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Numerical commemoration is a distinctive form of group remembrance in which the collective number of those who make up the group serves as the mnemonic key to the past. The [...]

The article discusses the evolution of the place of commemorations in the political, media, cultural, and touristic spheres, particularly the commemoration of the centennial of World War I, and discusses a model proposing a more global approach to the commemoration phenomenon.

This article considers the commemorative events for the 1916 Rising taking place over the course of the Easter weekend in Belfast an exercise in choreographed segregation. The paper highlights that, beginning on Easter Sunday morning and concluding late on Monday afternoon, six separate faction-specific commemorations take place in the west of the city. Rather than serving the purpose of uniting an ever expanding network of rival groups under a banner of this shared Irish republican commemoration, the manner by which the events are organised serves to harden the lines of intra-factional difference. Analysis of the use of commemorative space, with a specific focus on how it is both shared and divided over the course of the Easter weekend, reveals the designation of separate time slots for groups to gather and internal segregation within the same commemorative space in the city, Milltown cemetery. In addition the article highlights the competition over use and ownership of important and iconic republican symbolism. It is argued that the expansion of separate republican commemorations for the Easter Rising is linked to the improving political climate in ‘post-conflict’ Belfast. Segregation at the events is based on a need to ensure an absence of violent intra-factional conflict should two or more commemorative rituals collide. However, of equal importance is the crucial role the 1916 Easter commemorations play in maintaining marginalised republican factional identities, particularly those whose very existence is challenged as a result of the dominant position of the powerful republican group in the north, Sinn Féin. Findings presented in the article are supplemented with reference to data gathered through interviews conducted with members across the republican movement in the north. The overall outcome is a commemorative event that appears solidarity limiting, fragmented and deeply contested despite taking place in a relatively peaceful and consensual ‘post-conflict’ environment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article explores how secondary school pupils in England are integrated into the First World War centenary practices of remembrance with a particular focus on education. It discusses which narratives of the war are included in and excluded from secondary-level classroom history teaching and raises important concerns relating to the "memory messages" that are being communicated via history teaching of the First World War and the consequences of such narratives regarding the replication of power relations, a continued inability to deal with Britain's colonial legacy, and an uncritical normalizing of the military in the minds of young people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The British Army, who had been defeated by the Turkish Forces during the First World War firstly in Gallipoli, opened up the frontier of Iran-Iraq to be able to recover their dignity and also possess valuable resources in the region. Their invasions at this frontier gained momentum very quickly. The British advanced into Iraq step by step as they had planned previously. First of all, they invaded Amara on June 3, and then Nasiriyah on July 24.Following this successful advance attained in a short time, General John Nixon, the commander of the British Expeditionary Force in Iraq, began to think of taking Baghdad. British were all dreaming of being in Baghdad on the Christmas Day.However, with the Battle of Ctesiphon, their rapid move ceased and the British under General Townshend's command had to take refuge in Kut Al Amara. Hoping that reinforcements would arrive soon, General Townshend decided to holdKut Al Amara. He took defensive measures in the town against the oncoming Turkish forces. On December 7, Turkish Army, under Colonel Nurettin's command, laid total siege around the British Army at Kut Al Amara.Inconclusive offensives carried out until 25 December showed the Turks that Kut Al Amara could not be taken so easily. As a result of this, large-scale offensives were abandoned and it was decided that it would be more appropriate to force the town to surrender by continuing the siege. The British troops at Kut Al Amara were expecting General Fenton Aylmer, the Commander of the British Relieving Force, to save them from that siege. They couldn't know that this wait would last too long, because all the attempts by General Aylmer, who was charged with the duty of relieving the British forces that were under siege at Kut Al Amara, were to end up in complete failure.Following General Aylmer's failure, General Gorringe was put in charge of the British forces. However, General Gorringe's relief operation also came to nothing. On 22 April, General Gorringe's final rescue effort in the Fourth Battle of Hanna failed and this led to the exhaustion of all the remaining hopes. As a last resort, they decided to send a ship (Julnar) loaded with food and ammunition up the river on the night of 24 April. This was the last rescue effort, which ended up in the capture of the ship by Turks. This hopeful wait ended up in frustration. Several rescue efforts carried out by the British Government and British-Iraq Army Command turned out to be inconclusive and now it was time for the British forces in Kut Al Amara to surrender. The British, who were surrounded by the Turkish forces at Kut Al Amara, could stand against it for 144 days. At the end of the 144-day siege, 13,309 soldiers surrendered and as they were hoping to save their troops at Kut Al Amara, the British losses were around 21973 during the entire siege process. What was more painful was not that the British were besieged at Kut Al Amara, but that all the operational attempts to put an end to that siege resulted in complete failure. General Townshend personally made a great contribution to these failures, because he had never attempted to break out of the encirclement and eventually was forced to surrender together with all his troops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2015 marks the twentieth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, with a goal to contribute to gender equality globally. As scholars continue in their quest to ‘take stock’ of the ways in which gender and education work in tandem to achieve greater gender equality, we observe a revival in interest regarding conversations on gender and education. These conversations cover a gamut of related issues, including teaching and achievement as well as a number of intersecting issues such as gender-based violence. Within the conversation has been a continued focus on the role of equity primarily defined as access and opportunity. This paper explores the context of quality as it relates to equity in education and addresses the problems that are still left on the margins. Our goal is to take stock and assess the strength of evidence and to provide directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the article, author reflects on political memories related to relationship among commonwealth nations. Topics discussed include selection of policy terms for allocation of scarce resources, distortion of memories with increasing obsession for anniversaries made of Magna Carta, control of society's memories, and effect of diversity, language and culture combination on strength of commonwealth.

This paper studies to what extent participating in days for national commemoration and celebration is associated with feelings of national belonging, and to what extent this is comparable across generations and ethnic groups. Utilizing data from a national survey (N = 4,505), three major national days in the Netherlands are examined. We find that whereas participation in Queen's Day is associated with national belonging for all generations, for Remembrance Day this holds only for the generation born between 1945 and 1955, and for Liberation Day for the generations born after 1955. Moreover, for citizens with a non-Western origin, participating in national days is associated with national belonging more strongly than for citizens with a native Dutch or other Western background. These findings highlight the importance of paying attention to potential group differences in the association between participation in national days and feelings of national belonging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent public commemorations in the US and El Salvador for the 1932 state-sanctioned killing of thousands of indigenous Nahuat in western El Salvador involve Native communities and diasporic Salvadorans who thereby bring attention to the continued marginalization of Native people and cultures. Salvadorans in the US express personal and collective indigeneity while contributing to memory and justice efforts in Izalco, the epicenter of the 1932 violence. Multi-sited ethnography illustrates how Native populations and diasporic others, two publics at the margins of the nation-state, engage popular social memory to acknowledge and commemorate a national tragedy in a process that reconfigures and remakes the meaning of national belonging. [Keywords: Social memory, indigeneity, nation-state, diaspora, El Salvador, 1932] [Palavras-chave: Memoria social, indigenismo, estado-nacao, diaspora, el Salvador, 1932], As El Salvador continues to re-build in the aftermath of its civil war (1980-1992), new official sites and practices actively draw attention to questions of national culture, history, and identity. [...]

The article discusses confusion in relation to the fiftieth anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the criminal law case Miranda v. Arizona which established the Miranda warnings legal doctrine which requires the police to warn individuals about their right against self-incrimination under the U.S. Constitution's Fifth Amendment when being questioned by law enforcement. Admissible evidence and the legal aspects of confessions are examined, along with U.S. constitutional rights

Any notion of political belonging is highly contested. Ultimately though, the political body of a society is shaped by contestation of two modes of belonging: civic and communal. In Australia, the relationship between these two modes of belonging has been negotiated through political conflicts, not least in reference to immigration, since the early years of European settlement. This article traces the trajectory of these conflicts by analysing political memories, specifically those of Australia Day commemorations, to engage with the underlying tension that constitutes the country's political body. Engaging with the long-standing civic/ethnic debate, it is argued that the actual relationship between civic and ethnic/communal belonging, rather than any separate references to them, is crucial to the specific constitution of sovereign political bodies, their particular form of social and political conflicts, and the ensuing implementation of policies, not least regarding migration. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article takes as its starting point the striking juxtaposition of the commemorative activities of 2010 surrounding the celebrations of the bicentenary of the struggle for Independence and the centenary of the outbreak of revolution and the circulation of atrocity images charting the so-called ‘War on drugs’ within the pages of Mexico's respected news weeklyProceso. It asks: how are we to understand the cultural moment that finds the proliferation of visual artefacts associated with the Bi/Centenary involved in the making palpable and present the intangible—namely the modernity of the nation—that sit alongside the severed heads and body parts in Mexico's current violent conflict? Whilst acknowledging the global flows of contemporary visual cultures, it argues that it is essential to locate the circulation of atrocity images within the context of the specificities of the Mexican media environment in which such images bear powerful forensic testimony. It is equally important explore how such images form part of a longer visual genealogy related to the meanings attached to iconoclasm in the colonial baroque imaginary. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses anniversaries regarding neuroscience, referencing history from 1815 through 2015. Scientists, including French anatomist and zoologist and Professor of Zoology at the University of Paris Louis Pierre Gratiolet, neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist Kurt Goldstein and physiologist, embryologist, and neurologist Robert Remak, are discussed.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the respective origins and developments of the German expellee organizations' chief days of commemoration, the Tag der Heiraat and the Volkstrauertag, and investigates key elements of [...]

Exploring two works of contemporary American and South African fiction, this essay meditates on memorials created at a distance from original sites of violence. These two metamemorial fictions both make [...]

Violence leaves traces. Be it habitually remembered or consciously evoked, it has profound effects on individual consciousness as well as collective identifications. Moreover, the memory of violence is not only [...]

The occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II and its subsequent commemoration, memorialisation and reenactment as heritage offers a parable for the advent of materiality in many other periods and places. The author draws a contrast between the official and the clandestine at the time of occupation, and points out the even more illuminating contrast between first hand domestic memories gradually fading with the generations and the public recognition of the events in museums, monuments and memorials--which on some islands took more than half a century to come to pass. Keywords: Britain, Channel Islands, World War II, occupation archaeology, monuments, memorialisation, commemoration, Military occupation and archaeology The experience of being militarily occupied is something that endures in the memories of individuals and communities long after the occupying army leaves, as is readily [...]

The article discusses the reported civil rights legacy of Father Theodore M. Hesburgh, C.S.C. as of July 2014, focusing on an adaptation of a speech on the subject which was delivered by the author on September 30, 2013 in celebration of the fortieth anniversary of the Notre Dame Center for Civil and Human Rights. According to the article, Hesburgh spend 15 years as a member of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Various civil rights-related issues are examined, including voting rights.

The article discusses the reported efforts to overcome short-termism and achieve global progress as of April 2014, focusing on the one hundred year anniversary of the outbreak of World War I in 1914 and the social impacts of an influenza pandemic and a worldwide depression in the early twentieth century. According to the article, the average person is about eight times richer than a century ago. Living standards and life expectancy are mentioned, along with issues such as climate change and an apparent rise in inequality. Decreases in political engagement and trusts are also examined.

The article presents a speech by U.S. Supreme Court (USSC) Justice Antonin Scalia which was delivered at American University's Washington College of Law in April 2009 in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the USSC's ruling in the case Chevron USA Inc. v. NRDC which deals with American administrative law and the U.S. Congress' law-making authority. Scalia offers his views on congressional delegations of authority, dissenting opinions, and U.S. government regulations.

European Ethnology is always intimately involved in its research objects, making sense of our practices and of the things with which we surround ourselves. Among other things, European Ethnology underpins the adoration of authentic places and helps to promulgate the idea of marked caesuras and cuts. Many topics that ethnologists encounter in their research are also and at the same time a part of their own lives, for example the anniversary. Such topics only become recognizable as "other" when subjected to a perspective from which they no longer seem self-evident but are instead experienced as curious and "foreign." The article analyses anniversaries--including that of sief--from this ethnological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses anniversary celebrations of the Protestant Reformation in Sweden in the twentieth century. The author highlights that these anniversary celebrations reflected political and social concerns at the time. Themes considered in detail include interpretations of the role of theologian Martin Luther in the Reformation, the role of religion in fostering Swedish nationalism and national unity in the era of World War II, and the 400-year anniversary of the Synod of Uppsala, Sweden, in 1993.

The article compares the anniversaries of the Protestant Reformation celebrated in the city and duchy of Oldenburg, Germany, in 1817 and 1917. The author seeks to show how these anniversaries reflected broader societal and political concerns. Topics considered include the contents of sermons given during the celebrations, including by theologians Georg Anton Hollmann and Georg Arnold Flor in the 19th century and Wilhelm Wilkens in the 20th, interpretations of the role of Reformation theologian Martin Luther, and the development of church-state relations in Germany during the time frame examined.

An essay is presented on the question of whether there will be a bicentennial celebration for the U.S. federal income tax in 2113, focusing on long-term tax deferrals and the differences between an income tax and a consumption tax as of October 2013. According to the article, Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives have been trying to terminate the nation's income tax for nearly 20 years. Economist Irving Fisher and a cash-flow consumption tax are examined, along with flat taxes.

The article discusses the 25th anniversary of the U.S. Army's Center for Law and Military Operations (CLAMO) in 2013, focusing on a historical overview of the military institution which was established by then-Secretary of the U.S. Army John O. Marsh, Jr. in 1988. Judge advocates and law of war training are mentioned, along with The Judge Advocate General’s School's "Your Conduct in Combat" coloring book. The U.S. military's Operation Urgent Fury mission in Grenada in 1983 is examined.

October 2011 marked the 25th Anniversary of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), which was celebrated for its "significant role in protecting human health and the environment over the last quarter century by providing communities and emergency planners with valuable information on toxic chemical releases in their area." This Note aims to evaluate the effectiveness of three important provisions of the statute-the Toxics Release Inventory, the emergency planning mandate, and the citizen suit provision-through a case study of their implementation in Institute, West Virginia, the site of an industrial accident that prompted the enactment of EPCRA in 1986. This Note argues that although EPCRA made significant improvements to industry transparency in terms of its production and release of hazardous substances, there remain significant barriers concerning adequate resources, informational tools, and enforcement measures. These challenges must be addressed to ensure that citizens are provided with equitable opportunities to inform and ultimately protect their communities from health and environmental hazards. Through interviews with Institute residents and members of a local community advocacy group, along with analyses of the current informational tools available to the public under the statute, the Note will discuss specific challenges facing industrial communities, and offer a series of practical and legal solutions to increase the effectiveness of the statute, particularly in the most economically and politically vulnerable communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the effect of the anniversary commemorations of September 11 and Woodstock on the American public's collective memory or collective knowledge of each event. We are able to examine both the eighth- and the tenth-anniversary commemorations of the September 11 attacks (in 2009 and 2011), as well as the fortieth anniversary of the 1969 Woodstock Festival (in 2009). In an initial step, we used media analysis to identify the timing of commemorative activity surrounding the anniversaries. Our second step was to draw on data from surveys whose fieldwork dates corresponded to the anniversary periods, in order to compare respondents' memory and knowledge of the events before, during, and after the commemorations. Our evidence shows that the percentage of Americans who consider 9/11 an "especially important" event is related to commemorative activity, and we likewise find that greater knowledge about the Woodstock Festival is associated with commemoration of that event. In addition, the impact of commemoration on knowledge of Woodstock was greatest among those with lower levels of education. For memory of 9/11, we found that commemoration's effects were stronger for blacks than for whites, suggesting that commemoration may enhance the salience of national, as opposed to racial, identity. These findings offer insights into the educative and evocative roles of commemoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A speech is presented commemorating the 80th anniversary of the genocide and Great Famine in Ukraine of 1932-1933 delivered by Askold S. Lozynskyj at the Empire State Plaza in Albany, New York on November 2, 2013, often referencing quotations on the famine. The article discusses role that the communist government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union, leader Joseph Stalin played in the Great Famine is discussed.

The article focuses on the history pertaining to the defeat of the surprise attack against Geneva, Switzerland in December 1602, called ''L'Escalade,'' by troops sent by Charles Emmanuel I, the Duke of Savoy of Italy. The author also explores the significance of the attack to the citizens of Geneva, while emphasizing that L'Escalade is an annual civic celebration in the city. The author discusses how historians of L'Escalade created a lasting mythical image of the event, which has consequently fostered patriotic pride and reaffirmed the religious faith of Swiss citizens. The author asserts that the continued celebration of L'Escalade provides an example of the importance of civic celebrations to link cultures to their own histories.