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A new species, Allium taiseba (A. sect. Scorodon), is described from Hoşap (Xoşap)/Van province, Turkey. It is morphologically similar to A. bingoelense, but it differs in several morphological features including inner tunic's colour of bulb, spathe length, tepal colours and size, stamen colour and length, ovary shape, style colour and length, capsule and seeds size. A comprehensive description of the new species is provided, including detailed photographs, geographical distribution map, habitat and ecology, vernacular names and IUCN conservation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Molecular cytogenetics, utilizing DNA probes, serves as a critical tool for mapping genes to the physical structures of chromosomes. Methods: In this study, we examined three Allium species: A. cepa L., A. sativum L., and A. fistulosum L., using in situ hybridization to localize 45S rDNA and 5S rDNA genes. Results: We observed variation in both the chromosomal localization and signal intensity of the 45S and 5S rDNA probes across the species. Notably, in A. sativum, additional 5S rDNA signals were detected on chromosome 8, in a heterozygous condition. Additionally, we aimed to explore the feasibility of localizing genes associated with pigment biosynthesis in A. cepa, specifically the PAL and FLS genes. For this, we employed TSA-FISH on both meiotic and mitotic chromosomes. Preliminary results suggested that the PAL gene was localized to meiotic metaphase chromosomes, while the single-copy FLS gene was detected on mitotic chromosomes. Conclusion: The TSA-FISH technique proved neither routine nor robust for consistent localization of these specific probes in plant chromosomes. The findings based on rDNA analysis also offer insights into potential evolutionary implications among the different Allium species studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is an important seasoning vegetable worldwide. It belongs to the Allium genus, which produces distinctive flavor compounds, allicin/isoallicin. It has been known that allicin/isoallicin is produced upon cell damage by vacuole-localized alliinase releasing. Pungent isoallicin and lachrymaroty factor (LF) are unique features of onions. To understand the isoallicin system of onions, we identified and characterized the biosynthesis-related genes by displaying transcriptional profiles and analyzing the isoallicin contents of onion plants. The DHW30006 onion genome encoded 64 alliinase (ALL) and 29 LF synthase (LFS) proteins, which are the key enzymes for producing of isoallicin and LF. Interestingly, when we analyzed the N-terminal signal peptide sequences (SP) necessary for transport to the vacuole, we found that 14 ALLs contained the SP (SP-ALL) and 50 ALLs did not (non-SP-ALL). We hypothesized that non-SP-ALLs stayed in the cytosol of onion cells, reacted with isoalliin, and generated isoallicin without cell damage. Our transcriptome and LC-MS/MS analyses reveal that isoallicin levels vary significantly across onion tissues and growth stages, with substantial production occurring in intact cells through cytosolic alliinases and an increase through vacuolar alliinases upon tissue disruption. This novel observation suggests that the isoallicin system in onions functions as a dual-defense mechanism: cytosolic alliinases maintain a constant level of defense against biotic stress in undamaged tissues, while vacuolar alliinases enhance isoallicin production in response to tissue damage by herbivory and insects. Together, these coordinated mechanisms demonstrate an adaptable and dynamic defense strategy against biotic stresses in Allium plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium species have great potential in the production of functional food via selenium biofortification. This review is devoted to the specificity of Allium plant biofortification with Se, including the genetic peculiarities, effect of the chemical form of the microelement, methods of supply, sulfur and AMF effects, and hormonal regulation. The biosynthesis of methylated Se amino acids and the beneficial effect of Se treatment on secondary metabolite accumulation and plant yield are discussed. Special attention is paid to the production of functional foods based on Allium plants enriched in different ways: bread with leek leaf powder, Allium microgreens and seedlings, and 'Black garlic' biofortified with Se. Further focus is provided to the high variability of Allium crop yield and quality under Se supply governed by genetic factors and environmental stresses, and to the need for plant growth technology optimization to obtain the predicted nutritional characteristics of the derived functional product with high anti-carcinogenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium species consist of a total of 196 taxa in Turkey, one-third of which are determined to be endemic. Allium species are widely used in various fields including landscaping, medicine, pharmacy, and food. The species Allium subsubakaka, A. kharputens, and A. giganteum, forming the material of the conducted study, grow naturally in the flora of Turkey. These Allium species, frequently preferred in the production of herb cheese especially in the Van region, have been cultivated in the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Garden of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Agriculture. The aim of the study was to determine the macro and micronutrient elements, biochemical content and dualex values of Alium species. As a result of the analyzes, it was determined that the species have a rich content in terms of the examined parameters. The maximum and minimum value range of the examined parameters are determined as follows: total ash content %9.80-20.88, dry matter %18.89-25.07, total flavonoid content 13.96-23.79 mg QE/100 g, total antioxidant activity 105.79-132.82 µmol TE/g, total phenolic content 35.50-201.52, NBI 18.16-19.27 dx, chlorophyll 30.07-38.70 dx, flavonoid 1.62-2.05 dx, anthocyanin 0.03-0.06 dx, K 16.06-22.38 g/kg, Ca 7.49-9.19 g/kg, Mg 2.99-3.45 g/kg, Fe 126.50-761.56 mg/kg, Zn 22.14-34.54 mg/kg, Cu 5.74-7.76 mg/kg, and Mn 21.83-123.15 mg/kg. As a result of the conducted study, it has been determined that the species are quite rich in terms of biochemical composition and nutrient elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium tuberosum , commonly known as garlic chives, is an underutilized Allium species despite its significant culinary value for its mild garlic flavor and therapeutic potential due to the presence of sulphur-containing compounds with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study assessed the cultivation potential of A. tuberosum in the non-traditional agro-climatic region of the Western Ghats, focusing on the effects of cultivars and seasonal variations on growth, yield, and quality in two-year field trials. Among the accessions tested, A. tuberosum Kazakhstan CGN-1587 demonstrated the highest yield, producing 157.01 tons of green foliage per hectare. Bright sunshine seasons positively influenced both yield and quality, while the monsoon season induced morphological changes such as increased stem length, reduced leaf width, and decreased stem girth, traits generally considered inferior for market quality. The monsoon also led to increased waste generation, highlighting the need for careful management during this period. Nutritional analysis revealed high concentrations of potassium (5355 mg/kg), phosphorus (691 mg/kg), and sulphur (2484 mg/kg), while biochemical profiling identified bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (3.19 mg/g) and organosulfur compounds, including Allyl Methyl Thiosulfinate (269.00 mg/kg), which contribute to the plant's notable health benefits. These findings support the suitability of A. tuberosum for year-round cultivation in the Western Ghats and its potential for commercialization, especially in regions with similar climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Allium is a prominent member of the Amaryllidaceae family and encompasses approximately 1,063 species worldwide. These diverse species vary in appearance and flavor but they share biochemical similarities. Underutilized Alliums present a promising alternative to onion and garlic in various Indian regions, given their adaptability, versatile utility, and nutraceutical properties. Their adaptation in the plains of India is a great opportunity to add medicinal and nutraceutical value to Indian cuisine. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the underutilized raw Allium leaves for their sensory perception by hedonic test (n = 60), consumer perceptions and willingness to purchase (n = 180), and the development and validation of value chain model (n = 30) to popularize these species in plains. For the various sensory attributes evaluated, Allium tuberosum Kazakhstan CGN-1587 emerged out to be the most suitable for its advancement into the consumer survey. The consumer perception study recorded 74.44% willingness to purchase of total respondents and a majority preference for consuming it in cooked form (38.30%). A value chain model of Allium tuberosum Kazakhstan CGN-1587 with supply chain agencies was subsequently developed. Validation of this value chain model was done with a panel of different stakeholders. Panelists perceived the value chain as highly valid, particularly in terms of economic feasibility (4.30 ± 0.70) and sustainability (4.20 ± 0.81). Thus, the present study provides valuable insights that can support and promote the use of underutilized Alliums in non-traditional areas of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile compounds are important components of the flavor quality of Chinese chives, but the distribution of flavor components in different organs of Chinese chives is still unclear. In this experiment, two Chinese chive varieties, 'Fu Jiu Bao F1' and 'Jiu Xing 22', were taken as test materials, and the contents of volatile compounds in different stages and organs of Chinese chive were determined by HS-SPME/GC-MS technology. A total of 70 and 85 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were detected in various organs of two varieties at the commodity harvesting stage and physiological maturity stage, respectively. The total volatile compound content of Fu Jiu Bao F1 in the stage of commodity harvesting was higher than that of the physiological maturity stage, but Jiu Xing 22 showed the opposite trend. The organ distribution pattern of total volatile compounds in Fu Jiu Bao F1 and Jiu Xing 22 at the commodity harvesting stage was consistent, as follows: leaf > pseudostem > root. However, at the physiological maturity stage, the distribution pattern of Fu Jiu Bao F1 was different from that of Jiu Xing 22. Further, sulfur-containing compounds at different stages showed different organic distributions. Comprehensive analysis indicated that organic-common and organic-specific compounds varied from different cultivars and growth stages of Chinese chive, and organ differences in VOC distribution were greater than the varieties' differences based on PCA analysis. The results of this study clarify the composition and organ distribution of volatile compounds in Chinese chive and provide a direction for the study of Chinese chive flavor quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to present the results of a survey conducted among owners on the toxicity of selected vegetables, fruits and their seeds for their animals and to discuss poisoning in animals after eating onions and other plants of the Allium genus, avocado (Persea Americana), grapes (genus Vitis from the Vitaceae family) and raisins and seeds of plants from the Rosaceae family. The article describes the sources and risk of poisoning, the mechanism of toxic action, clinical symptoms, therapeutic procedures and prevention of poisoning with the above-mentioned plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the species and occurrence patterns of main pests in the Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum) fields in Shijiazhuang. [Methods] Our research group conducted a systematic investigation on the types and occurrence of major pests in Chinese chive fields in Shijiazhuang from April 2019 to November 2020 using the Malaise net method. [Results] The main pests harming Chinese chives in the region included Thrips tabaci, Bradysia odoriphaga, Luperomorpha suturalis, Acrolepla allieia, Liriomyza chinensis, and Neotoxoptera formosana. The pest populations in the region mainly experienced two peak periods, from mid June to mid July and from late August to late September. Meanwhile, corresponding green prevention and control measures were proposed based on the occurrence characteristics and biological characteristics of different pests in local chive fields. [Conclusions] Predicting the occurrence of pests in Chinese chive fields can provide basis for farmers to take timely prevention and control measures, reduce the damage of pests in the field to Chinese chives and realize high-quality production of Chinese chive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tetrazolium (TZ) test is a reliable but destructive method for identifying viable seeds. In this study, a non-destructive seed viability analysis method for Allium ulleungense was developed using multispectral imaging and stacking ensemble learning. Using the Videometerlab 4, multispectral imaging data were collected from 390 A. ulleungense seeds subjected to NaCl-accelerated aging treatments with three repetitions per treatment. Spectral values were obtained at 19 wavelengths (365–970 nm), and seed viability was determined using the TZ test. Next, 80% of spectral values were used to train Decision Tree, Random Forest, LightGBM, and XGBoost machine learning models, and 20% were used for testing. The models classified viable and non-viable seeds with an accuracy of 95–91% on the K-Fold value (n = 5) and 85–81% on the test data. A stacking ensemble model was developed using a Decision Tree as the meta-model, achieving an AUC of 0.93 and a test accuracy of 90%. Feature importance and SHAP value assessments identified 570, 645, and 940 nm wavelengths as critical for seed viability classification. These results demonstrate that machine learning-based spectral data analysis can be effectively used for seed viability assessment, potentially replacing the TZ test with a non-destructive method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional dosage forms cannot address drawbacks such as poor bioavailability and stability of some drugs meant to be absorbed from upper part of the gut. Gastroprotective floating microspheres have shown great success in addressing these issues. One of the unresolved issues associated with gastroprotective floating microspheres is quantitative efficiency of the system in fasted and fed conditions. Allicin is a defence compound present in Allium sativum plant, commonly known as Garlic. It is one of the chief Phytobioactive compounds present in Allium species, such as, white garlic, alpine leek, field garlic, wild garlic and elephant garlic. It is a sulphur containing volatile compound that is primarily responsible for the characteristic taste and smell of Allium species. It accounts for 70% w/w of the total thiosulfinates present in fresh garlic. In the present investigation allicin loaded gastroretentive microspheres were prepared in six different batches viz., GFM 1, GFM 2, GFM 3, GFM 14, GFM 5 and GFM 6 by ionic gelation method using varying the ratio of selected excipients and the prepated microsphere were evaluated. The results indicates that GFM 5 showed maxim drug release and considered as best formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are a valuable reservoir of novel pharmacologically active compounds. ROS and free radicals are primary contributors to oxidative stress, a condition associated with the onset of degenerative diseases such as cancer, coronary heart disease, and vascular disease. In this study, we used different spectrophotometry methods to demonstrate the antioxidant properties of 6 Allium extracts: Allium fistulosum; Allium ursinum; Allium cepa: Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa, and white variety of A. cepa; Allium sativum; and Allium senescens subsp. montanum. HPLC–MS determined the chemical composition of the extracts. Among the tested extracts, the Arieș red cultivar of A. cepa stands out as having the best antioxidant activity, probably due to the high content of polyphenols and alliin (12.67 µg/mL and 3565 ng/mL, respectively). The results obtained in this study show that Allium extracts have antioxidant activity, but also free radical scavenging capabilities. Also, their interactions with cytochrome c and hemoglobin can be the basis of future studies to create treatments for oxidative stress-related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium genus vegetables have significant functional effects on health. In recent years, consumer demand for black forms of these vegetables, produced from fresh Alliums through spontaneous fermentation at high temperature and humidity, has increased, while their functional effects have yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to compare the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of various Allium vegetables (yellow onion, red onion, white onion, and garlic) in both their raw and black (fermented) forms. For the production of black onions and black garlic, unpeeled raw forms of these vegetables were kept at 75 °C and 90% humidity for 9 days. Afterward, fresh and fermented samples were lyophilized, dried, and evaluated for total phenol content by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and for antioxidant activity by the ABTS and DPPH methods. The total phenol content increased significantly in all samples after fermentation (p < 0.05), with the highest increases observed in garlic (216%), while the increases in onion species ranged between 44.6% and 118.3%. The increase in antioxidant capacity was also significant in all samples (p < 0.05) and was higher in garlic than in onions. Changes in antioxidant capacity and total phenol content indicate that fermentation improves the nutritional quality of these vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ascorbic acid (AsA) is an essential nutritional component and powerful antioxidant in vegetables, and in plants, AsA levels are regulated by light. AsA levels in the leaves of Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spr), a popular vegetable, are poorly understood. Thus, this study was performed to assess the influence of light on AsA biosynthesis in chive and select related genes (AtuGGP1 and AtuGME1); in addition, bioinformatic analyses and gene expression level assays were performed. The biological information obtained for AtuGGP1 and AtuGME1 was analysed with several tools, including NCBI, DNAMAN, and MEGA11. After different light treatments were performed, the Chive AsA content and AtuGGP1 and AtuGME1 expression levels were determined. These results suggest that 1) compared with natural light, continuous darkness inhibited AsA synthesis in chives. 2) The amino acid sequences of AtuGGP1 and AtuGME1 are very similar to those of other plants. 3) The trends observed for the expression levels of AtuGGP1 and AtuGME1 were consistent with the AsA content observed in chives. Hence, we speculated that light controls AsA biosynthesis in chives by regulating AtuGGP1 and AtuGME1 expression. This study provided impactful and informative evidence regarding the functions of GGP and GME in chives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Allium is important vegetables and seasonings in China, Tibet is rich in unique resources of the genus Allium, but lacks development and utilization. Methods: We compared the biological features and comprehensively evaluating the quality of twelve germplasm resources of the genus Allium collected from Tibet. Results: The results revealed that nine germplasm resources were bolting and bloom normally except for SC015, SC019, and SC048, all twelve germplasm resources were able to vegetative growth. The individual differences in moisture, soluble sugar, and protein content among the twelve germplasm resources were relatively small, with pyruvic acid content ranging from 0.11 to 1.12 mg/g and a large variation coefficient. A total of 8 categories and 97 volatile compounds were detected in twelve germplasm resources, the majority possessed the highest proportions of aldehydes and organosulfur compounds, but there were certain differences between the different Allium species. Additionally, 11 to 16 types of free amino acids were present in all germplasm resources, proline exhibited the highest content. The total content of essential and non-essential amino acids in SC009 was the highest. Carbon (C) accounted for the largest proportion of all elements, and the contents of other mineral elements varied greatly among the different plants. Conclusion: In conclusion, combined with biological performance and comprehensive evaluation of quality, SC009 is the excellent germplasm resource suitable for growth and capable of reproduction with good quality. These results improved the exploitation and utilization of the genus Allium in Tibet, as well as provided germplasm resources for high-quality breeding of the genus Allium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Garlic belongs to the largest monocot genus, Allium, comprising different species known for their use as spices and medicinal plants. It ranks second in volume and area of production among the Allium species, next to onoin. The Philippines is renowned for garlic varieties with a strong and pungent odour observed in the seven accessions registered at the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC), Department of Agriculture, Philippines. Morphological, phytochemical and molecular characterization of the different garlic varieties would provide baseline information important to the identification of the registered varieties, their conservation and improvement. Methods: Physiologically mature and disease-free NSIC-registered garlic accessions were characterized and evaluated at the Institute of Crop Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños. The bulbs were separated from each other and planted in a homogenous field. Morphological characterization was done from the vegetative stage until bulb harvesting using an Allium spp. descriptor list. The mature bulbs of each accession were screened for phytochemicals and alliin content. SSR markers were used to fingerprint the eight garlic accessions. Result: Qualitative characters showed low diversity (H' = 0.22), while quantitative characters had intermediate diversity (H'= 0.51). Identical phytochemicals, flavonoids and phenols, were detected across all the garlic accessions. Despite this, alliin content varied considerably with Bang-ar and Mindoro having the highest (37.70±0.70 mg/g) and lowest (17.22±0.68 mg/g) alliin contents, respectively. Only one SSR primer, ASA-24, showed polymorphic bands that can discriminate Batanes White and MMSU Gem from the other NSIC-registered garlic varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Induction of polyploidy can be achieved using chemical mutagen or antimitotic compounds that affect cell division, resulting in doubling number of chromosomes. A new inducer for chromosome doubling mutation agent-bio-catharantin-may be used. This report determined the mortality rate of bio-catharantin used for mutation induction experiments in shallot plants. Two sets of experiments were arranged in a two factorial randomized block design, i.e. five levels of biocatharantin concentration treatment (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0%) combined with soaking periods of 6-, 12-, and 24-h. Each combination was repeated three times, with five seed bulbs in each combination. The result shows that the mortality rate of shallot tends to increase with increasing concentration and soaking time. A high percentage of the mortality rate was found at all concentrations other than control at 24-h soaking time. Hence, the mortality rate of prolonged soaking (24 h) is greater at higher concentrations. However, at lower concentrations of 2.5 and 5% for 6- and 12-h soaking time the mortality rate was low (13 and 27%, 7 and 60%, respectively). Meanwhile, at 10%, the result shows relatively high mortality rates (13 and 73%, respectively). Administration of bio-catharantin at 5 and 10% with a 12-h soaking period causes optimal mortality rate, whereas the germination rate shows the opposite trend. To find the accuracy of the efficacy of bio-catharantin concentration between 5-10%, we introduced 7.5% in the second experiment. The concentration of 7.5% has a significant effect on leaf diameter, where it becomes smaller as inhibited by increased concentration (2.5 and 5.0%) but becomes larger again at 7.5% (0.59 mm) nearing control (0.70 mm) and drops again to 0.23 mm (10%). This is not usually the trend of inhibition when a larger concentration is used except when polyploidization has taken effect, presumably at 7.5% bio-catharantin with a 12-h immersion period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite garlic (Allium sativum L.) being recognized as the second most important species in the Allium genus, a limited number of varieties are available worldwide. Aiming to develop new purple garlic varieties, a representative sample was used to determine the extent of phenotypic variability for commercially desirable characteristics. Initially, 360 bolting bulbs were selected based on their size and abundant external scales. After further assessment, 243 bulbs were discarded due to undesirable traits such as light purple color, numerous small cloves, or damage from Fusarium spp. and mites. Although garlic reproduces asexually, each bulb was considered to represent a distinct family. Thus, 117 families were planted in a randomized complete block design during the 2021–2022 growing season. Physiological, morphological, and phenological traits were assessed for each family, along with damages caused by pests and pathogens. As a result of these evaluations, 103 families were selected for a second trial the following season. Due to increased selection pressure, only 23 families remained in the program at the end of the second trial. High variability was observed for most traits, with a strong influence from family lineage. Environmental conditions significantly impacted the performance of the families, highlighting the need to evaluate them under diverse environments. The high variability within the selected sample indicates a strong potential for developing new garlic varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Allium plants, including onions, garlic, leeks, chives, and shallots, have long been recognized for their potential health benefits, particularly in oxidative and cancer prevention. Among them, onions and garlic have been extensively studied, unveiling promising biological activities that are indicative of their potential as potent antioxidant and anticancer agents. Research has revealed a rich repository of bioactive compounds in Allium species, highlighting their antioxidative properties and diverse mechanisms that target cancer cells. Compounds such as allicin, flavonoids, and organosulfur compounds (OSCs) exhibit notable antioxidant and anticancer properties, affecting apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of tumor proliferation. Moreover, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes enhance their potential in cancer therapy. Studies exploring other Allium species beyond onions and garlic have revealed similar biological activities, suggesting a broad spectrum of natural products that could serve as promising candidates for developing novel anticancer treatments. Understanding the multifaceted potential of Allium plants will pave the way for innovative strategies in oxidative and cancer treatment and prevention, offering new avenues for pharmaceutical research and dietary interventions. Therefore, in this review, we compile an extensive analysis of the diversity of various Allium species, emphasizing their remarkable potential as effective agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allium species, such as Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.), have been cultivated worldwide for centuries due to its enormous medicinal uses as well as for cooking practices. A large number of RNA viruses have been known to cause significant yield losses and also adversely affect the quality of Allium species. Among them, iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and associated garlic virus X (GVX) from tospovirus family cause huge number of yield losses in onion and garlic crop. The disease due to IYSV and GVX was recorded in different locations on the basis of their characteristic symptoms. Experiments revealed that IYSV has the ability to transmit mechanically in a very efficient manner while the dispersal of GVX was only limited through its vector as compared to mechanical transmission. The disease incidence of IYSV on onion was reported about 80% while 2% of GVX was reported on garlic by mechanical transmission. Result revealed that IYSV is more viruliferous and has the ability to transmit more efficiently on onion as compared to GVX on garlic. PCR amplified IYSV samples of approximately 800 base pairs (bps) product using specific primer targeting coat protein (Cp) region, whereas no amplicon was detected for GVX infected samples. Phylogenetic analyses of 2 isolates RP13PK and RP27PK have shown 99.3% homogeneity with isolate DQ233469 as compared to remaining isolates. Therefore, the findings indicate that IYSV is a highly variable virus, undergoing rapid evolution in the region, necessitating vigilant monitoring and effective management. The outcomes imply that greater caution is required for controlling IYSV compared to GVX. Disease management strategies should be formulated with careful consideration of the swift evolution patterns exhibited by IYSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to reveal phylogenetic and phylogeographical patterns of the Eurasian species of Allium subg. Amerallium, covering 75% of the species in the Mediterranean region and East Asia, as well as 12 North American species representing most sections of the monophyletic American part of the subgenus. We sampled 38 species of A. subg. Amerallium out of a total of 52 species from the Old World. A molecular phylogeny of A. subg. Amerallium was constructed based on predominantly non‐coding sequences from two nuclear ribosomal RNA regions (ITS, ETS), and four chloroplast (cp) regions (trnL‐trnF, atpB‐rbcL, rpl32‐trnL, rps16 intron). Most clades are well supported in the analyses of the combined nuclear and chloroplast data. However, analyses of single chloroplast fragments produced different topologies, which can be explained by differences in the variability of the chloroplast regions studied. Analysis of all cpDNA fragments combined produced a similar topology compared to the tree based on nuclear data. Most sections in the Eurasian part of A. subg. Amerallium are monophyletic. Only the position of A. chamaemoly (monotypic A. sect. Chamaeprason) nested in A. sect. Molium makes the latter paraphyletic. Different positions of A. chamaemoly within nuclear and plastid trees indicate an ancient hybridogenic origin. Monophyly of the American species of A. subg. Amerallium suggests an origin from extinct North Asian taxa. Currently, only one species from this ancient group, A. kingdonii, still exists in the eastern Himalayas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onion (Allium cepa L.), a globally cultivated vegetable crop, possesses a shallow root system, making it vulnerable to abiotic stresses. The increasing frequency of extreme weather events in recent years necessitates sustainable solutions to enhance onion growth. Biostimulants offer a promising and accessible approach to promote onion growth and quality in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner. This study investigated the effects of nine commercial microbial biostimulants (LALRISE Mycorrhizae, LALRISE Bacillus, Mighty Mycorrhizae, MycoApply, Spectrum DS, Spectrum Myco, Spectrum, Tribus Original, and Tribus Continuum) and one non-microbial commercial biostimulant (Kelpak—seaweed extract) on the seedling growth of three onion cultivars: Carta Blanca (white), Don Victoro (yellow), and Sofire (red). The results indicated that biostimulants did not significantly affect onion seed germination, but germination rates did vary among the onion cultivars. These cultivars also exhibited significant morphological and biomass differences, with principal component analysis revealing a more obvious effect on root growth compared to shoot growth. Kelpak seaweed extract increased the plant height, leaf area, and shoot fresh weight and dry weight of onion seedlings but decreased the root-to-shoot dry-weight ratio. The effects of microbial biostimulants on onion seedling growth depended on both the onion cultivar and Kelpak seaweed extract. In general, LALRISE Mycorrhizae, Mighty Mycorrhizae, Spectrum Myco, Spectrum DS, and Tribus Continuum exhibited positive effects on seedling growth in certain onion cultivars. Furthermore, the benefits of microbial biostimulants were amplified when combined with Kelpak seaweed extract application. These findings suggest a synergistic interaction between microbial and non-microbial biostimulants, leading to enhanced onion seedling growth. Further research is required to evaluate the long-term effects of these biostimulants on onion plant growth after transplanting to fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the performance of four different fertigation scheduling methods in greenhouse-grown, drip-fertigated Chinese chive (Allium tuberosum) cultivation. These methods were based on (1) the use of a timer (control), (2) accumulated radiation (AR), (3) estimated evapotranspiration (ET), and (4) measured soil moisture (SM), with fertilizer application proportional to the supplied water. These methods caused considerable variations in the amount of fertigation water (I), soil volumetric water content (θ), and bulk soil electrical conductivity, leading to variations in the harvested fresh weight (FW). The SM-based method maintained the target θ and achieved the highest irrigation water productivity (WP; the ratio of FW to ΣI), while the ET-based method led to insufficient I and FW loss. The AR-based method over-fertigated, but no FW loss was observed. Compared to the WP of the control, those of the SM-, ET-, and AR-based methods varied by +1%, −14%, and −57%, respectively. Different fertigation methods did not significantly affect leaf photosynthetic capacity, but under-fertigation caused a significant decline in stomatal conductance. Compared to the ET- and AR-based methods, the SM-based method seemed to have a lower risk of under-/over-fertigation because I in the SM-based method could be adjusted according to θ. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Garlic is one of the most popular spices in the world and the second most widely cultivated Allium species next to the onion. Garlic production is reduced due to many biotic and abiotic factors, among which white rot disease caused by Stromatinia cepivora (Berk.) Whetzel causes severe yield losses. The study was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of chemical fungicides and garlic varieties on the epidemic development of white rot disease. The experiment was conducted at Chefanen Kebele using three garlic varieties and three chemicals during the 2019 and 2020 seasons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates. The application of Apron Star 42, a commercial fungicide containing Thiametoxam 20%, Metalaxyl-M 20% and Difenconazole 2%, significantly reduced the white rot disease on all varieties as compared to the untreated local variety. Bishoftu Nech and MM-98 varieties exhibited fast emergence as compared to the local variety, consequently increasing the yield and yield components of garlic. The application of Apron Star 42, significantly increased yield parameters compared to the untreated control. The significant effect and the negative correlations of days to maturity, growth parameters, yield, and yield components with disease parameters indicated that the white rot disease had a very crucial impact on garlic yield. Application of Apron Star 42 to improved garlic varieties is recommended to reduce the severity of white rot infections and to increase garlic production in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BackgroundMalignant ureteral obstruction (MUO) has the potential to result in a range of outcomes, including varying degrees of hydronephrosis and renal impairment. Allium covered metal stents have provided a new, highly effective treatment option for MUO. Our objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Allium covered metallic stent for the treatment of malignant ureteral obstruction.MethodsClinical data of 29 patients who underwent endoscopic insertion of an Allium ureteral stent between October 2019 and August 2021 at Yongchuan Hospital, affiliated with Chongqing Medical University, were analyzed retrospectively. At one, three, six and 12 months after insertion, serum creatinine was measured, the width of the renal pelvis was rechecked under ultrasound guidance, and the position and shape of the stent were checked by abdominal x-ray. Data on long-term stent patency, incidence of complications, changes in renal function and hydronephrosis grade were collected and analyzed. Ureteral stent symptom questionnaire (USSQ) was administered preoperatively and after six months in 22 patients with previous stent history.ResultsAllium covered metal stents (n = 33) were implanted successfully in 29 patients who were followed for three to 22 months, with 32/33 stents remaining patent. Serum creatinine levels decreased in 17 patients (p

Apart from the culinary usage, Alliums are known for their therapeutic potential since antiquity. Alliums contain diverse bioactive compounds such as, sulfur-containing compounds (allicin, diallyl sulfides), flavonoids, and saponins. These compounds have demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological actions, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, cardioprotective activities and treatment of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Despite encouraging preclinical results, translating these findings into clinical practice remains difficult, necessitating more rigorous human trials and molecular research. One of the major constrain in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of these bioactive compound is to develop large-scale extraction techniques besides improving their stability, solubility, and bioavailability. The current scenario urges to focus research on optimizing the bioavailability of these compounds, evaluate their synergistic effects with existing therapies, as well as their long-term safety. This perspective article provides a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potential of Allium spp. and suggests the key avenues for future research aiming at realising their full clinical potential.

Allium hookeri is an indigenous perennial herb known for its therapeutic properties. It's grown in the eastern Himalayas and East Asia, where it is used as a flavoring agent in local cuisines. This research aims to enhance soil phosphorus mobilization and promote A. hookeri growth using a consortium of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB). The synergistic effect of a bacterial consortium containing multiple PSBs (Arthrobacter luteolus and several Klebsiella spp.) combined with tricalcium phosphate (TCP), was investigated to enhance the growth of A. hookeri plants, and its influence on modulating the rhizosphere microbiome was also assessed. The greenhouse experiment revealed that the bacterial consortium with tricalcium phosphate (BTCP) treatment enhanced the dry shoot weight by 70%. Proteobacteria dominated the rhizosphere's microbiome in all treatments. BTCP treatment enhanced the relative abundance of several beneficial genera such Bacillus, Mesorhizobium, Pseudomonas, Ensifer, Hyphomicrobium, Planctomyces, and Bradyrhizobium. The augmentation of bacterial consortium increased P in shoots (4.36 ± 0.63 mg/g) and in roots (2.34 ± 0.27 mg/g), which was more than 500% higher as compared to the uninoculated control. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated significant correlations (p ≤ 0.05) between phosphorus content in the shoot, fresh weight, and dry weight, with higher relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Fibrobacteres. Functional genes related to siderophore biosynthesis, ABC transporters, phosphatenate, and phosphinate metabolism exhibited positive modulation, indicating higher relative abundances associated with the BTCP treatment. The findings demonstrate the crucial contribution of the bacterial consortium in promoting plant development, improving soil nutrient levels, and influencing the rhizospheric microbiota, implying its significance in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the phytochemical composition, antioxidant (hydrogen atom and single-atom transfer mechanisms), and digestive enzyme inhibitory (alpha-amylase, alpha-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase) activities of ethanol-based extractions and traditional preparations (infusion) of the leaves of wild-edible Allium species (A. kharputense, A. affine, A. shirnakiense, and A. akaka) from the highlands of Eastern Anatolia. Among the eight extracts analyzed, ethanol extractions of the A. kharputense and A. akaka leaves exhibited better biotherapeutic activities and had the highest bioactive content. The dominant bioactive profile was composed of mainly allicin and phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, hesperidin, rutin, isoquercitrin, and quercetin) with small amounts of fatty acids. These data were similar to the biological activities and chemical composition of common Allium species and suggest the utilization of the extracts of wild-edible Allium species in the development of Allium-based biotherapeutics or nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to verify losses in the commercialization of organic vegetables: lettuce (Lactuca sativa), chives (Allium schoenoprasum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), and kale (Brassica oleracea) among four farmers who sell these vegetables at the Organic Municipal Market fair in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. The methodology used was an exploratory-descriptive field study with primary data collection in the gardens and during the fairs. The investigation results showed that the post-harvest process of vegetables, involving cleaning, separation, and packaging, is always done the day before the fairs. Packaging of the products is sometimes carried out after the vegetables arrive at the market. The data also showed post-harvest losses in the sale of vegetables during the fairs due to inadequate packaging of the products and the incidence of sunlight on some stalls, causing the vegetables to wilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Allium L. genus is one of the largest species of sectoral importance due to its consumption as food and its medical importance. For this reason, different characters are used to solve taxonomic problems and clearly identify species. One of these characteristics is the micromorphological characteristics of the seed. Materials and Methods: Light microscopy was used to examine the size and maturity of the seeds, and their micromorphology was studied using an FEI Quanta 450 FEG-EDS scanning electron microscope (SEM) at Istanbul University, Faculty of Science Department of Physics Nano- and Optoelectronics Research Laboratories. Twelve characteristics were determined on the seed surfaces of the examined eight Allium species. Cluster analysis was performed on these characteristics using Jaccard similarity analysis with PAST 1.81. Results: Seed surfaces of eight Allium species (4 species from the sect. Codonoprasum and 4 species from the sect. Scorodon were examined. Allium phrygium Boiss., A. balansae Boiss., A. sivasicum N. Özhatay & Kollmann, A. djilgense Boiss. ex Regel, and A. tauricola Boiss. are endemics for Türkiye. The epidermal cells of the testa were either regularly or irregularly polygonal. The arrangement of the cells was generally compact, primarily consisting of cellular reticulate tissue. The anticlinal walls of the testa epidermal cells were either straight or curved, while the periclinal walls varied from flat or concave to various extents. Additionally, the epidermal cells exhibited verrucae and granulose features. The micromorphological characteristics of the seeds are summarized in a list. According to seed characteristics, two main branches formed in the similarity tree. In particular, the species in the Sect. Scorodon are grouped together. Conclusion: Micromorphological traits, such as surface texture, cell shape, and seed testa patterns, can provide valuable information for identifying species and understanding taxonomic and evolutionary relationships. In the context of Allium, these traits can be particularly useful because they often exhibit significant variation among species and are stable and characteristic enough to serve as reliable taxonomic markers. By analyzing these micromorphological features, it is possible to gain insight into the evolutionary history and relationships of different taxa within the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salinity is a major constraint for crop productivity as it reduces agricultural land area. This problem can be ameliorated by the application of organic materials such as manure, which plays an important role in supporting plant growth and reducing soil toxicity by binding toxic compounds. The purpose of this study is to analyse the effect of manure in overcoming the impact of salt stress on shallots. Here randomised block design (RBD) consisting of 2 factors and 3 replications was used. The first factor is salinity levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM), and the second is manure doses (0, 10 and 20 t·ha-1). This study finds that the application of 20 t·ha-1 of manure decreases the shallot's leaf tissue thickness, but the 50 mM of salinity significantly increases it. Then, the application of 20 t·ha-1 of manure increases the shallot's number of tillers and bulbs, while the 100 mM of salinity significantly decreases its number of tillers. The application of 10 t·ha-1 of manure decreases the proline and flavonoids content of the plant's leaves. In addition, plants treated and not treated with manure under 50 mM of salinity have higher proline and flavonoids levels in their leaf. Therefore, shallots can grow under salinity conditions if manure is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, 12 Fusarium strains, previously described as F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc), were examined via multi-locus sequencing of calmodulin (cmdA), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), to verify the taxonomic position of Foc in the newly established epitype of F. oxysporum. The strains in this study were divided into two clades: F. nirenbergiae and Fusarium sp. To further determine the host specifications of the strains, inoculation tests were performed on onion bulbs and Welsh onion seedlings as potential hosts. Four strains (AC145, AP117, Ru-13, and TA) isolated from diseased onions commonly possessed the secreted in xylem (SIX)-3, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 14 genes and were pathogenic and highly aggressive to onion bulbs, whereas all strains except for one strain (AF97) caused significant inhibition of Welsh onion growth. The inoculation test also revealed that the strains harboring the SIX9 gene were highly aggressive to both onion and Welsh onion and the gene was expressed during infection of both onions and Welsh onions, suggesting the important role of the SIX9 gene in pathogenicity. This study provides insights into the evolutionary pathogenicity differentiation of Fusarium strains causing Fusarium basal rot and wilt diseases in Allium species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf and scape anatomy of Allium glandulosum Link & Otto, Allium kunthii G. Don, Allium scaposum Benth., and Allium durangoense Traub were studied comparatively for the first time. The aim was to analyze and provide characters with a possible taxonomic value. The samples collected in the field were processed using a conventional paraffin-embedding technique. Some characteristics of foliar anatomical characters of Amerallium Traub were confirmed. The shape of the blade seen in cross-section presents an obovate depressed shape, except in A. glandulosum, which was obtriangular. Anatomical characteristics of the leaf and scape, such as the prominent cells of the epidermis, the thickening of cells adjacent to the vascular bundles, and the type of cuticle, allow the four species to be differentiated. The presence of papillose cuticle and prominent cells, as well as stomatal occlusive cells with anterior extensions, is reported for the first time for the genus. Leaf and scape anatomy supports the recognition of the four species analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dengue fever has become a global health issue, the development of dengue vaccine has not yet been established. Medicinal plants are an ideal alternative for DENV infection drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine in silico the potential of active compounds from Allium tuberosum as envelope protein inhibitors of DENV-3. The method of this research is to do docking analysis of compounds with DENV-3 envelope protein and analysis of amino acid residues using MVD, pharmacokinetic analysis using SwissADME, toxicity analysis using ProTox-II. The best docking value for the potential activity to inhibit the receptor DENV-3 is the thymidine compound (RS: - 81.1245 kcal/mol). The highest activity of thymidine is the most promising as a drug candidate, as evidenced by the toxicity analysis which is predicted to have non-carcinogenic, non-mutagenic, inactive properties against hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity and immunotoxicity parameters, as well as pharmacokinetic analysis that fulfills 6 parameters of lipopolicity, molecular weight, polarity., insolubility, insaturation, and flexibility which indicate the drug candidate of thymidine is safe for its bioavailability. The conclusion from the results of this study is that one compound has the ability as an antiviral, binding score with DENV-3 is good, and is safe in terms of pharmacokinetics and toxicity, namely thymidine compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stalk of Allium fistulosum contains dietary fibers with complicated monosaccharide composition and glycosidic bond linkages, which renders it a better dietary fiber supplement. However, the unfavorable odor, majorly contributed by allicin, limits its applications. Although many physical and chemical methods have been developed to remove allicin, there is currently no comparison between their efficiencies. Here, we comprehensively compare all these methods of eliminating allicin in the Allium stalk by starting with optimization of the allicin extraction method. Results indicate that incubation of the chopped Allium stalk with water for 20 min and extraction with 75% ethanol reached a maximal extraction yield. Different methods of allicin elimination are examined, and physical removal of allicin by blanching at 100 °C reaches a maximal clearance rate of 73.3%, rendering it the most efficient and effective method eliminating allicin from the stalk of Allium fistulosum for the preparation of a totally green dietary fiber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Alliums are rich sources of steroidal saponins, flavonoids, and sulphoric compounds of which steroidal saponins have recently received more attention due to their important pharmacological activities. Allium giganteum (giant onion) which is named locally “Couria” in the Northeast of Iran, is grown widely in “Kouh-Sorkh” mountains in Khorasan province. Experimental approach: Phytochemical investigation of chloroform-methanol and aqueous extract of the plant resulted in the isolation and identification of two steroidal saponins, using comprehensive spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR and MS. Findings/Results: The chemical structures of the isolated saponins were determined as (22S)-cholesta1b,3b,16b,22b-tetraol 5-en, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl 26-O-β-D-glucopyranos-side and (25R)-26-O-β-Dglucopyranosyl-5α-furostan-1α,3β,22α,26-tetraol3-O-{β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-[β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)]-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside}. Investigation of in vitro antileishmanial activity of the isolated compounds at 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL exhibited significant leishmanicidal against the promastigotes of Leishmania major. Conclusion and implications: The results established a valuable basis for further studies about A. giganteum and the anti-parasitic activity of steroidal saponins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemicals are plant-based bioactive compounds produced by plants for their protection. In Allium species, the principal bioactive phytochemicals include organosulfur compounds, polyphenols, and saponins. Most of them have also displayed antioxidant activities aside from other biological properties. Selection for productivity, disease resistance, and long shelf life has brought the biologically active substances out of control of selection. However, at the same time, enhancement of their contents could result from hybridization with some wild species of Allium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest review discusses the chief metabolites of the genus Allium L., which characterize their nutritional qualities. The publications presented in the leading databases, such as Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, and NCBI bore analysis. The vital active phytochemicals of Allium species include ascorbic acid, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. Many believe these biologically active compounds can prevent cancer development, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To determine the optimal water irrigation method combined with covering material for Allium chinense growth and yield on acid sulfate soil. Methods: The field experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, which include four treatments, each with four replications. The plot size was 83.3 m2 (19.6 m in length, 4.25 m in width). Treatments were flooding irrigation combined with rice straw covering (FI-RS), flooding irrigation combined with Eleocharis dulcis covering (FI-ED, control), spray irrigation combined with rice straw covering (SI-RS) and spray irrigation combined with Eleocharis dulcis covering (SI-ED). Result: Experimental results showed that Allium chinense planted on the treatment of SI increased clump height (47.2 cm) and weight of bulb (4.38 g), gave the highest yield of 40.9 t ha-1 and increased up to 25.9% in comparison to planted in conventional method (control). The spray irrigation method was more suitable than the flooding irrigation method for growing Allium chinense. Vitamin C content in bulbs was not changed under different water irrigation methods combined with mulching materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Plant extracts are important natural resources that may have antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects against pathogens. This study was conducted to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activities of methanol extracts of some medicinal plants (Achillea nobilis subspecies neilreichii (A. Kern.) Velen., Aetheorhiza bulbosa (L.) Cass, Allium paniculatum L, Asphodelus aestivus Brot., Ballota nigra L., Cistus laurifolius L., Cistus salviifolius L., Dioscorea communis (L.) Caddick and Wilkin, Galium verum L., Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra, Paliurus spina-christi Mill., Primula vulgaris Huds. subspecies rubra (Sm.) Arcang., Ranunculus arvensis L. and Teucrium polium L.) from Balıkesir province in Türkiye. Materials and Methods: Preliminary antimicrobial activity screening was conducted for all extracts. Antibiofilm activity studies were conducted on mature Candida albicans biofilms. Moreover, the cytotoxicities of A. paniculatum flower extract on A549 and Vero cell lines were determined using a colorimetric tetrazolium-based assay. Results: A. paniculatum flower, P. vulgaris root, C. laurifolius, C. salviifolius, and A. nobilis displayed good activity [minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC): 9.75, 156, 312, 312 and 312 µg/mL, respectively] against C. albicans American Type Culture Collection 10231. Biofilm studies were conducted on these plant extracts. The methanol extract of A. paniculatum flower decreased the number of C. albicans [colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL] in mature biofilm statistically at 32 x MIC and higher concentrations (p < 0.01). A. paniculatum flower extract had a cytotoxic effect (killing more than 50% of cells) at high concentrations, and its effect on Vero cells was similar to that on A549 cells. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the importance of the methanol extract of A. paniculatum flower as a natural alternative against C. albicans infections, including biofilms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]