negative impacts on broader sustainability issues. Here we present a data-rich spatially explicit approach to estimate the marginal cost curve for decarbonizing the power sector in China with BECCS. We identify a potential of 222 GW of power capacities in 2836 counties generated by co-firing 0.9 Gt of biomass from the same county, with half being agricultural residues. Our spatially explicit method helps to reduce uncertainty in the economic costs and emissions of BECCS, identify the best opportunities for bioenergy and show the limitations by logistical challenges to achieve carbon neutrality in the power sector with large-scale BECCS in China., China has pledged to achieve carbon neutrality in 2060. Here the authors find a promising option to abate 1.0 Gt CO2-eq yr−1 of carbon emissions at a marginal cost of $69 (t CO2-eq)−1 by retrofitting 222 GW of coal power plants to co-fire with biomass and upgrading to CCS operation across 2836 counties in China.
Published: 2021

15. Matrix representation of lateral soil movements: scaling and calibrating CE-DYNAM (v2) at a continental level

Author: Arthur Nicolaus Fendrich, Philippe Ciais, Emanuele Lugato, Marco Carozzi, Bertrand Guenet, Pasquale Borrelli, Victoria Naipal, Matthew McGrath, Philippe Martin, Panos Panagos, European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell'Ambiente [Pavia], Università degli Studi di Pavia = University of Pavia (UNIPV), Department of Earth Sciences [Basel], University of Basel (Unibas), Kangwon National University, AgroParisTech, This research has been supported by the European Commission (grant no. 35403) and by the CLAND project, and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Europe, Long-term, Climat change, carbon, Impacts, Futur, land-use, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Rainfall erosivity, water erosion, General Medicine, Model
Abstract: Promoting sustainable soil management is a possible option for achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in the future. Several efforts in this area exist, and the application of spatially explicit models to anticipate the effect of possible actions on soils at a regional scale is widespread. Currently, models can simulate the impacts of changes on land cover, land management, and the climate on the soil carbon stocks. However, existing modeling tools do not incorporate the lateral transport and deposition of soil material, carbon, and nutrients caused by soil erosion. The absence of these fluxes may lead to an oversimplified representation of the processes, which hinders, for example, a further understanding of how erosion has been affecting the soil carbon pools and nutrients through time. The sediment transport during deposition and the sediment loss to rivers create dependence among the simulation units, forming a cumulative effect through the territory. If, on the one hand, such a characteristic implies that calculations must be made for large geographic areas corresponding to hydrological units, on the other hand, it also can make models computationally expensive, given that erosion and redeposition processes must be modeled at high resolution and over long timescales. In this sense, the present work has a three-fold objective. First, we provide the development details to represent in matrix form a spatially explicit process-based model coupling sediment, carbon, and erosion, transport, and deposition (ETD) processes of soil material in hillslopes and valley bottoms (i.e., the CE-DYNAM model). Second, we illustrate how the model can be calibrated and validated for Europe, where high-resolution datasets of the factors affecting erosion are available. Third, we presented the results for a depositional site, which is highly affected by incoming lateral fluxes from upstream lands. Our results showed that the benefits brought by the matrix approach to CE-DYNAM enabled the before-precluded possibility of applying it on a continental scale. The calibration and validation procedures indicated (i) a close match between the erosion rates calculated and previous works in the literature at local and national scales, (ii) the physical consistency of the parameters obtained from the data, and (iii) the capacity of the model in predicting sediment discharge to rivers in locations observed and unobserved during its calibration (model efficiency (ME) =0.603, R2=0.666; and ME =0.152, R2=0.438, respectively). The prediction of the carbon dynamics on a depositional site illustrated the model's ability to simulate the nonlinear impact of ETD fluxes on the carbon cycle. We expect that our work advances ETD models' description and facilitates their reproduction and incorporation in land surface models such as ORCHIDEE. We also hope that the patterns obtained in this work can guide future ETD models at a European scale.
Published: 2022

16. A marginal abatement cost curve for climate change mitigation by additional carbon storage in French agricultural land

Author: Bamière, L., Bellassen, V., Angers, D., Cardinael, R., Ceschia, E., Chenu, C., Constantin, J., Delame, N., Diallo, A., Graux, A.-I., Houot, S., Klumpp, K., Launay, C., Letort, E., Martin, R., Mézière, D., Mosnier, C., Réchauchère, O., Schiavo, M., Thérond, O., Pellerin, S., Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (UMR PSAE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Dijon, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), University of Zimbabwe (UZ), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Rennes Angers, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Gaz Réseau Distribution France (GRDF), Structures et Marché Agricoles, Ressources et Territoires (SMART-LERECO), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), Direction de l'Expertise scientifique collective, de la Prospective et des Etudes, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut du Développement Durable et des Relations Internationales (IDDRI), Institut d'Études Politiques [IEP] - Paris, Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agronomie, Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), INRAE, ADEME et Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation : convention n°1660C0020, ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and European Project: 862695,EJP Soil
Subjects: Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Strategy and Management, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, carbon neutrality, Building and Construction, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, climate change mitigation, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, greenhouse gas, Soil organic carbon sequestration, abatement cost, agriculture, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Following the Paris agreement in 2015, the European Union (EU) set a carbon neutrality objective by 2050, and so did France. The French agricultural sector can contribute as a carbon sink through carbon storage in biomass and soil, in addition to reducing GHG emissions. The objective of this study is to quantitatively assess the additional storage potential and cost of a set of eight carbon-storing practices. The impacts of these agricultural practices on soil organic carbon storage and crop production are assessed at a very fine spatial scale, using crop and grassland models. The associated area base, GHG budget, and implementation costs are assessed and aggregated at the region level. The economic model BANCO uses this information to derive the marginal abatement cost curve for France and identify the combination of carbon storing practices that minimizes the total cost of achieving a given national net GHG mitigation target. We find that a substantial amount of carbon, 36.2 to 52.9 MtCO2e yr−1, can be stored in soil and biomass for reasonable carbon prices of 55 and 250 € tCO2e−1, respectively (corresponding to current and 2030 French carbon value for climate action), mainly by developing agroforestry and hedges, generalising cover crops, and introducing or extending temporary grasslands in crop sequences. This finding questions the 3–5 times lower target of 10 MtCO2e.yr−1 retained for the agricultural carbon sink by the French climate neutrality strategy. Overall, this would decrease total French GHG emissions by 9.2–13.8%, respectively (reference year 2019).; Suite à l'accord de Paris en 2015, l'Union européenne (UE) a fixé un objectif de neutralité carbone à l'horizon 2050, et la France a fait de même. Le secteur agricole français peut contribuer en tant que puits de carbone par le stockage de carbone dans la biomasse et les sols, en plus de réduire les émissions de GES. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer quantitativement le potentiel de stockage supplémentaire et le coût d'un ensemble de huit pratiques de stockage du carbone. Les impacts de ces pratiques agricoles sur le stockage du carbone organique du sol et sur la production agricole sont évalués à une échelle spatiale très fine, à l'aide de modèles de cultures et de prairies. La surface de base associée, le bilan GES et les coûts de mise en œuvre sont évalués et agrégés au niveau de la région. Le modèle économique BANCO utilise ces informations pour dériver la courbe des coûts marginaux de réduction pour la France et identifier la combinaison de pratiques de stockage du carbone qui minimise le coût total pour atteindre un objectif national donné de réduction nette des GES. Nous trouvons qu'une quantité substantielle de carbone, 36,2 à 52,9 MtCO2e an-1, peut être stockée dans le sol et la biomasse pour des prix raisonnables du carbone de 55 et 250 € tCO2e-1, respectivement (correspondant à la valeur actuelle et 2030 du carbone français pour l'action climatique), principalement en développant l'agroforesterie et les haies, en généralisant les cultures de couverture, et en introduisant ou en étendant les prairies temporaires dans les séquences de cultures. Ce résultat remet en cause l'objectif 3 à 5 fois inférieur de 10 MtCO2e.an-1 retenu pour le puits de carbone agricole par la stratégie française de neutralité climatique. Globalement, cela permettrait de réduire les émissions totales de GES de la France de 9,2 à 13,8 %, respectivement (année de référence 2019).
Published: 2023

17. Coupling the TEB and Surfatm Models for Heat Flux Modelling in Urban Area: Comparison With Flux Measurements in Strasbourg (France)

Author: Le Mentec, S., Stella, Patrick, Najjar, Georges, Kastendeuch, P., Saudreau, M., Ngao, Jérome, Ameglio, Thierry, Colin, Jérôme, Flick, D., Personne, Erwan, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Centre Européen de Biotechnologies et Bioéconomie (CEBB), Paris-Saclay Food and Bioproduct Engineering (SayFood), frontiers in Environmental Science, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and ANR-17-CE22-0012,COOLTREES,Le rafraichissement des villes par les arbres – Quantification et modélisation pour le développement de villes durables.(2017)
Subjects: TEB model, heat fluxes, Surfatm model, urban area, urban greening, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; This study presents the coupling of TEB (Town Energy Balance) and Surfatm models developed for energy exchange estimates for urban impervious and vegetation surfaces, respectively. Once coupled, the TEB-Surfatm model allows the estimate of radiative, sensible (H), and latent heat (LE) fluxes in urban areas accounting for urban vegetation. The modelled fluxes were compared with measurements performed in an urban garden. The model was able to reproduce the energy fluxes, but its performance varied. The variability of the model accuracy depended on the measurement footprint in link with the heterogeneity of the site characteristics: while the measurement footprint fitted with the area characteristics considered by the TEB-Surfatm model, the modelled H and LE fluxes presented a good agreement with the measurements. In the other cases, some overestimation and underestimation occurred, in link with different fractions of impervious surfaces or green spaces. The validation of the TEB-Surfatm model for energy fluxes is a first step, the second will be to include the pollutant exchanges since Surfatm is able to quantify the atmosphere-biosphere fluxes for numerous pollutants. It will allow the TEB-Surfatm model to quantify the impact of urban greening on the assessment of air quality in urban areas.
Published: 2022
Full Text: View/download PDF

18. Contribution of deep soil layers to the transpiration of a temperate deciduous forest: Implications for the modelling of productivity

Author: Maysonnave, Jean, Delpierre, Nicolas, François, Christophe, Jourdan, Marion, Cornut, Ivan, Bazot, Stéphane, Vincent, Gaëlle, Morfin, Alexandre, Berveiller, Daniel, Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Climate Change, Water, Pollution, temperate oaks, Droughts, water stress, Soil, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, deep soil, Environmental Chemistry, carbon fluxes, [SDV.EE.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Bioclimatology, gross primary productivity, soil water holding capacity, Waste Management and Disposal, water uptake, Ecosystem
Abstract: International audience; Climate change is imposing drier atmospheric and edaphic conditions on temperate forests. Here, we investigated how deep soil (down to 300 cm) water extraction contributed to the provision of water in the Fontainebleau-Barbeau temperate oak forest over two years, including the 2018 record drought. Deep water provision was key to sustain canopy transpiration during drought, with layers below 150 cm contributing up to 60% of the transpired water in August 2018, despite their very low density of fine roots. We further showed that soil databases used to parameterize ecosystem models largely underestimated the amount of water extractable from the soil by trees, due to a considerable underestimation of the tree rooting depth. The consensus database established for France gave an estimate of 207 mm for the soil water holding capacity (SWHC) at Fontainebleau-Barbeau, when our estimate based on the analysis of soil water content measurements was 1.9 times as high, reaching 390±17 mm. Running the CASTANEA forest model with the database-derived SWHC yielded a 350 gC m −2 y −1 average underestimation of annual gross primary productivity under current climate, reaching up to 700 gC m −2 y −1 under climate change scenario RCP8.5. It is likely that the strong underestimation of SWHC that we show at our site is not a special case, and concerns a large number of forest sites. Thus, we argue for a generalisation 1 of deep soil water content measurements in forests, in order to improve the estimation of SWHC and the simulation of the forest carbon cycle in the current context of climate change.
Published: 2022

19. Defining Quantitative Targets for Topsoil Organic Carbon Stock Increase in European Croplands: Case Studies With Exogenous Organic Matter Inputs

Author: Elisa Bruni, Bertrand Guenet, Hugues Clivot, Thomas Kätterer, Manuel Martin, Iñigo Virto, Claire Chenu, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), The Colmar and Feucherolles field experiments form part of theSOERE-PRO (network of long-term experiments dedicated to thestudy of impacts of organic waste product recycling) certified byALLENVI (Alliance Nationale de Recherche pourl’Environnement) and integrated as a service of the'Investment for future' infrastructure AnaEE-France, overseenby the French National Research Agency (ANR-11-INBS-0001)., This work benefited from the French state aid managed by theANR under the 'Investissements d’avenir' programme with thereference ANR-16-CONV-0003 (CLAND project)., ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and ANR-11-INBS-0001,ANAEE-FR,ANAEE-Services(2011)
Subjects: soil organic carbon, Environmental sciences, climate change, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 4 per 1000, Soil Science, GE1-350, exogenous organic matter, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Europe 2030 targets, agriculture, General Environmental Science
Abstract: The EU Mission Board for Soil Health and Food proposed a series of quantitative targets for European soils to become healthier. Among them, current soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration losses in croplands (0.5% yr−1 on average at 20 cm depth) should be reversed to an increase of 0.1–0.4% yr−1 by 2030. Quantitative targets are used by policy makers to incentivize the implementation of agricultural practices that increase SOC stocks. However, there are different approaches to calculate them. In this paper, we analyzed the effect of exogenous organic matter (EOM) inputs on the evolution of SOC stocks, with a particular focus on the new European targets and the different approaches to calculate them. First, we illustrated through two case-study experiments the different targets set when the SOC stock increase is calculated considering as reference: 1) the SOC stock level at the onset of the experiment and 2) the SOC stock trend in a baseline, i.e., a control treatment without EOM addition. Then, we used 11 long-term experiments (LTEs) with EOM addition in European croplands to estimate the amount of carbon (C) input needed to reach the 0.1 and 0.4% SOC stock increase targets proposed by the Mission Board for Soil Health and Food, calculated with two different approaches. We found that, to reach a 0.1 and 0.4% increase target relative to the onset of the experiment, 2.51 and 2.61 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 of additional C input were necessary, respectively. Reaching a 0.1 and 0.4% increase target relative to the baseline required 1.38 and 1.77 Mg C ha−1 yr−1 of additional input, respectively. Depending on the calculation method used, the estimated amounts of additional C input required to reach each quantitative target were significantly different from each other. Furthermore, the quality of C input as represented by the C retention rate of the additional organic material (EOM and crop residue), had a significant effect on the variation of SOC stocks. Our work highlights the necessity to take into consideration the additional C input required to increase SOC stocks, especially for soils with decreasing SOC stocks, when targets are set independently of the baseline.
Published: 2022

20. Decreasing rainfall frequency contributes to earlier leaf onset in northern ecosystems

Author: Jian Wang, Desheng Liu, Philippe Ciais, Josep Peñuelas, Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2022

21. Global Water Scarcity Assessment Incorporating Green Water in Crop Production

Author: Wenfeng Liu, Xingcai Liu, Hong Yang, Philippe Ciais, Yoshihide Wada, China Agricultural University (CAU), Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Water Science and Technology
Abstract: Over the past decades, water scarcity has become prevalent in many regions of the world. Previous water scarcity assessments largely considered “blue water” (surface and groundwater) and overlooked “green water” (soil moisture), despite its key role in supporting crop production. Moreover, the long-term evolution of water scarcity remains unclear. Here, we propose an agricultural water scarcity index (WSIAW) that explicitly combines green and blue water. The WSIAW measures the degree to which both green and blue water availabilities can satisfy the agricultural water requirement. The WSIAW can directly indicate water scarcity in both rainfed and irrigated areas, which cannot be captured by the blue water scarcity index alone. Using the WSIAW, we assessed the evolution of water scarcity across regions of the world during 1971–2010 at a spatial resolution of 0.5 arc degree. We found that 22% of the 228 river basins with a WSIAW of >1 presented a much broader geographical coverage compared with estimates of water scarcity based on blue water only (8% of total basins). The WSIAW also exhibited a clear trend of increasing severity over the study period, particularly in major agricultural regions. Expanding cropland and increasing/competing water withdrawals by other sectors were the main reasons for the intensification of water scarcity, which was pronounced in some Asian and African river basins. The proposed WSIAW can be applied to different regions with various scales and is important for addressing global water scarcity issues.
Published: 2022

22. Conséquences involontaires des politiques environnementales : le cas du gel des terres et de l'intensification de l'agriculture

Author: Raja Chakir, Alban Thomas, Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (UMR PSAE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-11-LABX-0034,BASC,Biodiversité, Agroécosystèmes, Société, Climat(2011), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), ANR-20-PCPA-0005,FAST,Facilitate public Action to exist from peSTicides(2020), and ANR-17-EURE-0010,CHESS,Toulouse Graduate School défis en économie et sciences sociales quantitatives(2017)
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables/C.C3.C33 - Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models, Semi-nonparametric estimation, 05 social sciences, Set-aside, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture/Q.Q1.Q12 - Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets, Fertilizer and pesticide input demand, 15. Life on land, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, 13. Climate action, 0502 economics and business, Land use, Corner solutions, 050202 agricultural economics & policy, 050207 economics, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C3 - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables/C.C3.C34 - Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; The objective of this paper is to evaluate the indirect impacts of a set-aside policy on the environment through crop intensification. We estimate a structural, multi-output model on a panel of French farmers from 2006 to 2010, accounting for multivariate selection (corner solutions) on crops and land use. We use a parametric and a semi-nonparametric (based on sieve estimation) version of a quasi-maximum likelihood (QML) estimator, compare their goodness of fit and parameter efficiency and check for closeness with a test for non-nested models. We then perform a simulation experiment based on elasticity estimates for set-aside area and input demand, to evaluate intensive margin effects of the set-aside policy. Results show that a set-aside subsidy can provide farmers with incentives to intensify their production, leading to potential adverse environmental effects.; L'objectif de cet article est d'évaluer les impacts indirects d'une politique de mise en jachère sur l'environnement à travers l'intensification des cultures. Nous estimons un modèle structurel à sorties multiples sur un panel d'agriculteurs français de 2006 à 2010, en tenant compte de la sélection multivariée (corner solutions) sur les cultures et l'utilisation des terres. Nous utilisons une version paramétrique et une version semi-non paramétrique (basée sur l'estimation par tamisage) d'un estimateur de quasi-maximum de vraisemblance (QML), nous comparons leur qualité d'ajustement et l'efficacité des paramètres et nous vérifions la proximité avec un test pour les modèles non imbriqués. Nous réalisons ensuite une expérience de simulation basée sur l'estimation de l'élasticité de la superficie mise en jachère et de la demande d'intrants, afin d'évaluer les effets de la politique de mise en jachère sur la marge intensive. Les résultats montrent qu'une subvention pour la mise en jachère peut inciter les agriculteurs à intensifier leur production, ce qui peut avoir des effets négatifs sur l'environnement.
Published: 2022

23. A strong mitigation scenario maintains climate neutrality of northern peatlands

Author: Qiu, Chunjing, Ciais, Philippe, Zhu, Dan, Guenet, Bertrand, Chang, Jinfeng, Chaudhary, Nitin, Kleinen, Thomas, Li, Xinyu, Müller, Jurek, Xi, Yi, Zhang, Wenxin, Ballantyne, Ashley, Brewer, Simon, Brovkin, Victor, Charman, Dan, Gustafson, Adrian, Gallego-Sala, Angela, Gasser, Thomas, Holden, Joseph, Joos, Fortunat, Kwon, Min Jung, Lauerwald, Ronny, Miller, Paul, Peng, Shushi, Page, Susan, Smith, Benjamin, Stocker, Benjamin, Sannel, A. Britta K., Salmon, Elodie, Schurgers, Guy, Shurpali, Narasinha, Wårlind, David, Westermann, Sebastian, Kwon, Min, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA Paris-Saclay), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), European Research Council, ERC: SyG-2013-610028 IMBALANCE-P, Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR, This work was supported by the European Research Council Synergy grant (SyG-2013-610028 IMBALANCE-P) and the French State Aid managed by the ANR under the ?Investissements d'avenir? programme (ANR-16-CONV-0003_Cland). ORCHIDEE-PEAT performed simulations using HPC resources from GENCI-TGCC (2020-A0070106328). A.V.G.-S. was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC standard grant no. NE/I012915/1 and no. NE/S001166/1). W.Z. acknowledges funding from the Swedish Research Council FORMAS 2016-01201 and Swedish National Space Agency 209/19. N.C. acknowledges funding by the Nunataryuk (EU grant agreement no. 773421) and the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (contract no. 2019-01151). LPJ-GUESS_dyn simulations were performed on the supercomputing facilities at the University of Oslo, Norway, and on the Aurora and Tetralith resources of the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the Lund University Centre for Scientific and Technical Computing (Lunarc), project no. 2021/2-61 and no. 2021/2-28, and Link?ping University, project no. snic2020/5-563. A.G. P.A.M. W.Z. B.S. D.W. and N.C. acknowledge support from the strategic research areas Modeling the Regional and Global Earth System (MERGE) and Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in a Changing Climate (BECC) at Lund University. P.A.M. and D.W. received financial support from the H2020 CRESCENDO project (grant agreement no. 641816). LPJ-GUESS simulations were enabled by resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at LUNARC partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018-05973. J.M. and F.J. acknowledge financial support by the Swiss National Science Foundation (no. 200020_172476 and no. 200020_200511) and funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 820989 (project COMFORT) and no. 821003 (project 4C). The work reflects only the authors views, the European Commission and their executive agency are not responsible for any use that may be made of the information the work contains. B.G. received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 641816 (CRESCENDO) and no. 821003 (4C project). B.D.S was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation grant no. PCEFP2_181115. T.K. acknowledges support from the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF) through the PalMod programme (grant no. 01LP1507B and no. 01LP1921A). LPJ-MPI experiments were performed at the German Climate Computing Centre (DKRZ), using resources from the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. N.J.S. acknowledges financial support from Academy of Finland (no. 296887 and no. 334422) and the Finnish Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (no. VN/28562/2020). J.C. acknowledged support from the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (no. 2021QNA6005). D.Z. acknowledges funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 42101090 and no. 41988101). W.Z and G.S. acknowledge support from the Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF100). C.Q. P.C. D.Z. and B.G. designed the research, C.Q. and P.C. drafted the manuscript, J.C. prepared the climate forcing for ORCHIDEE-PEAT and computed estimates of global and Northern Hemisphere CO2 emissions from ISIMIP2b terrestrial biosphere models, C.Q. N.C. T.K. X.Y.L. J.M. Y.X. and W.Z. performed model simulations, A.V.G.-S. and S.C.B. provided estimates for future peat carbon sink from Gallego-Sala et al.15, all authors contributed to the interpretation of the results and draft revision., ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), European Project: 641816,H2020,H2020-SC5-2014-two-stage,CRESCENDO(2015), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions - College of Resources and Environmental Sciences (PSI), China Agricultural University (CAU), Department of Geosciences [Oslo], Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science [Lund], Lund University [Lund], Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management [Copenhagen] (IGN), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, University of Montana, University of Utah, College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter], University of Exeter, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), School of Geography [Leeds], University of Leeds, University of Leicester, Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment [Richmond] (HIE), Western Sydney University, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Department of Physical Geography [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), and Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 0303 health sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, methane, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, carbon dioxide, carbon-cycle feedback, 15. Life on land, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, long-term climate change, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, land surface models, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), peatland, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, permafrost
Abstract: Northern peatlands store 300–600 Pg C, of which approximately half are underlain by permafrost. Climate warming and, in some regions, soil drying from enhanced evaporation are progressively threatening this large carbon stock. Here, we assess future CO2 and CH4 fluxes from northern peatlands using five land surface models that explicitly include representation of peatland processes. Under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, northern peatlands are projected to remain a net sink of CO2 and climate neutral for the next three centuries. A shift to a net CO2 source and a substantial increase in CH4 emissions are projected under RCP8.5, which could exacerbate global warming by 0.21°C (range, 0.09–0.49°C) by the year 2300. The true warming impact of peatlands might be higher owing to processes not simulated by the models and direct anthropogenic disturbance. Our study highlights the importance of understanding how future warming might trigger high carbon losses from northern peatlands.
Published: 2022

24. Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leaching into the European river network

Author: Céline Gommet, Ronny Lauerwald, Philippe Ciais, Bertrand Guenet, Haicheng Zhang, Pierre Regnier, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020, Horizon 2020: 101003536, 776810, ESM 2025, Celine Gommet and Pierre Regnier acknowledge funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nos. 776810 (project VERIFY) and 101003536 (ESM 2025)., Financial support. Ronny Lauerwald, Philippe Ciais and Bertrand Guenet acknowledge funding from French state aid, managed by ANR under the 'Investissements d’avenir' programme [ANR-16-CONV-0003]. Haicheng Zhang, Pierre Regnier and Ronny Lauerwald acknowledge the 'Lateral-CNP' project (No. 34823748) supported by the Fonds de la Recherche Scien-tifique – FNRS. Céline Gommet and Pierre Regnier acknowledge funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement nos. 776810 (project VERIFY) and 101003536 (ESM 2025)., and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Abstract: Leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from soils into the river network is an important component of the land carbon (C) budget. At regional to global scales, its significance has been estimated through simple mass budgets, often using multi-year averages of observed fluvial DOC fluxes as a proxy of DOC leaching due to the limited availability of observations of the leaching flux itself. This procedure leads to a systematic underestimation of the leaching flux because of the decay of DOC during fluvial transport. Moreover, this procedure does not allow for revealing spatiotemporal variability in DOC leaching from soils, which is vital to better understand the drivers of DOC leaching and its impact on the local soil C budget. In this study, we use the land surface model (LSM) ORCHILEAK to simulate the terrestrial C budget, including leaching of DOC from the soil and its subsequent reactive transport through the river network of Europe. The model performance is evaluated not only against the sparse observations of the soil DOC leaching rate, but also against the more abundant observations of fluxes and reactivity of DOC in rivers, providing further evidence that our simulated DOC fluxes are realistic. The model is then used to simulate the spatiotemporal patterns of DOC leaching across Europe over the period 1972–2012, quantifying both the environmental drivers of these patterns and the impact of DOC leaching on the land C budget. Over the simulation period, we find that, on average, 14.3 Tg C yr−1 of DOC is leached from land into European rivers, which is about 0.6 % of the terrestrial net primary production (NPP), a fraction significantly lower than that reported for tropical river networks. On average, 12.3 Tg C yr−1 of the leached DOC is finally exported to the coast via the river network, and the rest is respired during transit. DOC leaching presents a large seasonal variability, with the maximum occurring in winter and the minimum in summer, except for most parts of northern Europe, where the maximum occurs in spring due to snowmelt. The DOC leaching rate is generally low in warm and dry regions, and high in the cold and wet regions of Europe. Furthermore, runoff and the ratio between runoff from shallower flow paths on one hand and deep drainage and groundwater flow on the other hand are the main drivers of the spatiotemporal variation of DOC leaching. Temperature, as a major control of DOC production and decomposition rates in the soils, plays only a secondary role.
Published: 2022

25. Estimating the lateral transfer of organic carbon through the European river network using a land surface model

Author: Zhang, Haicheng, Lauerwald, Ronny, Regnier, Pierre, Ciais, Philippe, Van Oost, Kristof, Naipal, Victoria, Guenet, Bertrand, Yuan, Wenping, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Georges Lemaître for Earth and Climate Research [Louvain] (TECLIM), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL)-Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Haicheng Zhang and Pierre Regnier acknowledge the 'Lateral-CNP' project (no. 34823748) supported by the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS) and the VERIFY project that received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 776810. Ronny Lauerwald and Philippe Ciais acknowledge funding by the French state aid managed by the ANR under the 'Investissements d'avenir' program (ANR-16-CONV-0003_Cland). Pierre Regnier received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 101003536 (ESM2025 – Earth System Models for the Future)., and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: Lateral carbon transport from soils to the ocean through rivers has been acknowledged as a key component of the global carbon cycle, but it is still neglected in most global land surface models (LSMs). Fluvial transport of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and CO2 has been implemented in the ORCHIDEE LSM, while erosion-induced delivery of sediment and particulate organic carbon (POC) from land to river was implemented in another version of the model. Based on these two developments, we take the final step towards the full representation of biospheric carbon transport through the land–river continuum. The newly developed model, called ORCHIDEE-Clateral, simulates the complete lateral transport of water, sediment, POC, DOC, and CO2 from land to sea through the river network, the deposition of sediment and POC in the river channel and floodplains, and the decomposition of POC and DOC in transit. We parameterized and evaluated ORCHIDEE-Clateral using observation data in Europe. The model explains 94 %, 75 %, and 83 % of the spatial variations of observed riverine water discharges, bankfull water flows, and riverine sediment discharges in Europe, respectively. The simulated long-term average total organic carbon concentrations and DOC concentrations in river flows are comparable to the observations in major European rivers, although our model generally overestimates the seasonal variation of riverine organic carbon concentrations. Application of ORCHIDEE-Clateral for Europe reveals that the lateral carbon transfer affects land carbon dynamics in multiple ways, and omission of this process in LSMs may lead to an overestimation of 4.5 % in the simulated annual net terrestrial carbon uptake over Europe. Overall, this study presents a useful tool for simulating large-scale lateral carbon transfer and for predicting the feedbacks between lateral carbon transfer and future climate and land use changes.
Published: 2022

26. Surface temperatures reveal the patterns of vegetation water stress and their environmental drivers across the tropical Americas

Author: Julia K. Green, Ashley Ballantyne, Rose Abramoff, Pierre Gentine, David Makowski, Philippe Ciais, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Columbia University [New York], AgroParisTech, U.S. Department of Energy, USDOE, Office of Science, SC, Biological and Environmental Research, BER: ANR‐16‐CONV‐0003, DE‐AC05‐00OR22725, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL: DE-AC05-00OR22725, Horizon 2020, J.K.G and A.B. were supported by a Make our Planet Great Again Grant (ANR‐18‐MPGA‐0007). P.G. was supported by the Schmidt Futures funding of the LEMONTREE project. R.Z.A. was supported by a Marie Skłodowska–Curie Individual Fellowship (grant no. 834‐169) from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 program, and by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. DM and PC were supported by the CLAND project (ANR‐16‐CONV‐0003). Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT‐Battelle, LLC, for the United States Department of Energy (US DOE) under contract DE‐AC05‐00OR22725. This manuscript has been co‐authored by UT‐Battelle, LLC, under contract DE‐AC05‐00OR22725 with the US DOE. By accepting the article for publication, the publisher acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid‐up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan ( http://energy.gov/downloads/doe‐public‐access‐plan )., J.K.G and A.B. were supported by a Make our Planet Great Again Grant (ANR-18-MPGA-0007). P.G. was supported by the Schmidt Futures funding of the LEMONTREE project. R.Z.A. was supported by a Marie Sk?odowska?Curie Individual Fellowship (grant no. 834-169) from the European Union?s Horizon 2020 program, and by the United States Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. DM and PC were supported by the CLAND project (ANR-16-CONV-0003). Oak Ridge National Laboratory is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC, for the United States Department of Energy (US DOE) under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725. This manuscript has been co-authored by UT-Battelle, LLC, under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the US DOE. By accepting the article for publication, the publisher acknowledges that the US government retains a nonexclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, worldwide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for US government purposes. DOE will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan)., ANR-18-MPGA-0007,POMELO,Evaluation du modèle orienté processus - lien avec les observations(2018), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: vegetation water stress, Global and Planetary Change, Dehydration, Ecology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Temperature, water cycle, carbon cycle, land surface temperatures, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Photosynthesis, tropical vegetation, Ecosystem, surface energy fluxes, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Vegetation is a key component in the global carbon cycle as it stores ~450 GtC as biomass, and removes about a third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, in some regions, the rate of plant carbon uptake is beginning to slow, largely because of water stress. Here, we develop a new observation-based methodology to diagnose vegetation water stress and link it to environmental drivers. We used the ratio of remotely sensed land surface to near surface atmospheric temperatures (LST/Tair) to represent vegetation water stress, and built regression tree models (random forests) to assess the relationship between LST/Tair and the main environmental drivers of surface energy fluxes in the tropical Americas. We further determined ecosystem traits associated with water stress and surface energy partitioning, pinpointed critical thresholds for water stress, and quantified changes in ecosystem carbon uptake associated with crossing these critical thresholds. We found that the top drivers of LST/Tair, explaining over a quarter of its local variability in the study region, are (1) radiation, in 58% of the study region; (2) water supply from precipitation, in 30% of the study region; and (3) atmospheric water demand from vapor pressure deficits (VPD), in 22% of the study region. Regions in which LST/Tair variation is driven by radiation are located in regions of high aboveground biomass or at high elevations, while regions in which LST/Tair is driven by water supply from precipitation or atmospheric demand tend to have low species richness. Carbon uptake by photosynthesis can be reduced by up to 80% in water-limited regions when critical thresholds for precipitation and air dryness are exceeded simultaneously, that is, as compound events. Our results demonstrate that vegetation structure and diversity can be important for regulating surface energy and carbon fluxes over tropical regions.
Published: 2022

27. Adaptation de la zone désignée des indications géographiques au changement climatique

Author: Loïc Henry, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire d'Economie de Dauphine (LEDa), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris-Saclay Applied Economics (UMR PSAE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics, Environmental and Ecological Economics::Q5 - Environmental Economics::Q54 - Climate, Natural Disasters and Their Management, Global Warming, Economics and Econometrics, landallocation, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture/Q.Q1.Q13 - Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness, [QFIN]Quantitative Finance [q-fin], JEL: L - Industrial Organization/L.L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance/L.L1.L15 - Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q5 - Environmental Economics/Q.Q5.Q54 - Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), geographical indication, JEL: L - Industrial Organization/L.L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance/L.L1.L11 - Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms, climate change, quality, Adaptation, wine, agriculture
Abstract: International audience; This paper examines the agricultural supply relocation of products under geographical indication (GI) labels as an option to adapt to climate change. I develop a stylized framework that endogenously relates the delineation of the production area of the GI product to the distribution of specific geographical characteristics and their influence on the quality of the product and the corresponding comparative advantages. The model can then study how the GI production area responds to climate-related changes in the production conditions. The model shows that the GI production area can marginally expand as climate change worsens the production conditions, but it may disappear under more severe degradations. This opportunity to relocate current GIs hinges on striking a careful balance between mitigating climate-induced yield losses and altering quality, but it is also threatened by political economy barriers that govern the redistribution of GI rents.
Published: 2022

28. Once a quality-food consumer, always a quality-food consumer? Consumption patterns of organic, label rouge, and geographical indications in French scanner data

Author: Mathieu Lambotte, Stéphane De Cara, Valentin Bellassen, Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), The research leading to these results was funded by the REGION Region Bourgogne Franche-Comté and project DIETPLUS, grant ANR-17-CE21-0003 ﬁnanced by the French National Agency for Research (ANR). The authors only are responsible for any omissions or deficiencies. Stéphane De Cara acknowledges additional support from the CLAND grant (ANR-16-CONV-0003) funded by the French National Research Agency under the 'Investissements d’avenir' program., ANR-17-CE21-0003,DIETPLUS,Effets des changements de régimes alimentaires sur l'équilibre des marchés, le partage de la valeur dans les filières, la santé publique, l'environnement et l'usage des sols.(2017), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Organic product, regularity, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, organic, media_common.quotation_subject, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Agricultural science, 0502 economics and business, Quality (business), Product (category theory), Market value, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, Consumption (economics), 0303 health sciences, business.industry, 05 social sciences, General Medicine, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics/D.D1.D12 - Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis, Order (business), Agriculture, quality food, 050211 marketing, Business, Lancaster, Food quality, consumption behavior
Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyze the behavior of French consumers with respect to food products under various quality labels (organic, label rouge, and geographical indications). In particular, we investigate if consumers who purchase once a product under a given label tend to purchase a large fraction of this product (and other products) under the same label. Using a large scanner database, the regularity of quality-food consumption is analyzed through the relative frequency of conventional and quality purchases. The respective roles in regular consumption of product attributes, availability, and household characteristics are then examined using a random utility model. Regular organic consumers purchase around 28% of the organic market value, with variations depending on products. We find that product attributes are more related to regular organic behavior than household characteristics. In particular, product availability and product family (vegetables, eggs, milk, etc.) play a key role whereas low-price organic products are not associated with more regular consumption. Acknowledging the existence of regularity in organic consumption and understanding its variation between product categories should lead public policies to more often target specific products in order to develop quality-food consumption.
Published: 2020

29. Global cooling induced by biophysical effects of bioenergy crop cultivation

Author: Jingmeng Wang, Wei Li, Philippe Ciais, Laurent Z. X. Li, Jinfeng Chang, Daniel Goll, Thomas Gasser, Xiaomeng Huang, Narayanappa Devaraju, Olivier Boucher, Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539) (LMD), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Zhejiang University, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: Crops, Agricultural, Carbon Sequestration, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, Climate Change, General Physics and Astronomy, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Climate-change mitigation, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 2. Zero hunger, Spatial Analysis, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Temperature, General Chemistry, Models, Theoretical, 15. Life on land, Energy Transfer, 13. Climate action
Abstract: Bioenergy crop with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a key negative emission technology to meet carbon neutrality. However, the biophysical effects of widespread bioenergy crop cultivation on temperature remain unclear. Here, using a coupled atmosphere-land model with an explicit representation of lignocellulosic bioenergy crops, we find that after 50 years of large-scale bioenergy crop cultivation following plausible scenarios, global air temperature decreases by 0.03~0.08 °C, with strong regional contrasts and interannual variability. Over the cultivated regions, woody crops induce stronger cooling effects than herbaceous crops due to larger evapotranspiration rates and smaller aerodynamic resistance. At the continental scale, air temperature changes are not linearly proportional to the cultivation area. Sensitivity tests show that the temperature change is robust for eucalypt but more uncertain for switchgrass among different cultivation maps. Our study calls for new metrics to take the biophysical effects into account when assessing the climate mitigation capacity of BECCS., Bioenergy crops has been proposed as a climate mitigation measure, but how the biophysical effects of large-scale cultivation would influence the climate is not well known. Here, the authors use models to show that large-scale cultivation could cool the global land by 0.03 to 0.08 °C.
Published: 2021

30. Climate warming from managed grasslands cancels the cooling effect of carbon sinks in sparsely grazed and natural grasslands

Author: Chao Yue, Shushi Peng, Michael Obersteiner, Philippe Ciais, Pete Smith, Daniel S. Goll, Chunjing Qiu, Thomas Gasser, Hanqin Tian, Dan Zhu, Jinfeng Chang, Nicolas Viovy, Victoria Naipal, Bertrand Guenet, Petr Havlik, Mario Herrero, Wei Li, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), European Project: 776613,Fighting and adapting to climate change,H2020-EU.3.5.1,EUCP(2017), European Project: 776810,H2020,H2020-SC5-2017-OneStageB,VERIFY(2018), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Grassland, Attribution, Environmental protection, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, geography, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, Soil organic matter, Global warming, Carbon sink, Carbon cycle, General Chemistry, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Radiative forcing, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science
Abstract: Grasslands absorb and release carbon dioxide (CO2), emit methane (CH4) from grazing livestock, and emit nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils. Little is known about how the fluxes of these three greenhouse gases, from managed and natural grasslands worldwide, have contributed to past climate change, or the roles of managed pastures versus natural grasslands. Here, global trends and regional patterns of the full greenhouse gas balance of grasslands are estimated for the period 1750 to 2012. A new spatially explicit land surface model is applied, to separate the direct effects of human activities from land management and the indirect effects from climate change, increasing CO2 and regional changes in nitrogen deposition. Direct human management activities are simulated to have caused grasslands to switch from a sink to a source of greenhouse gas, because of increased livestock numbers and accelerated conversion of natural lands to pasture. However, climate change drivers contributed a net carbon sink in soil organic matter, mainly from the increased productivity of grasslands due to increased CO2 and nitrogen deposition. The net radiative forcing of all grasslands is currently close to neutral, but has been increasing since the 1960s. Here, we show that the net global climate warming caused by managed grassland cancels the net climate cooling from carbon sinks in sparsely grazed and natural grasslands. In the face of future climate change and increased demand for livestock products, these findings highlight the need to use sustainable management to preserve and enhance soil carbon storage in grasslands and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from managed grasslands., Grasslands, and the livestock that live there, are dynamic sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, but what controls these fluxes remains poorly characterized. Here the authors show that on the global level, grasslands are climate neutral owing to the cancelling effects of managed vs. natural systems.
Published: 2021

31. A global dataset for crop production under conventional tillage and no tillage systems

Author: Su, Yang, Gabrielle, Benoit, Makowski, David, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA-Paris), Agronomie, and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Crops, Agricultural, Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, Science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Agriculture, Library and Information Sciences, Crop Production, Computer Science Applications, Education, Soil, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Climate-change mitigation, Information Systems
Abstract: No tillage (NT) is often presented as a means to grow crops with positive environmental externalities, such as enhanced carbon sequestration, improved soil quality, reduced soil erosion, and increased biodiversity. However, whether NT systems are as productive as those relying on conventional tillage (CT) is a controversial issue, fraught by a high variability over time and space. Here, we expand existing datasets to include the results of the most recent field experiments, and we produce a global dataset comparing the crop yields obtained under CT and NT systems. In addition to crop yield, our dataset also reports information on crop growing season, management practices, soil characteristics and key climate parameters throughout the experimental year. The final dataset contains 4403 paired yield observations between 1980 and 2017 for eight major staple crops in 50 countries. This dataset can help to gain insight into the main drivers explaining the variability of the productivity of NT and the consequence of its adoption on crop yields., Measurement(s) yield trait • crop Technology Type(s) digital curation Factor Type(s) precipitation balance • temperature • crop species • soil texture • management of crop rotation • management of soil cover • management of field fertilization • management of weed and pest control • management of crop irrigation • geographic location Sample Characteristic - Organism Viridiplantae Sample Characteristic - Environment cultivated environment Sample Characteristic - Location global Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.13303118
Published: 2021

32. Reply to comment by Rigolot on 'Narratives Behind Livestock Methane Mitigation Studies Matter'

Author: Philippe Ciais, Yi Yin, Petr Havlik, Jinfeng Chang, Mario T. Herrero, Shushi Peng, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), CSIRO, St Lucia, Qld, Australia, Partenaires INRAE, ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Natural resource economics, business.industry, General Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Methane, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geography, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Livestock, Narrative, business, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: This article is a reply to a comment by Rigolot (2021), https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000526.; International audience; A comment by Dr. Rigolot acknowledged the scientific value of our recent study on livestock methane emissions and mitigation potentials, while highlighting that our study should better “cultivate synergies between production and more ambitious demand-side efforts.” The author's comment questioned our narrative to be inadvertently (not intentionally) contributing to a “climate delay discourse” in several ways that might hinder ambitious mitigation efforts. This is indeed a welcome perspective that merits further comment.
Published: 2021

33. Rice yield stability compared to major food crops in West Africa

Author: Duvallet, Mathilde, Dumas, Patrice, Makowski, David, Boé, Julien, del Villar, Patricio Mendez, Ben-Ari, Tamara, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA-Paris), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA Paris-Saclay), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Climat, Environnement, Couplages et Incertitudes [Toulouse] (CECI), Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Territoires, Environnement, Télédétection et Information Spatiale (UMR TETIS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agronomie, metaprogram Adaptation of Agriculture and Forest to Climate Change (AAFCC) of the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-CERFACS-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: climate variability, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Oryza sativa, prix alimentaire, West Africa, Donnée climatique, yield variability, E10 - Économie et politique agricoles, [STAT.AP]Statistics [stat]/Applications [stat.AP], Donnée de production, rice, Économie agricole, Plante alimentaire, land use, food and beverages, Rendement des cultures, Facteur de rendement
Abstract: International audience; Abstract West Africa is one of the regions the most concerned with structural food and nutrition security. Consequently, agricultural development pathways and scenarios are under high scientific and political scrutiny in this region. Rice, as a rapidly growing staple plays a key role in the West African diet representing close to 40% of the total volume of cereal consumed in the region. In the context of the 2008 food price crisis several West African countries have since proclaimed rice self-sufficiency as a target. Here, we show that rice yields tend to be, on average over the entire region, less stable (by a range of 15%–30%) than that of alternative crops, possibly substitutable in diets. The regions where yields of alternative crops are more stable than those of rice correspond to the main climatic regions where these crops are grown: sorghum, millet in the Sahelian and Sudanian regions and tubers in the Guinean region. Rice yields are significantly less stable for 33% of the comparisons considered and are significantly more stable than any alternative crop for 15% of the comparisons in few areas without clear longitudinal patterns. Models accounting for climate variability explain up to 17% of the variance of the data and reveal that yield variability differences between rice and alternative crops tends to widen in the areas where the monsoon precipitation is more variable between-years. The highest levels of variability of rice yields compared to alternative crops are recorded in regions where the monsoon varies strongly between years. Our analysis advocates for an explicit account of yield stability in West African rice expansion scenarios and supply strategies.
Published: 2021

34. Is the climate change mitigation effect of enhanced silicate weathering governed by biological processes?

Author: Anna Neubeck, Philipp Swoboda, Eric Struyf, Ivan A. Janssens, Jordi Sardans, Jet Rijnders, Mathilde Hagens, Sílvia Poblador, Erik Verbruggen, Arthur Vienne, Jan Willem van Groenigen, Jens Hartmann, Sara Vicca, Daniel S. Goll, Josep Peñuelas, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), University of Antwerp (UA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), Universität Hamburg (UHH), Uppsala University, CREAF - Centre for Ecological Research and Applied Forestries, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and European Project: 0964545(2010)
Subjects: Carbon sequestration, Greenhouse Effect, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Enhanced weathering, Soil, Environmental protection, Soil biota, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, General Environmental Science, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Global and Planetary Change, enhanced weathering, Ecology, greenhouse gas emissions, Biota, Soil Biology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, PE&RC, Chemistry, negative emissions, Bodemscheikunde en Chemische Bodemkwaliteit, Climate Change, Weathering, soil biota, Negative emissions, ddc:570, Greenhouse gas emissions, Environmental Chemistry, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Biology, Bodembiologie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, WIMEK, Silicates, Soil carbon, Carbon Dioxide, 15. Life on land, carbon sequestration, Enhanced weathering G53 1_ Greenhouse gas emissions, Carbon, Climate change mitigation, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality
Abstract: International audience; A number of negative emission technologies (NETs) have been proposed to actively remove CO2 from the atmosphere, with enhanced silicate weathering (ESW) as a relatively new NET with considerable climate change mitigation potential. Models calibrated to ESW rates in lab experiments estimate the global potential for inorganic carbon sequestration by ESW at about 0.5–5 Gt CO2 year−1, suggesting ESW could be an important component of the future NETs mix. In real soils, however, weathering rates may differ strongly from lab conditions. Research on natural weathering has shown that biota such as plants, microbes, and macro-invertebrates can strongly affect weathering rates, but biotic effects were excluded from most ESW lab assessments. Moreover, ESW may alter soil organic carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emissions by influencing physicochemical and biological processes, which holds the potential to perpetuate even larger negative emissions. Here, we argue that it is likely that the climate change mitigation effect of ESW will be governed by biological processes, emphasizing the need to put these processes on the agenda of this emerging research field.
Published: 2021

35. Assessing the representation of the Australian carbon cycle in global vegetation models

Author: L. Teckentrup, M. G. De Kauwe, A. J. Pitman, D. S. Goll, V. Haverd, A. K. Jain, E. Joetzjer, E. Kato, S. Lienert, D. Lombardozzi, P. C. McGuire, J. R. Melton, J. E. M. S. Nabel, J. Pongratz, S. Sitch, A. P. Walker, S. Zaehle, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 530 Physics, Biome, Context (language use), Atmospheric sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Life, QH501-531, 550 Earth sciences & geology, medicine, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, QH540-549.5, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere, QE1-996.5, Ecology, Representation (systemics), Geology, Vegetation, Radiative forcing, 15. Life on land, La Niña, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Indian Ocean Dipole, Physical geography, medicine.symptom, Vegetation (pathology)
Abstract: Australia plays an important role in the global terrestrial carbon cycle on inter-annual timescales. While the Australian continent is included in global assessments of the carbon cycle such as the global carbon budget, the performance of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) over Australia has rarely been evaluated. We assessed simulations of net biome production (NBP) and the carbon stored in vegetation between 1901 to 2018 from 13 DGVMs (TRENDY v8 ensemble). We focused our analysis on Australia's short-term (inter-annual) and long-term (decadal to centennial) terrestrial carbon dynamics. The TRENDY models simulated differing magnitudes of NBP on inter-annual timescales, and these differences resulted in significant differences in long-term vegetation carbon accumulation (−4.7 to 9.5 Pg C). We compared the TRENDY ensemble to several satellite-derived datasets and showed that the spread in the models' simulated carbon storage resulted from varying changes in carbon residence time rather than differences in net carbon uptake. Differences in simulated long-term accumulated NBP between models were mostly due to model responses to land-use change. The DGVMs also simulated different sensitivities to atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, although notably, the models with nutrient cycles did not simulate the smallest NBP response to CO2. Our results suggest that a change in the climate forcing did not have a large impact on the carbon cycle on long timescales. However, the inter-annual variability in precipitation drives the year-to-year variability in NBP. We analysed the impact of key modes of climate variability, including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), on NBP. While the DGVMs agreed on sign of the response of NBP to El Niño and La Niña and to positive and negative IOD events, the magnitude of inter-annual variability in NBP differed strongly between models. In addition, we find that differences in the timing of simulated phenology and fire dynamics are associated with differences in simulated or prescribed vegetation cover and process representation. We further find model disagreement in simulated vegetation carbon, phenology, and apparent carbon residence time, indicating that the models have different types and coverage of vegetation across Australia (whether prescribed or emergent). Our study highlights the need to evaluate parameter assumptions and the key processes that drive vegetation dynamics, such as phenology, mortality, and fire, in an Australian context to reduce uncertainty across models.
Published: 2021

36. Drivers of the amount of organic carbon protected inside soil aggregates estimated by crushing: A meta-analysis

Author: Kpemoua, Tchodjowiè P.I., Barré, Pierre, Chevallier, Tiphaine, Houot, Sabine, Chenu, Claire, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), ANR-17-CE32-0005,StoreSoilC,Potentiel et durabilité du stockage de carbone dans les sols agricoles(2017), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Aggregates, History, Crushing, Polymers and Plastics, Carbon mineralization, Soil Science, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Business and International Management, Organic carbon, Physical protection, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
Abstract: International audience; Given the importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and their dynamics in the regulation of climate change, understanding the mechanisms of SOC protection from decomposition is crucial. It is recognized that soil aggregates can provide effective protection of organic carbon from microbial decomposition. Currently, there is no systematic method for estimating the amount of protected carbon within aggregates. However, differences between CO2 emissions from incubation of intact versus crushed aggregates have been widely used as a proxy for SOC physical protection within aggregates. There is no global analysis on this type of experiment yet, nor on the drivers of the amount of SOC physically protected in soils. Using a meta-analysis including 165 pairs of observations from 22 studies encompassing a variety of ecosystems, climate and soil types, we investigated the crushing effects on cumulative carbon mineralization from laboratory incubation experiments. The aggregates were initially separated by either wet sieving or dry sieving before dry crushing. Our results indicated that aggregate crushing led on average to +31 % stimulation of carbon mineralization compared with intact aggregates, which represented 0.65 to 1.01 % of total SOC. This result suggests the mineralization of a previously protected pool of labile organic carbon. The linear regression analysis showed that the crushing effect on carbon mineralization depended on soil characteristics (carbon content, clay content and pH) as well as on aggregate size. Crushing aggregates stimulated carbon mineralization relative to control, up to +63 % in large aggregates (>10 mm), +38 % in large macro-aggregates (2–8 mm), +14 % in small macro-aggregates (0.25–2 mm) and +54 % in micro-aggregates (2 mm (+3 to 40 %), < 2 mm (+58 to 62 %) and < 0.25 mm (+32 to 62 %) sizes regardless of the initial aggregate size. These results suggest that macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) are less protective than microaggregates (
Published: 2022

37. Land sharing strategies for addressing the trade-off between carbon storage and crop production in France

Author: Corentin Pinsard, Francesco Accatino, Yong Shi, Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), School of Earth Resources of China University of Geosciences, China University of Geosciences [Wuhan] (CUG), Springer, European Project: ANR-16-CONV-0003,Cland, and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Natural resource economics, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Land management, Climate change, Land cover, Trade-off, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Modelling, 12. Responsible consumption, Ecosystem services, Optimisation scenarios, Agricultural land, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Intensification, 2. Zero hunger, Global and Planetary Change, Land use, Heterogeneous agricultural land, 15. Life on land, 13. Climate action, Scale (social sciences), Environmental science
Abstract: International audience; Carbon storage (CS) is essential in mitigating atmospheric CO2 levels, but crop production (CP) contributes to food supply. Land management requires understanding the trade-offs between these important, but conflicting, ecosystem services. We studied land use-based strategies to identify the optimal balance between the two, in particular investigating the role of agricultural intensification. We calibrated a statistical model that linked land cover, land use, climate, and biophysical variables to CS and CP in France at 10 km by 10 km resolution. We designed four optimization scenarios: maximisation at the country scale of (1) CS; (2) CP; (3) joint optimization of CS and CP; (4) same as (3) but with minimization of total energy input. The mono-objective scenarios, (1) and (2), enhanced one ecosystem service while decreasing the other. In scenario (3), both ecosystem services were increased at the same time (+ 2.1% for CS and + 9.6% for CP) with a land sparing approach (decrease and intensification of annual crops and increased forest). In scenario (4), the minimization of energy input resulted in less of an increased in both ecosystem services compared to scenario (3): + 1% for CS and + 1.5% for CP. This scenario promoted a land sharing strategy with enhancement of heterogeneous agricultural land. The good performance of the land sparing approach comes at the cost of a high energy use; on the contrary, the land sharing approach allows improvements that, although more modest, come with energy input minimization. As a vast body of literature stresses the biodiversity conservation value and the positive social impacts of land sharing approach, we argue that scenario (4) is more sustainable.
Published: 2021

38. Comparing specialised crop and integrated crop-livestock systems in China with a multi-criteria approach using the emergy method

Author: Zhigang Sun, Zhu Ouyang, Francesco Accatino, Sheng Hang, Yun Lv, Yang Li, key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, 100193, Beijing, PR China, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Research Resources, CAS Engineering Laboratory for Yellow River Delta Modern Agriculture, zhongke Shandong Dongying Institute of Geography, Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Elsevier, ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), European Project: ANR-16-CONV-0003,Cland, European Project: XDA23050102, and European Project: KFZD-SW-113
Subjects: 020209 energy, Strategy and Management, Population, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, Trade-off, 02 engineering and technology, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 12. Responsible consumption, Emergy, Agricultural science, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Production (economics), Agricultural productivity, Cropping system, education, Productivity, 0505 law, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, 05 social sciences, Manure fertiliser, Building and Construction, 15. Life on land, Environmental impacts, Specialised agriculture, Manure, Crop-livestock integration, 13. Climate action, Sustainability, 050501 criminology, Environmental science
Abstract: The dominant specialised cropping system (SCS) has supported the increasing population in China, although this agricultural production paradigm could lead to environmental problems. The modern integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) in China, designed as a recycling paradigm, can alleviate the negative environmental impacts of SCS. However, it must be better investigated, especially due to the trade-off between increased production and environmental harm. In this study, we set up a multi-criteria evaluation with eight indicators based on emergy analysis to quantify and compare the performance of ICLS and SCS and to evaluate the performance of the indicators along a gradient when a proportion of chemical nitrogen is substituted with manure fertiliser nitrogen (PCSM). We examined one experimental modern ICLS and an average SCS by conducting a household survey in Shandong province. The results showed that the ICLS puts less pressure on the environment ( E L R = 1.04), has higher emergy sustainability ( E S I = 1.09), and generates higher economic benefits per unit area of land ( L P O = 3789.94 $‧ha−1). However, the productivity of the ICLS is lower ( T r = 1.66E+05 sej‧J−1, E O D = 1.07E+11 J‧ha−1‧yr−1, E Y R = 1.13) than that of the SCS. With an increasing gradient of PCSM, for both systems, the productivity and environmental pressure decreased sharply; this trade-off was less marked for the ICLS. Considering sustainable resource utilisation, environmentally friendly production, and system stability, the ICLS could be an option for Chinese agricultural production in regions with serious issues of manure pollution and cultivated land degradation. However, the ICLS needs to optimise the crop-livestock structure, strengthen scientific management, and improve productivity.
Published: 2021

39. Bioenergy crops for low warming targets require half of the present agricultural fertilizer use

Author: Qing Zhao, Jinfeng Chang, Philippe Ciais, Jingmeng Wang, Mengjie Han, Lei Zhu, Daniel S. Goll, Wei Li, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Zhejiang University, Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)
Subjects: Crops, Agricultural, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biomass, 010501 environmental sciences, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, nutrient demand, Nutrient, Environmental protection, Bioenergy, Carbon capture and storage, BECCS, Environmental Chemistry, Fertilizers, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, climate mitigation, business.industry, Agriculture, Bio-energy with carbon capture and storage, General Chemistry, 15. Life on land, global production, Carbon, bioenergy crop, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, engineering, Environmental science, Fertilizer, business
Abstract: International audience; Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is a key option for removing CO$_2$ from the atmosphere over time to achieve climate mitigation. However, an overlooked impact of BECCS is the amount of nutrients required to sustain the production. Here, we use an observation-driven approach to estimate the future bioenergy biomass production for land-use scenarios maximizing BECCS and the pertaining nutrient requirements. The projected global biomass production during the 21st century is comparable to the CO$_2$ removal target for 2 °C warming scenarios. However, 9–19% of this future production hinges on agrotechnology improvement, which remains uncertain. Additional nutrients from fertilizers, corresponding to 56.8 ± 6.1% of the present-day agricultural fertilizer, will be needed to replenish the nutrients removed in harvested biomass at the end of the century, resulting in additional costs and greenhouse gas emissions. Our study reveals the nutrient challenges associated with BECCS and calls for additional management efforts to grow bioenergy crops in a sustainable way.
Published: 2021

40. Potassium limitation of wood productivity: A review of elementary processes and ways forward to modelling illustrated by Eucalyptus plantations

Author: Nicolas Delpierre, Ivan Cornut, Joannès Guillemot, Louis Mareschal, Jean-Paul Laclau, Yann Nouvellon, Guerric Le Maire, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz' (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Universidade de Sao Paulo, CIRAD, Agence Nationale de la Recherche (MACACC project ANR-13AGRO-0005, Viabilite et Adaptation des Ecosyst`emes Productifs, Territoires et Ressources face aux Changements Globaux AGROBIOSPHERE 2013 program), Brazilian state (Programa de Cooperacao internacional capes/Fundacao AGROPOLIS 017/2013'), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), ANR-13-AGRO-0005,MACACC,Modélisation pour l'accompagnement des ACteurs, vers l'Adaptation des Couverts pérennes ou agroforestiers aux Changements globaux(2013), ANR-10-LABX-0001,AGRO,Agricultural Sciences for sustainable Development(2010), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Process modeling, Process (engineering), Carence en substance nutritive, Plantations, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Productivité, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Facteur de croissance, Forest ecology, Ecosystem, Water cycle, Productivity, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Eucalyptus, Carbon source-sink, Agroforestry, Carence du sol, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Plantation forestière, K10 - Production forestière, Modélisation, 13. Climate action, Process-based modelling, K deficiency, Nutrient limitation, Potassium, Tropical plantations, Écosystème forestier, Environmental science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Potassium (K) is essential for a wide range of physiological functions in plants, and a limiting element for wood productivity in numerous forest ecosystems. However, the contribution of each of the K-sensitive physiological processes to the limitation of wood productivity is poorly known. In trees, K deficiency acts both on the source and the sinks of carbon making it difficult to disentangle its effects on wood productivity. Here, we review the literature dealing with the influence of K-limitation on tree physiological processes. Results from extensively studied tropical Eucalyptus plantations are used to illustrate the physiological processes the most impacted by K deficiency. We identify the main processes that limit the availability of K to the trees and influence the circulation of K ions in the ecosystem. Then, we describe the influence of K bioavailability on carbon assimilation, the water economy of trees, and carbon partitioning. We conclude this review by identifying the main priorities towards the process-based modelling of the influence of K on the carbon and water cycles in forest ecosystems. For each process modelling priority, we identify options that could be used in the current conceptual framework of most eco-physiological models.
Published: 2021

41. Additional carbon inputs to reach a 4 per 1000 objective in Europe: feasibility and projected impacts of climate change based on Century simulations of long-term arable experiments

Author: E. Bruni, B. Guenet, Y. Huang, H. Clivot, I. Virto, R. Farina, T. Kätterer, P. Ciais, M. Martin, C. Chenu, Universidad Pública de Navarra. Departamento de Ciencias, Nafarroako Unibertsitate Publikoa. Zientziak Saila, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), CISRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria = Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: DYNAMICS, DECOMPOSITION, AGRICULTURE, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT, Soil Science, Soil organic carbon (SOC), Climate change, Organic C inputs, SEQUESTRATION, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Climate warming, Life, ROOT, QH501-531, TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY, STOCKS, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, QH540-549.5, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, SOIL ORGANIC-CARBON, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, 2. Zero hunger, QE1-996.5, Ecology, Nutrient management, Global warming, Environmental Sciences (social aspects to be 507), Geology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, 13. Climate action, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Arable land, Soil fertility, MATTER
Abstract: The 4 per 1000 initiative aims to maintain and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks for soil fertility, food security, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. One way to enhance SOC stocks is to increase carbon (C) inputs to the soil. In this study, we assessed the amount of organic C inputs that are necessary to reach a target of SOC stocks increase by 4 ‰ yr−1 on average, for 30 years, at 14 long-term agricultural sites in Europe. We used the Century model to simulate SOC stocks and assessed the required level of additional C inputs to reach the 4 per 1000 target at these sites. Then, we analyzed how this would change under future scenarios of temperature increase. Initial stocks were simulated assuming steady state. We compared modeled C inputs to different treatments of additional C used on the experimental sites (exogenous organic matter addition and one treatment with different crop rotations). The model was calibrated to fit the control plots, i.e. conventional management without additional C inputs from exogenous organic matter or changes in crop rotations, and was able to reproduce the SOC stock dynamics. We found that, on average among the selected experimental sites, annual C inputs will have to increase by 43.15 ± 5.05 %, which is 0.66 ± 0.23 MgCha-1yr-1 (mean ± standard error), with respect to the initial C inputs in the control treatment. The simulated amount of C input required to reach the 4 ‰ SOC increase was lower than or similar to the amount of C input actually used in the majority of the additional C input treatments of the long-term experiments. However, Century might be overestimating the effect of additional C inputs on SOC stocks. At the experimental sites, we found that treatments with additional C inputs were increasing by 0.25 % on average. This means that the C inputs required to reach the 4 per 1000 target might actually be much higher. Furthermore, we estimated that annual C inputs will have to increase even more due to climate warming, that is 54 % more and 120 % more for a 1 and 5 ∘C warming, respectively. We showed that modeled C inputs required to reach the target depended linearly on the initial SOC stocks, raising concern on the feasibility of the 4 per 1000 objective in soils with a higher potential contribution to C sequestration, that is soils with high SOC stocks. Our work highlights the challenge of increasing SOC stocks at a large scale and in a future with a warmer climate.
Published: 2021

42. Spatial Autocorrelation in Econometric Land Use Models: An Overview

Author: Raja Chakir, Julie Le Gallo, Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre d'Economie et de Sociologie Rurales Appliquées à l'Agriculture et aux Espaces Ruraux (CESAER), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Abdelaati Daouia, Anne Ruiz-Gazen, ANR-11-LABX-0034,BASC,Biodiversité, Agroécosystèmes, Société, Climat(2011), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Land use, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, 15. Life on land, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Ecosystem services, Econometric model, 13. Climate action, 0502 economics and business, Econometrics, Economics, Quality (business), Spatial econometrics, 050202 agricultural economics & policy, 050207 economics, Spatial analysis, Carbon stock, media_common
Abstract: International audience; This chapter provides an overview of the literature on econometric land use models including spatial autocorrelation. These models are useful to analyze the determinants of land use changes and to study their implications for the environment (carbon stocks, water quality, biodiversity, ecosystem services). Recent methodological advances in spatial econometrics have improved the quality of econometric models allowing them to identify more precisely the determinants of land use changes and make more accurate land use predictions. We review the current state of the literature on studies which account explicitly for spatial autocorrelation in econometric land use models or in the environmental impacts of land use.; Ce chapitre donne une vue d'ensemble de la littérature sur les modèles économétriques d'utilisation des sols incluant l'autocorrélation spatiale. Ces modèles sont utiles pour analyser les déterminants des changements d'utilisation des terres et pour étudier leurs implications sur l'environnement (stocks de carbone, qualité de l'eau, biodiversité, services écosystémiques). Les récentes avancées méthodologiques en économétrie spatiale ont amélioré la qualité des modèles économétriques, leur permettant d'identifier plus précisément les déterminants des changements d'utilisation des terres et de faire des prédictions plus précises en la matière.Les auteurs passent en revue l'état actuel de la littérature sur les études qui tiennent compte explicitement de l'autocorrélation spatiale dans les modèles économétriques d'utilisation des sols ou dans les impacts environnementaux de l'utilisation des sols.
Published: 2021

43. Tradeoff of CO2 and CH4 emissions from global peatlands under water-table drawdown

Author: Chunjing Qiu, Dan Zhu, David Makowski, Daniel S. Goll, P. Ciais, Ying-Ping Wang, Jens Leifeld, Min Jung Kwon, Yiqi Luo, Yuanyuan Huang, Laiye Qu, Jing Hu, Inge de Graaf, Bertrand Guenet, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA-Paris), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Agroscope, Mississippi State University [Mississippi], University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), Y.H., P.C., D.Z., C.Q. and D.S.G. received support from the European Research Council Synergy project SyG-2013-610028 IMBALANCE-P and Y.H., P.C., D.Z., C.Q., D.S.G., B.G. and D.M. from the ANR CLAND Convergence Institute (ANR-16-CONV-0003)., ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA Paris-Saclay), and AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, CLIMATE CHANGE, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Methane, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Climate impact, [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], TROPICAL PEATLANDS, Table (landform), Life Science, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, NITROUS-OXIDE FLUXES, 0303 health sciences, Global warming, 15. Life on land, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Carbon dioxide, Drawdown (hydrology), Environmental science, Water Systems and Global Change, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract: International audience; The climate impact of water-table drawdown in peatlands is unclear as carbon dioxide emissions increase and methane emissions decrease due to drying. This study shows decreasing water-table depth results in net greenhouse gas emissions from global peatlands, despite reducing methane emissions.Water-table drawdown across peatlands increases carbon dioxide (CO2) and reduces methane (CH4) emissions. The net climatic effect remains unclear. Based on global observations from 130 sites, we found a positive (warming) net climate effect of water-table drawdown. Using a machine-learning-based upscaling approach, we predict that peatland water-table drawdown driven by climate drying and human activities will increase CO2 emissions by 1.13 (95% interval: 0.88-1.50) Gt yr(-1) and reduce CH4 by 0.26 (0.14-0.52) GtCO(2)-eq yr(-1), resulting in a net increase of greenhouse gas of 0.86 (0.36-1.36) GtCO(2)-eq yr(-1) by the end of the twenty-first century under the RCP8.5 climate scenario. This drops to 0.73 (0.2-1.2) GtCO(2)-eq yr(-1) under RCP2.6. Our results point to an urgent need to preserve pristine and rehabilitate drained peatlands to decelerate the positive feedback among water-table drawdown, increased greenhouse gas emissions and climate warming.
Published: 2021

44. Large historical carbon emissions from cultivated northern peatlands

Author: Qiu, Chunjing, Ciais, Philippe, Zhu, Dan, Guenet, Bertrand, Peng, Shushi, Petrescu, Ana Maria Roxana, Petrescu, Roxana, Lauerwald, Ronny, Makowski, David, Gallego-Sala, Angela, Charman, Dan, Brewer, Simon, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA-Paris), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Peking University [Beijing], Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Exeter, University of Utah, GENCI-TGCC 2020A0070106328, UK Research & Innovation (UKRI)Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)NE/I012915/1, ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), European Project: 610028,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-SyG,IMBALANCE-P(2014), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA Paris-Saclay), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Earth and Climate, Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), University of Bristol [Bristol], and College of Life and Environmental Sciences [Exeter]
Subjects: DYNAMICS, GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS, CH4, Ecology, METHANE FLUXES, DRAINAGE, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, SciAdv r-articles, PEAT SOILS, COVER CHANGE, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, LAND-SURFACE MODEL, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, SDG 13 - Climate Action, CO2, ORGANIC SOILS, Research Articles, Research Article
Abstract: Crop cultivation of northern peatlands emitted large amount of CO2 over the period 850–2010., When a peatland is drained and cultivated, it behaves as a notable source of CO2. However, we lack temporally and spatially explicit estimates of carbon losses from cultivated peatlands. Using a process-based land surface model that explicitly includes representation of peatland processes, we estimate that northern peatlands converted to croplands emitted 72 Pg C over 850–2010, with 45% of this source having occurred before 1750. This source surpassed the carbon accumulation by high-latitude undisturbed peatlands (36 to 47 Pg C). Carbon losses from the cultivation of northern peatlands are omitted in previous land-use emission assessments. Adding this ignored historical land-use emission implies an 18% larger terrestrial carbon storage since 1750 to close the historical global carbon budget. We also show that carbon emission per unit area decrease with time since drainage, suggesting that time since drainage should be accounted for in inventories to refine land-use emissions from cultivated peatlands.
Published: 2021

45. Évaluation de la sensibilité du prix mondial du maïs aux productions régionales à l'aide de méthodes statistiques et d'apprentissage automatique

Author: Zelingher, Rotem, Makowski, David, Brunelle, Thierry, Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées (MIA-Paris), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay, Centre International de Recherche sur l'Environnement et le Développement (CIRED), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-AgroParisTech-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INRAE metaprogram GloFoods, and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: maïs, Horticulture, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, food-security, maize, Food processing and manufacture, Prix agricole, regional productions, E14 - Économie et politique du développement, [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], TX341-641, apprentissage machine, Production alimentaire, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Nutrition. Foods and food supply, E80 - Économie familiale et artisanale, TP368-456, E71 - Commerce international, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, machine learning, sécurité alimentaire, Modélisation, Agronomy and Crop Science, Agricultural commodity prices, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Agricultural price shocks strongly affect farmers' income and food security. It is therefore important to understand and anticipate their origins and occurrence, particularly for the world's main agricultural commodities. In this study, we assess the impacts of yearly variations in regional maize productions and yields on global maize prices using several statistical and machine-learning (ML) methods. Our results show that, of all regions considered, Northern America is by far the most influential. More specifically, our models reveal that a yearly yield gain of +8% in Northern America negatively impacts the global maize price by about –7%, while a decrease of –0.1% is expected to increase global maize price by more than +7%. Our classification models show that a small decrease in the maize yield in Northern America can inflate the probability of maize price increase on the global scale. The maize productions in the other regions have a much lower influence on the global price. Among the tested methods, random forest and gradient boosting perform better than linear models. Our results highlight the interest of ML in analyzing global prices of major commodities and reveal the strong sensitivity of maize prices to small variations of maize production in Northern America.; Les chocs de prix agricoles affectent fortement les revenus et la sécurité alimentaire des agriculteurs. Il est donc important de comprendre et d'anticiper leurs origines et leur occurrence, en particulier pour les principaux produits agricoles de base dans le monde. Dans cette étude, nous évaluons les impacts des variations annuelles des productions et des rendements régionaux de maïs sur les prix mondiaux du maïs en utilisant plusieurs méthodes statistiques et d'apprentissage automatique (ML). Nos résultats montrent que, de toutes les régions considérées, l'Amérique du Nord est de loin la plus influente. Plus précisément, nos modèles révèlent qu'un gain de rendement annuel de +8% en Amérique du Nord a un impact négatif d'environ -7% sur le prix mondial du maïs, tandis qu'une baisse de -0,1% devrait augmenter le prix mondial du maïs de plus de +7%. Nos modèles de classification montrent qu'une petite diminution du rendement du maïs en Amérique du Nord peut gonfler la probabilité d'une augmentation du prix du maïs à l'échelle mondiale. Les productions de maïs dans les autres régions ont une influence beaucoup plus faible sur le prix mondial. Parmi les méthodes testées, random forest et gradient boosting sont plus performants que les modèles linéaires. Nos résultats soulignent l'intérêt des ML pour l'analyse des prix mondiaux des principales matières premières et révèlent la forte sensibilité des prix du maïs à de faibles variations de la production de maïs en Amérique du Nord.
Published: 2021

46. Feasibility of the 4 per 1000 aspirational target for soil carbon: A case study for France

Author: Martin, Manuel P., Dimassi, Bassem, Román Dobarco, Mercedes, Guenet, Bertrand, Arrouays, Dominique, Angers, Denis A., Blache, Fabrice, Huard, Frédéric, Soussana, Jean‐François, Pellerin, Sylvain, InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Lycée Pothier, Agroclim (AGROCLIM), Collège de Direction (CODIR), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), European Project: 774378,Horizon 2020,CIRCASA(2017), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC)
Subjects: [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Carbon Sequestration, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Primary Research Articles, RothC, Carbon, climate change mitigation, soil organic carbon, Soil, SOC saturation, Feasibility Studies, 4 per 1000, Primary Research Article, net primary productivity, France, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment
Abstract: Increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is a promising way to mitigate the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. Based on a simple ratio between CO2 anthropogenic emissions and SOC stocks worldwide, it has been suggested that a 0.4% (4 per 1000) yearly increase in SOC stocks could compensate for current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Here, we used a reverse RothC modelling approach to estimate the amount of C inputs to soils required to sustain current SOC stocks and to increase them by 4‰ per year over a period of 30 years. We assessed the feasibility of this aspirational target first by comparing the required C input with net primary productivity (NPP) flowing to the soil, and second by considering the SOC saturation concept. Calculations were performed for mainland France, at a 1 km grid cell resolution. Results showed that a 30%–40% increase in C inputs to soil would be needed to obtain a 4‰ increase per year over a 30‐year period. 88.4% of cropland areas were considered unsaturated in terms of mineral‐associated SOC, but characterized by a below target C balance, that is, less NPP available than required to reach the 4‰ aspirational target. Conversely, 90.4% of unimproved grasslands were characterized by an above target C balance, that is, enough NPP to reach the 4‰ objective, but 59.1% were also saturated. The situation of improved grasslands and forests was more evenly distributed among the four categories (saturated vs. unsaturated and above vs below target C balance). Future data from soil monitoring networks should enable to validate these results. Overall, our results suggest that, for mainland France, priorities should be (1) to increase NPP returns in cropland soils that are unsaturated and have a below target carbon balance and (2) to preserve SOC stocks in other land uses., The 4 per 1000 aspirational target suggests that a 0.4% yearly increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks could compensate for current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Using a model of SOC dynamics, estimates of available net primary productivity (NPP), and applying the SOC saturation concept, we assessed its feasibility in the case of mainland France. Our results indicate that the 4 per 1000 target is reachable only for limited areas. Priorities should be to increase NPP returns in cropland soils that are unsaturated and have a below target carbon balance, but also to preserve SOC stocks in other land uses.
Published: 2021

47. Spatial distribution and driving factors determining local food and feed self‐sufficiency in the eastern regions of China

Author: Yang Li, Zhigang Sun, Francesco Accatino, Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions - College of Resources and Environmental Sciences (PSI), China Agricultural University (CAU), key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modelling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Research Resources, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), CAS Engineering Laboratory for Yellow River Delta Modern Agriculture, zhongke Shandong Dongying Institute of Geography, Zhigang Sun and Yang Li were supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDA19040303, XDA23050102], the Key Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences [KFZD-SW-113], and the UCAS Joint Ph.D. Training Program. Francesco Accatino was supported by CLAND, which benefits from the French state aid managed by the ANR under the 'Investissements d'avenir' program with the reference ANR-16-CONV-0003., Wiley Online Library, ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), and European Project: ANR-16-CONV-0003,Cland
Subjects: China, feed self‐sufficiency, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Agriculture (General), Population, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural economics, Gross domestic product, GDP, S1-972, 12. Responsible consumption, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, 11. Sustainability, local level, Per capita, education, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Driving factors, Sustainable development, education.field_of_study, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, 1. No poverty, Urban sprawl, food and beverages, Agriculture, Forestry, 15. Life on land, Geography, feed self-sufficiency, food self-sufficiency, Arable land, food self‐sufficiency, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, Self-sufficiency, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Achieving food and feed self-sufficiency is important for both China and the world. While China's food self-sufficiency has been examined at the national and provincial levels, few studies consider lower administrative levels or different food and feed items. This study quantifies self-sufficiency in the eastern regions of China and examines correlations with agronomic (arable area, yield, fertilizer input, and machinery power) and socioeconomic (population density, gross domestic product [GDP]) variables at the local level, which are related to the interactions of the Sustainable Development Goals. We calculated food and feed balances, and checked correlations across and within regions grouped by population density levels between production, balance indices, and other agronomic and socioeconomic variables. The results showed that most regions can achieve self-sufficiency in cereals, vegetables, and meat. Regarding eggs and maize, there was self-sufficiency in the north but deficiency in the south. Nearly all regions demonstrated extreme shortages of milk and soybeans. The results also showed a positive correlation between the production of some food commodities and the population in eastern regions of China, demonstrating that the aim of achieving food self-sufficiency at the local level is pursued. For cereals, vegetables, and maize, the yield and arable land per capita were positive factors for self-sufficiency, while GDP per capita was a negative factor for cereals, meat, and maize. Various factors have different impacts on the food and feed self-sufficiency of regions based on population density. Protecting arable land by rural revitalization and mitigating urban sprawl can retain food and feed self-sufficiency in large cities. This study outlines important implications for policymakers seeking to achieve food and feed self-sufficiency in China.
Published: 2021

48. Data-driven estimates of global nitrous oxide emissions from croplands

Author: Francesco N. Tubiello, Qihui Wang, Feng Zhou, Shilong Piao, Robert B. Jackson, Philippe Ciais, Wilfried Winiwarter, Greet Janssens-Maenhout, Josep G. Canadell, Ziyin Shang, Xiaoqing Cui, Hanqin Tian, Shu Tao, Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University [Beijing], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis [Laxenburg] (IIASA), University of Zielona Góra, Department of Earth System Science [Stanford] (ESS), Stanford EARTH, Stanford University-Stanford University, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Auburn University (AU), Global Carbon Project (GCP), CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CSIRO-MAR), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41671464, 7181101181), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0800501, 2018YFC0213304) and the 111 Project (B14001), the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (P 29130-G27), ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: emission factor, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, AcademicSubjects/SCI00010, temporal trend, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, Atmospheric sciences, Spatial distribution, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Multidisciplinary, nitrous oxide, flux upscaling, Nitrous oxide, emission inventories, Tier 1 network, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Earth Sciences, Environmental science, agricultural soils, AcademicSubjects/MED00010, Research Article
Abstract: Croplands are the single largest anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N2O) globally, yet their estimates remain difficult to verify when using Tier 1 and 3 methods of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Here, we re-evaluate global cropland-N2O emissions in 1961–2014, using N-rate-dependent emission factors (EFs) upscaled from 1206 field observations in 180 global distributed sites and high-resolution N inputs disaggregated from sub-national surveys covering 15593 administrative units. Our results confirm IPCC Tier 1 default EFs for upland crops in 1990–2014, but give a ∼15% lower EF in 1961–1989 and a ∼67% larger EF for paddy rice over the full period. Associated emissions (0.82 ± 0.34 Tg N yr–1) are probably one-quarter lower than IPCC Tier 1 global inventories but close to Tier 3 estimates. The use of survey-based gridded N-input data contributes 58% of this emission reduction, the rest being explained by the use of observation-based non-linear EFs. We conclude that upscaling N2O emissions from site-level observations to global croplands provides a new benchmark for constraining IPCC Tier 1 and 3 methods. The detailed spatial distribution of emission data is expected to inform advancement towards more realistic and effective mitigation pathways.
Published: 2019

49. The crucial role of domestic and international market-mediated adaptation to climate change

Author: Gouel, Christophe, Laborde, David, Centre d'Etudes Prospectives et d'Informations Internationales (CEPII), Centre d'analyse stratégique, Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Recherche en Économie et Statistique (CREST), Ecole Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information [Bruz] (ENSAI)-École polytechnique (X)-École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Administration Économique (ENSAE Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Food Policy Research Institute [Washington] (IFPRI), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: Changement climatique, JEL: R - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics/R.R1 - General Regional Economics/R.R1.R14 - Land Use Patterns, Commerce international, Agriculture, International trade, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q1 - Agriculture/Q.Q1.Q17 - Agriculture in International Trade, JEL: Q - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics/Q.Q5 - Environmental Economics/Q.Q5.Q54 - Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Land use, Usage des sols, Climate change, JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D5 - General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium/D.D5.D58 - Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models, JEL: F - International Economics/F.F1 - Trade/F.F1.F18 - Trade and Environment, Adaptation
Abstract: International audience; Climate change effects on agricultural yields will be uneven over the world. A few countries, mostly in high latitudes, may experience gains, while most will see average yield decrease. This paper aims to quantify the role of market-mediated adjustments in attenuating the effects of climate change by allowing the expression of the new climate-induced pattern of comparative advantages within and between countries. To do this, we develop a quantitative general equilibrium trade model where the representation of land use choice is inspired from modern Ricardian trade models. We use spatially explicit information from the agronomic literature about potential yields before and after climate change for calibration and counterfactual simulations. The results show that the climate-induced yield changes generate large price movements that incentivize adjustments in production and trade. Both production and trade adjustments contribute to reducing welfare losses globally, with production adjustments making the larger contribution.; Les effets du changement climatique sur les rendements agricoles seront hétérogènes dans le monde. Quelques pays, principalement dans les latitudes élevées, pourraient bénéficier de gains, alors que la plupart devraient avoir des pertes de rendement. Cet article a pour but de quantifier le role des ajustements médiés par le marché dans l'atténuation des effets du changement climatique en permettant l'expression des nouveaux avantages comparatifs induits par le climat. Pour faire cela, nous développons un modèle quantitif d'équilibre général dans lequel la représentation des choix d'usage des sols est inspirée des modèles de commerce ricardien modernes. Nous utilisons des informations spatialement explicites provenant de la littérature agronomique sur les rendements potentiels avant et après changement climatique pour le calibrage et pour les simulations contrefactuelles. Les résultats montrent que les changements de rendement induits par le climate génèrent d'importants changements de prix qui créent des incitations à ajuster la production et le commerce. Les ajustements de production et de commerce contribuent tous les deux à réduire les pertes de bien-être au niveau mondial, les justements de production contribuant le plus.
Published: 2021

50. A data‐driven global soil heterotrophic respiration dataset and the drivers of its inter‐annual variability

Author: Wei Li, Ben Bond-Lamberty, Hui Yang, Yitong Yao, Fabio Cresto‐aleina, Philippe Ciais, Emilie Joetzjer, Nicolas Viovy, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), ICOS-ATC (ICOS-ATC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Modélisation des Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (MOSAIC), Tsinghua University [Beijing] (THU), Centre national de recherches météorologiques (CNRM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Météo France-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joint Global Change Research Institute, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL)-University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, This work was financially supported by the CLAND Convergence Institute funded by ANR (16-CONV-0003). Y. Yao also acknowledges support from Make Our Planet Great Again (MOPGA) Scholarship., Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT), and ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, Atmospheric Science, Global and Planetary Change, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Edaphic, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil respiration, Nutrient, Productivity (ecology), 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Precipitation, Water content, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Soil heterotrophic respiration (SHR) is important for carbon-climate feedbacks because of its sensitivity to soil carbon, climatic conditions and nutrient availability. However, available global SHR estimates have either a coarse spatial resolution or rely on simple upscaling formulations. To better quantify the global distribution of SHR and its response to climate variability, we produced a new global SHR data set using Random Forest, up-scaling 455 point data from the Global Soil Respiration Database (SRDB 4.0) with gridded fields of climatic, edaphic and productivity. We estimated a global total SHR of urn:x-wiley:08866236:media:gbc21177:gbc21177-math-0001 Pg C yr−1 over 1985–2013 with a significant increasing trend of 0.03 Pg C yr−2. Among the inputs to generate SHR products, the choice of soil moisture datasets contributes more to the difference among SHR ensemble. Water availability dominates SHR inter-annual variability (IAV) at the global scale; more precisely, temperature strongly controls the SHR IAV in tropical forests, while water availability dominates in extra-tropical forest and semi-arid regions. Our machine-learning SHR ensemble of data-driven gridded estimates and outputs from process-based models (TRENDYv6) shows agreement for a strong association between water variability and SHR IAV at the global scale, but ensemble members exhibit different ecosystem-level SHR IAV controllers. The important role of water availability in driving SHR suggests both a direct effect limiting decomposition and an indirect effect on litter available from productivity. Considering potential uncertainties remaining in our data-driven SHR datasets, we call for more scientifically designed SHR observation network and deep-learning methods making maximum use of observation data.
Published: 2021

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Journal

Database

Publisher

86 results on '"ANR-16-CONV-0003,CLAND,CLAND : Changement climatique et usage des terres(2016)"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources