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Pasolini n’a pas pu terminer Petrolio, qu’il écrivait lorsqu’il fut assassiné dans la nuit du 1er au 2 novembre 1975. Tantôt appelé Roman, tantôt dénommé Poème, Petrolio n’est pas subdivisé en chapitres mais en appunti (notes), ce qui révèle que, pour Pasolini, aucune section du livre n’était achevée. Plusieurs modèles d’œuvres très longues l’ont inspiré : La Divine Comédie de Dante, les contes des Mille et une nuits ou encore À la recherche du temps perdu de Proust. Pasolini considérait Petrolio comme une œuvre-somme, il avait même dit que ce serait son dernier livre. Nous nous interrogerons sur la faisabilité du livre. Pasolini pouvait-il achever le livre tel qu’il l’avait conçu ? Dès le début du roman, il semble indiquer qu’il n’aura ni début, ni fin. La pluralité des narrateurs, la diversité des lieux, des époques ou la référence à des mythes permettent à Pasolini d’élaborer toute une poétique de l’inachèvement. Mais reste la question du sens du livre. Il semble que Pasolini ait voulu entrelacer les significations politique, sexuelle et mystique de son livre, ce qui renforce sa complexité. Pasolini could not finish Petrolio, which he was writing when he was assassinated on the night of November 1st, 1975. Sometimes called Roman, sometimes called Poem, Petrolio is not subdivided into chapters but into appunti (notes), which reveals that, for Pasolini, no section of the book was complete. Several models of very long works have inspired him: Dante’s Divine Comedy, the One Thousand and One Nights or Proust’s In Search of Lost Time. Pasolini considered Petrolio as a work-sum, he even said that it would be his last book. We will question the feasibility of the book. Could Pasolini have finished the book as he had conceived it? From the beginning of the novel, it seems to indicate that it will have neither beginning nor end. The plurality of narrators, the diversity of places, periods or the reference to myths allow Pasolini to develop a whole poetics of incompleteness. But there remains the question of the meaning of the book. It seems that Pasolini wanted to intertwine the political, sexual and mystical meanings of his book, which adds to its complexity.

Rédigé entre février 1959 et octobre 1962, mais accompagnant l’auteur tout au long de son séjour à Paris (1954-1962) et après son retour en Algérie, le roman autobiographique Ébauche du père, du poète algérien Jean Sénac (1926-1973), ne fut jamais publié de son vivant. Dans cet essai il est question d’introduire quelques grandes lignes du projet (publié de façon posthume chez Gallimard en 1989) — ses objectifs avoués, sa structure, sa profonde instabilité — avec comme point de référence le manuscrit original se trouvant dans le fonds Sénac de la Bibliothèque nationale d’Alger, et de réfléchir au caractère inabouti d’un roman qui se voulait « perpétuel ». Written between February 1959 and October 1962, the autobiographical novel Sketch of the Father (Ébauche du père) by Algerian poet Jean Sénac (1926-1973) remained unfinished and was never published during the author’s lifetime —even though it preoccupied the poet throughout his stay in Paris (1954-1962) and following his return to Algeria in 1962. This essay focuses on some of the deeper elements of novel —its objectives, its structure, its inherent instability— as witnessed in the original manuscript from the Sénac archives of National Library of Algiers, and explores the unfinished nature of a “perpetual” novel.

Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, Albert Memmi, alors étudiant à la Sorbonne, met au point un essai, Le Partisan. Essai sur la constitution d’un rôle psycho-sociologique, qu’il décline en une seconde version, constituée d’aphorismes. Soumis à la lecture de professeurs et camarades, cet essai est très rapidement remisé dans les tiroirs de l’écrivain. Quelque quarante ans plus tard, Memmi y revient : envisageant cette notion de partisanerie à l’aune d’une actualité marquée par le fondamentalisme islamiste, il reprend sa réflexion et rédige alors un grand nombre de notes ainsi qu’un récit – demeuré inachevé – de la genèse de cet essai, tâchant d’éclaircir un certain nombre de postulats de départ. L’essai sera une nouvelle fois remisé dans les tiroirs de Memmi. Quel nœud dans la réflexion de l’auteur du Portrait du colonisé a donc pu engendrer de telles résistances et empêcher la finalisation de cet essai, portrait avant la lettre ? Quel motif fondateur peut-on déceler dans cet essai de jeunesse pour que Memmi l’ait repris dans sa maturité et y songeât encore peu de temps avant sa disparition ? Pourquoi Memmi a-t-il éprouvé la nécessité de rédiger une version aphoristique du Partisan ? À l’aune des différents avant-textes, nous tâcherons de répondre à ces différentes interrogations. In the aftermath of the Second World War, Albert Memmi, then a student at the Sorbonne, developed an essay, Le Partisan. An essay on the constitution of a psycho-sociological role, which he developed into a second version, consisting of aphorisms. The essay was submitted to teachers and fellow students for reading, but was quickly put back in the writer’s drawers. Some forty years later, Memmi returned to it: considering the notion of partisanship in light of current events marked by Islamic fundamentalism, he resumed his reflection and wrote a large number of notes as well as an account –which remained unfinished– of the genesis of this essay, trying to clarify a certain number of starting points. The essay was once again stored in Memmi’s drawers. What was it about the author of Portrait du colonisé that caused such resistance and prevented the essay, portrait before the fact, from being completed? What founding motive can we detect in this early essay that led Memmi to take it up again in his maturity and to think about it again shortly before his death? Why did Memmi feel the need to write an aphoristic version of The Partisan? We will try to answer these questions on the basis of the various draft texts.

« J’ai considéré ce roman comme définitivement inachevé le 27 janvier 2011 » : ainsi s’ouvre la postface du romancier catalan Jaume Cabré à son Confiteor (Jo confesso, 2011, traduit par E. Raillard en 2013). Cette formule qui pointe, au-delà de la totalité d’une oeuvre publiée, l’infini du possible, résonne dans les préoccupations esthétiques et éthiques du roman. Malgré l’assiduité du narrateur, Adrià, à chercher l’exhaustivité, l’aboutissement, le point final, dans la longue lettre qu’il écrit pour “tout” dire à sa bien-aimée, l’univers littéraire les lui refuse : par le destin que Cabré lui impose (non pas la mort, mais Alzheimer), par la forme du monologue épistolaire dont le destin lui échappe néecssairement, par la confusion qui hante la fin de la diégèse. Cette impossibilité à aboutir se révèle comme une valeur littéraire : valeur réaliste, soulignant la continuité de la vie malgré les fins narratives qu’on lui impose ; valeur humaine, car, comme le souligne la forme de la lettre, le roman est un appel à la réinvention permanente ; valeur éthique, car cette ouverture s’oppose aux systèmes totalisants et totalitaristes, aux solutions finales qui, chez Cabré, représentent le Mal. “I deemed this novel definitively unfinished on 27 January, 2011”: thus begins the postface of Catalan novelist Jaume Cabré’s Confessions (Jo confesso, 2011). Beyond the totality of the published work, the phrase evokes the infinity of possibility, and hints at the æsthetic and ethical matter of the novel. Despite the narrator Adrià’s painstaking quest for exhaustivity, completion and the last word in the long letter he writes to his beloved, the fictional universe denies him all of the above: in the end which Cabré deals him (not death, but Alzheimer’s disease), in the form of the epistolary monologue whose fate necessarily leaves his hands, and in the uncertainty which surrounds the interpretation of the novel’s end. This unfinished quality is revealed as valuable. It highlights life’s real continuity amid the artificiality of literary endings; it is dialogic, as highlighted by the letter-form, revealing the novel to be open to constant reinvention; finally, it is ethical, standing in opposition to the final solutions whose drive for ends and completions are the heart of darkness and the portrait of evil in the novel.

André Schwarz-Bart n’a jamais eu la plume facile. Même ses livres édités ont failli ne jamais voir le jour. Il a d’ailleurs cessé de publier son œuvre personnelle après 1972, alors qu’il n’a jamais cessé d’écrire jusqu’à la fin de sa vie, en septembre 2006. Mais il détruisait au fur et à mesure ses manuscrits, non sans se remettre ensuite au travail, parfois sur le même projet, parfois sur un projet similaire. Cette étude se propose de chercher les raisons, biographiques et esthétiques, de ses luttes avec l’écriture. Elle tente d’expliquer l’inachèvement, mais aussi les recommencements perpétuels de son dernier projet, Kaddish, une pièce de théâtre et un roman, dont on trouve des milliers de traces : plans, épisodes, dialogues, enfouis dans ses cahiers, ses carnets et les pages annotées de ses livres. André Schwarz-Bart has never had an easy time writing. His first novels saw the light of day with difficulties. He stopped publishing his personal work after 1972, although he never stopped writing until the end of his life, in September 2006. But he destroyed his manuscripts as he went along, not without getting back to work, sometimes on the same project, sometimes on a similar one. This study aims to find the reasons, biographical and aesthetic, for his struggles with writing. It attempts to explain the incompletion but also the perpetual restarts of his last project, Kaddish, a play and a novel, of which we find thousands of traces: plans, episodes, dialogues, buried in his notebooks, and the annotated pages of his books.

Toute création part de l’écoumène pour aller vers l’érème. De ce que nous connaissons ou croyons connaître (notre jardin secret, cultivé, familier et rassurant), vers le grand inconnu (la forêt profonde, l’océan incommensurable et abyssal, le vaste monde à la fois excitant et inquiétant, à déchiffrer). L’atelier ou la table de travail est en quelque sorte l’écoumène, le point d’ancrage, l’univers clos à partir duquel il devient possible au peintre comme au poète d’aller en exploration, bien s...

Un démarrage difficile caractérise le journal cubain de René Depestre : l’écrivain se plaint de n’avoir pas commencé plus tôt à le tenir, doute de son entreprise et écrit sporadiquement. L’homme traverse une crise existentielle dont le journal peut témoigner. Cependant, les pages manuscrites montrent une certaine obstination, une volonté de faire œuvre, sans même parler de la version tapuscrite établie par ses soins. Et la morale de René Depestre ? Si elle fut un frein, c’est elle qui lui a permis de finir ce qu’il avait entamé, et de dénouer ses difficultés de vie. A difficult start characterizes René Depestre’s Cuban diary: the writer complains that he did not start keeping it earlier, doubts and writes sporadically. The man has to pass an existential crisis that the diary can attest. But the manuscript shows a certain perseverance, a willingness to work –I’m not even talking about the tapuscript established by him. What about the morals of René Depestre? If it acted as a brake, it allowed him to finish what he had begun, and to resolve his life difficulties.

Dans son œuvre littéraire de la maturité, Hylé II, élaborée en allemand entre 1933 et 1958, l’ancien dadaïste berlinois Raoul Hausmann revient sur ses années d’exil à Ibiza ; cet article propose une étude génétique de son autotraduction inachevée en français. L’analyse montre qu’en évoluant vers la réécriture libre, l’autotraduction commencée dès 1937 met en péril l’achèvement du projet allemand, et sera abandonnée vers 1945. Cette tentative avortée est d’abord à comprendre comme une étape cruciale dans la mise en place progressive du bilinguisme d’écriture alterné de Raoul Hausmann après-guerre, alors qu’il fait de la France son pays d’élection. L’autotraduction doit en outre être examinée par rapport au projet central de Hylé II, à savoir la production d’une forme textuelle en mouvement. La réintégration de l’autotraduction au sein du texte original, dans une phase tardive de sa genèse, est un des nombreux procédés utilisés par Hausmann pour opérer cette déstabilisation de la notion traditionnelle du texte, à rapprocher des attaques des avant-gardes historiques contre la catégorie d’œuvre et l’institution de l’art. In his mature literary work, Hylé II, written in German between 1933 and 1958, the former Berlin Dadaist Raoul Hausmann looks back on his years of exile in Ibiza; the article proposes a genetic study of the unfinished self-translation into French of Hylé II. The analysis reconstructs how the self-translation initiated in 1937 evolves soon after into a form of free rewriting, and jeopardises the completion of the German project, before being abandoned around 1945. This failed attempt is to be understood first of all as a crucial stage in Raoul Hausmann’s development as a bilingual writer after the war, when he chose France as his new homeland. The French self-translation must also be examined in relation to the core project of Hylé II, namely the production of a textual form in motion. Reintegrating the self-translation within the original text, in a late phase of its genesis, is one of the many textual strategies used by Hausmann to destabilise the traditional notion of text, a gesture closely akin to the attacks of the historical avant-gardes on the category of work (œuvre) and the institution of art.

Сet article analyse le procédé d’improvisation à la fois graphique et linguistique, élaboré en 1952, puis en 1960 par Ernest Fraenkel à partir de Un coup de dés jamais n’abolira le hasard de Stéphane Mallarmé. Un procédé qui sera développé presque simultanément, en 1968 et 1969, par Mario Diacono et de Marcel Broodthaers. Les auteurs proposent une présentation de la méthode de Fraenkel d’après son livre Les Dessins trans-conscients de Stéphane Mallarmé (1960), et un examen historique de la réception critique et artistique de ce livre. Ils expliquent l’originalité de la conception de cet ouvrage et son rôle dans le développement de la tradition du livre d’artiste en France. This article focuses on the improvisation process, both graphic and linguistic, developed in 1952 and 1960 by Ernest Fraenkel on Un Coup de dés jamais n’abolira le hasard (1897, 1914), by Stéphane Mallarmé, and then developed, almost simultaneously in 1968 and 1969, in the artists’ books of Mario Diacono and Marcel Broodthaers. The authors propose a presentation of Fraenkel’s method based on his book Les Dessins trans-conscients de Stéphane Mallarmé (1960) and an observation of the history of the critical and artistic reception of that book. They explain the originality of the conception of that book and its role in the development of the tradition of the artist’s book in France.

This essay considers the collaborative projects of Cuban artist Wifredo Lam and French poet René Char as thematizing an imbrication between two different ends of the world: the end of the colonial world through decolonization and the end of terrestrial life in nuclear war. This connection, I argue, is pursued by Lam and Char through a set of socio-ecological commitments in which the relation between humanity and the earth heralds an apocalyptic vision of planetary crisis. I proceed to my argument by reconstructing Char and Lam’s investments in a political aesthetics of inter-species and earthly habitation, beginning in the 1950s. By the mid-1960s, the threat of nuclear destruction transforms the meaning of the earth, especially in Char’s poetics. At the center of my analysis is their collaborative book, Contre une maison sèche, which I read in continuity with late 1960s anti-nuclear struggles. Finally, I suggest that we think formal decolonization and anti-nuclear ecology together as a point of historical reference for the current ecological crisis. What I call “the rumor of the Earth,” after Lam’s 1950 painting, names the possible but as-yet undiscovered forms of inhabiting the Earth and of making new relations at all levels of the general ecology. Cette étude sur les projets collaboratifs de l’artiste cubain Wifredo Lam et du poète français René Char thématise l’imbrication de deux pôles : la fin du monde colonial par la décolonisation et la fin de la vie terrestre par la guerre nucléaire. Cette imbrication, je soutiens, est poursuivie par Lam et Char à travers un ensemble d’engagements socio-écologiques dans lesquels la relation entre l’humanité et la Terre annonce une vision apocalyptique de la crise planétaire. Je poursuis mon propos en reconstruisant les investissements de Char et de Lam dans une esthétique politique de l’inter-espèce et de l’habitat terrestre, à partir des années 1950. Au milieu des années 1960, la menace de destruction nucléaire transforme la signification de la vie sur terre, notamment dans la poétique de Char. Au centre de mon analyse se trouve leur livre collaboratif, Contre une maison sèche, que je lis dans la continuité des luttes antinucléaires à la fin des années 1960. Enfin, je propose de penser ensemble la décolonisation formelle et l’écologie anti-nucléaire comme point de référence historique de la crise écologique actuelle. Ce que j’appelle « la rumeur de la Terre », d’après le tableau de Lam de 1950, nomme les formes possibles mais encore inconnues d’habiter la Terre et d’établir de nouvelles relations à tous les niveaux de l’écologie générale.

En juin 1950, un livre magnifique, Corps perdu, tiré à 220 exemplaires, paraît aux Éditions Fragrance. En page de couverture, le nom d’Aimé Césaire s’affiche en haut, mais, en-dessous, celui de Pablo Picasso est beaucoup plus grand. Comment les deux hommes en sont-ils venus à publier ce recueil ? Comment ont-ils élaboré leur œuvre commune ? Corps perdu est l’aboutissement d’une histoire tumultueuse. On June 1950, a magnificent book, Corps perdu, with a print run of 220 copies, was published by Éditions Fragrance. On the cover, Aimé Césaire’s name appears at the top, but underneath, Pablo Picasso’s is much larger. How did the two men come to publish this collection? How did they develop their joint work? Corps perdu is the result of a tumultuous history.

This essay examines a little-studied aesthetic collaboration between Aimé Césaire and Wifredo Lam to depict doves and a bird of prey (called “menfenil”) in text and image. “Colombes et menfenil” was the title of a selection of poems by Césaire that was published in Hémisphères magazine in 1944 with an illustration by Wifredo Lam. Both birds also appear in Césaire’s Cahier d’un retour au pays natal and Lam’s illustrations of the Spanish translation of this poem published in Cuba the previous year. They go on to recur in later paintings by Lam: “Menfenil” (1947), “Lunguanda yembe” (1950), and “La colombe noire” (1959). The birds in question have archetypical significance as symbols of peace and war that connect to the history of colonialism. I propose with this essay a critical dialogue with Césaire and Lam’s work on these birds to diffuse the conquest-thinking that informs the symbolic economy and contributes to normalizing the persistence of racialized hierarchies embedded in the history of colonial dispossession and exploitation. In their collaborative aesthetic recasting of these archetypal bird figures, I argue that both poet and painter symbolically take them over to take flight from conquest. Cet essai analyse une collaboration esthétique peu étudiée, celle d’Aimé Césaire et de Wifredo Lam, à travers des colombes et un oiseau de proie (appelé « menfenil ») présents à la fois dans leurs textes et leurs images. « Colombes et menfenil » est le titre d’un groupe de poèmes de Césaire publié dans la revue Hémisphères en 1944, avec une illustration de Wifredo Lam. Les deux oiseaux apparaissent également dans le Cahier d’un retour au pays natal de Césaire et dans les illustrations offertes par Lam pour la traduction espagnole du poème, publiée à Cuba l’année précédente. Ils figurent aussi dans les peintures ultérieures de Lam : « Menfenil » (1947), « Lunguanda yembe » (1950) et « La colombe noire » (1959). Ces oiseaux représentent une figure archétypale de la paix et de la guerre liée à l’histoire du colonialisme. Je propose dans cet essai un dialogue critique avec l’œuvre de Césaire et de Lam concernant ces oiseaux pour examiner une pensée de la conquête qui a produit une économie symbolique contribuant à accréditer des hiérarchies raciales persistantes ancrées dans l’histoire de la dépossession et l’exploitation coloniales. Dans leur commune refonte esthétique, le poète et le peintre utilisent tous deux ces oiseaux archétypaux comme moyen pour s’envoler loin de la conquête.

On connaît André Schwarz-Bart romancier : mais les dessins présents dans les manuscrits de l’écrivain sont un aspect encore méconnu de sa création. Cet article vise à présenter trois des quelques dessins d’André Schwarz-Bart retrouvés dans ses manuscrits. Ils sont tout à la fois ceux de l’écrivain happé par l’acte de créer, explorant une autre forme de dialogue avec son lecteur ; et ceux de l’écrivain lisant, donnant une forme aux pensées suggérées par sa lecture. Nous explorerons ce lien qui se tisse alors entre la lecture et la création chez André Schwarz-Bart par le biais du dessin. Besides of being a writer, André Schwarz-Bart also drew: this article introduces three of the few drawings we found in his archives. Some (like “Mariotte” or “Solitude”) are linked with the novel, and published with it. They give a new dimension to the fiction. Other (like “The man with a hat”) seem to spring while André Schwarz-Bart is reading. This article explores the way some sketches in manuscripts deeply connect creation and inspiration.

Colette Fellous, née en 1950, a quitté la Tunisie en 1967, au lendemain des émeutes qui ont éclaté pendant la guerre des Six Jours. Installée à Paris, elle étudie la littérature et la philosophie, tout en étant un temps actrice au théâtre des Quartiers d’Ivry. Elle participe au séminaire dirigé par Roland Barthes, qui, en 1975, lui recommande de se lancer dans l’écriture. Elle publie à partir de 1982 des récits par lesquels elle évoque un retour vers son pays natal : D’un roman à l’autre, le ...

Cet article analyse l’environnement numérique qui a accompagné l’élaboration et la parution en 2018 chez Lattès du roman Empreintes de crabe de Patrice Nganang. L’écrivain a présenté son recours croissant à l’internet, faisant de lui un « homme-numérique », comme le fruit d’un tournant crucial pris en 2011. Évoquant les étapes de cette trajectoire et ses enjeux tant politiques que poétiques dans une première partie, l’étude propose dans une deuxième partie de mettre en rapport, à partir du roman Empreintes de crabe, les textes nativement numériques produits par l’auteur avec ses textes non nativement numériques, y compris un manuscrit d’étape finalisé en 2013, avant d’être retravaillé en mobilisant davantage les réseaux sociaux, en particulier Facebook et Twitter. En s’appuyant sur une production discursive multiforme, y compris des interventions de Nganang dans un espace public numérique, il s’agit de décrire la genèse en partie digitale d’un roman informé par une poétique web articulant l’écrit et l’écran. Les formes d’exposition de cette production littéraire hors de l’objet-livre traditionnel permettent notamment de la re-diriger vers un public camerounais dont une mémoire historique longtemps réprimée se voit, avec ce roman, en partie réhabilitée. This article analyzes the digital environment that accompanied the development and publication in 2018 by Lattès of the novel Empreintes de crabe by Patrice Nganang. Designating himself as a “digital man”, the writer presented his growing use of the Internet as the result of a crucial turning point in 2011. Evoking firstly the stages of this trajectory and its political and poetic stakes, the essay compares secondly the born-digital material produced by Nganang with his other writings regarding the novel Empreintes de crabe. These texts include an interim manuscript finalized in 2013, which the author has reworked by making greater use of social networks, in particular Facebook and Twitter. Based on diversified textual material, including Nganang’s interventions in a digital public space, the article describes the genesis, which is partly digital, of a novel informed by a web poetics at the crossroads of the screen and the printed book. The exhibition of this literary production outside the book as object allows in particular to redirect it towards a Cameroonian public whose long-repressed historical memory is, within this novel, in part rehabilitated.

Le séisme qui a considérablement endeuillé la ville et la région de Port-au-Prince en janvier 2010 a entraîné le renforcement des bâtiments qui n’étaient pas considérés comme dangereux et voués à la destruction. La maison de l’écrivain et peintre Frankétienne a été ainsi réparée et consolidée à l’aide de piliers de béton, rapidement transformés en surfaces picturales et support de sentences par l’artiste. Cette dimension monumentale qui met en forme la résistance contre tous les désastres récurrents en Haïti prend place à l’intérieur de l’espace domestique de la famille Étienne et de l’espace de travail de l’écrivain. The earthquake that considerably bereaved the city and the region of Port-au-Prince in January 2010 led to the reinforcement of buildings that were not considered dangerous and doomed to destruction. The house of the writer and painter Frankétienne was thus repaired and consolidated with the help of concrete pillars, quickly transformed into pictorial surfaces and support for sentences by the artist. This monumental dimension that shapes the resistance against all the recurring disasters in Haiti takes place inside the domestic space of the Étienne family and the work space of the writer.

En déclarant que Le Ravissement de Lol V. Stein est « le roman de la dépersonne », Duras dévoile qu’il se fonde sur un vide, construit autour d’un personnage en creux. Cet article explore la question de l’identité en examinant, à partir des manuscrits conservés à l’IMEC, un geste d’élaboration du personnage qui n’est jamais terminé. Le personnage durassien, cette « dépersonne », met aussi en doute les idées reçues sur la représentation de l’être dans la littérature., In declaring that Le Ravissement de Lol V. Stein is “the novel of the de-person”, Duras unveils that the novel is based on a void, built around a hollow character. We explore the question of identity by examining, within the manuscripts held at the IMEC, a process of character development that is never complete. The Durassian character, this “de-person”, also calls into question common preconceptions on the representation of being within literature.

Excluding outlier plants (biological replicates deviating from the expected distribution on a multi-criteria basis) from phenotypic datasets is necessary to avoid false-positive associations between genome markers and traits., Based on case studies, we discuss the extent to which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are affected by outlier plants, i.e. those deviating from the expected distribution on a multi-criteria basis. Using a raw dataset consisting of daily measurements of leaf area, biomass, and plant height for thousands of plants, we tested three different cleaning methods for their effects on genetic analyses. No-cleaning resulted in the highest number of dubious quantitative trait loci, especially at loci with highly unbalanced allelic frequencies. A trade-off was identified between the risk of false-positives (with no-cleaning and/or a low threshold for minor allele frequency) and the risk of missing interesting rare alleles. Cleaning can lower the risk of the latter by making it possible to choose a higher threshold in GWAS.

Par leur place à la fin de l’ouvrage, et par leur titre énigmatique, les « Apocryphes des derniers jours » appellent réflexion et analyse. Ils sont en effet le fruit d’un long travail d’écriture et de composition : déplacement de textes, écriture de dernière heure, presque « sur le marbre » pour l’un des poèmes, intertextualité et remaniements importants. À partir du manuscrit, l’analyse génétique et/ou intertextuelle privilégie deux types d’approche distincts, mais liés l’un à l’autre : la composition « en mouvement » du sous-ensemble constitué par ces trois textes et l’observation détaillée des états successifs du premier poème des « Apocryphes ». Given their place at the end of the book and their enigmatic title, the “Apocrypha of the last days” call for reflection and analysis. They are indeed the fruit of a considerable amount of writing and composition: moving texts, last-minute writing, at the printing press for one of the poems, rearrangements and other important reworkings. For the manuscript, the genealogical and / or intertextual analysis privileges two distinct but interrelated types of approach: the examination of the rearrangements of these three texts, and detailed observation of the successive states of the first poem of the “Apocrypha”. Durch ihren Platz am Ende des Buches und ihren rätselhaften Titel rufen die „Apocryphes des derniers jours“ zum Nachdenken und zur Analyse auf. Sie sind in der Tat das Ergebnis einer langen Schreib- und Kompositionsarbeit: Textverschiebungen, Schreiben in letzter Minute, gar kurz vor dem Druck für eines der Gedichte, Intertextualität und wichtige Überarbeitungen. Ausgehend vom Manuskript favorisiert die genetische und/oder intertextuelle Analyse zwei unterschiedliche, aber verwandte Ansätze: den Fokus auf die verschiedenen Momente der Zusammensetzung der Untermenge, die diese drei Texte bilden, und die detaillierte Beobachtung der aufeinanderfolgenden Zustände des ersten Gedichts der „Apocryphes“. Por su ubicación al final de la obra y por su título enigmático, los “Apócrifos de los últimos días” requieren reflexión y análisis. Son, en efecto, el fruto de un largo trabajo de escritura y composición: desplazamiento de textos, escritura de último minuto -casi en prensa, por lo que se refiere a uno de los poemas-, intertextualidad y modificaciones importantes. A partir del manuscrito, el análisis genético y/o intertextual privilegia dos tipos de enfoques distintos, pero ligados uno al otro: la composición “en movimiento” del subconjunto constituido por estos tres textos y la observación detallada de los estadios sucesivos del primer poema de los “Apócrifos”. Por estar no final da publicação e pelo título enigmático , os « Apocryphes des derniers jours » /« Apócrifos dos últimos dias » chamam à reflexão e à análise. Com efeito, eles são o fruto de um longo trabalho de escrita e de composição: deslocamento de textos, escrita de última hora, quase « no mármore » no caso de um dos poemas, intertextualidade e remanejamentos importantes. A partir do manuscrito, a análise genética e/ou intertextual privilegia dois tipos de abordagem distintas, mas ligadas uma a outra : a composição « em movimento » do sub-conjunto constituído por esses três textos e a observação detalhada dos estados sucessivos do primeiro poema dos « Apócrifos ». Posti alla fine dell’opera e dotati di un titolo enigmatico, gli “Apocrifi degli ultimi giorni” invitano alla riflessione e all’analisi. Essi sono il frutto di un lungo lavoro di scrittura e di composizione: spostamento di testi, scrittura dell’ultimo momento (un poema viene scritto quasi sul torchio di stampa), intertestualità e rimaneggiamenti importanti. L’analisi genetica e/o intertestuale privilegia due tipi di approccio del manoscritto, differenti ma legati tra loro: la composizione “in movimento” del sottoinsieme costituito da questi tre testi e l’osservazione dettagliata delle versioni successive del primo poema degli “Apocrifi”.

International audience; The Rdr1 gene confers resistance to black spot in roses and belongs to a large TNL gene family, which is organized in two major clusters at the distal end of chromosome 1. We used the recently available chromosome scale assemblies for the R. chinensis ‘Old Blush’ genome, re-sequencing data for nine rose species and genome data for Fragaria, Rubus, Malus and Prunus to identify Rdr1 homologs from different taxa within Rosaceae. Members of the Rdr1 gene family are organized into two major clusters in R. chinensis and at a syntenic location in the Fragaria genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the two clusters existed prior to the split of Rosa and Fragaria and that one cluster has a more recent origin than the other. Genes belonging to cluster 2, such as the functional Rdr1 gene muRdr1A, were subject to a faster evolution than genes from cluster 1. As no Rdr1 homologs were found in syntenic positions for Prunus persica, Malus x domestica and Rubus occidentalis, a translocation of the Rdr1 clusters to the current positions probably happened after the Rubeae split from other groups within the Rosoideae approximately 70–80 million years ago during the Cretaceous period.

International audience; Alternaria brassicicola is a necrotrophic fungus causing black spot disease andis an economically important seed-borne pathogen of cultivated brassicas. Seedtransmission is a crucial component of its parasitic cycle as it promotes long-termsurvival and dispersal. Recent studies, conducted with the Arabidopsis thaliana/A.brassicicola pathosystem, showed that the level of susceptibility of the fungus to waterstress strongly influenced its seed transmission ability. In this study, we gained furtherinsights into the mechanisms involved in the seed infection process by analyzing thetranscriptomic and metabolomic responses of germinated spores of A. brassicicolaexposed to water stress. Then, the repertoire of putative hydrophilins, a group of proteinsthat are assumed to be involved in cellular dehydration tolerance, was established in A.brassicicola based on the expression data and additional structural and biochemicalcriteria. Phenotyping of single deletion mutants deficient for fungal hydrophilin-likeproteins showed that they were affected in their transmission to A. thaliana seeds,although their aggressiveness on host vegetative tissues remained intact.

En Algérie, et sur l’Algérie, la photographie est une discipline peu analysée. Alors que l’image photographique y est présente depuis son invention, les modalités de constitution et de valorisation d’archives visuelles au sein de fonds publics ou privés, par des institutions, des particuliers ou des artistes, ne sont pas suffisamment connues. Cette problématique est présente dans trois moments clés de l’histoire algérienne, celui de la colonisation, de la guerre d’indépendance et pendant les ...

International audience; In vertebrates, a remarkable diversity of sex determining mechanisms is observed, ranging from environmental to genetic sex determination (ESD and GSD). In teleosts, sex determination mechanisms include both environmental and genetic regulation and are extremely diverse, changeable, and labile. In addition, many sex-determining genes have been already found in this group of vertebrates showing that SD genes can be extremely variable even between closely related organisms. Hence, teleost fish have emerged as interesting models to study the macroevolution of sex determining (SD) mechanisms within vertebrates. The cavefish Astyanax mexicanus belongs to the Characiform group. Different populations of Astyanax have been described, including pigmented river-dwelling and several depigmented blind cave populations. These populations are still inter-fertile and cave populations are known to have evolved from a surface ancestral population around 100,000 years ago. In addition these Astyanax populations can be also reared under laboratory conditions quite easily and are amendable to genetic manipulations. Altogether this makes surface and cave populations a particularly interesting evolutionary genetic model system for comparative and microevolution studies. We thus initiated studies on the microevolution of SD and SD genes in the cavefish Astyanax mexicanus, and used restriction site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing and pool-sequencing approaches to identify sex-biased molecular markers in both cave and surface populations. Our first results led to the identification of a candidate master sex-determining gene that potentially triggers SD in both cave and surface populations. Despite this conservation of a strict GSD and the same master sex-determining gene, our results also pin point that SD in Astyanax mexicanus has already evolved between surface and cave populations and suggest a quick evolutionary transition between an old polygenic SD system in surface population towards a more recent and simple monofactorial system in cave population.

The occurrence of somaclonal variants (ca 5%) among populations of somatic embryo-derived oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) currently hampers the scaling-up of clonal plant production. In order to investigate the relationship between the "mantled" somaclonal variant and possible alterations in genomic DNA methylation rate, two complementary approaches have been used. HPLC quantification of relative amounts of 5-methyl-deoxycytidine has shown that global methylation in leaf DNA of abnormal regenerants is 0.5-2.5% lower than in their normal counterparts (20.8% vs 22%, respectively). When comparing nodular compact calli and fast growing calli, yielding respectively 5% and 100% of "mantled" plantlets, this decrease was up to 4.5% (from 23.2 to 18.7%). An alternative method, the Sssl-methylase accepting assay, based on the enzymatic saturation of CG sites with methyl groups, gave convergent results. This work demonstrates that a correlation exists between DNA hypomethylation and the "mantled" somaclonal variation in oil palm.

Hyposoter didymator (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) is a generalist solitary endoparasitoid of noctuid larvae. In the present work, we tested whether populations of H. didymator were divided in several genetically distinct taxa as described for many other generalist parasitoid species, and whether differences in H. didymator parasitism rates were explained by the insect host species and/or by the plant on which these hosts were feeding on. The genetic analysis of natural populations collected in different regions in France and Spain on seven different insect hosts and seven different host plants (775 individuals) showed that H. didymator populations belong to a unique single taxon. However, H. didymator seems to be somewhat specialized. Indeed, in the fields it more often parasitized Helicoverpa armigera compared to the other host species collected in the present work. Also, H. didymator parasitism rates in field conditions and semi-field experimental studies were dependent on the host plants on which H. armigera larvae are feeding. Still, H. didymator can occur occasionally on non-preferred noctuid species. One hypothesis explaining the ability of H. didymator to switch hosts in natura could be related to fluctuating densities of the preferred host over the year; this strategy would allow the parasitoid to avoid seasonal population collapses.

Le séquençage à haut débit permet l'analyse de grands panels de gènes, de l'exome ou du génome, facilitant considérablement le diagnostic des maladies mendéliennes. Cependant, cette technique aboutit également à des résultats inattendus au sujet desquels il est crucial que les patients soient informés. Le présent travail s'intéresse au consentement éclairé des patients entreprenant une analyse par séquençage à haut débit. Nous avons, d'une part, proposé une catégorisation des résultats inattendus, basée sur leur actionnabilité. Puis, nous avons discuté des conditions rendant le choix des patients autonome et avons argumenté pour le recours à des définitions de l'autonomie plus exigeantes que celle mise en œuvre par le droit suisse, comme la version de Gerald Dworkin et de Joseph Raz. Finalement, une étude empirique a confirmé et élargi notre catégorisation de l'actionnabilité et a apporté des pistes pour améliorer le respect de l'autonomie des patients en pratique clinique.

The objectives of this study were to assess the most important factors that influence productive life (PL) of Brazilian Holstein cows and to estimate genetic parameters for PL using a piecewise Weibull proportional hazard model. Records of PL from first calving to last recording (culling) of 132,922 cows coming from 945 herds were used. They had to have their first calving occurring between 1989 and 2013 and they were daughters of 6,804 sires. The model included the time-dependent effects of region within year, class of milk production within herd-year, class of milk production within lactation number, class of fat and protein contents within herd and (variation in) herd size as well as the time-independent fixed effect of age at first calving, the random effects of herd-year, sire and maternal grand sire. All fixed effects had a significant effect on PL (P < 0.001). The relative risk (RR) for within herd class of milk yield varied from 3.16 for the worst 20% class to 0.41 for the best 20% class. RR also increased as protein and fat decreased, but to a lesser extent compared to milk yield. Significant effects on PL were found for region year, with large yearly changes in some cases. RR increased with age at first calving and with herd size but lower risks were observed when herd size was increasing or decreasing, compared to stable herds. The Weibull shape parameters (and therefore RR) increased with lactation number and with stage of lactation. The sire genetic variance estimate was 0.030 +/- 0.002 which corresponds to an equivalent heritability estimate of 6.1% accounting for censoring. A positive genetic trend of PL was observed. These results may contribute to the development of a routine genetic evaluation necessary to improve PL of Brazilian Holsteins.

[EN] An experiment was carried out to estimate the genetic group effects and the crossbreeding genetic parameters of growth traits [body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)] in rabbits during fattening between 28 and 63 d. The rabbits were the progeny of does coming from a full diallel cross between 4 maternal lines (A, V, H and LP) mated to bucks of the paternal line R. On thousand fifty five rabbits were controlled and the traits were recorded weekly, with the cage as the experimental unit for FI and FCR (283 cages). The genetic group (V line) was present in all farms in order to connect records among them and to be used as reference group. Crossbreeding parameters were estimated according to the Dickerson model. Regarding dam effects between pure lines for BW at weaning, A line was the heaviest and showed significant differences with LP and V lines (61 and 30 g, respectively). Upon completion of the fattening period, the differences in favour of A line for BW at weaning were compensated. Throughout the fattening period, no significant differences were observed between the lines as dam lines. At the end of the fattening period, no significant differences were observed between the crossbred groups. Regarding the reciprocal effects, the most relevant results were the significances for FCR in favour of H as sire line. For all traits, the confidence intervals at 95% of all contrast and effects were large. The estimates of maternal heterosis were, in general, negative, which could be a consequence of the positive heterosis for litter size. The AH cross showed significant maternal heterosis for BW at 43 d (–53 g), ADG between 28 and 42 d (–3.5 g/d), FI between 28 and 63 d (–7 g/d) and FCR between 42 and 63 d (–0.15). The combination of direct and maternal effects of the V line was the worst for all growth traits, showing significant differences with the LP line for most of them, for instance 0.13 worse FCR between 28 and 63 d. Grand-maternal effects were less important than direct-maternal., This work was supported by the Spanish project AGL2011-30170- C02-01 from the Spanish National Research Plan. C. Minguez acknowledges a Formacion de Personal Investigador (FPI) grant from the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MEC), Spain.

Prix poster; Background:Our previous work in hyperlipidemic murine models has shown that chronic consumption of a Western Diet (WD) correlates with impaired cognitive function. Hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for dementia, yet the mechanisms are poorly understood. This pilot study investigated the molecular mechanism of dietary lipid stress on gene expression in brain microvasculature in mice. Methods:Wild-type and low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out (LDL-R -/-) mice were fed a control diet (CD) or WD for 8 weeks. Hippocampal microvessels were isolated using laser capture microdissection, and subjected to genome wide microarray analysis. Bioinformatics analysis was performed for differentially expressed genes, gene networks and pathways, transcription factors, and non-protein coding miRNAs. Results:Over 2000 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were identified, including protein coding and non-coding genes. Networks and pathways revealed by DEG analysis highlighted those regulating endothelial function and permeability including cellular adhesion, junctional and cytoskeletal organization, cellular metabolism and cell signaling, and the potential transcription factors implicated in the observed genomic effects. We also identified differentially-expressed non-coding RNAs, that were primarily upregulated, including miRNAs, snoRNAs and lncRNAs, not previously described to be regulated by the WD. Conclusion:Our results indicate that chronic consumption of a WD results in complex alterations of the genomic profile of microvascular endothelium in the hippocampus of mice, and revealed protein non-coding RNA as novel actors in the observed effects. Our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms by which consumption of a WD may be associated with impairment in cognitive function.

Background Systems biology aims to analyse regulation mechanisms into the cell. By mapping interactions observed in different situations, differential network analysis has shown its power to reveal specific cellular responses or specific dysfunctional regulations. In this work, we propose to explore on a large scale the role of natural anti-sense transcription on gene regulation mechanisms, and we focus our study on apple (Malus domestica) in the context of fruit ripening in cold storage. Results We present a differential functional analysis of the sense and anti-sense transcriptomic data that reveals functional terms linked to the ripening process. To develop our differential network analysis, we introduce our inference method of an Extended Core Network; this method is inspired by C3NET, but extends the notion of significant interactions. By comparing two extended core networks, one inferred with sense data and the other one inferred with sense and anti-sense data, our differential analysis is first performed on a local view and reveals AS-impacted genes, genes that have important interactions impacted by anti-sense transcription. The motifs surrounding AS-impacted genes gather transcripts with functions mostly consistent with the biological context of the data used and the method allows us to identify new actors involved in ripening and cold acclimation pathways and to decipher their interactions. Then from a more global view, we compute minimal sub-networks that connect the AS-impacted genes using Steiner trees. Those Steiner trees allow us to study the rewiring of the AS-impacted genes in the network with anti-sense actors. Conclusion Anti-sense transcription is usually ignored in transcriptomic studies. The large-scale differential analysis of apple data that we propose reveals that anti-sense regulation may have an important impact in several cellular stress response mechanisms. Our data mining process enables to highlight specific interactions that deserve further experimental investigations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0613-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

International audience

International audience; Qualitative plant resistance mechanisms and pathogen virulence have been extensively studied since the formulation of the gene-for-gene hypothesis. The mechanisms involved in the quantitative traits of aggressiveness and plant partial resistance are less well-known. Nevertheless, they are prevalent in most plant-necrotrophic pathogen interactions, including the Daucus carota–Alternaria dauci interaction. Phytotoxic metabolite production by the pathogen plays a key role in aggressiveness in these interactions. The aim of the present study was to explore the link between A. dauci aggressiveness and toxin production. We challenged carrot embryogenic cell cultures from a susceptible genotype (H1) and two partially resistant genotypes (I2 and K3) with exudates from A. dauci strains with various aggressiveness levels. Interestingly, A. dauci-resistant carrot genotypes were only affected by exudates from the most aggressive strain in our study (ITA002). Our results highlight a positive link between A. dauci aggressiveness and the fungal exudate cell toxicity. We hypothesize that the fungal exudate toxicity was linked with the amount of toxic compounds produced by the fungus. Interestingly, organic exudate production by the fungus was correlated with aggressiveness. Hence, we further analyzed the fungal organic extract using HPLC, and correlations between the observed peak intensities and fungal aggressiveness were measured. One observed peak was closely correlated with fungal aggressiveness. We succeeded in purifying this peak and NMR analysis revealed that the purified compound was a novel 10-membered benzenediol lactone, a polyketid that we named ‘aldaulactone’. We used a new automated image analysis method and found that aldaulactone was toxic to in vitro cultured plant cells at those concentrations. The effects of both aldaulactone and fungal organic extracts were weaker on I2-resistant carrot cells compared to H1 carrot cells. Taken together, our results suggest that: (i) aldaulactone is a new phytotoxin, (ii) there is a relationship between the amount of aldaulactone produced and fungal aggressiveness, and (iii) carrot resistance to A. dauci involves mechanisms of resistance to aldaulactone.

We present BeechCOSTe52; a database of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) phenotypic measurements for several traits related to fitness measured in genetic trials planted across Europe. The dataset was compiled and harmonized during the COST-Action E52 (2006-2010), and subsequently cross-validated to ensure consistency of measurement data among trials and provenances. Phenotypic traits (height, diameter at breast height, basal diameter, mortality, phenology of spring bud burst and autumn-leaf discoloration) were recorded in 38 trial sites where 217 provenances covering the entire distribution of European beech were established in two consecutive series (1993/95 and 1996/98). The recorded data refer to 862,095 measurements of the same trees aged from 2 to 15 years old over multiple years. This dataset captures the considerable genetic and phenotypic intra-specific variation present in European beech and should be of interest to researchers from several disciplines including quantitative genetics, ecology, biogeography, macroecology, adaptive management of forests and bioeconomy.

Backgroud Populus nigra is a major tree species of ecological and economic importance for which several initiatives have been set up to create genomic resources. In order to access the large number of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) typically needed to carry out a genome scan, the present study aimed at evaluating RNA sequencing as a tool to discover and type SNPs in genes within natural populations of P. nigra. Results We have devised a bioinformatics pipeline to call and type SNPs from RNAseq reads and applied it to P. nigra transcriptomic data. The accuracy of the resulting RNAseq-based SNP calling and typing has been evaluated by (i) comparing their position and alleles to those previously reported in candidate genes, (ii) assessing their genotyping accuracy with respect to a previously available SNP chip and (iii) evaluating their inter-annual repeatability. We found that a combination of several callers yields a good compromise between the number of variants type and the accuracy of genotyping. We further used the resulting genotypic data to carry out basic genetic analyses whose results confirm the quality of the RNAseq-based SNP dataset. Conclusions We demonstrated the potential and accuracy of RNAseq as an efficient way to genotype SNPs in P. nigra. These results open prospects towards the use of this technology for quantitative and population genomics studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5239-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Multispecies population genetics is an emerging field that provides insight relevant to conservation biology and community ecology. However, to date, this approach is limited to species with available genetic resources. The use of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers developed from recent genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) technologies is a roadmap for the study of nonmodel species, but remains cost prohibitive when several, distantly related species are involved. We aimed to overcome this issue using a single HiSeq3000 run of restriction-site associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) to retrieve SNP markers for 40 diverse species including plants, invertebrates, fish, and mammals. We developed a Python-based pipeline to isolate c. 100–500 high-quality SNP markers for each species that could be genotyped through classical PCR amplification methods. To assess the quality of these markers, we validated our approach on c. 160 of the characterized SNPs for each of 18 Neotropical fish species from the river Maroni (French Guiana, South America), using the MassARRAY iPLEX platform from Agena Bioscience (San Diego, CA, USA). A run of the pipeline applying stringent filtering parameters enabled the successful design of between 130 and 3,492 SNP markers for 30 of the 40 study species. Relaxing pipeline parameters allows for an increase in the number of detected SNPs. Across the 18 species from French Guiana, an average of 85% of markers were successfully amplified, polymorphic, and scored in ≥90% of individuals (c. 200 individuals per species). The great majority (>98%) of these markers were at Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in each sampling site from the river Maroni. This SNP discovery was performed at the cost of c. $US110 for each of the 40 species. Genotyping was performed at the cost of c. $US6000 for each of the 18 fish species with an average of 200 individuals per species. This strategy was found cost-and-time efficient to develop hundreds of SNP markers for a large range of nonmodel species, which can be used to investigate ecological and evolutionary questions that do not require whole-genome coverage.

“High throughput” measurement of wood quality for genetic studies and breeding programs. French (INRA)/Finnish (Luke) workshop, “Strengthening collaboration on innovative wood quality research”

Session 4 : Interactions cellules somatiques /cellules germinales; Sex-determination in fish. 2. Journées scientifiques GDR 3606 REPRO : ReproSciences 2017

Hervé Sanson : Tu es un auteur qui écrit en deux langues, français et anglais. Tu publies d’ailleurs en deux lieux, Montréal et New York. Certains de tes ouvrages existent en deux versions, L’Absence au lieu, par exemple ; Absence Where As, en anglais. Que dirais-tu de ce travail entre les langues ? Sont-ce deux textes équivalents ? Peut-on parler de traduction stricto sensu ? Nathanaël : Il est vrai que depuis 2003 environ, au moment de Je Nathanaël j’ai commencé à récrire certains livres da...

Picture the bibliographical prelude: in 1973, Frederick Ivor Case publishes the first enumerative bibliography of Aimé Césaire with the simple title “Aimé Césaire: Bibliographie”. Around the same time, we imagine Thomas Hale already hard at work on his thesis, “Aimé Césaire: His Literary and Political Writings with a Bio-Bibliography”, which he submits in 1974. A few years later, in 1978, a revised version of the latter is published in a special issue of Études françaises, “Les Écrits d’Aimé ...

This special issue on Caribbean literary archives is part of a growing conversation around literary heritage and the future of the region’s literary past. The essays collected here demonstrate the significant potential of current research and professional collaborations for enriching, enlarging and democratising the archive. Yet, they do not shy away from the threats, silences and inequalities that also characterise this archive as we can conceive of it at present. Thinking seriously about th...

Jenny Zobel, fille de l’écrivain martiniquais Joseph Zobel, et Emily Zobel Marshall, petite-fille de Joseph Zobel, ont découvert récemment des manuscrits inédits de leur père et grand-père. Il s’agit, d’une part, d’une collection de lettres envoyées par Joseph en 1946-1947 depuis Paris à sa femme et à son ami martiniquais Valbrun Apat, et, d’autre part, d’extraits de son journal intime des années 1940. Elles nous proposent une analyse qui répondrait à la question « Qu’apporte la lecture de ces manuscrits à l’étude des œuvres de Joseph Zobel ? »

HOW TO TELL THE STORY OF THE HAITIAN EARTHQUAKE? Ever since 4:53 p.m. on 12 January 2010, this is the question many of Haiti's writers have been asking. In the face of such a catastrophe with widespread death, destruction and suffering, what can writers do? In terms of aftershocks, how have the thematics and representational form of Haitian writing developed in the wake of this seismic event? This article examines responses in Haitian writing to the earthquake through the prisms of a premonitory play entitled Melovivi ou Le Piege (The Trap) by Franketienne, and of chronicles and essays written by Dany Laferriere, Yanick Lahens and Gina Athena Ulysse, who, this article argues, react to threats to archives and material culture by creating a unique 'aura' of archival documents in the very form of their books themselves.1In terms of archival matter, my reading is based upon the literary manuscripts of Franketienne's play Le Piege, and Yanick Lahens's Failles (Fault Lines) and Guillaume et Nathalie.2 For the analysis of the actual manuscripts, this article exploits methodologies for studying literature in statu nascendi from genetic criticism - a predominantly French phenomenon, which has rarely been considered in the same context as postcolonial studies.3 Genetic criticism's methodology for studying the dynamics of stages of creation from first to final drafts of literary manuscripts is here extrapolated beyond the point of publication to the printed works. In the Haitian context, this article proposes that there is no clear-cut dividing line separating manuscript genetics from textual genetics; instead the transitions between the two zones are more blurred. Normally, the cut-off point for genetic critics falls at the publication of the text, but my approach to Caribbean and Haitian literature also considers multiple printed versions of the works in question.In previous work, I have shown that rewriting is one of the foundational pillars of Caribbean literature.4 Here, I explore how that process of rewriting is linked with another: that of archivisation, through which chronicles and essays on the Haitian earthquake try to preserve what remains.5 Archival and rewriting impulses highlight a preoccupation with Haitian archives in written works that seek to produce them textually as well.6 In the Haitian context, these archive stories and rewriting practices are at their most highly concentrated because the stakes and the scale of the destruction are more widespread and catastrophic. Caribbean writers, especially in Haiti, had always been archivists preoccupied with "saving the word" long before the earthquake struck and the cultural search and rescue operations began. As for rewriting, this is a process to which almost all authors subject their literary texts. Yet, while all writers rewrite to some extent, Caribbean, and particularly Haitian, writers subject their own texts and essays to a near-obsessive degree of rewriting. My argument is that these rewriting and archival impulses have become even more concentrated since 2010, and nowhere more so than when they are shaping and reshaping the accounts of the Haitian earthquake which are examined here.This article contributes to debates around archives by suggesting that gaps and silences in the colonial archive, as identified by Michel-Rolph Trouillot in Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History, are now increasingly being actively and transitively challenged and filled in by the emergence of new postcolonial archival-type writing.7 This article builds especially on the approach of Laurent Dubois, who puts historians and novelists in the French Caribbean (Guadeloupe) in dialogue, discussing how Guadeloupean creative writers use "archives in the fiction", highlighting what is missing from archives in this context by using the archive itself as a literary form in their work.8 However, this emphasis on fiction does not quite fit the Haitian earthquake narratives discussed here, many of which concern non-fiction and the recounting of real events. …

Sony Labou Tansi, Poèmes, édition critique et génétique de l’œuvre poétique coordonnée par Nicolas Martin-Granel & Claire Riffard, en collaboration avec Céline Gahungu, Paris : CNRS Éditions, coll. « Planète Libre », 2015, 1252 p., EAN 9782271087430. Le poète têtu, le cancre et le cosmocide Un supplément d’entêtement L’édition des œuvres poétiques de Sony Labou Tansi (1947-1995) apparaît à bien des égards comme un monument à l’entêtement, devenu qualité proprement poétique. L’écart de l’obs...

Le Site Andre Breton offre aux chercheurs des ressources exceptionnelles sur la constellation surrealiste : par leur nombre, leur variete, leur interet. Les documents concernant Aime Cesaire, relatifs a une periode allant surtout de 1942 a 1948, sont d’autant plus precieux que le poete martiniquais n’a conserve lui-meme que tres peu d’archives. Ils revelent l’art poetique combinatoire de Cesaire, a travers la genese tourmentee du recueil Les Armes miraculeuses, et permettent d’apprecier le lien entre le jeune poete et son aine, en exil dans le Nouveau Monde.