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Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Labor precarity is a multidimensional phenomenon that severely affects youth in Latin America. Based on household survey data from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico from 2023, this article analyzes four dimensions of precarity: instability, lack of social protection, insufficient income, and underemployment. The results revealed that the salaried youth in Mexico and Argentina have the most precarious conditions, whereas Brazil showed the lowest levels of precarity. Precarity is most prevalent in Mexico, followed by Colombia and Argentina. In each of these countries, young women were the most affected, and there was an association between labor precarity, sociodemographic characteristics, and labor market structures. The youngest and those with lower levels of education are those who experience worse conditions. By sector of activity, in Mexico more problems are reported in the primary sector, whereas in Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia they occur in personal services. Young women, regardless of their level of education and sector of activity, report higher levels of precariousness, which aggravates gender inequality. The conclusions propose actions to promote the inclusion of young people in formal employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vast agricultural landscape of Latin America is home to more than 17 million agricultural enterprises, all sharing a common characteristic: family-based social organization of labor. These production units span a spectrum from subsistence peasant agriculture to entrepreneurial family farming, with an intermediate type often referred to as transitional family farming. Today, the term family farmers is generally used to describe the social actors within this typology, gradually replacing the older term peasants, although the latter remains relevant in certain contexts. This article explores the reasons behind the gradual shift from the term peasantry to family farming and to assess the theoretical and practical implications of this shift in the Latin American context. The methodology involves an analysis and comparison of the concept of the peasantry as understood by various historical and ideological schools: agrarian scholars, Russian populists, Russian anarchists (e.g., Kropotkin), Marxists, reformist Marxists (e.g., Luxemburg, Bukharin), and social agronomists (e.g., Bulgakov, Chayanov), who represent the old tradition of peasant studies. It also reviews the contributions of the new American tradition in peasant studies (e.g., Kroeber, Redfield) and examines the relevant literature on Latin American family farming (e.g., Schejtman, Maletta, Schneider). The study concludes by underscoring the consolidation of the concept of family farming and its significance for policy agendas at both governmental and supranational levels. Family farming plays a crucial role in surplus production, food security, environmental sustainability, and rural employment generation in Latin America, making it an essential area for continued attention and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite accumulated empirical evidence suggesting that economic inequality influences citizens' redistributive preferences, evidence of this relationship among political elites remains scarce. This study aims at filling this gap using an elite survey data set of more than 2300 legislators from Latin America, a region with the highest levels of inequality in the world. We first examine the general association between economic inequality and political elites' redistributive preferences. In a second step, we focus on the conditional effect of self-positioning in the left–right ideological scale. Our findings suggest a modest negative longitudinal association between economic inequality and legislators' support for redistribution. In line with our expectations, right-wing and market-oriented legislators are less prone to support redistribution when inequality increases. However, we also find this pattern among left-wing and State-oriented members of parliament. Implications and limitations of our results are considered in the discussion section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to describe the characteristics and diverse cases of import-substituting industrialization (ISI) to understand the socio-political consequences that affect the process. It focuses on the Latin American context of late industrialization and addresses the difficulties that this process may have. It is made up of the following sections: Introduction: Disenchantment with industrialization in Latin America; I. Four impulses of import-substituting industrialization; II. Characteristics of the initial phase of ISI; III. The alleged exhaustion of ISI; IV. Economic, political and technological determinants of backward linkage; V. The inability to export manufactures: "Structural" causes and remedies; Conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krugman identified the puzzle of Latin America's underperformance as one of the greatest challenges of economic theory. This paper investigates this challenge by analysing what we call Latin America's "trilogy of contrasts": compared to other regions, 1) its job creation (especially services) ranks first in the world; 2) but its productivity growth ranks last; and 3) as the income share of the rich remains among the highest, while investment rates became the lowest, the gap between the two has also become the largest in the world. The essence of my response to Krugman's challenge is that these extremes are facets of the same phenomenon: getting stuck in "more of the same" when both post-1980 productivity strategies became exhausted, as they had already delivered their productivity growth potentials. This happened in the "extractivism" of the South and the "manufacturing assembly platform" of the North. What is needed now is to revitalize them with new drivers of productivity growth, such as the transition to processing raw materials, and the "anchoring" of assembly operations in the domestic economy--plus a "green new deal" and the transfer of the new technological paradigm to the entire economy. Trying to extend the "shelf life" of what is already exhausted is a recipe for falling into the middle-income trap--"more of the same" in either productive strategy is no longer a valid development option. However, structural rigidities, market distortions (domestic and international), and the region's perennial ideological neophobia have so far blocked the "reengineering" of what is exhausted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an increasingly interconnected world, technological diplomacy has become essential for driving economic development and enhancing international relations. This article examines South Korea's technological diplomacy strategy, particularly in Latin America, analysing how this Asian nation has built a global network of collaboration and innovation, fostering bilateral and multilateral relationships. Adopting a qualitative, descriptive methodology, the study investigates South Korea's policies, programmes, and strategic alliances, uncovering the technological ties with Latin American countries and their influence on South Korea's international image. Additionally, this article identifies the challenges and opportunities shaping this dynamic relationship, such as cultural barriers and the need to adapt to regional demands. The analysis argues that as technological co-operation intensifies, promising prospects emerge for closer collaboration; it further explores whether this co-operation perpetuates technological dependence or serves as a catalyst for the autonomous development of Latin American countries. In conclusion, the study provides a comprehensive view of how technological diplomacy can act as a key driver for global development by promoting innovation and progress, emphasising the importance of strengthening South Korea-Latin America ties in the pursuit of a more prosperous and technologically advanced future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the entrepreneurship ecosystem in the Republic of Korea, examining how this East Asian country has transitioned from the so-called "copycat" model to a leadership position in innovation. The analysis highlights Korea's strategies for sustained economic growth, centred on the continuous promotion of scientific and technological innovation and, more recently, the development of a robust startup ecosystem underpinned by strong industrial policy and public policies essential for Korea's adaptation to various challenges since its founding. This work details the government policies that have catapulted the growth of its economy, creating the foundations to generate a robust ecosystem for startups. We delve into the analysis of the most successful startups, as well as the development of incubators and accelerators. Through the analysis of success stories, the global impact of Korean startups is evident and how these, in turn, are the tangible result of effective national innovation policies and a profound economic transformation. Finally, this study discusses emerging trends in the Korean startup ecosystem and provides insights that may serve as a model for best practices and inspiration for innovation policies in other regions, such as Latin America, aiming to strengthen their entrepreneurial ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Comparative Education / Revista Española de Educación Comparada is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Spanish Journal of Comparative Education / Revista Española de Educación Comparada is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Signa is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)