24 results on '"ALSHAWABKEH, YAHYA"'
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2. Integration of photogrammetry and laser scanning for enhancing scan-to-HBIM modeling of Al Ula heritage site
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya and Baik, Ahmad
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- 2023
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3. Harnessing Heritage BIM for Enhanced Architectural Documentation of Ad Deir in Petra
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Baik, Ahmad, primary and Alshawabkeh, Yahya, additional
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- 2024
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4. HBIM for Conservation of Built Heritage.
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya, Baik, Ahmad, and Miky, Yehia
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MACHINE learning , *BUILDING information modeling , *SURFACE cracks , *HISTORIC buildings , *LIBRARY design & construction , *DEEP learning - Abstract
Building information modeling (BIM) has recently become more popular in historical buildings as a method to rebuild their geometry and collect relevant information. Heritage BIM (HBIM), which combines high-level data about surface conditions, is a valuable tool for conservation decision-making. However, implementing BIM in heritage has its challenges because BIM libraries are designed for new constructions and are incapable of accommodating the morphological irregularities found in historical structures. This article discusses an architecture survey workflow that uses TLS, imagery, and deep learning algorithms to optimize HBIM for the conservation of the Nabatean built heritage. In addition to creating new resourceful Nabatean libraries with high details, the proposed approach enhanced HBIM by including two data outputs. The first dataset contained the TLS 3D dense mesh model, which was enhanced with high-quality textures extracted from independent imagery captured at the optimal time and location for accurate depictions of surface features. These images were also used to create true orthophotos using accurate and reliable 2.5D DSM derived from TLS, which eliminated all image distortion. The true orthophoto was then used in HBIM texturing to create a realistic decay map and combined with a deep learning algorithm to automatically detect and draw the outline of surface features and cracks in the BIM model, along with their statistical parameters. The use of deep learning on a structured 2D true orthophoto produced segmentation results in the metric units required for damage quantifications and helped overcome the limitations of using deep learning for 2D non-metric imagery, which typically uses pixels to measure crack widths and areas. The results show that the scanner and imagery integration allows for the efficient collection of data for informative HBIM models and provide stakeholders with an efficient tool for investigating and analyzing buildings to ensure proper conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2024
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5. Linear feature extraction from point cloud using color information
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya
- Published
- 2020
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6. An artistic, mythological and documentary study of the atargatis panel from et-Tannur, Jordan
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Almasri, Eyad, Balaawi, Fadi, and Alshawabkeh, Yahya
- Abstract
In 1937 and 1938, a group of high-relief and round statues were uncovered during the joint expedition of the American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem and the Department of Antiquities in Palestine at the Khirbet et-Tannur Temple, located in Jordan. This expedition was headed by Nelson Glueck (Figs 1, 2). The statues uncovered are important in that they offer considerable information about Nabataean art and religion. This paper concentrates on one of the high-relief statues, called the Atargatis Panel by its excavator, Glueck. It was chosen as a case study for its availability in Amman, Jordan. The other Atargatis statues found at the site are now in the Cincinnati Art Museum in the United States of America. This paper also examines the Nabataean religious beliefs concerning Atargatis and her fertility cult, in addition to the art style of the statue. Furthermore, the digital 3D imaging documentation of the Atargatis statue at The Jordan Museum is presented. Dense image matching algorithms presented a flexible, cost-effective approach for this important work. These images not only provide geometric information but also show the surface textures of the depicted objects. This is especially important for the production of virtual 3D models used as a tool for documentary, educational and promotional purposes.
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- 2024
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7. As-Textured As-Built BIM Using Sensor Fusion, Zee Ain Historical Village as a Case Study
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya, primary, Baik, Ahmad, additional, and Fallatah, Ahmad, additional
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- 2021
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8. Integration of Laser Scanner and Photogrammetry for Heritage BIM Enhancement
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya, primary, Baik, Ahmad, additional, and Miky, Yehia, additional
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- 2021
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9. Color and Laser Data as a Complementary Approach for Heritage Documentation
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya, primary
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- 2020
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10. Heritage documentation using laser scanner and photogrammetry. The case study of Qasr Al-Abidit, Jordan
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya, primary, El-Khalili, Mohammad, additional, Almasri, Eyad, additional, Bala’awi, Fadi, additional, and Al-Massarweh, Amaal, additional
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- 2020
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11. SALT DAMAGE AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS: A THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH FROM THE NORTHERN ROMAN THEATER IN JERASH, JORDAN
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Bala'awi, Fadi, Alshawabkeh, Yahya, Al masri, Eyad, and Mustafa, H. Mairna
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Salt Damage ,Temperature ,Soluble salt content ,Jerash ,Thermodynamic Approach ,The Northern Theatre ,Environmental Conditions ,Relative Humidity - Abstract
The salt damage is one of the main decay features in archaeological sites and monuments. The Northern Theater of the Roman archaeological site of Jerash in Jordan is facing considerably this decay agent. The current study is a comprehensive evaluation of the main environmental conditions within the case study area with a detailed assessment of the soluble salt content at varied periods on the theater. The study extended to evaluate the relation between salts content and salt distribution with the main recorded environmental conditions. The current research fieldwork observation and data collection has shown that wind speed had a major role in salt crystallisation and distribution in porous building materials, and thereby in the ultimately stone decay rates. The study has also demonstrated the importance of using thermodynamic calculation in evaluation the salt distribution and behavior as major action in stating the preventive conservation measures in archaeological sites and monuments.
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- 2018
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12. An artistic, mythological and documentary study of the atargatis panel from et-Tannur, Jordan
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Almasri, Eyad, primary, Balaawi, Fadi, additional, and Alshawabkeh, Yahya, additional
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- 2018
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13. COMBINED LASER SCANNER AND DENSE STEREO MATCHING TECHNIQUES FOR 3D MODELLING OF HERITAGE SITES: DAR ES-SARAYA MUSEUM
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Jamhawi, Monther, Alshawabkeh, Yahya, Freewan, Ahmed, and Al-Gharaibeh, Rami
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Dense Stereo Matching ,Laser Scanner ,Documentation ,Reveres Engineering ,Dar Es-Saraya Museum - Abstract
High resolution 3D point cloud recording is a demanding task for generating meshed surface and CAD object models. Accurate, complete and realistic 3D point cloud is expected from the adopted recording technique. Due to the complex structural environments of the heritage sites, complete, yet suitable, object coverage by Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) is not guaranteed. The recent improvements in image stereo matching algorithms allow for an automatic dense point clouds acquisition. Acquiring 3D point cloud using images has many advantages related to flexibility and portability. The choice of the best technique relies on the site configuration and the performance of the selected sensor. This paper demonstrates the potential benefits of integrating TLS and Dense Stereo Matching (DSM) techniques in order to form a complete and detailed representation of Dar Es-Saraya Museum. The paper fully discusses the processing and registration of the TLS and DSM data in creating a 3D point cloud of the museum to be used in a more accurate CAD model.
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- 2016
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14. An artistic, mythological and documentary study of the Atargatis panel from et-Tannur, Jordan
- Author
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Almasri, Eyad, primary, Balaawi, Fadi, additional, and Alshawabkeh, Yahya, additional
- Published
- 2017
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15. An enthroned Tyche statue from Gadara / Umm Qais, Jordan
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Almasri, Eyad, primary, Alshawabkeh, Yahya, additional, Balaawi, Fadi, additional, and Shwater, Allaa, additional
- Published
- 2017
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16. Integration of laser scanning and photogrammetry for heritage documentation
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya
- Subjects
Terrestrische Photogrammetrie , Laserscanner , Segmentierung , Texturierung ,ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION ,Close Range Photogrammetry , Laser Scanner , Segmentation , Texture Mapping - Abstract
The use of 3D laser scanner in documenting heritage sites has increased significantly over the past few years. This is mainly due to advances of such systems, which allow for the fast and reliable generation of millions of 3D points. Despite the considerable progress of these approaches, the highest possible degree in efficiency and flexibility of data collection will be possible, if other techniques are combined during data processing. Within the research the potential of combining terrestrial laser scanning and close range photogrammetry for the documentation of heritage sites is discussed. Besides improving the geometry of the model, the integration aims on supporting the visual quality of the linear features like edges and cracks in the historical scenes. Although the laser scanner gives very rich surface details, it does not provide sufficient data to construct outlines for all surface features of the scanned object, even though they are clearly defined in the reality. In our approach, information on edges and linear surface features is based on the analysis of the images. For this purpose an integrated segmentation process based on image data will support the ex-traction of object geometry information from the laser data. The approach applies image based semi-automated tech-niques in order to bridge gaps in the laser scanner data and add new details, which are required to build more realistic perception of the scene volume. Cultural heritage applications frequently require data collection by terrestrial laser scanning in very complex structural environments. Thus, compared to similar applications in industrial environments, this requires more complex process-ing to generate geometric models of sufficient realism. In addition to geometric data collection, texture mapping is particular important in the area of cultural heritage to have more complete documentation. Photo-realistic texturing can for example add information about the structure condition, which is not present in the 3D model such as decay of the material. Additionally, color image information is also indispensable for features like frescos and mosaics. In addi-tion to that, texture mapping considered as a requirement application for visualization and animation purposes. For this reason, some commercial 3D systems already provide model-registered color texture by capturing the RGB values of each LIDAR point using a camera already integrated in the system. However, these images frequently are not suffi-cient for high quality texturing, which is desired for documentation, since the ideal conditions for taking the images may not coincide with those for laser scanning In addition, laser scanning from many viewpoints, as it is required to capture complex structures, is still relatively time consuming. For outdoor applications these large time differences will result in varying light conditions and changing shadows, thus the recorded images will have different radiometric properties. Such problems may disturb the appearance of the resulting textured model. So it is therefore more useful to acquire geometry and texture by two independent processes and allow for an image collection at optimal position and time for texturing. This is especially true for the high requirements of realistic documentation of heritage sites. Thus, the thesis presents an approach for projective texture mapping from photographs onto triangulated surfaces from 3D laser scanning. By these means, the effort to generate photo-realistic models of complex shaped objects can be re-duced considerably. The images are collected from multiple viewpoints, which do not necessarily correspond to the viewpoints of LIDAR data collection. In order to handle the resulting problem of occlusions, the visibility of the model areas in the respective images has to be established. For this purpose, a new visible surface algorithm has been developed, the algorithm works in both image and object space and efficiently detects ambient, back-face and view frustum occlusions. Occluding polygons are labelled and separated with their connectivity to texture them recursively using the optimal of the available images until the final textured model is produced. After this visibility processing, colour values will be correctly assigned from the photograph to the visible polygons. In order to gain a high quality texture, lens distortion and colour corrections are applied during processing. The quality of the registration process, which aligns the laser scanner data with the imagery, is a crucial factor for the aspired combined processing. This registration can realized if correspondence coordinates are available in both sys-tems. Since the accurate detection and measurement of point correspondences can be difficult especially for the point clouds from laser scanning, straight lines are measured between the image and the laser data as corresponding ele-ments. The accuracy of the transformation depends on the accuracy with which the features have been extracted from the scans. For providing stable features of interest efficient segmentation algorithms have to be used to extract the features automatically for the co registration of data sets. In this thesis we have presented and discussed efficient edge detection algorithm that can detect the line features in both range and intensity images. In the proposed algorithm the distinguished points, which will comprise the edges, depend on the spatial analysis of the numerical description of the mean curvature values. The work was motivated by the fact that the optimality of edge detectors for range images has not been considered in the literature, some algorithms are limited to synthetic range images and will totally fail in the presence of noise, others which have been tested in real range images are complicated with large numbers of parame-ters. Compared to known methods in literature, the proposed algorithm exhibits the following features: computational efficiency, high accuracy in the localization of the edge points, easy to implement, and Image noise does not degener-ate its performance. Although the central task of the proposed edge detection algorithm is to reliable detect and locate edge points, a rich description of edge points give the ability to reliably detecting and characterizing the edge types as a crease and step edges, and then go further to classify the crease edges as concave or convex types. The algorithm was initially proposed for range image segmentation and has been extended to segment the intensity images with some improvements. The generality and robustness of the algorithm is illustrated on scene images with different available range sensors., Die Nutzung von 3D Laser-Scannern zur Dokumentation von Kulturdenkmälern hat in den vergangenen Jahren erhe-blich zugenommen. Dieses ist auf die Weiterentwicklung derartiger Systeme zurückzuführen, die eine schnelle und zuverlässige Generierung von Millionen 3D-Punkten ermöglichen. Trotz des beträchtlichen Fortschritts bei dieser Vorgehensweise werden höchste Leistungsfähigkeit und Flexibilität bei der Datenerfassung erst dann möglich, wenn sie bei der Datenauswertung mit anderen Techniken kombiniert werden. Die Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Potenzial des kombinierten terrestrischen Laser-Scannings und der Nahbereichsphotogrammetrie für die Dokumentation von Kulturdenkmälern. Neben der Verbesserung des geometrischen Modells zielt die Integration auf die Verbesserung der visuellen Qualität linearer Merkmale wie Ecken und Kanten. Obwohl der Laser-Scanner sehr reichhaltige Ober-flächendetails liefert, werden keine ausreichenden Daten zur Konstruktion der Konturen aller Oberflächenmerkmale des gescannten Objektes bereitgestellt, auch wenn sie in Wirklichkeit eindeutig definiert sind. Bei dem entwickelten Ansatz werden Informationen über Kanten und linearen Oberflächenmerkmalen aus der Ana-lyse von Distanz- und Intensitätsbildern bereitgestellt. Zu diesem Zweck wird ein integrierter Segmentierungsprozess für die Extraktion von objekt-geometrischen Informationen aus Laserdaten genutzt. Der Ansatz verwendet bildbe-zogene halbautomatische Techniken, um Lücken in den Laser-Scanner-Daten zu schließen und neue Details hinzu zufügen, die für den Aufbau realistischer Szenen benötigt werden. Anwendungen im Rahmen der Dokumentation von Kulturdenkmälern erfordern die Datenerfassung mittels ter-restrischem Laser-Scanning in sehr komplex strukturierten Umgebungen. Verglichen mit ähnlichen Anwendungen in Industrieumgebungen macht dies eine aufwendigere Verarbeitung nötig, um geometrische Modelle von ausreichend wirklichkeitsgetreuer Darstellung zu generieren. Neben der geometrischen Datenerfassung ist die Texturierung von Oberflächen für die lückenlose Dokumentation besonders wichtig. Photorealistische Texturen können zum Beispiel Informationen über die Strukturbeschaffenheiten, wie z. B. Materialverfall, hinzufügen, die in rein geometrischen 3D-Modellen nicht vorhanden sind. Zusätzlich sind Farbbildinformationen für Merkmale wie Fresken und Mosaiken unabdingbar. Ferner wird die Abbildung von Oberflächen für Visualisierungs- und Animationszwecke benötigt. Aus diesem Grund verfügen einige kommerzielle 3D-Systeme bereits über eine modellregistrierte Farbtextur, indem die RGB-Werte eines jeden LIDAR-Punktes durch eine im System integrierte Kamera erfasst werden. Diese Bilder sind jedoch häufig für eine qualitativ hochwertige Texturierung nicht ausreichend, da die idealen Vorraussetzungen für die Aufnahmen der Bilder nicht mit denen des Laser-Scannings übereinstimmen. Ferner ist das Laser-Scanning von mehreren Standpunkten aus wie es für die Erfassung komplexer Strukturen benötigt wird sehr zeitaufwendig. Bei Außenanwendungen resultiert dieses in verändernden Lichtbedingungen und wechselnden Schatten. Daher werden die aufgenommenen Bilder verschiedene radiometrische Eigenschaften aufweisen. Diese Probleme können das Erschein-ungsbild des Texturmodells stören. Daher ist es sinnvoller, Geometrie und Textur durch zwei unabhängige Prozesse zu gewinnen und eine Datenerfassung in optimaler Position und Zeit für die Texturierung zu ermöglichen. Dies trifft besonders auf die hohen Anforderungen bei der Dokumentation von Kulturdenkmälern zu. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt einen Ansatz für die projektive Texturabbildung von Photographien auf triangulierte Oberflächen aus 3D Laser-Scanning-Aufnahmen vor. Dadurch wird der Aufwand zur Generierung von photorealistischen Modellen komplexer Objekte beträchtlich reduziert. Die Bilderfassung erfolgt von mehreren Standpunkten aus, die nicht notwendigerweise mit den Standpunkten der LIDAR Datenerfassung übereinstimmen. Um das Problem der Verdeckung zu lösen, muss die Sichtbarkeit der Modellgebiete in den jeweiligen Aufnahmen gewährleistet sein. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein neuer Algorithmus zur Bestimmung der sichtbaren Oberflächen entwickelt. Die im Bild verdeckten Polygone werden markiert, um sie in einem rekursiven Prozess durch die alternativen zur Verfügung stehenden Bilder zu texturieren. Die Qualität des Registrierungsprozesses, der die Transformation zwischen Laser-Scanner-Daten und Bilddaten er-möglicht, ist ein äußerst wichtiger Faktor für die angestrebte kombinierte Prozessierung. Die Registrierung erfordert die Bestimmung korrespondierender Element in beiden Koordinatensystemen. Da die fehlerfreie Detektion und Mes-sung identischer Punkte in Punktwolken schwierig ist, werden gerade Linien zwischen Bild und den Laserdaten als korrespondierende Element gemessen. Die Genauigkeit der Transformation hängt ab von der Genauigkeit, mit der diese Merkmale von den Scans extrahiert wurden. Um stabile Elemente bereitzustellen, müssen effiziente Segmen-tierungsalgorithmen für die automatische Extraktion von Merkmalen aus den Datensätzen verwendet werden. In dieser Dissertation wird ein Algorithmus zur Kantendetektion vorgestellt und diskutiert, der Linienmerkmale sowohl in In-tensitäts- als auch Distanzbildern aufdeckt. In dem vorgestellten Algorithmus werden die gesuchten Kantenpunkte durch eine räumliche Analyse der mittleren Krümmung bestimmt. Die Arbeit wurde durch den Umstand motiviert, dass optimale Kantendetektoren für Distanzbilder noch nicht vorhanden sind. Einige der existierenden Algorithmen beschränken sich auf synthetische Distanzbilder während andere Verfahren, die auf reale Distanzbildern angewendet werden, eine große Anzahl von Parametern besitzen und sehr komplex sind. Verglichen mit bekannten Methoden ist der vorgestellte Algorithmus effizient, genau, einfach zu implementieren und robust gegen Rauschen. Der Algorithmus wurde ursprünglich für die Segmentierung von Distanzbildern entwickelt und anschließend mit einigen Verbesserungen zur Segmentierung von Intensitätsbildern erweitert. Die Allgemeingültigkeit und Robustheit des Algorithmus wird durch die Bearbeitung von Szenen nachgewiesen, die von unterschiedlichen Sensoren erfasst wurden.
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- 2006
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17. AN ENTHRONED TYCHE STATUE FROM GADARA/UMM QAIS, JORDAN.
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ALMASRI, EYAD, ALSHAWABKEH, YAHYA, BALAAWI, FADI, and SHWATER, ALLAA
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The round statue of enthroned Tyche was originally displayed in the middle of the front row of seats in the west theatre of Umm Qais. The statue of high quality is made of ivory coloured marble, while the theatre is constructed of black basalt stone. This contrast of colour and material made the statue stand out and intensified the beauty of the theatre. The statue has been moved by the Department of Antiquities of Jordan and displayed at Umm Qais Archaeological Museum, registered as number 13c. The Gadara Tyche appeared with one of the main symbols of the goddess, the cornucopia. Highly realistic and geometric models of cultural heritage objects are attractive tools for documentation, preservation and promotion purposes. 3D imaging, using dense stereo matching techniques, is used for accurate and realistic modeling of the Tyche statue and the theatre of Umm Qais. Acquiring 3D surfaces with image matching solutions has many advantages related to the flexibility, cost effectiveness of, and need for short data collection time on the site without disturbance to the site's visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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18. Automation in laser scanning for cultural heritage applications
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Böhm, Jan, Haala, Norbert, and Alshawabkeh, Yahya
- Subjects
Terrestrische Fotogrammetrie - Abstract
Within the paper we present the current activities of the Institute for Photogrammetry in cultural heritage documentation in Jordan. In particular two sites, Petra and Jerash, were recorded using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). We present the results and the current status of the recording. Experiences drawn from these projects have led us to investigate more automated approaches to TLS data processing. We detail two approaches within this work. The automation of georeferencing for TLS data is presented along with our approach for automated feature extraction.
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- 2005
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19. Combined Photogrammetric Techniques and Computer Vision: 2D–3D Recording of Gharissa, Jordan
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya, primary, Douglas, Khaled, additional, Matarya, Mohammad, additional, and Khrisat, Bilal, additional
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- 2011
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20. 3D Digital Documentation, Assessment, and Damage Quantifi cation of the Al-Deir Monument in the Ancient City of Petra, Jordan
- Author
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya, primary, Bal'awi, Fadi, additional, and Haala, Norbert, additional
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- 2010
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21. A NEW TRUE ORTHO-PHOTO METHODOLOGY FOR COMPLEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATION
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ALSHAWABKEH, YAHYA, primary, HAALA, NORBERT, additional, and FRITSCH, DIETER, additional
- Published
- 2009
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22. DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MATERIAL DISPLACEMENTS AT HISTORICAL STRUCTURES USING PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND LASER SCANNING TECHNIQUES.
- Author
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Alshawabkeh, Yahya and El-Khalili, Mohammed
- Subjects
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PHOTOGRAMMETRY , *HISTORICAL archaeology , *OPTICAL scanners , *DIGITAL images , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
This study proposes a new non-contact approach allows detecting, measuring and tracking the change of cracks in the historical structure using photogrammetric techniques and computer methods. The proposed procedure used an accurate generation of true orthophoto of the studied structure using precise 3D surface representations derived from laser scanning and several digital images that entirely cover the object of interest. Cracks are extracted from the generated orthophoto using a series of image processing techniques. The developed algorithm is applied to analyze and monitor the structural damage in Amra Palace, a UNESCO world heritage site, in Jordan desert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
23. A NEW TRUE ORTHO-PHOTO METHODOLOGY FOR COMPLEX ARCHAEOLOGICAL APPLICATION.
- Author
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ALSHAWABKEH, YAHYA, HAALA, NORBERT, and FRITSCH, DIETER
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PHOTOGRAMMETRY , *DIGITAL image processing , *ARCHAEOLOGICAL excavations , *CULTURAL property , *ALGORITHMS , *SCANNING systems - Abstract
Ortho-photo is one of the most important photogrammetric products for archaeological documentation. It consists of a powerful textured representation combining geometric accuracy with rich detail, such as areas of damage and decay. Archaeological applications are usually faced with complex object shapes. Compared with conventional algorithms, ortho-projection of such rough curved objects is still a problem, due to the complex description of the analytical shape of the object. Even using a detailed digital surface model, typical ortho-rectification software does not produce the desired outcome, being incapable of handling image visibility and model occlusions, since it is limited to 2.5-dimensional surface descriptions. This paper presents an approach for the automated production of true ortho-mosaics for the documentation of cultural objects. The algorithm uses precise three-dimensional surface representations derived from laser scanning and several digital images that entirely cover the object of interest. After identifying all model surface triangles in the viewing direction, the triangles are projected back on to all initial images to establish visibilities for every available image. Missing image information can be filled in from adjacent images that must have been subjected to the same true ortho-photo procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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24. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND DIGITAL 2D-3D DOCUMENTATION OF PETRA TREASURY.
- Author
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Bala'awi, Fadi, Alshawabkeh, Yahya, Alawneh, Firas, and Masri, Eyed al
- Subjects
- *
HISTORIC sites , *CULTURAL property , *DOCUMENTATION , *OPTICAL scanners , *PHOTOGRAMMETRY - Abstract
The treasury is the icon monument of the world heritage site of ancient Petra city. Unfortunately, this important part of the world's cultural heritage is gradually being diminished due to weathering and erosion problems. This give rise to the need to have a comprehensive study and full documentation of the monument in order to evaluate its status. In this research a comprehensive approach utilizing 2D-3D documentation of the structure using laser scanner and photogrammetry is carried parallel with a laboratory analysis and a correlation study of the salt content and the surface weathering forms. In addition, the research extends to evaluate a set of chemical and physical properties of the case study monument. Studies of stone texture and spatial distribution of soluble salts were carried out at the monument in order to explain the mechanism of the weathering problem. Then a series of field work investigations and laboratory work were undertaken to study the effect of relative humidity, temperature, and wind are the main factors in the salt damage process. The 3D modelling provides accurate geometric and radiometric properties of the damage shape. In order to support the visual quality of 3D surface details and cracks, a hybrid approach combining data from the laser scanner and the digital imagery was developed. Based on the findings, salt damage appears to be one of the main problems at this monument. Although, the total soluble salt content are quite low, but the salts contamination is all over the tested samples in all seasons, with higher concentrations at deep intervals. The thermodynamic calculations carried out by this research have also shown that salt damage could be minimised by controlling the surrounding relative humidity conditions. This measure is undoubtedly the most challenging of all, and its application, if deemed feasible, should be carried out in parallel with other conservation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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