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This study sought to understand how state-level policies inform and promote the implementation of restorative justice in education (RJE). A content analysis of 60 laws revealed that definitions, structures, and supports varied greatly, causing us to question whether policies support a systematic implementation of RJE and how policies can prevent the misuse of RJE as an alternative system of punishment. We recommend that laws clearly define the paradigm shift underlying RJE, and provide sustained support to promote a realignment of policies and practices with attention to incorporating measures of accountability to larger values surrounding equity and justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment courts have played a key role in criminal justice reform by offering an alternative to incarceration for individuals who have substance use and mental health disorders. The treatment court model requires programs to complete evaluations, as well as measure potential racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes. This study contributes to literature by using the Racial and Ethnic Disparities (RED) Program Assessment Tool to see if treatment courts (n = 151) have fidelity to the model by completing regular evaluation and to assess for racial and ethnic disparities in graduation rates. Treatment courts in this study, for the most part, were not faithful to the model by completing regular evaluation. Specifically, only 34% of the programs regularly examined graduation outcomes by race and ethnicity. Additionally, racial and ethnic disparities did exist where white participants were more likely than African American and Hispanic participants to graduate treatment court. Implications for policy advocacy, treatment court practice, and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article researches international standards for the protection of the rights of convicts and prisoners. It was determined that international standards for the protection of the rights of convicts and prisoners are a set of norms and principles established by international organizations, which determine the minimum requirements for the treatment of persons in places of deprivation of liberty, which must be observed in the countries that are parties to the relevant international treaties for ensuring the appropriate level of protection of their rights. It was noted that the standards of the international mechanism for the protection of the rights of convicts and prisoners establish specific criteria and norms that must be observed in different countries to ensure an adequate level of protection of the rights of people who are in places of imprisonment. It is emphasized that, depending on the classification and type of standards, they have a universal, regional, mandatory, advisory, general and specialized character, and are applicable to different categories of convicts and prisoners. It is substantiated that thanks to the implementation of international standards for the protection of the rights of prisoners to the legislation of Ukraine and the practice of penitentiary activities, positive changes have been noted in this area: a number of reforms aimed at humanizing the system of execution of punishments, including reducing the number of convicts and prisoners by introducing alternative types of punishment, have been implemented, such as probation; state bodies monitor compliance with the rights of convicts and prisoners, includingthrough cooperation with international organizations such as the Committee for the Prevention of Torture of the Council of Europe; the living conditions of convicts and prisoners were improved in penitentiary institutions; educational and vocational training programs are implemented, which help convicts and prisoners acquire new skills and prepare for reintegration into society after release; the cooperation of the penitentiary system with nongovernmental organizations is developing through the implementation of joint projects, monitoring, legal assistance and advocacy, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The aim of our study was to evaluate the post-release outcomes of incarcerated individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) treated with extended-release buprenorphine (XRB) in a rural county jail. Administrative data were collected from a pilot program within a jail in Maine that introduced XRB treatment in 2022 and a comparable jail utilizing sublingual buprenorphine (SLB) during the same period to compare post-release outcomes. Log-binomial regression models were used to estimate the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for jail use of XRB vs. SLB on post-release community buprenorphine continuation. Results: From September 2022 to September 2023, 70 individuals who received XRB were released from the pilot jail and 130 individuals who received SLB were released from the comparison jail. After adjusting for age, sex, and buprenorphine use at entry to jail, individuals released from the pilot jail were almost 3 times (adjusted RR = 2.67, 95% CI 1.84, 3.88) as likely to continue community buprenorphine treatment post-release relative to the comparison jail. In addition, utilization of XRB allowed for expanded access to OUD treatment, was well tolerated, and reduced medication diversion. Conclusions: In this pilot program in Maine, XRB treatment during incarceration was associated with higher post-release community buprenorphine continuation when compared to individuals treated with SLB. These findings provide strong evidence for the superiority of XRB vs. SLB for the treatment of OUD in jail settings. Highlights: • Utilization of extended-release buprenorphine (XRB) in jail reduced diversion. • Using XRB reduced staffing demands and expanded access to treatment. • XRB may have reduced post-release overdose deaths. • Those treated with XRB were 3 times as likely to continue buprenorphine post-release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on several U.S. court cases which include Estate of Welch v. Gipson, Arkansas Department of Education v. Jackson, and Jenkins v. Payne. Topics include the constitutionality of Arkansas's homestead interest statute, the legality of the emergency clause in the LEARNS Act, and the validity of parole eligibility criteria under Arkansas law.

This mixed methods study had two aims: (1) to examine the effectiveness of a jail diversion program in reducing recidivism and promoting educational and employment outcomes; and (2) to qualitatively explore mechanisms through which the program was effective. Participants were 17 individuals arrested for drug offenses who participated in an intensive, law enforcement‐based jail diversion program, and 17 individuals in a comparison group. Arrests were extracted from police records, and education and employment were extracted from program data. Four intervention participants completed qualitative interviews. Arrest rates in the intervention group decreased significantly postintervention, and arrest rates in the intervention group were numerically lower than those in the comparison group. Participants experienced significant increases in employment and driver's license status. Participants also identified mechanisms through which the program was effective. This jail diversion program shows promise in reducing recidivism and promoting adaptive functioning. Jail diversion programs that include mentorship, peer support, and removal of barriers to success may be particularly effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Derk Pereboom and Gregg Caruso argue that humans are never morally responsible for their actions and take that thesis as a starting point for a project whose ultimate goal is the reform of responsibility practices, which include expressions of praise, blame, and the institution of legal punishment. This paper shares the skeptical concern that current responsibility practices can be suboptimal and in need of change, but argues that a non-skeptical pursuit of those changes is viable and more promising. The main lines of the argument are developed by assessing the prospects of implementing one of the changes favored within the skeptical project (namely, the reduction of punishment severity) in light of how human moral psychology works. An original vignette experiment (N = 180; participants from Facebook groups related to Brazilian universities) asked participants to recommend sentences for a fictitious criminal after considering alternatives to regular punishment that varied in their effectiveness to prevent reoffending. The results suggest that people can become less punitive even if they continue to believe in moral responsibility and free will. The paper further argues that reforming responsibility practices is more likely to occur without the endorsement of skepticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Drug courts are criminal justice programs to divert people with substance use disorders from incarceration into treatment. Drug courts have become increasingly popular in the US and other countries. However, their effectiveness in reducing important public health outcomes such as recidivism and substance-related health harms remains ambiguous and contested. We used nationwide register data from Sweden to evaluate the effectiveness of contract treatment sanction, the Swedish version of drug court, in reducing substance misuse, adverse somatic and mental health outcomes, and recidivism. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, two quasi-experimental designs were used: difference-in-differences and the within-individual design. In the latter, we compared the risk of outcomes during time on contract treatment to, 1) parole after imprisonment and, 2) probation. Results: The cohort included 11,893 individuals (13% women) who underwent contract treatment. Contract treatment was associated with a reduction of 7 percentage points (95% CI: -.088, -.055) in substance misuse, 5 percentage points (-.064, -.034) in adverse mental health events, 9 percentage points (-.113, -.076) in adverse somatic health events, and 3 fewer charges (-3.16, -2.85) for crime in difference-in-differences analyses. Within-individual associations suggested that the same individual had longer times-to-event for all outcomes during contract treatment than on parole or on probation. Conclusions: Contract treatment is an effective intervention from both public health and criminal justice perspective. Our findings suggest that it is a superior alternative to incarceration in its target group. Further, we find that an implementation approach that is less punitive and more inclusive than what is typical in the US can be successful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental health diversion under California Assembly Bill (AB) 1810 created a pretrial pathway for individuals to enroll in community-based treatment as an alternative to incarceration if they have a mental illness that played a significant role in the crime for which they were charged. Mental health diversion may be a promising approach to addressing racial disparities in incarceration. This qualitative, community-partnered study examines how racial equity was considered in the design and implementation of mental health diversion under AB 1810 in nine counties across California. We explored five main themes: involvement of community stakeholders; cultural competence of providers; availability of diversion across counties; efforts to monitor demographics; and diversion as an opportunity to address racial disparities in the criminal legal system. We found that, although many legal professionals are optimistic about the capacity of mental health diversion to address racial disparities in incarceration, there have been limited efforts to monitor the demographics of diversion participants, differing understandings of cultural competency, limited community involvement in the design of mental health diversion, and limitations to the availability of services for individuals enrolled in diversion programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the effectiveness of community supervision in reducing recidivism and promoting successful outcomes, highlighting the importance of evidence-based practices in addressing the challenges faced by community supervision programs. Topics discussed include the need for condition-setting and modification, responses to behavior, and the role of incentives and graduated response matrices in promoting positive behavioral change.

Copyright of Toldo de Astier is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the 1970s, the Supreme Court prohibited the then-common practice of incarcerating criminal defendants because they lacked the money to immediately pay off their fines and fees. The Court suggested that states could instead put defendants on installment payment plans. As this Article shows, this suggestion came against a backdrop of impressive success stories about installment fines--including earlier experiments in which selected defendants had reliably paid off modest fines through carefully calibrated payment plans. Yet as this Article also shows, installment fines practices of today differ significantly from those early experiments, as lawmakers have increased fine amounts, added on fees, surcharges, and restitution, and penalized nonpayment through additional costs and other sanctions. This has turned installment fines into tools of long-term oppression. Further, the early experiments were only ever limited solutions that left behind people in the most precarious financial circumstances, widened the government's net around only those of limited means, and raised the risk that crime policy would be driven by revenue generation aims rather than justice. Those problems continue today. For all too many, installment fines are unaffordable, endless, and arbitrarily administered--and applied instead of better and more equitable solutions. We close the Article by arguing that the present-day uses of installment fines merit both constitutional challenge and policy reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research on the criminal court punishment of transferred youth relative to adult defendants has produced mixed findings; however, these disparities have not been examined in the context of intermediate and alternative sanctions. In Florida, judges have the discretion to assign a split sentence, which involves a mitigated term of imprisonment followed by a sentence to community supervision. Using data on felony cases sentenced under Florida's Criminal Punishment Code (N = 704,977), these results provide evidence of a "youth discount," with juveniles more likely than adults to receive split sentences. However, this pattern is observed regardless of whether a prison sentence is recommended by the guidelines, that is, even among cases in which a split sentence represents an upward departure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The high rate of recidivism in Indonesia is caused by the legal paradigm and politics of society which place imprisonment as a premium remedium. Consequently, various problems arise in prisons, such as prison overcapacity and other problems. The government has made an effort to countermeasures by issuing a new Correctional Law and Criminal Code which carries a new sentencing paradigm through restorative justice; however, the panitentiary has not had a breakthrough that is in line with the new paradigm. Community-based correction which was first recognized in New Zealand is deemed appropriate to be applied in Indonesia with adjustments according to philosophical, sociological, and juridical foundations to fill the void in norms in arranging community-based correction as a form of fostering prisoners in jails. This study is a normative legal research with a literature study. This study uses statute, case, fact, and comparative approaches. Community-based correction implemented in New Zealand bears similarities to the fostering of convicts implemented in Indonesia, such as probation, parole, work release, and residential center or the halfway house program. In the future, the concept of fostering convicts based on the principles of restorative justice will be implemented using the pattern of community-based correction. Community-based correction is conceptualized in two forms, namely as an alternative to conviction and an alternative to imprisonment. As an alternative to conviction, the concept can accommodate the implementation of supervision and social work punishments that are regulated in the new Criminal Code. As an alternative to imprisonment, community-based correction can take the form of optimization of the function of open prisons by providing an opportunity for convicts with a maximum sentence of three years to be placed in open prisons from the start of serving their sentence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to clarify the contemporary criminal justice policy, which endeavors to embrace a system of societal sanctions, also known as alternative punishments, as a viable alternative to conventional criminal justice in the present era. This is in response to the fact that the prevailing criminal justice policy in both Arab and foreign legal systems primarily emphasizes punitive measures, resulting in a surge in crime rates and a mounting caseload in the judiciary. Upon concluding our study, we determined that the Jordanian legislator made a proper decision by implementing many alternative societal sanctions, such as social service, social control, and social service, which are acknowledged in comparable laws. There should be strong assurances in place to ensure that convicts can be successfully reintegrated into society after their release. This includes allowing conditional release, where a convict's good behaviors do not prevent them from benefiting from this measure before the specified end date of their sentence. It is important to always provide opportunities for convicts to benefit from alternative punishment systems, as this decision should be based on the best interests of society, rather than solely on the convict's interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite prolific jail diversion initiatives, people with serious mental illness continue to be overrepresented in the criminal legal system. This continued overrepresentation has led to recent calls to address social determinants of health and criminal risk factors rather than to allocate new resources to diverting people from the criminal legal system. This shift toward prevention by addressing social factors that influence health and criminal legal outcomes should occur alongside a continued focus on diversion to understand what works and for whom. An effective, well-funded, and comprehensive community-based mental health services system could serve as the ultimate intercept for preventing criminal legal system involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to understand the experiences of pregnant people and new parents in Canadian federal prisons for women, and to better understand their ability to participate in the institutional Mother Child Program. Methods: This qualitative case study used semi-structured interviews with people who experienced federal incarceration during pregnancy or the early parenting years. Findings: Major themes in the analysis include: 1) Reasons why- and why not- to participate in the Mother Child Program; 2) Mothering from inside; 3) Health care; and 4) Strategies and survival. Key conclusions: Mothers describe multiple reasons for choosing not to participate or being ineligible for the Mother Child Program; separation as common and traumatic; health services as inadequate; and mental health concerns being met with punishment. Alternatives to incarceration are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The presented article is dedicated to one of the special mechanisms of release from punishment in modern Georgian law - parole, it discusses the legal problems of using the benefit provided by this law, which is based on a deep analysis of practice and a small amount of scientific research, since the issue has not been thoroughly researched and has rarely been the subject of scientific research interest. The debate on the conditional release mechanism as an essential and necessary tool was initiated by the unfavourable state of the regulatory legislation, the existence of a heterogeneous practice on the part of the court, and the scarcity of modern Georgian juridical literature regarding the mentioned concept. This article aims to understand the parole mechanism in Georgia and in the example of some foreign countries, which will make the scientific research process even more interesting and diverse. It also aims to compare, evaluate and synthesize the results obtained from further research, including the mistakes of their usage in practice and the development of scientifically based recommendations to eliminate the mistakes in the parole regulations. Formal-logical, historical, formal-legal, dogmatic, comparative-legal, descriptive and systematic methods are used in researching the problem posed in a separate chapter of the article. The conclusions, provisions, and recommendations mentioned in the article can be used to improve the qualifications of the people interested in this topic and to find practical aid for the employees working in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the foundation of punishment in modern times does not have a retaliatory nature and is more focused on higher and humane objectives, home confinement is considered one of the innovative alternatives to imprisonment. In this regard, the legal systems of Iran and Afghanistan, along with other countries, have incorporated it into their new criminal laws as a form of punishment for certain offenders Based on the information provided, the question raised is about the status of house arrest in the legal systems of Iran and Afghanistan and the similarities and differences they share. To answer this question, the findings from library sources using an analytical-descriptive method indicate that in both legal systems, house arrest is a series of restrictive measures that range from imposing nighttime curfews to confinement within the home during non-working hours for the offender. House arrest is accepted in both legal systems, and there are multiple points of similarity in both systems. However, the point of difference in both systems is that house arrest is considered an alternative in the Afghan Penal Code, while in the Iranian legal system, house arrest is not considered an alternative to imprisonment but rather is specifically included as an independent provision in the Islamic Penal Code. Cases such as minor and disciplinary offenses involving children, adolescents, women, and the elderly, under specific conditions and at the discretion of the court, may be subject to house arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probation is a tool to decrease the severity of the legal system. In theory, more instruments of probation mean fewer people deprived of liberty. However, Poland previously faced a paradoxical situation: there was a significant crime rate drop and a growing number of suspended punishments, but—at the same time—the incarceration rate was high. Many argued that the cause of this state of affairs was the overuse of probation instruments. Almost half of suspended punishments of deprivation of liberty were ultimately enforced. The 2015 reform of the Polish criminal law aimed to decrease the statutory possibility of using probation. This study compares trial outcomes from before and after the reform. We examine files from district courts in 13 cities in Poland for two offences: drug possession and drunk driving. We conclude that the limit on probation decreases the severity of the legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across human and animal societies, punishment is used as a means of responding to cheating and modifying the behaviour of others. A growing body of work shows that human punishment decisions involve representing both the outcomes of transgressions as well as whether a transgressor chose to do wrong. An important question in comparative cognition is whether nonhuman animals demonstrate a similar sensitivity to choice when punishing. Understanding whether and to what extent animals integrate information about choice into their punishment decisions can shed light on the selective pressures and cognitive mechanisms that shape punishment. Here we explore this question by comparing punishment in cooperative pairs of reef-dwelling cleaner wrasses, Labroides dimidiatus , and humans, Homo sapiens. In study 1, we investigate whether punishment in adult male cleaners is influenced by whether females had a choice to cheat. In study 2, we ask the same question of human adults, using a novel task inspired by the cooperative interactions between pairs of cleaners and their client fish. Our results support previous work finding that punishment of cheating in humans is sensitive to whether transgressors chose to cheat: they punished more when the alternative option was cooperation. However, we did not find a similar sensitivity to alternative options in cleaners. Our results provide a direct comparison of the role of alternative options in punishment decisions in humans and a distantly related cooperative species. We suggest that important cognitive constraints may be in place that limit cleaners' ability to simultaneously represent both the choice a transgressor makes as well as the choices they could have made. • We examined punishment in cleaner fish (Labroides dimidiatus). • We investigated whether cleaners are sensitive to others' options when punishing. • We compared cleaners to humans in a task modelled on cleaner fish–client mutualism. • Punishment was sensitive to alternative options in humans but not in cleaner fish. • Cleaners might be unable to represent others' choices based on alternative options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the recent amendments made to the Jordanian Execution Law in respect of imprisonment for failure to pay debts of civil and commercial nature. While the amendments made on the Law are long-awaited and are an improvement to the administration of justice in the Country; it remains that these amendments came below expectations. First, the recent amendments to the Law are short from the international obligations of the Country under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) which Jordan is a signatory of. Second, the recent amendments still use the "one size fits all" approach whereby it does not provide a distinction between a procrastinating debtor and a debtor that is indeed not able to pay; to determine imprisonment in civil and commercial debts. Hence, while the recent amendments had made some positive changes to the imprisonment for debtors in civil and commercial debts; this article finds that Jordan must adhere to its international obligations by providing alternatives to imprisonment for civil and commercial debts; or at least provide a distinction between a procrastinating debtor and a not able to pay debtor to determine whether imprisonment of the debtor is due. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial austerity, welfare state retrenchment, and the movement towards evidence-based interventions have intensified the pressures on penal voluntary sector (PVS) organizations. The result is an increasingly competitive field of social service provision in which organizations must differentiate themselves in the struggle over funding, contracts, symbolic authority, and potential clients. We explore this struggle by examining the distinct roads to reentry constructed at four PVS organizations in Ontario, Canada. Our analysis initiates a dialogue between individual narratives and organizational discourses, contending that the road to reentry is coauthored among organizations and criminalized individuals—albeit on unequal terms. Our findings reveal that there are significant pressures for criminalized individuals to perform narrative labor to align themselves with organizational understandings of reentry. Such pressures include: the denial of services or social assistance payments, threats of being returned to prison for "inadequate" participation in rehabilitation, and risks of not being considered for coveted "professional ex" positions at PVS organizations. In light of these empirical findings, we also offer a conceptual reflection on the challenges criminalized individuals likely face accessing services from multiple organizations with differing roads to reentry, suggesting that navigating these diverse roads not only requires narrative labor, but also narrative dexterity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from ethnographic data, this article examines parole personnel's imaginaries of dangerous sex offenders: individuals perceived as especially aberrant, predatory and irredeemable. While the dangerous sex offender is perceived as a monster, this article contends that we also need to attend to the spectral characteristics ascribed to this subject. For parole personnel, the dangerous sex offender is a monster, but this is a monster that haunts; a monster that represents a spectral figure. The spectrality of this figure manifests in two overlapping ways. First, parole personnel perceive the dangerous sex offender – as a person – as a ghostly figure: a mobile, roving, nearly omnipresent individual that is difficult to locate or contain. Second, they perceive the threat posed by this subject – the commission of future sex crimes – as a pervasive absent presence. Even when it is not occurring, recidivism is imagined as an emergent, already unfolding event. In this way, dangerous sex offenders and their presumptive reoffending represent haunting figures that trouble the distinctions between absence/presence, visible/invisible and knowable/unknowable. Through tracing the convergence of monstrosity and spectrality, this article shows how parole personnel's imaginaries undergird the extremely exclusionary ways that they govern dangerous sex offenders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the relationship with the persons under private law empowered to manage the execution of the range of non-custodial measures and punishments in this sphere is currently outlined at the legislative level, the nuances that limit access to the profession are identified. This aspect harms in practice both the person responsible for safety measurement and the judge who is delegated with the execution, the probation department and last but not least the professional mandated with the expertise regarding the state of health of the person in question. Since 2014, the Council of Europe's Report "A juvenile criminal justice adapted to children: from rhetoric to reality" has motivated the considerations regarding justice related to children, which mentions the need for minors in conflict with the law to have access above all to treatment and special staff. The proposed law restores the right to the vision requiredfrom the level of practitioners with reference to the recontouring of the provisions of article 20 of Law no. 253/2013 regarding the execution of punishments, educational measures and other non-custodial measures ordered by judicial bodies during the criminal process, in accordance with the goal of the regulation, namely to ensure the legal order by guaranteeing the balance that must exist between the protection of society and the reintegration in the community. At the same time, the terminations of the Ferenda law proposal will demonstrate the need for corroboration with normative acts that regulate the way of exercising the various liberal professions through units without legal personality necessary in terms of providing medical assistance at ambulatory level, both in the preventive and in the of recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the risk-need-responsivity model has consistently demonstrated that programs that adhere to this model demonstrate greater reductions in recidivism. However, research often focuses on successful programs and promulgates these programs as models for replication. Less research exists that demonstrates lessons learned from programs that struggle to implement EBP. The current research provides an examination of a halfway houses attempt to adhere to the risk-need-responsivity model and the difficulties that are experienced when model fidelity is lacking. Results demonstrate the program only partly adheres to major facets of the model. Implications of the results are discussed, and program recommendations are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monetary sanctions are an integral and expanding part of the criminal legal system, even though most of the population under community supervision are indigent. Reentering citizens often leave imprisonment with considerable debt that accumulates from court costs and fees, supervision fees, child support arrears, motor vehicle, and other forms of debt. In this article, we examine how an indigent population of reentering citizens make sense of the totality of their debt, prioritize paying their debts, and develop strategies to increase their personal autonomy within the constraints of family dependence, debt, and state supervision. We track 30 men released from an Alternative Incarceration Facility in Cleveland, Ohio and use case studies to illustrate the strategies men adopted within a set of personal contingencies, including the nature of their debt, the extent of family support, their personal skills and resources, access to jobs, probation requirements, relationships with probation officers, and the exercise of judicial discretion. Our study demonstrates how risk‐taking is baked into the criminal legal system and how this keeps reentering citizens in a perpetual state of carceral vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about house arrest, one of the types of non-custodial punishment in modern Georgian law, where the legal problems of using this benefit, provided by the law, are discussed, which is based on a deep analysis of practice and research of a number of scientific works. The importance of the topic was determined by the unfavorable state of the domestic legislation, the existence of a non-homogenous practice on the part of the court in relation to the "revision" of the decisions made by the local councils of the special penitentiary service, the incalculability of statistical data, as well as the great practical importance of the said topic in the process of both law-making and law enforcement, due to the paucity of modern Georgian legal literature regarding this concept. The aim of this article is to clarify the legal nature and the extent of house arrest, not only on the example of Georgia, but also on the example of some foreign countries, which will make the process of scientific research of the legal problems, of replacing the remaining sentence with house arrest, even more interesting and diverse. In addition, the article also aims to analyze the errors made in the applied practice and to develop scientifically based recommendations to eliminate the gaps in the rules regulating house arrest. The results of the theoretical/empirical research allow legal analysis to be made on the introduction/establishment of non-custodial punishment, which was previously unfamiliar to our country; to what extent the aforementioned legislative innovation was justified and what can be done for its further refinement/perfection, which is ultimately aimed to prohibit the usage of non-homogenous practice, regarding the use of the mentioned legal mechanism, on the part of both the decision-making body and the court. Historical, formal-logical, dogmatic, formal-legal, comparative-legal, descriptive and systematic methods were used to study the problem, posed in a separate chapter of the article. Furthermore, the data of legal statistics was used to study and generalize the practice of local councils, as well as the court, and the final part is devoted to the conclusive decrees obtained as a result of the study and scientific processing of the raised issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of prisons in Indonesia has not been resolved until now. There are 3 (three) main problems to date, namely, Overcrowded Prisoners, Lack of Human Resources in Prisons and Large Costs. This greatly affects the rights of prisoners themselves, where the rights of prisoners have been regulated both in International (Standard minimum Rules For The Treatment Of Prisoner) and National provisions (Law Number 22 of 2022 concerning Corrections). This research aims to answer legal problems regarding how the government has been managing prisons and private prisons as an alternative solution to the problems of prisons in Indonesia. To answer the research problem, this study uses a type of normative legal research with a legal approach, concepts and comparisons. The data used are secondary data supported by primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials obtained through literature research or document studies. The results of this study show that in managing prisons, legally Indonesia has made significant improvements and more implemented the human rights system by changing the orientation of retaliation to coaching prisoners. However, in its implementation, the Indonesian government still finds it difficult to implement these noble intentions and until now there are 3 (three) major problems that have not been addressed, namely Overcrowded Prisoners, Lack of Human Resources in Prisons and Large Costs. To be able to implement these noble intentions, there is an alternative solution, namely the implementation of private prisons with the Public Private Partnership system or Hybrid System where this system has been successfully applied in France and produces efficiency for the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probation has received relatively little research attention. In this exploratory two-study inquiry, we first analyzed quantitative data to identify factors driving probation revocation in Pulaski County, Arkansas, among 10,260 individuals (mostly male and African American) between 2015 and 2019 (Study 1). We found individuals with felony histories were significantly more likely to be revoked (aOR 17.2 for one or two convictions; aOR 25.1 for three or more convictions). Other predictors include lower education, younger age at first sentence, unemployment, and substance use. In Study 2, we conducted 20 in-depth qualitative interviews with 12 key stakeholders and 8 individuals with probation experience. We found that client financial instability, substance use and mental health disorders, stakeholder risk avoidance, officer caseload, and lack of accessible resources/services contributed to probation revocation. We conclude with recommendations for changes to probation policy and practice, including officer training, alternatives to incarceration, service expansion, and community engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mavi Atlas is the property of Mavi Atlas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Identifying ways to shift public attitudes toward support for alternative approaches to criminalized behavior is necessary to address mass incarceration. We test whether education on the impacts of traumatic events may be one strategy to increase such support. Drawing from mindset theory, we also test whether effects can be amplified through incorporation of growth mindset messaging. Methods: Two experimental studies assessed the impact of trauma education and growth mindset-enhanced trauma education on public attitudes. Results: In Study 1, participants in both trauma education conditions exhibited greater support for alternatives to incarceration for nonviolent crimes compared to the control condition. In Study 2, participants in the mindset-enhanced trauma education condition exhibited greater support for alternative sentencing for violent crimes compared to those in the other two conditions. Conclusions: Mindset-enhanced trauma education has potential to shift public attitudes toward support for alternative sentencing, though further research is needed to substantiate effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current management literature suggests that when employees engage in wrongdoing, managers typically respond with punishment. The emerging moral repair literature suggests an alternative to punishment: a reparative response that focuses on repairing harm and restoring damaged relationships. However, little is currently known about restorative managerial responses, including why managers respond to employee wrongdoing in a reparative versus punitive manner. The purpose of this paper is to examine a variety of cognitive and emotional influences on this managerial decision. This study used a scenario-based survey methodology. The authors gathered data from 894 managers in sales and financial services contexts to test a set of hypotheses regarding individual-level influences on managers' punitive versus restorative responses. This study found that managers' restorative justice orientation, retributive justice orientation, social considerations (e.g. when employees are relatively interdependent versus independent), instrumental considerations (e.g. when the offender is highly valuable to the organization) and feelings of anger influenced their reparative versus punitive responses. Data are cross-sectional, so causality inferences should be approached with caution. Another potential limitation is common method bias due to single-source and single-wave data. The findings of this study show that managers often opt for a restorative response to workplace transgressions, and this study surfaces a variety of reasons why managers choose a restorative response instead of a punitive response. This study focuses on social order and expectations within the workplace. This is important to victims, offenders, observers, managers and other stakeholders. This study seeks to emphasize the importance of social factors, a shared social identity, social bonds and other relationships within this manuscript. This is an important component of organizational-focused restorative justice research. This is the first study, to the best of the authors' knowledge, to explicitly test individual-level influences on managers' reparative versus punitive responses to employee wrongdoing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This autoethnography outlines contradictions in offender rehabilitation policies that were apparent to me while I was employed as a Corrections officer at a New Zealand prison. I ponder the social, political and cultural barriers to reducing the prison population by story-lining three intersecting topics: contemporary prisoner and officer relations, the goal of reducing reoffending, and the long shadow of (post-)colonialism. I provide analysis of these topics, drawing on both my positionality as a former officer, and my subsequent reflections as a social science academic. I conclude by noting that crime and punishment in New Zealand are salient political issues, and that advocates of progressive penal policies ought to be prepared for more authoritarian attitudes to criminal justice re-emerging in the political discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archives of Criminology / Archiwum Kryminologii is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Legal Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the coronavirus pandemic, movements for penal abolition and racial justice achieved dramatic growth and increased visibility. While much public discussion of abolition has centered on the call to divest from criminal law enforcement, contemporary abolitionists also understand public safety in terms of building new life-sustaining institutions and collective structures that improve human well-being, linking penal divestment to environmental justice. In urging a reimagination of public safety, abolitionists envision much more than decriminalization or a reallocation of police functions to social service agencies or other alternatives to imprisonment and policing. Instead, for abolitionists, meaningful public safety requires, among other things, a just transition away from an extractive fossil fuel driven economy characterized by vast racialized inequality and held in place by penal bureaucracy, and towards new regenerative economic, social, and ecological systems. This Article explores the connections between abolition and environmental justice, examining social movement organizing, litigation, and proposed legislation. These abolitionist environmental justice projects aim both to confront the harms associated with criminal law enforcement and ecological catastrophe and to build a more sustainable and just future. These efforts represent a necessary turn towards addressing multiple interlocking crises together rather than treating the harms involved in criminal law enforcement, climate change, and racial capitalism as separate and distinct. This Article attends carefully to and attempts to think with abolitionist and environmental justice movement participants, engaging the ideas and strategies generated by these movements as sources of insight into law's injustice and possible abolitionist futures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration detention causes psychological, physiological, and financial harm, primarily to noncitizens of color. Following a mass release of "lower-priority" individuals, responses to the COVID-19 pandemic provide an opportunity to envision a system more focused on freedom and pragmatism rather than retributive and ineffective notions of human warehousing and deterrence. Utilizing community-based case management (CBCM), a majority of detained noncitizens could be immediately returned to their families and communities under agency discretion. While some alternatives to incarceration serve as extensions of the carceral state, CBCM maintains required court appearances and preserves occupational and familial obligations at a fraction of detention costs without the need for intensive surveillance or restrictions. Drawing upon available research, theories of violence, and strengths-based case management, this article critically examines the emergence of mass immigration detention in the United States and considers a noncarceral approach to mitigate such state violence against detained noncitizens, as well as their families and communities. The profession of social work is uniquely positioned to implement CBCM to address the mass detention crisis and the grand challenge of smart decarceration. Social workers are well-equipped to 1) advocate for sensible decarceration policy, 2) conduct action-oriented scholarly research on the impacts of detention and outcomes of CBCM, and 3) provide integrated case management for noncitizens in immigration removal proceedings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal justice systems across the United States are reducing reliance on prison incarceration and moving toward more local and noncustodial types of responses to felony offenders. Rather than wholesale decarceration, states and counties are shifting felons along what we call a "continuum of control," which allows for people who previously might have been incarcerated in state prison to be sentenced to jail, jail plus probation, or probation without a custodial spell. With some notable exceptions, existing research has focused primarily on contrasting prison versus community placements and ignored the intermediary alternatives between the poles of the continuum. In this study, we compare the recidivism outcomes of felons sentenced to prison versus those sentenced to jail, jail plus probation, and probation alone. On balance, our findings show that jail incarceration results in the same or lower rearrest and reconviction rates than incarceration in prison. We also find consistent evidence that while rearrests are frequently higher for probation with or without a jail spell, reconvictions are consistently lower for similarly situated offenders than prison. These findings provide partial evidence in support of policies that move people convicted of felonies to less costly, more local, and less confining alternatives than prison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I present the punishment called cyberbanishment. This sanction refers to the old-fashioned punishment of forbidding a person to be present in specific places, but instead of physical locations this sanction concerns digital spheres. The proposition of introducing cyberbanishment is based on a few observations. First, the current practices of punishment are problematic, and there is a need for alternative punishments. Second, this form of sanction may be a proper response to crimes committed online, like hate crimes or punishable threats. Third, the online sphere becomes more important each year, and this was even amplified by the recent pandemic. The development of virtual realities and metaverses could contribute to this trend. Fourth, as an instrument imposed by courts, cyberbanishment may increase judicial control over the limitations of constitutionally protected freedoms in the online world, which is currently decided mainly by the platforms themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Pregnant women with criminal legal involvement and opioid use disorder (CL-OUD) living in non-urban regions may be at risk for complex biomedical, psychological, and social barriers to prenatal care and healthy pregnancy. Yet, limited research has explored prenatal care utilization patterns among this subpopulation. This study describes the biopsychosocial factors of pregnant women with a history of criminal legal involvement and opioid use disorder (CL-OUD) associated with timely prenatal care initiation and adequate prenatal care utilization (APNCU). Methods: Analyses were conducted on a subsample of medical record data from an observational comparative effectiveness study of medication treatment models for pregnant women with diagnosed opioid use disorder (OUD) who received prenatal care in Northern New England between 2015 and 2022. The subsample included women aged ≥ 16 years with documented criminal legal involvement. Analyses included χ2, Fisher exact tests, and multiple logistic regression to assess differences in timely prenatal care and APNCU associated with biopsychosocial factors selected by backwards stepwise regression. Results: Among 317 women with CL-OUD, 203 (64.0%) received timely prenatal care and 174 (54.9%) received adequate care. Timely prenatal care was associated with having two or three prior pregnancies (aOR 2.37, 95% CI 1.07–5.20), receiving buprenorphine at care initiation (aOR 1.85, 95% CI 1.01–3.41), having stable housing (aOR 2.49, 95% CI 1.41–4.41), and being mandated to court diversion (aOR 4.06, 95% CI 1.54–10.7) or community supervision (aOR 2.05, 95% CI 1.16–3.63). APNCU was associated with having a pregnancy-related medical condition (aOR 2.17, 95% CI 1.27–3.71), receiving MOUD throughout the entire prenatal care period (aOR 3.40, 95% CI 1.45–7.94), having a higher number of psychiatric diagnoses (aOR 1.35, 95% CI 1.07–1.70), attending a rurally-located prenatal care practice (aOR 2.14, 95% CI 1.22–3.76), having stable housing (aOR 1.94, 95% CI 1.06–3.54), and being mandated to court diversion (aOR 3.11, 95% CI 1.19–8.15). Conclusion: While not causal, results suggest that timely and adequate prenatal care among women with CL-OUD may be supported by OUD treatment, comorbid indications for care, stable access to social resources, and maintained residence in the community (i.e., community-based alternatives to incarceration). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Neue Kriminalpolitik is the property of Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)