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Aqueous ammonium ion batteries (AIBs) pose the advantages of high safety, low cost, and high efficiency, capturing substantial research interest. The intrinsic chemical properties of NH4+ promote the formation of hydrogen bonds with other constituents in AIBs, critically influencing the processes of NH4+ transfer, storage, and diffusion. This review delves into the pivotal role of hydrogen bonding chemistry in AIBs. Firstly, the principles of hydrogen bond are elucidated as the dominant chemical interaction governing NH4+ dynamics in AIBs. Subsequently, a detailed analysis is conducted on the impacts of hydrogen bonds in both electrolytes and electrode materials. Furthermore, the practical applications of hydrogen bonding chemistry within the context of AIBs are assessed. Finally, strategic insights and future research directions are proposed to harness hydrogen bonding effects for optimizing AIB performance. This review aims to define the mechanisms and impacts of hydrogen bonds in AIBs, providing robust strategies to enhance electrochemical performance, deepen the understanding of energy storage mechanisms, and guide the future advancement of AIBs technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving both high redox activity and rapid ion transport is a critical and pervasive challenge in electrochemical energy storage applications. This challenge is significantly magnified when using large‐sized charge carriers, such as the sustainable ammonium ion (NH4+). A self‐assembled MXene/n‐type conjugated polyelectrolyte (CPE) superlattice‐like heterostructure that enables redox‐active, fast, and reversible ammonium storage is reported. The superlattice‐like structure persists as the CPE:MXene ratio increases, accompanied by a linear increase in the interlayer spacing of MXene flakes and a greater overlap of CPEs. Concurrently, the redox activity per unit of CPE unexpectedly intensifies, a phenomenon that can be explained by the enhanced de‐solvation of ammonium due to the increased volume of 3 Å‐sized pores, as indicated by molecular dynamic simulations. At the maximum CPE mass loading (MXene:CPE ratio = 2:1), the heterostructure demonstrates the strongest polymeric redox activity with a high ammonium storage capacity of 126.1 C g−1 and a superior rate capability at 10 A g−1. This work unveils an effective strategy for designing tunable superlattice‐like heterostructures to enhance redox activity and achieve rapid charge transfer for ions beyond lithium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to analyse precipitation, subsurface runoff and concentrations of nutrients in water (NH4 +- -N, NO3 --N and PO4 3- ions). The study was conducted at the lysimetric station in Jaworki (Małe Pieniny, Nowy Targ district, Malopolska province, 600 m a.m.s.l.). Measurements were carried out during vegetation periods, from April to September. The paper consists of an analysis of data in two periods - 2001-2018 and 2019-2022. Data in the historical years (2001-2018) showed that water quality as well as its quantitative variability was low, mainly until 2015. The year 2018 indicated slow changes in this regard. Analysis of the years 2019-2022 indicated that the outflow was almost identical. The years 2019 and 2022 were characterized by significantly higher leachate concentrations. Ammonium ion contents were similar. Analysis of nitrate ions in leachate showed an increasing trend over the years. Phosphates, on the other hand, showed a similar trend to nitrate ions. The study showed which types of land use have the greatest impact on both subsurface runoff volume and leachate water quality. In mountainous conditions, the type of use, as well as the climate and soil, have an extremely significant impact on the volume and quality of runoff, which affect the quality of groundwater and surface water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous ammonium ion batteries (AIBs) have emerged as a promising next‐generation rechargeable battery due to their safety, sustainability, abundant resources, and superior electrochemical performance. However, organic anode materials, particularly polyimide anode materials, suffer from low specific capacity caused by limited active sites. Herein, the study has developed a micro‐granular‐structured π‐conjugated enhanced polyimide (PTPD) as the anode material for AIBs. The large π‐conjugated enhanced structure enables long‐range electron delocalization, decreased bandgap, and reduced spatial steric hindrance, resulting in increased active sites capable of storing NH4+ ions. PTPD exhibits reversible oxidation and reduction reaction in (NH4)2SO4 solution, delivering a high specific capacity of 206.67 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, exceptional rate capability, and excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 74.28% after 2500 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1. Furthermore, theoretical simulations and materials analysis demonstrate that PTPD undergoes enol‐keto transformation of carbonyl groups, effectively capturing NH4+ to store charges. This study provides an effective strategy for designing polymer‐based AIBs anodes with high specific capacity and cycling stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the first switchable acylation of H-phosphonate with chloroformate. The acylation site (P vs. O) in H-phosphonate was switched by changing the acyl pyridinium/ammonium ions. Unexpected phosphite formation was observed during the O-acylation of H-phosphonate. Twenty-six structurally diverse phosphotriesters and phosphonoformate esters were synthesized in microflow reactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the acyl group transfer reactions of 2,4-dinitrophenyl 5-substituted-2-furoates, promoted by 4-substituted phenoxides/phenols in a 20 mol% DMSO aqueous solution at 25 °C. The reactions yielded nucleophilic substitution products and displayed second-order kinetics, with βacyl values ranging from −2.24 to −2.50, ρ(x) values between 3.18 and 3.56, and βnuc values of 0.81 to 0.84. These findings indicate an addition–elimination mechanism where the initial step is rate-determining. Comparative analysis with previous data revealed that the transition state structure remained largely consistent when altering the non-leaving group from thienyl to furyl under similar conditions. Notably, a shift in the rate-determining step was observed when changing the nucleophile from secondary amines/ammonium ions to 4-substituted phenoxides/phenols, highlighting the significant impact of nucleophile selection on the reaction kinetics and mechanisms in acyl transfer reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zwitterionic polymers are an important class of polymers with far‐ranging applications. In the widely studied poly(meth)acrylate and poly(meth) acrylamide‐based zwitterions, properties can be tuned by changing the nature of substituents attached to ammonium ions. However, these changes influenced salt tolerance of zwitterionic polymers only to a limited extent. Upon adding salt these polymers expanded in solution initially. Further increase in salt concentration caused the polymer chains to shrink similar to the common water soluble, uncharged polymers thereby deteriorating the viscosity of aqueous solutions. In contrast to the conventional poly(meth)acrylate and poly(meth)acrylamide‐based zwitterions, zwitterionic copolymaleimides showed substituent dependent salt‐tolerant nature. In the absence of any substituent on the polymer backbone such as zwitterionic poly(ethylene‐alt‐maleimide) (ZI‐PEMA) the viscosity of salt solutions increased both with the increasing salt concentration as well as the concentration of polymer. This is likely due to the continuous expansion of polymer coil in salt solutions with increasing salt concentration caused primarily by the rigidity of the polymer backbone. ZI‐PEMA also enhanced the saturation limit of mono‐ and divalent salts like sodium chloride and hydrated calcium bromide in water. This property is useful for various applications like fish curing, for making high‐density fluids, refrigeration, etc. across various industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing ammonium in wastewater is a prospective way to reduce costs for bioproduction by photosynthetic organisms. A model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 takes advantage of tolerance to ammonium compared to other microalgae. However, in this study, we report that Synechocystis growth was inhibited when cultured in a medium containing ammonium. This may be due to the pH decreasing below 6 caused by consuming ammonium. Transcriptomic analysis by RNA-seq revealed that the expression of the genes for proteases, chaperones, and antioxidant-scavenging enzymes was induced, but photosynthetic components were repressed. Although these regulations are similar to the previous studies on acidic stress in nitrate-containing culture, the expression of genes such as sigD , slr0042 , slr0373 , slr0374 , and slr1501 was different, indicating that these phenomena are not simply identical to the known responses to acidic stress. The expression of the genes for photosynthesis, gluconeogenesis, and nitrogen assimilation was repressed, and glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle were induced. Despite the up-regulation of the carbon catabolism and down-regulation of nitrogen assimilation, the 2-oxoglutarate content in the ammonium-grown cells was lower than that in the nitrate-grown cells, and the contents of the major amino acids, such as Glu, Ala, Asp, and Gly were decreased, while the minor amino acids were the same or increased, especially Arg, Lys, Val, and Ile. These results demonstrated that the acidic stress induced by the consumption of ammonium ions differs from the sudden pH drop, and the Synechocystis cell manages amino acid levels to endure carbon limitation under the stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Embedding of electron-rich cloud groups enhances material conductivity and enhances material stability. • Embedded ferrocene weakens the force of hydrogen bonding formed during ammonium-ion storage in the VOH interlayer. • This work provides an attempt of PTCDI//Fer/VOH full cell to apply AAIBs for practical applications and full battery packs. Aqueous ammonium ion batteries (AAIBs) are garnering increasing attention due to their utilization of abundant resources, cost-effectiveness, safety, and unique energy storage mechanism. The pursuit of high-performance cathode materials has become a pressing issue. In this study, we propose and synthesize ferrocene-embedded hydrated vanadium pentoxide (Fer/VOH) for implementation in AAIBs. The inclusion of ferrocene serves to expand the interlayer spacing, mitigate interlayer forces, and introduce the electron-rich environment characteristic of ferrocene. This augmentation facilitates the creation of additional oxygen vacancies, substantially enhancing the capacity and efficiency of ammonium ion storage. Notably, our investigation reveals that the incorporation of ferrocene attenuates the hydrogen bonding interactions associated with ammonium ions, rendering them more amenable to the interlayer embedding and release processes. Building upon these advantages, Fer/VOH exhibits a specific capacity of 313 mAh/g at a current density of 0.2 A/g, representing the highest reported performance among vanadium oxides utilized in AAIBs to date. Even after 2000 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 2 A/g, Fer/VOH maintains a reversible specific capacity of 89 mAh/g, with a capacity retention rate of 54.8%. This study confirms the viability of Fer/VOH as a cathode material for AAIBs and offers a novel approach to enhancing the electrical conductivity and diminishing the hydrogen bonding forces in vanadium oxide intercalation through the embedding of electron-rich species and positronic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that Raman spectroscopy could be applied to monitor various components in mammalian cell culture in real time. In the process of application, it is necessary to ensure the performance of the Raman-based model. The variable selection strategy is an effective method that significantly influences the model performance and simplification. In this study, different variable selection strategies were evaluated, and the optimal variable selection strategy was determined for monitoring the CHO cell culture process. Firstly, a wide variety of spectral regions involving the Raman fingerprinting region and the C-H stretching region were investigated. Secondly, six different variable selection algorithms were meticulously assessed. Thirdly, the combination of different variable selection algorithms was used to improve model performance and simplify the model. Finally, the monitoring of cell culture processes was implemented. The findings underscored that commonly used spectral regions could improve the model performance but could not simplify the model well. Moving-window partial least square (MWPLS), genetic algorithm (GA), and random frog (RF) are more suitable for Raman modeling of the cell culture process, but they must be used after the spectral region selection. The combination of three variable selection algorithms (MWPLS-GA-RF) improved the model's performance by 16–70% by selecting 30–60 variables, effectively simplifying the model. For glucose, lactate, viable cell density, and ammonium ion, real-time monitoring was performed well. This study will be helpful for researchers to select suitable variable selection strategies for building models for the real-time monitoring of cell culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonium fluoride (NH₄F) exhibits a variety of crystalline phases depending on temperature and pressure. By employing Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction beyond megabar pressures (up to 140 GPa), we have here observed a novel dense solid phase of NH₄F, characterised by the tetragonal P4/nmm structure also observed in other ammonium halides under less extreme pressure conditions, typically a few GPa. Using detailed ab-initio calculations and reevaluating earlier theoretical models pertaining to other ammonium halides, we examine the microscopic mechanisms underlying the transition from the low-pressure cubic phase (P-43m) to the newly identified high-pressure tetragonal phase (P4/nmm). Notably, NH₄F exhibits distinctive properties compared to its counterparts, resulting in a significantly broader pressure range over which this transition unfolds, facilitating the identification of its various stages. Our analysis points to a synergistic interplay driving the transition to the P4/nmm phase, which we name phase VIII. At intermediate pressures (around 40 GPa), a displacive transition of fluorine ions initiates a tetragonal distortion of the cubic phase. Subsequently, at higher pressures (around 115 GPa), every second ammonium ion undergoes a rotational shift, adopting an anti-tetrahedral arrangement. This coupled effect orchestrates the transition process, leading to the formation of the tetragonal phase. Solid ammonium fluoride has fascinating structural similarities with water ice, despite its ionic character. Here, the authors investigate NH4F at room temperature and high pressure, and report a new tetragonal phase formed through displacive transition of fluorine ions and subsequent rotation of ammonium ions in 'antiferromagnetic' units at ~115 GPa, which is unlike any form of ice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalyst‐controlled diversity‐oriented synthesis (CatDOS) is an important research area for expanding molecular complexities and achieving high atomic economics. Many regiodivergent syntheses have been achieved through metal catalysis, covalent organocatalysis, and non‐covalent organocatalysis by controlling the molecular recognition function of the catalysts. However, the development of regiodivergent CatDOS through Brønsted base organocatalysis was relatively less developed than others so far. Numerous studies about Brønsted base organocatalysis have demonstrated the powerful molecular recognition abilities of their cationic conjugate acids mainly in controlling the stereoselectivity instead of the regioselectivity. This concept review aims to conceptualize a new perspective to consider the potential role of the cationic conjugate acid of Brønsted bases for regiodivergent CatDOS. Recent representative examples are selected to demonstrate the potential of cationic conjugate acids in site‐selectivity control in single bond and multiple bonds formation reactions. The summarized results show that even the conjugate acid of common tertiary amines, protic ammonium ions, could affect the regioselectivity in the early‐ or late‐stage step during multiple bonds formation after initial deprotonation. The results also suggested that the properties and ion‐pairing interactions of conjugate acid could be more important than the basicity of the base in controlling regioselectivity. Perspectives and hypotheses for explaining the mechanism of regioselectivity are also included in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of intramolecular ionic interactions in determining the reactivity of functional groups are of interest because they provide insights into how nature deploys seemingly reactive functionalities to be rather ubiquitous. Of specific interest are the quaternary ammonium ions in lipids. In this work, we investigate the effect of intramolecular electrostatic interactions in zwitterionic functionalities by judiciously incorporating them as leaving groups at the α‐position of α,β‐unsaturated ester‐based lipid head groups. We find that electrostatic stabilization indeed plays a critical role in both the reaction kinetics with nucleophiles and the thermodynamics of lipid formation. We further leverage these findings to fabricate both triggerable assembly and disassembly of liposomal supramolecular assemblies in the presence of nucleophiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment using the activated sludge method requires a large amount of electricity for aeration. Therefore, wastewater treatment using co-culture systems of microalgae and heterotrophic microorganisms, which do not require aeration, has attracted attention as an energy-saving alternative to the method. In this study, we investigated different combinations of microalgae and heterotrophic microorganisms to improve the efficiency of wastewater treatment. Three types of microalgae and five heterotrophic microorganisms were used in combination for wastewater treatment. The combination of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii NIES-2238 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae SH-4 showed the highest wastewater treatment efficiency. Using this combination for artificial wastewater treatment, the removal rates of total organic carbon, PO43−, and NH4+ reached 80%, 93%, and 63%, respectively, after 18 h of treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that a combination of green algae and yeast improves the efficiency of wastewater treatment. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the combined wastewater treatment altered the expression of 1371 and 692 genes in C. reinhardtii and S. cerevisiae, respectively. One of the main reasons for the improved wastewater treatment performance of the combination of green algae and yeast was the increased expression of genes related to the uptake of phosphate and ammonium ions in the green algae. As both the green algae C. reinhardtii and the yeast S. cerevisiae are highly safe microorganisms, the establishment of their effective combination for wastewater treatment is highly significant. Key points: • Combination of various microalgae and heterotrophic microorganisms was tested • Combination of green algae and yeast showed the highest efficiency • This is the first report that this combination is effective for wastewater treatment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition of oxide films formed on SA106 Gr.B carbon steel in nitrite solutions at 35 °C for 1000 h. The product of the reduction of nitrite during the corrosion inhibition process was also examined. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that a thin Fe3O4 film was formed and ammonium ions were adsorbed on the outermost surface of the oxide film. The presence of ammonium ions was also demonstrated by ion chromatography. These results indicate that nitrites are reduced to ammonium ions, which in turn promotes the formation of the protective Fe3O4 film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enormous swelling of layered host compounds in an aqueous solution of various amines has been investigated as an important step in the synthesis of molecularly thin 2D nanosheets. However, a complete understanding of the reaction process has not been attained, which is the barrier for producing high‐quality unilamellar nanosheets. Here, the swelling and delamination behaviors of platelet single crystals of protonated layered metal oxides are systematically examined with a series of tetraalkylammonium (TAA) hydroxide solutions. Upon contact with the solutions, the crystals immediately underwent massive expansion by several tens to hundreds of times. The swollen crystals can be delaminated into elementary layers by the application of external shear force. The exfoliation behavior is dependent on TAA ions, especially in terms of yield and lateral size/shape of the delaminated nanosheets. The swollen crystals with TAA ions with longer alkyl chains are delaminated almost completely, but irregular and fractured small sheets are yielded. Such long alkyl chains become entangled on the oxide layer and resulting hydrophobic interactions may be responsible for the lateral fragmentation. It is found that replacement of aqueous solutions with organic solvents to suppress the hydrophobic interactions is effective to produce oversized nanosheets in rectangular shape with sharp edges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the ammonia treatment, the pores created by the folds allow for electrolyte storage and facilitate ion transport. The interlayer spacing between MXene nanosheets widens due to the volume increase when water freezes. The generous ion transport paths and redox-active ammonium ions offer higher specific capacity and faster reaction kinetics. [Display omitted] Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene demonstrates excellent potential as an anode material for sodium-ion capacitors. However, the narrow interlayer spacing and self-stacking phenomenon limit its applicability. In this study, we demonstrate an easy two-step method involving freezing and crumpling of MXene nanosheets to improve their Na-ion storage via the addition of ammonium ions (referred to as FCM nanosheets). Flat MXene particles aggregate and undergo folding in an alkaline solution. Ammonium ions can penetrate the gaps between MXene nanosheets, expanding interlayer spaces and inducing the formation of folds. Compared to MXene nanosheets, FCM nanosheets exhibit improved ion transfer kinetics and additional high capacity owing to the intercalated ammonium ions. The manufactured FCM anode exhibits remarkable electrochemical properties, including a high specific capacity of 313 mAh g−1 and stability over 15,000 cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional ammonia compression technologies consume significant energy, leading to substantial greenhouse gas emissions. We analyzed the back-diffusion of ammonia in an electrochemical ammonia compressor (EAC) and evaluated its performance and efficiency based on temperature and relative humidity (RH). We evaluated EAC performance under various conditions and developed a model to analyze voltage and pressure changes. Ammonia's permeability is about 890 times higher than hydrogen, increasing compression time due to back diffusion. As temperature rises, the overpotential increases, with a 0.035 V rise at 100 °C compared to 60 °C, and back-diffusion extends compression time by 130 s. Lower humidity increases overpotential, with a 0.099 V rise at 10% RH compared to 50% RH, but reduces back diffusion by 165 s. This study improves our understanding of EACs and guides future performance enhancements. We aim to develop a new membrane to enhance ammonium ion movement and minimize ammonia back-diffusion. • Analyzes the back diffusion of ammonia in electrochemical ammonia compressor (EAC). • Evaluates the EAC performance based on temperature and relative humidity (RH). • Develops a model to analyze internal phenomena and changes in voltage and pressure. • Helps in obtaining a better understanding of the EAC and improving its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adsorption behavior of NH4+ and Mg2+ at kaolinite surfaces was investigated by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, considering the factors such as ion concentration, NH4+/Mg2+ mixing ratio, and layer charge of kaolinite. The results showed that the increase in ion concentration did not affect the adsorption modes of NH4+ and Mg2+ ions but promote the increase in the adsorption capacity. The total adsorption capacities of Mg2+ and NH4+ were 3.25 × 10−6 and 2.85 × 10−6 μmol·mm−2 at the ion concentration of 1.5 mol·L−1, respectively. When NH4+ and Mg2+ were co‐adsorbed, they could inhibit the adsorption of each other at the surface of kaolinite, except that the inner‐sphere (IS) adsorption of NH4+ at aluminum hydroxyl (Al–OH) surface could be enhanced by the presence of Mg2+. Both NH4+ and Mg2+ tended to adsorb at the siloxane (Si–O) surface of kaolinite rather than Al–OH surface. When layer charge occurred in kaolinite, a small number of Mg2+ began to adsorb in the IS complexes at 1.7 and 2.3 Å above the Al and O atoms of the lattice‐substituted tetrahedra of the Si–O surface, and at 1.7 Å above the hexahedra of the Al–OH surface. However, most of NH4+ were adsorbed in IS complexes at 1.7 Å above the center of the oxygen six‐membered ring of the Si–O surface and above the hexahedron of the Al–OH surface. The adsorption capacity of Mg2+ changed little with the increase of layer charge density, while the IS and total adsorption capacity of NH4+ increased significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) utilizing a urease active bioslurry is an ecofriendly method that can improve soil strength. However, the micromechanisms, such as ion diffusion, production rate of CaCO3 , porosity, and permeability of pile reinforced by bioslurry, require further investigation. In this study, both biopile model tests and a coupled fluid-flow, solute transport and biochemical reactive model were conducted to analyze the mechanical property and biocementation mechanism of pile formed by urease active bioslurry. Results showed that the simulated CaCO3 content along the biopile length after 120 h grouting was close to test results. The UCS of the biopile decreased from 3.44 MPa to 0.88 MPa and the CaCO3 content decreased from 13.5% to 9.1% with increasing depth. The largest reduction in CaCO3 content was observed in the middle part of the biopile as the CaCO3 crystals in the upper part hindered the downward transport of the cementation solution. The morphology of CaCO3 crystals was influenced by cementation solution concentration, as evidenced by the predominance of spherical vaterite crystals in the upper part of the biopile and rhomboidal calcite crystals in the middle and lower parts. During the grouting process, the concentration of calcium ions and urea decreased, while the ammonium ion levels increased with depth due to the utilization of calcium ions and urea for CaCO3 precipitation and ammonium ion production. The production rate of CaCO3 first increased rapidly to reach a peak value and then decreased. The porosity and permeability demonstrated both linear and nonlinear decreasing trends as the CaCO3 concentration increased. The largest reduction in porosity and permeability, reaching 20% and 58% in the biopile top. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

VO 2 @C core–shell structure is designed and prepared to boost the NH 4 + storage of VO 2. VO 2 @C core–shell composite delivers a specific capacity of ∼300 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, superior to the values of VO 2 (∼238 mAh/g). [Display omitted] Aqueous nonmetallic ion batteries have garnered significant interest due to their cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and inherent safety features. Specifically, ammonium ion (NH 4 +) as a charge carrier has garnered more and more attention recently. However, one of the persistent challenges is enhancing the electrochemical properties of vanadium dioxide (VO 2) with a tunnel structure, which serves as a highly efficient NH 4 + (de)intercalation host material. Herein, a novel architecture, wherein carbon-coated VO 2 nanobelts (VO 2 @C) with a core–shell structure are engineered to augment NH 4 + storage capabilities of VO 2. In detail, VO 2 @C is synthesized via the glucose reduction of vanadium pentoxide under hydrothermal conditions. Experimental results manifest that the introduction of the carbon layer on VO 2 nanobelts can enhance mass transfer, ion transport and electrochemical kinetics, thereby culminating in the improved NH 4 + storage efficiency. VO 2 @C core–shell composite exhibits a remarkable specific capacity of ∼300 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g, which is superior to that of VO 2 (∼238 mAh/g) and various other electrode materials used for NH 4 + storage. The NH 4 + storage mechanism can be elucidated by the reversible NH 4 + (de)intercalation within the tunnel of VO 2 , facilitated by the dynamic formation and dissociation of hydrogen bonds. Furthermore, when integrated into a full battery with polyaniline (PANI) cathode, the VO 2 @C//PANI full battery demonstrates robust electrochemical performances, including a specific capacity of ∼185 mAh·g−1 at 0.2 A·g−1, remarkable durability of 93 % retention after 1500 cycles, as well as high energy density of 58 Wh·kg−1 at 5354 W·kg−1. This work provides a pioneering approach to design and explore composite materials for efficient NH 4 + storage, offering significant implications for future battery technology enhancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has shown great potential as the electrode for aqueous ammonium ion batteries (AAIBs) owing to its good electrochemical reversibility and high theoretical capacity. However, the electrochemical performance of V2O5 is seriously limited by the weak NH4+ adsorption capability and insufficient active sites of vanadium oxide originated from the unsuitable 3d orbital electron state. Herein, the strategy of a 3d orbital electron tunning and crystal engineering is used to increase the ammonium ion storage capacity of V2O5 electrode. The experimental results show that the modified 3d orbital state of V4+ ( t 2 g 1 ) can effectively increase the active sites of V2O5. Therefore, the as-prepared N-VO exhibits a high specific capacity of 249.3 mA h g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 and 69.5 mA h g−1 at 10.0 A g−1, superior to other reported anode material for AAIBs. Noticeably, the prepared resultant quasi-solid-state ammonium ion battery can display considerable cycling stability with capacity retention of 87.9% after a long cycle life of 10 000 cycles at 1 A g−1 and impressive mechanical flexibility with no capacity decay after cycling at different bending angles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed a convenient route to transform biomass power plant ashes (BPPA) into porous sponge-like fertilizer composites. The absence of water prevents the chemical reaction and carbon dioxide formation when concentrated sulfuric acid is mixed with BPPA and CaCO3. Adding water, however, initiates the protonation reaction of carbonate ion content and starts CO2 evolution. The key element of the method was that the BPPA and, optionally, CaCO3 and/or CaSO4·0.5H2O were mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid to make a paste-like consistency. No gas evolution occurred at this stage; however, with the subsequent and controlled addition of water, CO2 gas evolved and was released through the channels developed in the pastry-like material due to the internal gas pressure, but without foaming. Using a screw-containing tube reactor, the water can be introduced under pressure. Due to the pressure, the pores in the pastry-like material became smaller, and consequently, the mechanical strength of the granulated and solidified mixture became higher than that of the reaction products prepared under atmospheric pressure. The main reaction products were syngenite (K2Ca(SO4)2·H2O) and polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2H2O). These compounds are valuable fertilizer components in themselves, but the material's porous nature helps absorb solutions of microelement fertilizers. Surprisingly, concentrated ammonium nitrate solutions transform the syngenite content of the porous fertilizer into ammonium calcium sulfate ((NH4)2Ca(SO4)2·2H2O, koktaite). Koktaite is slightly soluble in water, thus the amount of ammonium ion released on the dissolution of koktaite depends on the amount of available water. Accordingly, ammonium ion release for plants can be increased with rain or irrigation, and koktaite is undissolved and does not decompose in drought situations. The pores (holes) of this sponge-like fertilizer product can be filled with different solutions containing other fertilizer components (phosphates, zinc, etc.) to adjust the composition of the requested fertilizer compositions for particular soils and plant production. The method allows the preparation of ammonium nitrate composite fertilizers containing metallic microelements, and various solid sponge-like composite materials with adjusted amounts of slowly releasing fertilizer components like syngenite and koktaite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth‐based materials show great potential in aqueous batteries. But it is difficult to design a bifunctional bismuth‐based material for zinc and ammonium ion batteries (ZIBs and AIBs). Herein, a electrospinning method followed by a selenization strategy is used to design Bi2Se3 nanodots embedded in porous carbon nanofibers. Experimental studies coupled with theoretical calculations prove that the designs of nanodot and Se vacancy improve the transfer and storage of Zn2+ and NH4+. Bi2Se3 nanodots are restricted to porous carbon nanofibers during cyclic test. An insertion‐type mechanism is revealed by ex situ characterizations. As a result, this well‐designed electrode (6 mg cm−2) offers high reversible capacities of 270 mA h g−1 in ZIBs and 192 mA h g−1 in AIBs at 0.05 A g−1 and long‐term cycle life (60% capacity retention at 10 A g−1 after 20 K cycles for ZIBs, 78% capacity retention at 2 A g−1 after 9 K cycles for AIBs). Remarkably, it still displays satisfactory performances even at an ultrahigh mass loading of 18 mg cm−2. Furthermore, Zn2+ and NH4+ full cells offer high reversible capacities of 120 and 90 mA h g−1 at 0.05 A g−1 respectively. This work provides a reference for designing a bifunctional electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous batteries using non‐metallic charge carriers like proton (H+) and ammonium (NH4+) ions are becoming more popular compared to traditional metal‐ion batteries, owing to their enhanced safety, high performance, and sustainability (they are ecofriendly and derived from abundant resources). Ammonium ion energy storage systems (AIBs), which use NH4+ ions with tetrahedral geometry, a small hydrated ionic radius, and relatively low ionic weight, are emerging as strong candidates in non‐metal ion battery chemistry. Various electrode materials (both inorganic and organic) are investigated as hosts for NH4+ ions, however, a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is still lacking. This gap limits the ability to optimize performance and identify further research opportunities in AIBs. In this review, the charge storage mechanisms in AIBs are discussed, offering insights into the interactions between NH4+ ions and different electrode materials. Additionally, existing literature on electrode materials, highlighting key structural, and electrochemical achievements are summarized. The review also outlines various electrolytes and examines how their properties influence AIB performance. Finally, the shortcomings of current research are discussed and potential solutions are suggested to advance AIB technology, with the goal of inspiring researchers to explore real‐world applications for ammonium ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel and highly stable nitronyl nitroxide radical (NIT) derivatives were synthesized and coated on the surface of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to improve their desulfurization performance. They were characterized by FTIR, UV-vis, SEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and ESR. Thiophene in fuel was desulfurized by molecular O2, and the oxidation activity of these compounds was evaluated. At a normal temperature and pressure, the degradation rates of thiophene by four compounds in 4 h can reach 92.66%, 96.38%, 93.25% and 89.49%, respectively. The MWCNTs/NIT-F have a high special activity for the degradation of thiophene, and their desulfurization activity can be recycled for five times without a significant reduction. The mechanistic studies of MWCNTs/NIT composites show that the ammonium oxide ion is the key active intermediate in catalytic oxidative desulfurization, which provides a new choice for fuel oxidative desulfurization. The results show that NIT significantly improves the photocatalytic performance of MWCNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio-based polymers are a promising material with which to tackle the use of disposable and non-degradable plastics in agriculture, such as mulching films. However, their poor mechanical properties and the high cost of biomaterials have hindered their widespread application. Hence, in this study, we improved polysaccharide-based films and enriched them with plant nutrients to make them suitable for mulching and fertilizing. Films were produced combining sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), chitosan (CS), and sodium alginate (SA) at different weight ratios with glycerol and CaCl2 as a plasticizer and crosslinker, respectively, and enriched with ammonium phosphate monobasic (NH4H2PO4). A polysaccharide weight ratio of 1:1 generated a film with a more crosslinked structure and a lower expanded network than that featuring the 17:3 ratio, whereas CaCl2 increased the films' water resistance, thermal stability, and strength characteristics, slowing the release rates of NH4+ and PO43−. Thus, composition and crosslinking proved crucial to obtaining promising films for soil mulching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defect engineering is an effective strategy to improve the electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of transition metal oxide-based electrode materials. In this work, NH4+ ion intercalated MnO2 nanoflowers (C-A-MnO2) were prepared from hydrothermally synthesized manganese dioxide (MnO2) using a simple temperature-controlled method, in which oxygen vacancies on/inside the C-A-MnO2 nanoflowers were generated by the reduction of Mn4+ species by NH4+ ions. The electrical conductivity and electrochemical properties were improved by modulating the content of oxygen vacancies. In addition, the intercalation of NH4+ ions further enlarged the layer spacing of MnO2, obtaining a larger specific surface area, exposing more active sites, and shortening the electron/ion transport paths. The specific capacitance of the 1 M-A-MnO2 samples exhibited a significant enhancement (from 182.2 F g−1 to 252.2 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1). An ASC device (1 M-A-MnO2//La-MoO3/GQD) with an operating voltage of 1.9 V was assembled. The energy density of the device was 66.66 W h kg−1 at a power density of 475 W kg−1. 1 M-A-MnO2 also exhibited excellent cycling stability with 94.3% capacitance retention after 8000 cycles. Meanwhile, it exhibited a low overpotential (361 mV at 10 mA cm−2) and Tafel slope (61 mV dec−1) as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst. Thus, this work provides valuable insights for rational intercalation of NH4+ ions for controlled synthesis of supercapacitor electrode materials and OER catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental studies of static sorption in the phosphate-sorbent system are performed at sorbent doses of 1, 2, and 5 g in the 2 to 5000 mg/L range of initial phosphate concentrations in solution. A calcined sorbent based on ash-and-slag waste from thermal power engineering is studied as a sorbent. The studies are performed at a 200 rpm frequency of rotation of a magnetic stirrer at a pH 7 and a 120 min period of sorption, found via optimization. The temperature during experimental studies is 25 ± 2°C. The efficiency of treatment and coefficient Kd of maximum distribution are revealed. The data are processed using two-parameter Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms of adsorption. The isotherm constants of adsorption are determined through linearization. Calculated and experimental data are compared. A theoretical analysis of adsorption isotherms is performed to describe the dependence of coefficient Kd of distribution on the initial C0 and equilibrium Ce concentrations of adsorptive in solution. For Langmuir, Freundlich, and Elovich isotherms, functions Kd = f(Ce) and Kd = f(C0) fall monotonically throughout the range of changes in the adsorptive in solution. For the Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms, the derivative of function dKd/dCe changes its sign from plus to minus, which is a sufficient condition for there being a maximum of the function. Functions Kd = f(Ce) and Kd = f(C0) have maxima at low concentrations Ce. A qualitative description is obtained of experimental data on maximum coefficient Kd of distribution using the Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms. Adequate quantitative descriptions of experimental data on maximum function Kd = f(C0) are obtained using the Temkin isotherm at a sorbent dose of 1 g and the Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm at a sorbent dose of 2 g. The Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms are used to describe coefficient Kd = f(Ce) of distribution in the system's sorbent (ammonium ions). The maximum of the function is revealed at low concentrations of ammonium ions in solution. A comparison of calculated and experimental data shows qualitative agreement between theory and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To test the hypothesis that an abiotic Earth and its inert atmosphere could form chemically reactive carbon-and nitrogen-containing compounds, we designed a plasma electrochemical setup to mimic lightning-induced electrochemistry under steady-state conditions of the early Earth. Air-gap electrochemical reactions at air-water-ground interfaces lead to remarkable yields, with up to 40 moles of carbon dioxide being reduced into carbon monoxide and formic acid, and 3 moles of gaseous nitrogen being fixed into nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ions, per mole of transmitted electrons. Interfaces enable reactants (e.g., minerals) that may have been on land, in lakes, and in oceans to participate in radical and redox reactions, leading to higher yields compared to gas-phase-only reactions. Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes could have generated high concentrations of reactive molecules locally, establishing diverse feedstocks for early life to emerge and survive globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonium (NH4+) ion aqueous supercapacitors have gained significant attention due to their notable cost-effectiveness, safety profile, and environmental benefits. Despite this, the optimization of the capacitive performance of electrode materials for NH4+ ion storage remains inadequate. To tackle these challenges, we present a composite electrode depend upon molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and indium tin oxide nanowires (MoS2@ITO NWs) as the primary host for (NH4+) ions. Additionally, we introduce a straightforward radio frequency nitrogen (N) plasma technique to incorporate nitrogen doping into the MoS2 film, thereby enhancing its performance. The introduction of N plasma doping into two-dimensional MoS2 results in an expansion of the interlayer distance and an improvement in electronic conductivity. This, in turn, facilitates the facile and highly reversible insertion and extraction of NH4+ ions during cycling. Consequently, the N plasma doping significantly enhances the device areal capacitance of MoS2@ITO NWs, increasing it from 78.6 to 161.8 mF cm−2 at 1 mA cm−2, with an exceptional capacity retention (>89.2% after 10 000 cycles) and superior rate capability up to 10 mA cm−2. The integration N of atoms within the straightforward hierarchical core–shell design strategy exhibits promising prospects for bolstering the performance of metal sulfide electrodes and other high-capacity electrode materials aimed at energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study explores how different concentrations of ammonium ions affect the sperm health of three important bivalve species: Noble Scallop Mimachlamys nobilis, Chinese Pearl Oyster Pinctada fucata martensii, and Small Rock Oyster Saccostrea mordax. Bivalves are crucial to aquatic ecosystems, and understanding the factors that impact their reproduction is essential. Our research found that higher levels of ammonium reduced sperm vitality and movement in Noble Scallop and Small Rock Oysters, especially at the highest concentration we tested. Interestingly, the Chinese Pearl Oyster showed improved sperm vitality and movement at moderate ammonium levels. Additionally, we observed the increased curling of sperm tails in Noble Scallops and Small Rock Oysters with higher ammonium levels, but this effect was not seen in Chinese Pearl Oysters. These findings highlight how varying environmental conditions can differently affect species and emphasize the importance of maintaining balanced ammonium levels in aquatic habitats. This knowledge is valuable for protecting the reproductive health of these bivalves, which play a key role in the health and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. Ammonium (NH4+) plays a crucial role in the reproductive processes of key biotic groups in aquatic ecosystems—bivalves. This study aims to elucidate the effects of three different ammonium ion concentrations on sperm vitality, swimming kinematics, and morphology of Mimachlamys nobilis, Pinctada fucata martensii, and Saccostrea mordax. The results indicate that the sperm vitality and motility rates of M.nobilis and S. mordax are inversely proportional to the ammonium concentration, especially in the treatment group with an ammonium concentration of 3 mmol/L, where the decrease in sperm vitality and motility is most significant. In contrast, the sperm of P. fucata martensii reacted differently to increasing ammonium concentrations. After the addition of 2 mmol/L of ammonium, the sperm vitality and motility of P. fucata martensii reached a peak, showing a significant stimulatory effect. Additionally, as the ammonium concentration increased, the curling of the sperm flagella in M.nobilis and S. mordax increased. However, sperm flagella curling in P. fucata martensii showed no change compared to the control group. This study provides insights into the effects of ammonium concentrations on the sperm vitality and motility of three marine bivalve species and highlights the importance of sperm flagella curling as a factor affecting sperm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ion chromatography studies, the matrix effect of other inorganic ions present in the sample is a well-known phenomenon. In this work, the behavior of inorganic and organic ions was studied in a system overloaded with ammonium ions. The ammonium ions came from a solution of ammonium hydroxide in various concentrations (0.25–1.25%). In this system, which was significantly overloaded with ammonium ions, the behavior of three ions were tested (lithium, tris, and sodium cations). The measurements were performed at different eluent concentrations (6–17 mM), chromatographic column temperatures (25–40 °C), and injected volumes (15–40 µ L). The retention times of sodium and lithium ions increased with increasing amounts of injected ammonium, while tris remained essentially unchanged, indicating that the resolution of these ions can be influenced by varying the concentration of the matrix. The results suggested that the observed effect was due to a combination of the pH change caused by the injected matrix, the dissociation of tris ions, the dissociation of the carbocylic ion-exchange groups of stationary phase, the change in buffer capacity, and the amount of ammonium ion introduced. It has been shown that in a well-designed experiment, the addition of ammonium hydroxide to the sample at concentrations greater than 1% can improve the efficiency of organic and inorganic cation separation. It was found that 8 mM methanesulfonic acid eluent, 30 °C, 1% ammonium hydroxide matrix concentration, and 25 µ L injection were optimal for the baseline separation of tris and sodium ions on the high-capacity Dionex CS16 column. These ions could not be separated on this column without the presence of the ammonium matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The electrochemical properties of BG are significantly enhanced by the morphology of the constructed wool-like clusters. • The optimized BG-2 exhibits excellent rate performance and cycling stability. • The appropriate iron content in 3D skeletons opens a new possibility for enhancing ammonium ion storage. Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) are regarded as promising cathode materials for ammonium-ion batteries (AIBs) because of their low cost and superb theoretical capacity. However, its inherently poor conductivity and structural collapse can significantly limit the enhancement of rate property and cycling stability. In this work, Berlin Green (BG) electrode materials with similar wool-like clusters were constructed by direct precipitation method to accelerate the kinetic, which realizes outstanding cycling stability. Berlin Green with the appropriate amount of iron (BG-2) has a fast ion transport channel, enhanced structure stability, highly reversible insertion/extraction of NH 4 +, and fine electrochemical reaction activity. Benefiting from the unique architecture and component, the BG-2 electrode shows an excellent rate performance with a discharge/charge specific capacity of 60.1/59.3 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1. Even at 5 A g−1, BG-2 exhibits remarkable cycling stability with an initial discharge capacity of 59.5 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention rate of approximately 76% after 30,000 cycles. The BG-2 reveals exceedingly good electrochemical reversibility during the process of NH 4 + (de)insertion. BG materials indicate huge potential as a cathode material for the next generation of high-performance aqueous batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of water physicochemical properties and hydrochemical characteristics in the Dubna River was studied from April 18, 2021 to July 4, 2021. The study showed an increase in pH with increasing water temperature and considerable variation in the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, and phosphate ions in it. Promising approaches were shown to be the use of mathematical processing of UV-spectra of water samples by Gauss method and model biological systems based on natural lipids (low-temperature oxidation of lecithin, and its ability to spontaneously aggregate in a polar environment) for assessing the quality of natural water and its effect on the regulation of oxidation processes in biological objects. Thus, analysis of UV-spectra revealed the presence in water of hydrophobic organic compounds throughout the observation period, compounds with conjugated double bonds and N-containing compounds in late April, free fatty acids, organic compounds with a carbonyl group and P-containing compounds at the end of May and an increase in the diversity of components in water samples in late June. Water samples taken in summer, increased the rate of lecithin oxidation by a factor of more than 1.8, and, throughout the observation period, they caused staged changes in the size of aggregates formed by it and produced a considerable effect on their dzeta-potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Legumes perform symbiotic nitrogen fixation through rhizobial bacteroids housed in specialised root nodules. The biochemical process is energy‐intensive and consumes a huge carbon source to generate sufficient reducing power. To maintain the symbiosis, malate is supplied by legume nodules to bacteroids as their major carbon and energy source in return for ammonium ions and nitrogenous compounds. To sustain the carbon supply to bacteroids, nodule cells undergo drastic reorganisation of carbon metabolism. Here, a comprehensive quantitative comparison of the mitochondrial proteomes between root nodules and uninoculated roots was performed using data‐independent acquisition proteomics, revealing the modulations in nodule mitochondrial proteins and pathways in response to carbon reallocation. Corroborated our findings with that from the literature, we believe nodules preferably allocate cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvates towards malate synthesis in lieu of pyruvate synthesis, and nodule mitochondria prefer malate over pyruvate as the primary source of NADH for ATP production. Moreover, the differential regulation of respiratory chain‐associated proteins suggests that nodule mitochondria could enhance the efficiencies of complexes I and IV for ATP synthesis. This study highlighted a quantitative proteomic view of the mitochondrial adaptation in soybean nodules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although uranium oxide hydrate (UOH) minerals and synthetic phases have been extensively studied, the role of ammonium ions in the formation of UOH materials is not well understood. In this work, the stabilization of a synthetic UOH phase with ammonium ions and the inclusion of ammonium nitrate were investigated using a range of structural and spectroscopic techniques. Compound (NH4)2(NO3)[(UO2)3O2(OH)3] (U-N1) crystallises in the orthorhombic Pmn21 space group, having a layered structure with typical α-U3O8 type layers and interlayer (NH4)+ cations as well as (NO3)− anions. The presence of uranyl, (NH4)+ cations and (NO3)− anions were further confirmed with a combination of FTIR and Raman spectroscopies through characteristic vibrational modes. The roles of the (NH4)+ cations for charge compensation and facilitating the inclusion of (NO3)− anions via hydrogen bonding were revealed and discussed. The findings have implications for uranium geochemistry, reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and possible spent nuclear fuel alteration pathways under geological disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HCN1-4 channels are the molecular determinants of the If/Ih current that crucially regulates cardiac and neuronal cell excitability. HCN dysfunctions lead to sinoatrial block (HCN4), epilepsy (HCN1), and chronic pain (HCN2), widespread medical conditions awaiting subtype-specific treatments. Here, we address the problem by solving the cryo-EM structure of HCN4 in complex with ivabradine, to date the only HCN-specific drug on the market. Our data show ivabradine bound inside the open pore at 3 Å resolution. The structure unambiguously proves that Y507 and I511 on S6 are the molecular determinants of ivabradine binding to the inner cavity, while F510, pointing outside the pore, indirectly contributes to the block by controlling Y507. Cysteine 479, unique to the HCN selectivity filter (SF), accelerates the kinetics of block. Molecular dynamics simulations further reveal that ivabradine blocks the permeating ion inside the SF by electrostatic repulsion, a mechanism previously proposed for quaternary ammonium ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural light‐responsive rhodopsins play a critical role in visual conversion, signal transduction, energy transmission, etc., which has aroused extensive interest in the past decade. Inspired by these gorgeous works of living beings, scientists have constructed various biomimetic light‐responsive nanochannels to mimic the behaviors of rhodopsins. However, it is still challenging to build stimuli‐responsive sub‐nanochannels only regulated by visible light as the rhodopsins are always at the sub‐nanometer level and regulated by visible light. Pillar[6]arenes have an open cavity of 6.7 Å, which can selectively recognize small organic molecules. They can be connected to ions of ammonium or carboxylate groups on the rims. Therefore, we designed and synthesized the amino and carboxyl‐derived side chains of pillar[6]arenes with opposite charges. The sub‐nanochannels were constructed through the electrostatic interaction of layer‐by‐layer self‐assembled amino and carboxyl‐derived pillar[6]arenes. Then, the natural chromophore of the retinal with visible light‐responsive performance was modified on the upper edge of the sub‐nanochannel to realize the visible light switched on and off. Finally, we successfully constructed a visible light‐responsive sub‐nanochannel, providing a novel method for regulating the selective transport of energy‐donating molecules of ATP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring of ammonium ion levels in water is essential due to its significant impact on environmental and human health. This work aims to fabricate and characterize sensitive, realtime, low-cost, and portable amperometric sensors for low NH4+ concentrations in water. Two strategies were conducted by cyclic voltammetry (CV): electrodeposition of Au nanoparticles on a commercial polyaniline/C electrode (Au/PANI/C), and CV of electropolymerized polyaniline on a commercial carbon electrode (Au/PANIep/C). Au NPs increase the electrical conductivity of PANI and its ability to transfer charges during electrochemical reactions. The electrode performances were tested in a concentration range from 0.35 µM to 7 µM in NH4+ solution. The results show that the Au/PANI/C electrode performs well for high NH4+ concentrations (0.34 µM LoD) and worsens for low NH4+ concentrations (0.01 µM LoD). A reverse performance occurs for the electrode Au/PANIep/C, with a 0.03 µM LoD at low NH4+ concentration and 0.07 µM LoD at high NH4+ concentration. The electrodes exhibit a good reproducibility, with a maximum RSD of 3.68% for Au/PANI/C and 5.94% for Au/PANIep/C. In addition, the results of the repeatability tests show that the electrochemical reaction of sensing is fully reversible, leaving the electrode ready for a new detection event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of previous work, this paper systematically investigates the influence parameters and leaching kinetics of the ammonia leaching process of molybdenum calcine obtained by microwave roasting. The conditions of the ammonia leaching process of calcined molybdenum were optimized by changing the parameters of ammonia concentration, solid–liquid ratio, and leaching temperature. The results show that, when the concentration of ammonia was 25%, the mass of calcined molybdenum and the volume of ammonia were 1/2 g/ml, the leaching temperature was 75°C, and the leaching time was 60 min, the leaching efficiency of molybdenum can reach 91.74%, and the content of ammonium molybdate in the leaching product was 97.23 wt.%. In the leaching process, MoO3 in the solid phase is dissolved by ammonia to form ammonium molybdate, which conforms to the shrinking core model. The activation energy of the reaction is 57.8 kJ/mol and the rate control step is determined by the mixed model of chemical reaction and product layer diffusion. The apparent rate equation is expressed as: 1 3 ln 1 - x + 1 - x - 1 3 - 1 = 14.97 ω ammonia 2.004 (L / S) - 2.44 e - 57800 RT t . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonium ions are a key component of many organic–inorganic metal halide materials. We show that the hexagonal perovskite (Me2NH2)PbI3 is rapidly transformed to iminium-based perovskites (Me2C＝NMeR)PbI3 (R = Me, Et), simply by stirring the material in the respective ketone at room temperature, triggering clear changes in the materials' photophysical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Electrolytic Manganese Residue (EMR) is a by-product of the electrolytic manganese metal (EMM) industry, containing high concentrations of potential pollutants such as NH4+-N and soluble Mn2+. These components pose a serious threat to the ecological environment. To explore accurate, efficient, and harmless treatment methods for EMR, this study proposes a low-temperature thermochemical approach. The orthogonal experiment design investigates the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, quicklime (CaO), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), sodium phosphate (Na3PO4) (Reviewer #3), and water consumption on manganese solidified and ammonia removal from EMR. The results indicate that optimal conditions are a reaction temperature of 60 ℃ (Reviewer #3) and a reaction time of 10 min. CaO precipitates Mn2+ as manganese hydroxide (Mn(OH)2) (Reviewer #3), achieving effective manganese solidified and ammonia removal. The addition of Na2CO3 causes Mn2+ to form manganesecarbonate (MnCO3) (Reviewer #3)precipitate, while Na3PO4 makes Mn2+ form Manganese phosphate trihydrate (Mn3(PO4)2·3H2O) (Reviewer #3). Increased water consumption enhances the interaction adequacy between ions. Under optimal conditions (CaO 10%, Na2CO3 1%, Na3PO4 0.5%, and 80% water consumption), the removal rate of ammonium ions reaches 98.5%, and the solidification rate of soluble Mn2+ is 99.9%. The order of influence on ammonium ion removal is CaO > water consumption > Na3PO4 > Na2CO3. Therefore, this study provides a new method for low-cost process disposal and efficient harmless treatment of EMR (Reviewer #3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present complexes of alkali metal ions and the ammonium ion with the large cyclodimethylsiloxanes D7 and D8 (D=Me2SiO). The formation of such complexes is accompanied by rearrangements of the ligands to form complexes with a suitable ring size for the metal used. These rearrangements could be suppressed by suitable reaction conditions and rapid work‐up of the reaction mixtures. This enabled the isolation of [Li(D7)][GaI4] (1), [Li(D8)][GaI4] (2), [Na(D8)][GaI4] (3), [K(D8)][GaI4] (4) and [NH4(D8)][GaI4] (5). All of the prepared compounds were analysed using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction as well as multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. This reveals very different coordination modes in the compounds obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries have attracted much attention in recent years owing to their fast kinetics, long cycle life, and low manufacture cost. Organic compounds with flexible structural designability are promising electrode materials for aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries. In this review, the recent progress of organic electrode materials is systematically summarized for aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries with the focus on the interaction between non‐metallic ion charge carriers and organic electrode host materials. Both the cations (proton, ammonium ion, and methyl viologen ions) and anions (chloridion, sulfate ion, perchlorate ion, trifluoromethanesulfonate and trifluoromethanesulfonimide ion) storage are discussed. Moreover, the design strategies toward improving the comprehensive performance of organic electrode materials in aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries will be summarized. More organic electrode materials with new reaction mechanisms need to be explored to meet the diverse demands of aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries with different charge carriers in the future. This review provides insights into developing high‐performance organic electrodes for aqueous non‐metallic ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships between the hydrochemical and structural characteristics of the macrozoobenthos community, including biotic indices is analyzed in the rivers of the Neman basin in the spring and summer periods. The list of hydrochemical characteristics included pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, the concentration of ions of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen, dissolved phosphorus, and heavy metals. A close correlation was found to exist between the structural characteristics of zoobenthos and water hydrochemical composition; it can be clearly seen in the summer period. The maximal values of the correlation coefficients were obtained for the relationship between the shares of EPT and oligosaprobic species in the total number of macrozoobenthos. The correlation between the number of macrozoobenthos species and the hydrochemical characteristics was found to be unreliable. The importance of the multimetric approach, taking into account both the hydrobiological and hydrochemical characteristics was emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]