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Food insecurity and malnutrition are serious problems in many developing countries, including Ethiopia. This situation warrants an urgent need for the diversification of food sources with enhanced productivity. This study was aimed at contributing to the food security in Ethiopia through cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms using sustainable and locally available agro-industrial byproduct-based substrates in parallel with pollution control. Ten substrates were prepared using sugarcane bagasse, filter cake, trash, cotton seed hull and animal waste, namely cow dung and horse and chicken manure. The effect of each substrate (treatment) on the yields, biological efficiency, nutritional composition, and mineral contents of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom species was evaluated at the Ethiopian Forest Products Innovation Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The results obtained indicate that a significantly higher (p < 0.05) yield and biological efficiency were recorded from the mushroom cultivated on S2 substrate containing a mixture of 80% sugarcane bagasse, 12% cow dung, and 8% cotton seed hull. Moreover, substrate containing sugarcane bagasse mixed with cotton seed hull, cow dung, and chicken manure significantly (p < 0.05) increased the yields and biological efficiency of the mushroom. The content of protein, crude fat, fiber, and carbohydrates of the mushroom cultivated from all the utilized substrates were in the range of 17.30–21.5, 1.77–2.52, 31.03–34.38, and 28.02–39.74%, respectively. The critical macro-elements are abundant in the mushroom in the order of potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium. The mushrooms cultivated on all the substrates were rich in essential micro-elements in the order of iron and zinc. It was found that substrate preparation and formulation significantly (p < 0.05) improved the yields, biological efficiency, nutritive values, and mineral contents of the mushroom. The use of these by-products as substrates is sustainable and environmentally friendly and allows the production of mushroom with high nutritional value on a sustainable basis in order to enhance food security in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing sustainable and effective treatments for chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is crucial. In this study, we propose an innovative restorative approach utilizing hydrogels derived from the decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) of cadaveric vascular tissues, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This therapeutic method leverages waste valorization by repurposing discarded cadaveric tissues from slaughterhouse livestock. The dECM hydrogels, enriched with ADSCs and AuNPs, offer a biocompatible scaffold that supports cellular differentiation and vascular integrity. Our approach addresses the limitations of current allo-, auto-, and xenograft methods by enhancing integration and functionality while potentially reducing costs through sustainable practices. This study explores functionalized hydrogel formulation solely generated from agri-food waste, gelation mechanisms, and preliminary cost-effectiveness, presenting a promising new avenue for treating early-stage varicose veins that can ultimately be translated to human models using discarded tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Animal waste proteins have been increasing in the past decade, along with consumer demands. Their huge volume and the environmental issues caused by improper treatment probably pose a massive threat to human health. These animal waste proteins contain many valuable bioactive peptides and can be used not only as nutrient substances but also as primary functional ingredients in many industries, including agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals. However, the advancement of the value-added application of animal waste proteins within the past 10 years has not been elucidated yet. In this regard, this paper scrutinized the studies on the applications of hydrolysates and peptides from animal waste proteins throughout the last decade, hoping to display a whole picture of their value-adding applications. Methods: The Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched from January 1, 2013, to December 12, 2023. This review included field trials, in vitro and in vivo assays, and in silico analysis based on literature surveys or proteolysis simulation. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by Journal Citation Reports, and the rationality of the discussion of studies included. Results: Numerous studies were performed on the application potential of hydrolysates and peptides of animal waste proteins in agricultural, food, and medicinal industries. Particularly, due to the nutritional value, safety, and especially competitive effects, the peptide with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, or antithrombotic activities can be used as a primary functional ingredient in food and pharmaceuticals. Discussion: These value-added applications of animal waste proteins could be a step towards sustainable animal by-products management, and simultaneously, open new avenues in the rapid development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. However, further studies on the bioavailability and structure-activity relationship are required to verify their therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines were introduced to improve the reporting of animal studies. The aim of this study was to assess the reporting adherence of orthodontic speciality animal studies in relation to ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines. Associations between the reporting and study characteristics were explored. Materials and method An electronic database search was undertaken using Medline via PubMed (www.pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) to identify studies meeting the eligibility criteria published between 1 January 2018 and 31 December 2023. Data extraction was performed in duplicate and independently. Descriptive statistics and frequency distributions for the responses to each checklist item were calculated. Mean values for adequate reporting per ARRIVE item were calculated. A sum score was calculated by adding the responses (0 = not reported, 1 = inadequate reporting, 2 = adequate reporting) per item and sub-questions. On an exploratory basis, univariable linear regression between summary score and study characteristics (year of publication, continent of authorship, type of centre, and number of authors) was performed. Results Three hundred and eighty-four studies were analysed. Variability in the adequate reporting of the ARRIVE 2.0 guideline items was evident. In particular, in 32% of studies, there was a lack of reporting of the priori sample size calculation. Overall, the mean reporting score for the sample was 57.9 (SD 6.7 and range 34–74). There were no associations between score and study characteristics except for a weak association for year of publication with a small improvement over time (each additional year). Conclusions The reporting of animal studies relevant to the speciality of orthodontics is sub-optimal in relation to the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines. There was a tendency for the non-reporting of items pertaining to study sample size, eligibility, methods to reduce bias and interpretation/scientific implications. Greater awareness and reporting adherence to the ARRIVE 2.0 guidelines are required to reduce research waste involving animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stormwater transports directly into rivers eroded soil, animal wastes, pesticides, fertilizers and other potential pollutants. Bioretention is often designed to capture and treat it using the natural properties of soil and plants. However, selection of appropriate media structure and plants need to be adequately studied. This study investigated the performance of bioretention system in removing stormwater pollutants using Dracaena, a local plant, also called Song of India Plants. Physical model of three Columns A, B and C were developed having five layered filter media of different configurations whose materials were analyzed to meet the design standards. The plants were introduced into Columns A and C leaving out B as control experiment. The quality parameters were determined before and after treatments at ages 10, 20, 30 and 40 days when Dracaena plants were introduced into bioretention models. The results showed that the bioretention model drastically improved stormwater quality by reducing values of electrical conductivity, total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), total suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) as compared to the tested raw stormwater samples. The filter media in both Columns A and C substantially reduced the pollutant levels to standard discharge limits for all parameters tested such as TSS, TC, FC, BOD and nitrates. BOD fell within the recommended standard after 20 days of treatment in Column C with considerable reduction in TC and FC by 68.9% and 75.4% respectively when compared to raw stormwater sample. However, Column C completely removed TC and FC at 40 days which are pathogen indicators in wastewater. This study would be useful to the stakeholders for sustainable stormwater treatment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ancient times, the Kazakhstan population were considered as nomadic people, where a cult of all types of cattle breeding had a leading position. However, currently the processing approaches of livestock slaughter wastes and secondary meat raw materials are weakly developed. The presented review of waste-free technologies considers the utilization processes of following: carcasses, skins, bones, meat scraps, blood, adipose tissue, horns, feet, hooves, and internal organs. These substances are an important source of animal protein, collagen, bioactive peptides, blood plasma, minerals, and fats that can be applied in various industries: food, feed, medical, and technological. When slaughtering livestock, meat on bones makes up almost half of the total weight of livestock, yet the remaining half contains offal and inedible raw materials. Blood consists of: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, and plasma. Animal bones have mostly proteins (30-50%) and lipids (13-20%) from bone tissues. Tendons, bones and skins contain a large amount of collagen. Animal fat and adipose tissue have 54.9% saturated acids, 40.9% unsaturated fatty acids and 4.2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Bioactive peptides from collagen derivatives contain from 2 to 20 amino acids and have various biological (antihypertensive, antioxidant, and antimicrobial) activity. This review considers a world current status, modern prospects and opportunities in the slaughter wastes and themeat by-products recycling technologies. Overview of existing approaches for waste processing with the subsequent use of the final product in the food industry, the production of feed, medicines and technical products is considered. The complete processing within the slaughtering livestock and the secondary meat raw materials allows to expand the wide-range products with a low prime cost, thereby promoting to the sustainable development of agroecology by applying the waste hierarchy: Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass energy is a type of renewable energy and animal waste is one of the main resources for its production. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of raw material type (cow and chicken manure) and the type of reactor (digester) on the biogas produced by measuring the amount of methane in the product. Three types of digester (metal, simple PVC, and PVC with leachate rotation) with the same volume (10 L) were prepared. Equipment was installed on the digesters to measure the pH and volume of produced gas. The experiments were carried out in controlled temperature conditions (28–30 °C) and in two stages. The first experiment was to load the digesters with cow excrement, and the second experiment was to load the digesters with chicken excrement. In both experiments, the digesters were fed with 1.5 kg of animal manure and water with a ratio of 1:1. During a period of 60 days, the volume of biogas and methane produced was measured and recorded. The results showed that the amount of biogas produced from chicken waste is more than the amount obtained from cow waste. However, the amount of methane produced using cow excrement was more than that of chicken excrement. Also, the performance of PVC digester with leachate rotation was better than the other two digesters, which could be due to the mixing of raw materials in this type of digester. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural waste resource utilization is to transform a large amount of agricultural waste into available resources and renewable resources. In recent years, with the continuous improvement of northeast agricultural and aquaculture production, pollution of agricultural environment caused by a large amount of agricultural waste and livestock manure is becoming increasingly prominent, so agricultural waste resource utilization is an important link of environmental protection and agricultural development, fully exploring the utilization value of agricultural waste resources is of great significance to the cold region agricultural sustainable development. This paper expounds the present situation and existing problems of agricultural waste resource utilization in cold region, including the main source of agricultural waste, characteristics, hazards and resource utilization way, for the influencing factors of resource utilization and existing problems, put forward reasonable suggestions and prospects, aims to provide theoretical reference basis for protecting the agricultural ecological environment, strengthening agricultural waste resource utilization and planning, to provide a more comprehensive basic information for agricultural waste resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expansion of animal husbandry for food production has necessitated effective management of livestock waste, including cattle manure and poultry litter. Using these byproducts as organic fertilizers in agriculture represents a sustainable approach to their disposal. While these residues offer known benefits for soil health and crop productivity, further studies are needed to explore the effect of different manure microbiota on soil composition. The objective of this study was to address this gap and contribute to the advancement of this area. A randomized block design experiment was set up in the field with three replications per treatment, including the application of cattle manure, poultry litter, and a control treatment without fertilizer. After a 60 day period, the chemical characteristics and bacterial population composition of the soil were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Organic carbon, phosphorus (P), aluminum (Al), and the pH level played pivotal roles in changing the structure of the soil's bacterial community. Notably, the incorporation of poultry litter induced more pronounced changes in both the chemical properties and bacterial community composition compared with cattle manure. Bacterial groups were enriched in the soils treated with poultry litter, which may indicate enhanced soil fertility. This association may stem from both the chemical alterations resulting from poultry litter application and the direct transfer of microorganisms from this organic fertilizer to the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil acidification has emerged as a critical limiting factor for the sustainable development of the tea industry. In this article, a comprehensive review of 63 original research articles focusing on the impact of amendments on the pH in tea plantations soil was conducted. Through meta-analysis, the effect of applying soil amendments to increase the pH of tea plantation soil and its influencing factors were investigated. The results revealed that lime had a significant impact, increasing the pH by 18% in tea plantation soil, while rapeseed cake had a minimal (2%) effect. It was observed that as the quantity of amendments and pH levels increased, so did their impact on the pH of tea plantation soil. Subgroup analysis within biochar showed varying effects, depending on soil pH, with an 11% increase in acidic soil. Among these amendments, biochar produced at pyrolysis temperature ranging from 501–600 °C and derived from animal waste demonstrated significant effect on increasing soil pH in tea plantations by 9% and 12%, respectively. This study offers valuable insights into improving and ensuring the health and sustainability of tea plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large amount of waste material derives from the horticultural industry. These plant matrices constitute a valuable source of active secondary metabolites with a wide spectrum of potential applications, including both human health and veterinary science. Italy is one of the leading European producers of fennel, and the 'Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto' is a protected geographical indication (PGI) product, typical of the Calabria region. In this study, the waste material from this PGI Italian fennel was investigated for the first time as a potential source of bioactive compounds. Both bulbs and aerial parts were extracted with ethanol through maceration, and the phenolic content was assessed, together with the antioxidant properties. Moreover, the nutraceutical value was investigated by evaluating the potential anti-obesity effects. To this end, fennel extracts were studied for their inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase enzyme, which plays a pivotal role in dietary fat absorption. The aerial part extract demonstrated DPPH radical scavenging (IC50 = 293.13 ± 22.98 µg/mL) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities (IC50 = 43.26 ± 1.90 µg/mL), and it was also effective in inhibiting pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 3.51 ± 0.09 mg/mL). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was highlighted between observed biological properties and fennel phenolic constituents. Obtained results show that 'Finocchio di Isola Capo Rizzuto' PGI by-products are a good candidate for further investigations as a potential source of antioxidant and anti-obesity agents useful as functional ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern agricultural production, cattle manure waste recovery is considered as a sustainable approach to agricultural waste management, reducing environmental pollution and chemical fertilizer use. This study aimed to investigate the effects of manure and digestate derived from a pilot-scale livestock waste-recycling system, in combination with a low copper concentration as a fungicide, on the physiological response of lettuce cv Rufus (Lactuca sativa L.) plants and the associated soil microbiome. A five-week microcosm experiment was conducted in a greenhouse under environmental conditions. Lettuce plant performance was assessed in terms of biomass, leaf area index, photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll measurements, lipid peroxidation, total phenolic content, and nutrient uptake. The results suggested that incorporating digestate into the potting soil mix significantly enhanced crop yields compared to the control and manure treatments. The soil microbial activity increased in the presence of fertilizers, improving the soil chemical and biological properties. The addition of copper negatively affected the growth and physiological performance of the lettuce plants under both the control and manure-treated conditions, except for those grown in the presence of digestate, where copper accumulation was reduced. These findings highlight the potential of growing horticultural crops using organic fertilization through livestock waste anaerobic digestate, establishing a waste-to-food recycling system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic pollutants in the form of heavy metals are added through various anthropogenic activities daily into the aquatic ecosystem beyond their permissible limits, and their bioaccumulation capacity makes them hazardous substances for the survival of all organisms. Thus, their removal from aquatic ecosystems is the need of the hour. Treatment of wastewater containing heavy metals through biosorption is gaining popularity and is being explored all around the world due to its various advantages over conventional methods of treatment. Utilization of animal waste as a biomaterial could be the best solution to remove it from the ecosystem. Such treatment methods are a blessing for developing and underdeveloped countries due to their low cost. This paper provides in-depth details about heavy metals, their health implications, mechanisms of toxicity, modes of transportation, and conventional treatment approaches. A comprehensive understanding of the biosorption process, encompassing its world scenario, evolution, mechanisms, factors affecting the process, and advantages, will also be covered. Finally, animal wastes and their applicability in the removal of heavy metal pollutants from wastewater shall also be thoroughly reviewed, followed by their future utility and recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatites (HAps) synthesized from waste animal bones have recently gained attention due to their outstanding properties. This is because there is a need to fabricate scaffolds with desirable mechanical strength, ability to withstand high temperatures, and insoluble in solvents such as water, acetone, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol. This study is an extensive summary of many articles on the routes of synthesis/preparation of HAp, and the optimum processing parameter, and the biomedical application areas, such as: drug administration, dental implants, bone tissue engineering, orthopedic implant coatings, and tissue regeneration/wound healing. A broad catalog of the synthesis methods (and combination methods), temperature/time, shape/size, and the calcium‐to‐phosphorous (Ca/P) value of diverse waste animal bone sources were reported. The alkaline hydrolysis method is proposed to be suitable for synthesizing HAp from natural sources due to the technique's ability to produce intrinsic HAp. The method is also preferred to the calcination method owing to the phase transformation that takes place at high temperatures during calcinations. However, calcinations aid in removing impurities and germs during heating at high temperatures. When compared to calcination technique, alkaline hydrolysis method results in crystalline HAp; the higher degree of crystallinity is disadvantageous to HAp bioactivity. In addition, the standardization and removal of impurities and contaminants, thorough biocompatibility to ensure clinical safety of the HAp to the human body, and improvement of the mechanical strength and toughness to match specific requirements for the various biomedical applications are the important areas for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is now an extremely important safety and health issue. Much of the research on this phenomenon focuses on its clinical aspects, while current findings confirm that it is only one of a number of potential sources of bacteria and genes responsible for drug resistance. There are many indications that one of the main contributors to this issue is currently agriculture and that this applies virtually worldwide. Increased awareness of issues of rational use of antibiotics in husbandry practice entails increased interest in phenomena related to the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment, their specifics, and the scale of the existing threat. This work, based on current research, analyzed selected aspects of the use of antibiotics in animal production, the presence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in farm animals and in waste from agricultural production, in particular from animal breeding farms, the determinants of antibiotic resistance in farming practices and the potential threats related to emissions and spread of antibiotic resistance factors in the environment, including the possibility of transfer of resistant bacteria and resistance genes to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study quantitatively analyzed the synergistic effects of co-digestion of slaughterhouse waste (SHW) with cattle manure (CM) and pig manure (PM) on methane production by applying statistical methods. The biochemical methane potential of volatile solid concentration-based mixtures showed that the biodegradability (BD) of the co-substrates was improved as the mixing proportion of the highly biodegradable SHW increased. Furthermore, mathematical analysis using the modified Gompertz model showed that an increase in the SHW mixture ratio shortened the lag phase at the initial period by more than 58%. The synergy index (SI) analysis revealed that co-digestion of CM and SHW mixed at an equal ratio of 1:1 in sample S4 resulted in a higher SI of 1.18 compared to 1.10 for PM and SHW in sample S5. An overlay plot based on BD and SI identified the optimal mixture ratio as 26.9:31.0:42.1 (CM/PM/SHW), where both BD and SI reached their maximum values. The study successfully demonstrated that co-digestion of SHW with livestock manure enhances BD through a synergistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes exhibit great potential for the degradation of organic pollutants. In this study, P-doped biochar (PBC500) was successfully synthesized by the pyrolysis of H3PO4-impregnated cow manure waste and was employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the elimination of 17β-estradiol (E2). The characterization results showed that the surface area, defective structure, and functional groups (C=O and phosphorus-containing groups) of biochar increased after H3PO4 modification. PBC500 exhibited high PMS activation activity and excellent E2 degradation capacity; 97.91% of 3 mg/L E2 can be removed within 90 min using 0.2 g/L PBC500 and 1 mM PMS. Based on the quenching experiments and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, defective structures, C=O, and P-C groups on biochar act as active sites to promote the catalytic oxidation of E2 by generating O2− and 1O2. In addition, PBC500 displayed excellent reusability, achieving 65.15% E2 degradation after three reuse cycles. Overall, this study presented a new technique that supports a high efficiency, environmentally friendly, and low cost treatment method for E2 wastewater and simultaneously provided a new option for the resource utilization of livestock waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distilled grain waste (DGW) is rich in nutrients and can be a potential resource as animal feed. However, DGW contains as much as 14% lignin, dramatically reducing the feeding value. White-rot fungi such as Pleurotus ostreatus could preferentially degrade lignin with high efficiency. However, lignin derivatives generated during alcohol distillation inhibit P. ostreatus growth. Thus, finding a new strategy to adjust the DGW properties to facilitate P. ostreatus growth is critical for animal feed preparation and DGW recycling. In this study, three dominant indigenous bacteria, including Sphingobacterium thermophilum X1, Pseudoxanthomonas byssovorax X3, and Bacillus velezensis 15F were chosen to generate single and compound microbial inoculums for DGW composting to prepare substrates for P. ostreatus growth. Compared with non-inoculated control or single microbial inoculation, all composite inoculations, especially the three-microbial compound, led to faster organic metabolism, shorter composting process, and improved physicochemical properties of DGW. P. ostreatus growth assays showed the fastest mycelial colonization (20.43 μg·g-1 ergosterol) and extension (9 mm/d), the highest ligninolytic enzyme activities (Lac, 152.68 U·g-1; Lip, 15.56 U·g-1; MnP, 0.34 U·g-1; Xylanase, 10.98 U·g-1; FPase, 0.71 U·g-1), and the highest lignin degradation ratio (30.77%) in the DGW sample after 12 h of composting with the three-microbial compound inoculation when compared to other groups. This sample was relatively abundant in bacteria playing critical roles in amino acid, carbohydrate, energy metabolism, and xenobiotic biodegradation, as suggested by metagenomic analysis. The feed value analysis revealed that P. ostreatus mycelia full colonization in composted DGW led to high fiber content retention and decreased lignin content (final ratio of 5% lignin) but elevated protein concentrations (about 130 g·kg-1 DM). An additional daily weight gain of 0.4 kg/d was shown in cattle feeding experiments by replacing 60% of regular feed with it. These findings demonstrate that compound inoculant consisting of three indigenous microorganisms is efficient to compost DGW and facilitate P. ostreatus growth. P. ostreatus decreased the lignin content of composted DGW during its mycelial growth, improving the quality of DGW for feeding cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yalvaç Stream is one of the important sources feeding Lake Eğirdir, the second largest freshwater lake in Turkey. Determining the pollution of the stream used for drinking water and agricultural irrigation is important not only for the continuation of the usability of water, but also for determining the pollution load it carries to Lake Eğirdir. In addition, the macrozoobenthic invertebrate fauna of the stream was revealed in the study. The study was carried out between April 2022 and January 2023, and water and macrozoobenthic invertebrate samples were taken from six stations seasonally. Belgian Biotic Index, BMWP (original and Spanish versions), and species diversity indices were applied for determining the water quality by using the ASTERICS software program. Physicochemical water quality assessment made according to the Türkiye Surface Water Quality Regulation. As a result, a total of 49 taxa were detected: three taxa from Gastropoda, two taxa from Hirudinea, one taxon from Malacostraca, and 43 taxa from Insecta. Stations were clustered by using UPGMA based on organisms. Station 6 was the most different one for the macrozoobenthic invertebrates. The lowest species diversity values were also found at this station. Physicochemical parameters and biotic indices showed that while the first three stations were in water quality class I, there was a decrease in the water quality of the other stations. The reasons for the decrease in water quality are due to domestic and agricultural wastes and livestock activities. Additionally, all of the identified taxa were reported as new records for this stream. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human activities have increased atmospheric emissions and deposition of oxidized and reduced forms of nitrogen, but emission control programs have largely focused on oxidized nitrogen. As a result, in many regions of the world emissions of oxidized nitrogen are decreasing while emissions of reduced nitrogen are increasing. Emissions of reduced nitrogen largely originate from livestock waste and fertilizer application, with contributions from transportation sources in urban areas. Observations suggest a discrepancy between trends in emissions and deposition of reduced nitrogen in the U.S., likely due to an underestimate in emissions. In the atmosphere, ammonia reacts with oxides of sulfur and nitrogen to form fine particulate matter that impairs health and visibility and affects climate forcings. Recent reductions in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides have limited partitioning with ammonia, decreasing long-range transport. Continuing research is needed to improve understanding of how shifting emissions alter formation of secondary particulates and patterns of transport and deposition of reactive nitrogen. Satellite remote sensing has potential for monitoring atmospheric concentrations and emissions of ammonia, but there remains a need to maintain and strengthen ground-based measurements and continue development of chemical transport models. Elevated nitrogen deposition has decreased plant and soil microbial biodiversity and altered the biogeochemical function of terrestrial, freshwater, and coastal ecosystems. Further study is needed on differential effects of oxidized versus reduced nitrogen and pathways and timescales of ecosystem recovery from elevated nitrogen deposition. Decreases in deposition of reduced nitrogen could alleviate exceedances of critical loads for terrestrial and freshwater indicators in many U.S. areas. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency should consider using critical loads as a basis for setting standards to protect public welfare and ecosystems. The U.S. and other countries might look to European experience for approaches to control emissions of reduced nitrogen from agricultural and transportation sectors. Implications: In this Critical Review we synthesize research on effects, air emissions, environmental transformations, and management of reduced forms of nitrogen. Emissions of reduced nitrogen affect human health, the structure and function of ecosystems, and climatic forcings. While emissions of oxidized forms of nitrogen are regulated in the U.S., controls on reduced forms are largely absent. Decreases in emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides coupled with increases in ammonia are shifting the gas-particle partitioning of ammonia and decreasing long-range atmospheric transport of reduced nitrogen. Effort is needed to understand, monitor, and manage emissions of reduced nitrogen in a changing environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constant increase in worldwide per capita consumption of fish indicates the need for reliable and viable sources of fish, and aquaculture fits these criteria. Aquaculture has continued to make a significant contribution to total fisheries production over the last few decades. The significant progress in aquaculture has been largely attributed to the intensification of production and increasing dependency on formulated food. Among the major challenges in aquaculture is aquaculture feed, or in short, aquafeed, which may represent up to 80% of total operational costs. Due to escalating prices and unsustainable resources of aquafeed ingredients, especially fish meal, fish oils, and soybean meal, many substitutes are utilised, mainly animal by-products and animal waste, which is a concern under Islamic jurisprudence. This concern is quite substantial if aquaculture producers are vying for the halal market. Hence, it is important for them to understand this aspect of Islamic law. This paper reviews the current status of aquafeed ingredients and the classical Islamic jurisprudence pertaining to this issue. References to current decrees and standards by major Muslim countries and Islamic authorities are also presented, followed by options and avenues for remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biohydrogen production is a promising alternative to replace fossil fuels in an environmentally friendly way. In addition to the many available renewable energy sources, the production of "colored" hydrogen and biohydrogen occupies an irreplaceable position due to the undeniable availability of biomass and the need to manage food waste (FW). This article presents the current state of biohydrogen production technology—examples on continents (America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Oceania) and in Europe in terms of the efficiency of dark methane fermentation (CH4). Biophotolysis processes leading to the production of biohydrogen are indicated: directly and indirectly. The mechanism of the fermentation process of obtaining hydrogen and two-stage hydrogen fermentation are presented. The novelty of this article is the development of innovative trends in the development of the biohydrogen industry in Europe. Various models of the biohydrogen process are presented for different raw materials and proportions of substrates used in co-fermenters. Researchers from China are the undisputed pioneers in the use of renewable energy sources. However, improved energy self-sufficiency and environmental impacts are reflected in the growing number of pilot installations operating in European countries. This also gives hope for rapid progress towards full animal and FW management also in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the source(s) of nitrate contamination in agricultural areas is complicated; doing this as a forensic evaluation for litigation in one field week is especially challenging. The objective of this 2021 investigation, conducted for an agricultural producer who began applying animal waste in 2007, was to determine whether animal waste was the source of nitrate reported at downgradient residential wells. The test Site was a 180 acre, irrigated field that overlies a thick sand aquifer with the water table at about 20 ft below ground level (fbgl). We used multiple lines of evidence to resolve the source(s) of nitrate at three test locations at the Site using continuous vertical testing for hydraulic conductivity and high‐resolution vertical testing of selected chemical and isotopic parameters in water at 5‐ft depth intervals between 5 and 80 fbgl. We found that beneath the Site at the depth interval of most of the impacted residential wells: (1) groundwater travel time indicates nitrate at the impacted residential wells could not have originated from the Site, (2) the groundwater age based on tritium (3H) pre‐dates the establishment of manure spreading, and (3) the nitrogen‐15 concentrations (δ15N) in nitrate indicate the nitrate is not all, if in any part, due to animal waste. This high‐resolution investigation clearly indicated that the agricultural producer was not responsible for the impacted residential wells and was completed in only 1 week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A river's ability to purify itself is a key marker of its overall health and is crucial in cases where the water is contaminated. The Yamuna River originates in Banderpoonch and travels through a number of locations along its course. Sewage, hotel garbage, and animal waste are dumped into the river, which not only contaminates the water but also impairs its ability to purify itself. Dilution, sedimentation, reaeration, adsorption, absorption, temperature, sunlight, and chemical and biological reactions, are the factors that affects self-purification capacity. Drainage density plays a major role in purifying the water, it can be clearly observed from the samples taken before and after the sub-watershed SW-2, SW-8, and Tons watershed. Samples are taken from 26 locations i.e., 23 from Yamuna River and 3 (T1 to T3) from tributaries Kedarganga, Badrigad, and Tons. 16 Physio-chemical and biological parameters i.e., pH, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, DO, Alkalinity, Fluoride, Chloride, Sulfate, Nitrate, Sodium, Ammonium, Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, Total Hardness and Escherichia coli are used to calculate Water quality index (WQI). WQI ranges from 24.58 (R21) to 1258 (R5) and Ecoli from 2 (R1) to 436.6 MPN/100 mL (R5). Water quality is deteriorating at some locations from previous locations and improving at some locations, which shows that self-purification is taking place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research (the effect of different doses of animal manure on growth and yield of common bean) carried out based on (RCBD) in Yakawlang district. This experiment conducted in three replications and eighteen treatments (each replication contains six treatments). Land preparation was first done, all extra materials removed from field and the field was furrowed by traditional tools. All other operation for preparing land to cultivate was done in a traditional manner. Descriptions of treatments are as follow: T1 (control) T2 (2 ton ha¹) T3 (4 ton ha¹) T4 (6 ton ha¹) T5 (8 ton ha¹) T6 (10 ton ha¹). This study was conducted in Yakwlang district during 2023. For achieving of this research, agricultural lands was selected and prepared for common bean cultivation through using traditional tools, shovel, and other essential tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kathajodi, the principal southern distributary of the Mahanadi River, is the vital source of irrigation and domestic water use for densely populated Cuttack city which receives anthropogenic wastes abundantly. This study assesses the contamination level and primary health status of urban wastewater, and its receiving river Kathajodi based on the physicochemical quality indices employing inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy and aligning with guidelines from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and WHO. The high WQI, HPI, and HEI in the catchment area (KJ2, KJ3, and KJ4) indicate poor water quality due to the influx of domestic waste through the primary drainage system and effluents of healthcare units. A high BOD (4.33–19.66 mg L−1) in the catchment indicates high organic matter, animal waste, bacteriological contamination, and low DO, resulting in deterioration of water quality. CR values beyond limits (1.00E − 06 to 1.00E − 04) in three locations of catchment due to higher Cd, Pb, and As indicate significant carcinogenic risk, while high Mn, Cu, and Al content is responsible for several non-carcinogenic ailments and arsenic-induced physiological disorders. The elevated heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn, in Kathajodi, could be due to heavy coal combustion, vehicle exhaust, and industrial waste. On the other hand, Cu, Fe, K, and Al could be from agricultural practices, weathered rocks, and crustal materials. Positive significant (p ≤ 0.05) Pearson correlations between physicochemical parameters indicate their common anthropogenic origin and similar chemical characteristics. A strong correlation of PCA between elements and physiological parameters indicates their role in water quality deterioration. Assessing the surface water quality and heavy metal contents from this study will offer critical data to policymakers for monitoring and managing public health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investments in small and medium-sized anaerobic digestion facilities have the potential to boost biogas production in Greece and other EU countries. This study aimed to evaluate the economic feasibility of anaerobic digestion facilities equipped with combined heat and power (CHP) units ranging from 50 to 400 kW, while treating livestock waste. For this purpose, data were gathered from various livestock operations (dairy cattle, poultry, swine, dairy sheep and goats) regarding their annual production, revenues, electricity and fuel usage, and waste generation. Waste samples were then collected and analyzed to assess their biochemical methane production potential. The capital and operational costs of anaerobic digestion facilities, from 50 and 400 kW, were calculated using the equations developed within the "eMT cluster" project. Findings indicate that current feed-in tariffs (FITs) of 0.21 € kWh−1 are insufficient to incentivize investment in anaerobic digestion facilities with capacities below 250 kW, highlighting the need for increased FIT rates or capital expenditure subsidies. Recommendations include shifting towards simplified technology and business models with reduced farmer involvement, coupled with supportive legislative framework and long-term electricity price guarantees. These measures are expected to foster the implementation of anaerobic digestion projects in the animal husbandry sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater resilience on small islands, especially low-lying carbonate islands like Tunda, is vulnerable to an expanding population, demand exceeding supply, contamination from human and animal waste, and climate change-related impacts. This study aims to evaluate the resilience of groundwater resources on Tunda Island, Banten, Indonesia, in response to anthropogenic activities and climate change-induced consequences. The data were compiled and collected from the official Indonesian government websites and direct field observations. Typically, the aquifer system of Tunda Island's Quaternary Reef limestone is formed through fissures, fractures, and dissolution, which has low productivity, low to high transmissivity, and a discharge rate of more than 10 L per second. Analysis of climate data reveals that January has the highest average monthly precipitation, with 283 mm, while August has the lowest, with 50 mm. This is proportional to monthly potential water recharge, with amounts of 156,386 m3 in January and only 27,706 m3 in August. The groundwater levels are higher than the mean sea level, ranging from 1.07 to 8.71 m, with flow directions from the inland (recharge) to the coast (discharge). The water quality is generally good, especially on higher terrain located some distance from the coast. However, overall coliform and E. coli levels were marginally elevated. Population growth from the last decade (2012–2022) and ten drought events caused by El Nino and a positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) from 1979 to 2022 have not yet had a significant impact on Tunda Island's groundwater resilience. Similarly, the increase in the number of visitors between 2019 and 2021 has had no effect on the island's water security. However, these anthropogenic and natural stresses will inevitably deplete the island's water supply in the future. Hence, water management strategies, including rainwater harvesting, enhancing water-use efficiency, conserving water through an artificial recharge system, and protecting and restoring coastal ecosystems, were required to maintain the water supply and its sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities have denatured aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments throughout the world in general, and in Lubumbashi in particular, where market garden soils have become uncultivable for many plants. Thus, bioponics could be an effective means of producing uncontaminated vegetables in soilless cultivation, not only reducing the amount of fertilizer used and limiting contamination of agricultural produce but also achieving higher yields than in open-ground cultivation. The overall objective of this study was to implement a new bioponic technique for producing liquid fertilizer from chicken manure and utilize it in the organic hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Lucrecia) installed on floating raft systems. To achieve this, two types of trials were conducted. The first was aimed at determining the quantities of organic matter to be used in the formulation of nutrient solutions. The second trial aimed to determine the optimal nitrogen concentration to be provided for hydroponic plant growth. Mineralization and/or anaerobic digestion of chicken manure were conducted for 7 days in 200 L barrels. For the first trial, nutrient solutions were created from three different concentrations of chicken manure (0.35%, 3.5%, and 7% dry matter—D.M.). These solutions were then used in bioponic rafts where total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations were fixed at 150 mg/L. For the second trial, D.M. was fixed at 2.5% for each tested modality, but TAN concentrations varied among them (i.e., 60, 90, and 120 mg/L TAN concentration). Modalities with low D.M. concentration (0.35%) and those with low TAN concentration (60 mg/L) resulted in higher yields than bioponic modalities receiving high concentrations of dry matter or TAN, respectively, for trials 1 and 2. Although the reference chemical solutions generate the greatest yields, bioponic systems operating with chicken manure present a good alternative for the cultivation of vegetables in developing countries with heavily contaminated soils. Indeed, bioponics allows for the production of vegetables in large quantities from animal waste, which does not pose health risks for human consumption. Local vegetable species commonly grown in Lubumbashi should be tested under hydroponic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic producers have few certified organic options to meet crop nitrogen (N) demand. Poultry-based amendments, including manures and processed fertilizers from livestock waste (e.g., feather meal), are commonly used in these systems, but synchronizing nutrient release with plant demand is challenging. Cover crop residues are also used in organic systems and interact with amendments to affect soil health and nutrient cycling. We conducted a greenhouse study to quantify the effects of four cover crop residues (millet, sorghum sudangrass, cowpea, sunn hemp) and three amendments (heat-treated poultry manure, poultry manure biochar, organic fertilizer) on spinach. We measured spinach yield and nutrient uptake; soil inorganic N; total soil carbon (C) and N; and two soil health indicators: permanganate oxidizable C (POXC) and autoclaved citrate-extractable (ACE) protein. Legume residues released the greatest inorganic N, whereas all cover crop residues exhibited a higher soil ACE protein concentration compared to the control without residues. The organic fertilizer released more inorganic N but had a lower ACE protein concentration than manure-based amendments. Grass residues increased POXC relative to sunn hemp, but cover crop residues had no effect on total C. In contrast, manure-based amendments increased soil's total C but did not affect its POXC. Spinach yield and nutrient uptake were highest with biochar, with no consistent effect of cover crop residues observed on nutrient uptake. Overall, cover crops had the greatest effect on soil health indicators (POXC and ACE protein), whereas manure-based amendments had a greater impact on crop productivity and nutrition (spinach nutrient uptake and yield). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particulate matter (PM) still poses a significant threat leading to air pollution which is responsible for continued damage to human health and the environment. Particulate matter resulting from non-exhaust emissions are considered as viable a source comes mostly from brake pad wear concept. The scientific challenge of this work is to stimulate a new generation of green friction materials to reduce particle emissions having low-environmental impact. The specificity of braking materials, their effects on the environment and human health are studied. To minimize the levels of air pollution, the use of green friction composites collected from natural elements reducing human diseases is discussed. For this purpose, the novel and high-performance friction composite materials synthesized from vegetable and animal waste used as a raw material are reported. The natural powder and fiber treatments, the optimum formulation and the binder materials related to the green friction composites are reviewed. An overview of environmentally ecofriendly green friction materials embedded by reinforcing phases of natural elements exhibiting excellent mechanical and tribological properties are mentioned. Therefore, scientific and industrial efforts should concentrate on the development of green friction materials to minimize the effect of transport related air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jeriva (Syagrus romanzoffiana) is a fruit from palm trees of the Arecaceae family, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of Latin America. It has low production costs and high productivity throughout the year; however, its consumption is very low, and the production goes almost entirely to feed animals or to waste. To improve its consumption, a good characterization of the whole fruit is necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate the jeriva pulp, peel and seeds according to carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, tocopherols and antioxidant potential using HPLC, microplate readers and spectrophotometric methods. Every part of the fruit exhibited antioxidant capacity in the ORAC and TEAC tests, which can be attributed to its high concentration of polyphenols. Carotenoids were more present in the pulp and peel and almost absent in the seeds. Vitamin C ranged from 12 ± 1 for the seeds up to 92 ± 3 mg/100 g for the pulp. The total phenolic content was quantified between 473 ± 39 for the seeds and 1089 ± 32 mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAEs)/100 g for the pulp. These results demonstrate that all parts of this fruit have important bioactive nutrients, with promising perspectives for further scientific approaches and for composing formulations of food products to enhance functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, 1.3 to 2.1 billion tons of agricultural waste are generated yearly, including livestock wastes (i.e., sheep wool), which create several critical environmental issues if not properly treated. In order to reduce the environmental issues related to the management and disposal, their use as natural fibers for green building components has notably developed over the last years. Indeed, sheep wool, which is a natural animal fiber that comes from shearing sheep fleece, is considered to be a problem of increasing concern due to its complex and difficult disposal management. Recently, several researchers have demonstrated that "low-quality wool" (i.e., not appropriate for textile uses) is suitable for the thermal and acoustic insulation of buildings. Indeed, thanks to its thermo-hygrometric and acoustic characteristics, it can be used as a reinforcing fiber for composite materials. In this study, a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based model to locate and quantify both the yearly amount of livestock waste, i.e., sheep wool, and the territorial distribution of sheep farms through their Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates, was developed and applied within the selected study area (i.e., the Sicily region). The aim was to identify the territorial areas highly characterized by this kind of waste and therefore most suitable for localizing new shared sheep wool collection centers to sustainably manage the reuse of this waste as a potential green building component. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research determines the optimal rotary dryer design for banana waste drying with Biot number. When banana waste is adequately dried, it can be repurposed into valuable resources. Based on the proposed banana plant waste rotary dryer, drying efficiency is significantly improved compared to conventional dryers as attributed to design calculations and simulation. Here, the design process involves the three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided design of individual parts, subassemblies, and main assembly, accompanied by detailed illustration drawings, and optimization of rotary dryer flight design. Biot number is crucial in the design calculations of the diameter and length of the dryer. The Design of Experiments (DoE) and computational fluid dynamics simulations are also used. Proper drying, facilitated by the proposed rotary dryer, enables efficient repurposing of banana waste into animal feed, biofuel, bioplastics, and other nanotechnology applications, contributing to sustainable waste management practices and a promising solution to environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is of great significance to analyze the heavy metal speciation and identify the organic compounds in soil. By now, the most of existed methods can not be used for simultaneously analyzing metal-containing compounds and organic components, which require tedious sample preparation and offline separation processes before detection, increasing analytical errors and lengthening analysis time. Herein, based on our previous research, a novel electrochemical mass spectrometry (EC-MS) device was fabricated for online sequential qualitative detection of metal species and organics in soil without sample pretreatment. Firstly, the components were divided into four species, including water soluble, lipid soluble, insoluble and oxidable speciation, and then dissociated by extraction, reaction and electrolysis online. Ultrapure water and CH3OH were employed as eluents to extract water-soluble and lipid soluble species, respectively. EDTA-2Na (CH3OH:H2O=1:1, V/V) solution was used as reactant to dissociate insoluble speciation by chelation. For oxidable speciation, the electrolysis was applied to transform the elements into ions using EDTA2Na as an electrolyte. Then, the dissociated components were mixed with different charged reagents to form ions for MS detection. For example, the produced inorganic metal ions reacted with EDTA2Na in situ to form metal-EDTA chelate, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons would chelate with Ag+ to form Ag+ -PAHs. For organic compounds, those were easily ionized, would be charged with CH3OH directly. Finally, the charged ions and chelates would be transferred for ESI-MS detection in real time under negative and positive ion modes, respectively. The soil sample collected from farmers’ own vegetable fields in the suburb near the roadside was analyzed by EC-MS. The results showed that the soil sample contains water-soluble Mg, Cr, Ni, Zn, Co, Cu, Al, Pb, urea and various organic amines, lipid soluble carboxylic acids, insoluble Ni, Cr, Pb, and oxidable Cu, Pb. The heavy metals in the sample may come from animal and plant waste, the settlement of road dust and atmospheric suspended particles, etc. Amines may come from urine, pesticides, biological tissues, etc. And the presence of organic acids were related to organisms. It indicated the potential of EC-MS for the rapid qualitative species detection of heavy metals and organics in soil. This method can solve the problems, such as low sensitivity, long analysis time, complex pretreatment operation, large sample dosage, and complex operation process, which can provide a strong technical support for environmental assessment and environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia emissions from livestock farms are a major problem for staff and residents near these centers. Anaerobic decomposition of livestock waste and the collection and stacking of waste are the main sources of ammonia gas on livestock farms. This article examined ammonia emissions from livestock facilities near Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport. First, field measurements were made in the summer (30°C), and collected samples were examined using the indophenol technique. AERMOD, based on Gaussian fluctuating plume theory, was constructed to model ammonia emissions. According to AERMOD, the maximum periodic‐seasonal 2‐hourly and 8‐hourly ammonia concentrations were 15.9, 229, and 63.7 OU (odor unit per unit volume)/m3, respectively. The hourly ammonia emission rate from livestock sources is also 0.0168 gm−2 h−1. AERMOD results mathematical model indicated reasonable agreement with the field measurement, which the coefficient of determination (R2), index of agreement (d), and efficiency coefficient (E) were 0.95, 0.97, and 0.91, respectively. Moreover, Statistical indices, including geometric mean bias (MG), geometric variance (VG), fraction of predictions within a factor of two of observations (FAC2), and normalized mean square error (NMSE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) are also indicated by 1.36 and 0.67, respectively, were used to assess the reliability of the model results showed that AERMOD had a good agreement with the field measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Dam construction can impact nitrogen accumulation in reservoir sediments and may potentially lead to internal release due to intricate nitrogen cycling at the sediment–water interface (SWI), exacerbating nitrogen loading in the water body. This study aims to clarify the transformation and transportation processes and key influencing factors of nitrogen species at the SWI in deep reservoirs. Methods: Two consecutive sediment cores were collected from Baihua Reservoir (BHR) and Hongjiadu Reservoir (HJD) in July 2019 and were stratified on-site. Pore water was extracted via centrifugation for water-soluble inorganic nitrogen measurement. Adsorbed inorganic nitrogen was extracted using 2 mol L−1 KCl. Inorganic nitrogen forms were measured by an analytical continuous flow analyzer (SEAL Analytical Limited, Germany). Particulate organic nitrogen (PON) samples were obtained after the removal of inorganic carbon and inorganic nitrogen with 2 mol L−1 KCl and 0.5 mol L−1 HCl. Stable isotopes (δ15N-PON) and the ratios of C/N were measured via a stable isotopic mass spectrometer (MAT-253) and an elemental analyzer (Elementar, Rhine main, Germany). Fick's First Law and Grey correlation analysis (GCA) were employed to estimate the diffusion fluxes and controlling factors. Results: The sediment nitrogen concentrations in BHR were influenced by higher-level anthropogenic activities, as indicated by the comparison of nitrogen concentrations and δ15N-PON values (averaging 9.13‰ and 5.39‰ in BHR and HJD, respectively). Dissolved oxygen (DO) was the key factor affecting nitrogen transformation processes at the SWI. Mineralization and nitrification were dominant in HJD, while BHR exhibited mineralization, denitrification, and potential anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox). Livestock waste and soil organic matter were common sources of PON in both reservoirs. Moreover, the contribution of phytoplankton in BHR was also significant due to high-level eutrophication. Evaluations of diffusion fluxes revealed that both sediments in BHR and HJD acted as sources of water-soluble ammoniacal nitrogen (NH4+-N) for internal release (0.97 and 0.27 mg m−2 day−1 in BHR and HJD, respectively). Additionally, adsorbed NH4+-N exhibited high-level diffusion fluxes in both BHR (15.81 m−2 day−1) and HJD (3.37 m−2 day−1). Furthermore, GCA revealed that pH, T, and DO trigger the desorption of adsorbed nitrogen, leading to an increase in the nitrogen load in the overlying water. Conclusion: Sediments in eutrophic reservoirs experience high-level nitrogen inputs. Complex nitrogen cycling processes at the SWI and environmental factors (pH, DO, and T) may lead to significant internal releases. Further studies on the fate of nitrogen at the SWI in different eutrophic-level reservoirs are still necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertilization plays a crucial role in ensuring global food security and ecological balance. This study investigated the impact of substituting innovative biological manure for chemical fertilization on rice (Oryza sativa L) productivity and soil biochemical properties based on a three-year experiment. Our results suggested rice yield and straw weight were increased under manure addition treatment. Specifically, 70% of total nitrogen (N) fertilizer substituted by biological manure derived from straw, animal waste and microbiome, led to a substantial 13.6% increase in rice yield and a remarkable 34.2% boost in straw weight. In comparison to the conventional local farmer practice of applying 165 kg N ha−1, adopting 70% of total N plus biological manure demonstrated superior outcomes, particularly in enhancing yield components and spike morphology. Fertilization treatments led to elevated levels of soil microbial biomass carbon and N. However, a nuanced comparison with local practices indicated that applying biological manure alongside urea resulted in a slight reduction in N content in vegetative and economic organs, along with decreases of 10.4%, 11.2%, and 6.1% in N recovery efficiency (NRE), respectively. Prudent N management through the judicious application of partial biological manure fertilizer in rice systems could be imperative for sustaining productivity and soil fertility in southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial pollution is the presence of harmful bacteria in aquatic ecosystems, which can cause health problems if ingested. These bacteria originate from a variety of sources, including human and animal waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage. This study aimed to assess the levels of bioindicator bacteria and their associations with various environmental parameters in surface water samples. The samples were collected seasonally from five stations along Riva Stream between March 2018 and January 2019. Indicator bacterial levels were determined using membrane filtration. Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity values of the stations were measured in situ during sampling using a multiparameter (YSI). As a result of the sampling, maximum total coliform, fecal coliform, and intestinal enterococci levels were recorded as 24 x 103 CFU/100ml, 18 x 103 CFU/100ml and 24 x 102 CFU/100 ml, respectively. During sampling, the indicator bacterial levels were above the limit at all stations. When the FC/IE ratios were analyzed, the maximum FC/IE ratio was recorded as 52.10 during the winter sampling period at the station. The detection of bioindicator bacteria levels above the standard limit throughout the sampling period (especially during the summer period) was associated with a high level of domestic waste in the region. The results showed that more frequent and detailed monitoring studies should be conducted in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black soldier fly larvae ( Hermetia illucens L.) is a kind of scavenging insect, which can convert organic waste such as animal feces, kitchen waste, and plant residues into its own nutrition, so as to achieve green and efficient transformation of resources. Larvae, especially defatted meal, is a good source of dietary protein. At present, most of the studies on forage fertilization of black soldier fly larvae are focused on protein nutrition, but there are few studies on black soldier fly larvae oil. The paper describes the main components of black soldier fly larvae oil, analyzes its nutritional value as feed, summarizes the main factors affecting the quality of black soldier fly larvae oil, reviews the research progress of using black soldier fly larvae oil instead of traditional feed in livestock, aquatic products, and other animal breeding at home and abroad, and puts forward some shortcomings and improvement methods of black soldier fly larvae oil as feed, to provide a reference for fully exploiting the application potential of the black soldier fly larvae oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient management of slurry, which is a by-product rich in nutrients derived from feces, urine, cleaning water, and animal waste that stands out for its high concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, is of vital importance, highlighting the importance of slurry management in storage ponds, which. The Murcia–Spain region has an important number of pig farms. Hence, infrastructures dedicated to managing by-products are necessary to prevent environmental pollution and eutrophication of groundwater. The aim of a recent study was to evaluate the relationship between electrical values and geochemical parameters of pig slurry stored in a pond using ERT and geochemical analysis. In addition, the study was designed to monitor the pond to determine the geochemical characteristics of the slurry and to assess the risk of lateral contamination. The study results indicate a noticeable decrease in electrical resistivity values at 0.4 and 1.6 m depth in surveys 1 and 2. The reduction ranges from 50 to 100 percent. This paper presents a new method for monitoring slurry ponds using electrical resistivity tomography. This non-invasive method provides detailed information on the distribution and characteristics of the fluids, as well as a clear picture of the electrical resistivity of the subsurface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As improper processing and disposal of animal waste cause negative impacts on the environment, the animal industry sector must shift to more sustainable practices to lessen these effects. Recently, the application of the circular economy concept in agriculture, using animal waste as part of nutrient cycling, has emerged as a sustainable approach. The study aims to develop and test the small-scale integrated hydroponics-animal waste bioreactor (AWB) for romaine lettuce production using chicken manure tea (CMT) derived from dried chicken manure as a primary nutrient source. Three integrated hydroponics- AWB systems, with varying concentrations of CMT at 1,000 ppm, 1,200 ppm, and 1,400 ppm total dissolved solids (maintained within an upper and lower bound of 50 ppm), were constructed, tested, and compared to conventional hydroponics that used a nutrient solution maintained at 1,000 ppm TDS. The test result suggests that the ideal concentration of CMT in the system is 1,000 ppm. Within the optimum manure tea concentration, the small-scale integrated hydroponics-AWB produced romaine lettuce with growth parameters comparable to conventional hydroponics. In addition, increasing the CMT concentration to 1,400 ppm negatively impacts the plant growth parameters of romaine lettuce. The developed small-scale integrated hydroponics-AWB system provides a viable approach for growing lettuce using animal waste as the major source of nutrients. The developed production system could help mitigate the negative environmental effects of improper handling and disposal of animal waste and dependence on chemical-based nutrient solutions in hydroponic crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annually, a huge amount of waste from plant biomass and animal manure is produced from agriculture and animal farming. Many studies provide information on the biomethane potential of agricultural and livestock wastes, but only a few studies have investigated the application of the substrates in combination. The objective of the study is to enhance the fermentation process in the digester for biogas production, obtained from animal and plant waste substrates. In four batch processes for three months, the temperatures and the residence time of the substrates in the fermenter were analyzed. Simultaneously, electricity and thermal energy were produced via cogeneration units, which were exported to the public grid and city heating network. The plant substrate is a silage mixture of corn and wheat waste. The animal substrate is a mixture of beef and pig manure. Animal and vegetable waste raw materials are collected and transported to the site, located in the region of southeastern Bulgaria. The total annual consumption of animal and plant waste is 17,971 t/year. The enhancement of the process leads to the production of 1,506,000 Nm3 CH4/a of methane, the generation of which requires 299.63 MWh/a of electricity and 649.09 MWh/a thermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anthropogenic activities in livestock sectors are responsible for emitting substantial amounts of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, and dinitrous oxide, into the atmosphere, thereby contributing to climate change. The impact of these gases can be reduced through effective mitigation and adaptation efforts. This study aimed to estimate the livestock greenhouse gas emissions in Minahasa District, Indonesia; identify the greenhouse gas sources and distribution; and provide feasible mitigation options. METHODS: This study used mixed methods to collect primary and secondary data from breeders and stakeholders in the Minahasa Regency. Interviews and questionnaires were also conducted, and the local government office provided secondary data. Breeders from various groups who lived in 25 different districts participated in this study, and the data analysis techniques used a Tier 1 model to process the data. The participants were included in focus group discussion activities for qualitative data collection to formulate potential mitigation strategies. FINDINGS: The livestock sector emitted 48.83 gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent in 2021, and this was expected to increase by 24.98 percent in 2022, resulting in a total emission of 65.09 gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent. The sector also experienced a steady rise in emissions since 2010, with an average annual increase of 3.17 percent. The emissions were primarily composed of methane and dinitrous oxide, which accounted for 64.68 and 0.41 gigagrams carbon dioxide equivalent, respectively. In terms of livestock greenhouse gas distribution, the Sonder District produced 13.98 percent of the emission at 8.77 gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent. The main emissions resulted from methane manure management and enteric fermentation at 84.53 and 15.23 percent (7.41 and 1.34 gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent, respectively), while the remaining was composed of dinitrous oxide gas. In Kawangkoan District, the greenhouse gas emissions were dominated by methane from enteric fermentation and manure management, which accounted for 15.23 and 20.05 percent (5.63 and 1.43 gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent). In addition, the total emission accounted for 11.33 percent at 7.11 gigagrams of carbon dioxide equivalent. CONCLUSION: The study produced an estimate of greenhouse gases from the livestock sector in the Minahasa Regency. During the studied period (2010-2022), the total greenhouse gas emissions exhibited an average annual increase of 3.17 percent. In 2022, the emissions consisted of methane and dinitrous oxide, with respective contributions of 99.38 percent per year and 0.62. Based on the spatial mapping, the Sonder District produced the largest cumulative emissions, primarily driven by emissions from animal waste management. Conversely, the Kawangkoan District dominated emissions stemming from the enteric fermentation of ruminant animals. These findings imply that all stakeholders in the Minahasa Regency should prioritize efforts to implement adaptation and mitigation programs to reduce these impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Animal waste can be converted into a renewable energy source using biogas technology. This process has an impact on greenhouse gas emissions and is a sustainable source of energy for countries. It can reduce the effects of climate change and protect the planet for future generations. Tier1 and tier2 approaches are commonly used in the literature to calculate emissions factors. With boosting algorithms, this study estimated each animal category's biogas potential and CH4 emissions (tier1 and tier2 approach) for 2004–2021 in all of Turkey's provinces. Two different scenarios were created in the study. For scenario-1, the years 2020–2021 were predicted using data from 2004 to 2019, while for scenario-2, the years 2022–2024 were predicted using data from 2004 to 2021. According to the scenario-1 analysis, the eXtreme Gradient Boosting Regressor (XGBR) algorithm was the most successful algorithm with an R2 of 0.9883 for animal-based biogas prediction and 0.9835 and 0.9773 for animal-based CH4 emission predictions (tier1 and tier2 approaches) for the years 2020–2021. When the mean absolute percentage error was evaluated, it was found to be relatively low at 0.46%, 1.07%, and 2.78%, respectively. According to the scenario-2 analysis, the XGBR algorithm predicted the log10 values of the animal-based biogas potential of five major cities in Turkey for the year 2024, with 11.279 for Istanbul, 12.055 for Ankara, 12.309 for Izmir, 11.869 for Bursa, and 12.866 for Antalya. In the estimation of log10 values of CH4 emission, the tier1 approach yielded estimates of 3.080, 3.652, 3.929, 3.411, and 3.321, respectively, while the tier2 approach yielded estimates of 1.810, 2.806, 2.757, 2.552 and 2.122, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]