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We propose a [4+1] annulation of sulfoxonium ylides with allyl ethers catalyzed by Rh(III), which leads to the formation of alkyl-substituted indanone derivatives. The reactions occur under mild conditions without external oxidants. The ylide serves as a traceless directing group in the subsequent annulation with allyl alkyl ethers via the (4+1) annulation. The process involves Csp2–H bond functionalization facilitated by AgBF4, generating DMSO as a separable byproduct. This redox–neutral reaction exhibits a good substrate scope and excellent yields toward the various alkyl allyl ethers. The molecular structures of the title compounds (3a, 3b, and 3c) are optimized at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level of the basis set. The hyperpolarizability (β0) values that are computed suggest that all molecules may behave in a nonlinear optical (NLO) manner. The Lewis (bonding) and non-Lewis (anti-bonding) structural types are calculated to investigate the intramolecular charge transfer inside the molecule. It appears that the molecule experiences intramolecular charge transfer based on the HOMO–LUMO transition. Understanding a molecule's reactive sites is possible by using its molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surface. At various temperatures in the gas phase, the thermodynamic parameters of the title compounds, including entropy, heat capacity, and enthalpy, are calculated. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic performances of the above-synthesized compounds revealed better activity than their standard drug molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of coagulants, such as ferric chloride hexahydrate, in wastewater treatment processes is known to induce pipe corrosion and to contribute to the discoloration of treated water. This study explores alternative approaches to sludge dewatering by evaluating the effectiveness of polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) as a coagulant and polyoxyethylene alkyl ether (POAE) as a surfactant. The impacts of coagulation/flocculation were assessed using time to filtration (TTF) and a pressure filter press. The effects of certain coagulant and surfactant dosages were studied. The inputs were in the range of 105–1750 mg/L for PAC and 28–152 mg/L for POAE, which were determined based on zeta potential (ZP) measurements. The optimal concentrations were 876 mg/L for PAC and 114 mg/L for POAE, resulting in a TTF of less than 1 min. Moreover, the effect of pH on anaerobic sludge dewaterability was investigated. At a low pH below 8, the ZP reached the maximum value, and a higher pH resulted in a reduction in ZP. Under low-pH adjustments, it was observed that the dewatering performance of the POAE surfactant improved more significantly than that of the PAC coagulant. In addition, the effect of pressure was analyzed using a pressure filter under conditions favoring POAE, with relatively lower dosages and greater cost-effectiveness. In order to evaluate the solubility of organic matter under pressurized conditions, the filtrate's removal efficiency, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total phosphorus (TP) were investigated. Solubilization did not occur at an increased pressure of around 10 bars. The findings presented in this study provide technical assistance for sludge treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of the carbenoid species (chlorodiphenylmethyl)lithium to chiral N‐(4‐bromobutylidene)‐2‐methylpropane‐2‐sulfinamide affords in high yield (up to 81 %) and excellent diastereoselectivity (>99 : 1) the yet undisclosed tert‐butylsulfinyl‐2‐(chlorodiphenylmethyl)pyrrolidine. Preliminary investigations into SN1 solvolysis reactions of this chloride with different alcohols revealed its potential for further functionalizations leading to differently substituted chiral pyrrolidines, yet showing a relative lability of the tert‐butylsulfinyl chiral auxiliary under the employed reaction conditions. Most notably, reactions with sterically hindered alcohols yielded unprecedented derivatives, not easily obtainable using the currently reported procedures for the stereoselective synthesis of diphenylprolinol derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein we report a general access to silver(i) perfluoroalcoholates, their structure in the solid state and in solution, and their use as transfer reagents. The silver(i) perfluoroalcoholates are prepared by the reaction of AgF with the corresponding perfluorinated carbonyl compounds in acetonitrile and are stable for a prolonged time at −18 °C. X‐ray analysis of single crystals of perfluoroalcoholate species showed that two Ag(i) centers are bridged by the alcoholate ligands. In acetonitrile solution, Ag[OCF3] forms different structures as indicated by IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the silver(i) perfluoroalcoholates can be used as easy‐to‐handle transfer reagents for the synthesis of Cu[OCF3], Cu[OC2F5], [PPh4][Au(CF3)3(OCF3)], and fluorinated alkyl ethers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we present an efficient and straightforward dearomative hydroalkylation of indoles. By utilizing alkanes or ethers as alkyl radical sources and employing TBADT as a cost‐effective photocatalyst for direct hydrogen atom transfers (HAT), we achieved successful conversion of these heterocyclic derivatives into 2‐alkylindolines with good to excellent yields and high diastereoselectivity under mild reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the synthesis of alkyl aryl ethers using diaryliodonium salts. Alkyl aryl ethers are commonly found in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials. The authors propose a new method using main-group mediators to overcome the limitations of current synthetic strategies. They conducted experiments to identify the scope and limitations of the reaction and discuss the mechanistic implications of their findings, including the potential formation of arynes and the oxidation of alcohols. The article also explores the development of a method for O-arylation of aliphatic alcohols using aryl(TMP)iodonium salts, which is compatible with various types of alcohols and aryl groups. The authors conducted experiments to understand the mechanisms involved and ruled out certain background reactions. They observed the formation of aryne intermediates in some reactions but concluded that arynes are unlikely to mediate the oxidation of benzyl alcohol under the given conditions. [Extracted from the article]

Typical alkylation reactions produce significant amounts of undesired salt and solvent waste. Herein, we report an efficient alkylation protocol utilising aqueous sodium tosylate (NaTos) solutions as a hydrotrope-containing medium. The methodology represents an inexpensive and straightforward approach for preparing alkyl aryl ethers, thioethers and N-alkylated tosyl amides in high yields under mild conditions. The generated reaction waste, aqueous NaTos salt, was repurposed as a reaction medium in subsequent steps. This medium was recycled ten times without any significant change in the yield, providing an improved environmental factor over various literature examples. Under similar conditions, commonly applied solvents furnished the products with lower yields and more waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scaled sketch of a discotic lyotropic nematic phase made of bicelles, formed when mixing two synthetic alkyl ether carboxylic acid surfactants, C 8 E 8 CH 2 COOH and C 18:1 E 2 CH 2 COOH, in adequate mole ratios. [Display omitted] Surfactants like C 8 E 8 CH 2 COOH have such bulky headgroups that they cannot show the common sphere-to-cylinder transition, while surfactants like C 18:1 E 2 CH 2 COOH are mimicking lipids and form only bilayers. Mixing these two types of surfactants allows one to investigate the competition between intramicellar segregation leading to disc-like bicelles and the temperature dependent curvature constraints imposed by the mismatch between heads and tails. We establish phase diagrams as a function of temperature, surfactant mole ratio, and active matter content. We locate the isotropic liquid-isotropic liquid phase separation common to all nonionic surfactant systems, as well as nematic and lamellar phases. The stability and rheology of the nematic phase is investigated. Texture determination by polarizing microscopy allows us to distinguish between the different phases. Finally, SANS and SAXS give intermicellar distances as well as micellar sizes and shapes present for different compositions in the phase diagrams. In a defined mole ratio between the two components, intramicellar segregation wins and a viscoelastic discotic nematic phase is present at low temperature. Partial intramicellar mixing upon heating leads to disc growth and eventually to a pseudo-lamellar phase. Further heating leads to complete random mixing and an isotropic phase, showing the common liquid–liquid miscibility gap. This uncommon phase sequence, bicelles, lamellar phase, micelles, and water-poor packed micelles, is due to temperature induced mixing combined with dehydration of the headgroups. This general molecular mechanism explains also why a metastable water-poor lamellar phase quenched by cooling can be easily and reproducibly transformed into a nematic phase by gentle hand shaking at room temperature, as well as the entrapment of air bubbles of any size without encapsulation by bilayers or polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we present a modular, chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselective synthesis of fully‐substituted and configuration‐defined alkyl vinyl ethers (AVEs) using simple chemical feedstocks. The distinctive approach involves the chemo‐ and regioselective functionalization of the CF2 unit in gem‐difluorinated cyclopropanes with O−H and C−H nucleophiles in a specific order. The resulting highly functionalized cyclopropanyl ethers then undergo a stereoselective ring‐opening process to produce fully‐substituted and configuration‐defined AVEs. These AVEs are rarely accessible through conventional methods and are easily transformable. Mechanistic experiments indicate that the success of this method relies on the use of dual‐functional copper catalysis, which is involved in both the functionalization of the CF2 unit and the subsequent ring‐opening process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the insertion reactions of α-diazo esters into carbon-carbon and carbon-halogen bonds using Lewis acid catalysts. The authors provide experimental results and mechanisms for these reactions, demonstrating their effectiveness in achieving desired outcomes. They also explore the scope of different substrates and potential applications of this methodology. The article discusses the use of α-diazo esters in various chemical reactions and proposes that this new strategy may have utility for other challenging reactions involving insertion into carbon-heteroatom bonds. [Extracted from the article]

Nb-based catalysts supported on porous silica with different textural properties have been synthesized, characterized, and tested in the one-pot reaction of furfural to obtain valuable chemicals. The catalytic results reveal that the presence of fluoride in the synthesis, which limits the growing of the porous silica, limits diffusional problems of the porous silica, obtaining higher conversion values at shorter reaction times. On the other hand, the incorporation of NbOx species in the porous silica provides Lewis acid sites and a small proportion of Brönsted acid sites, in such a way that the main products are alkyl furfuryl ethers, which can be used as fuel additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review summarizes the current advances in the synthesis of polyoxyalkylene ethers and alkyl oxalates. It discusses the prospects for the application of these oxygenates as engine fuels and the methods for their structural modification to ensure effective control of their performance characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document provides spectroscopic data and experimental procedures for the synthesis of various compounds, including triarylmethanes and 1,1-diarylalkanes. The compounds were synthesized using specific reactions and characterized using NMR and IR spectroscopy. The yields and physical properties of the compounds are also reported. The data presented in the document match the literature. The compounds mentioned include (methoxymethylene)dibenzene, 1-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)-4-methylbenzene, 1-methoxy-4-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)benzene, (4-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)(methyl)sulfane, 4-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)-N,N-dimethylaniline, 4-(4-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)phenyl)morpholine, 4-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)-1,1'-biphenyl, 1-fluoro-4-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)benzene, 1-chloro-4-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)benzene, 1-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene, 1-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)-2-methylbenzene, 1-methoxy-2-(methoxy(phenyl)methyl)ben [Extracted from the article]

Phase equilibria, interdiffusion and structure in the initial uncured mixtures of epoxy oligomer–polysulfone–alkyl glycidyl ether were studied. Binodal curves were constructed on isothermal sections of the ternary phase diagram. Thermodynamic mixing parameters were calculated and spinodal curves were plotted. The interdiffusion coefficients of components, establishing the technological modes of mixing the components, were determined. To validate the phase diagram, the phase structure of mixtures, the composition of which at a temperature of 40 °C corresponds to heterogeneous and homogeneous regions, was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a method for converting camphene, a natural product found in essential oils, into isoborneol derivatives. Isoborneol is used in perfumery and as a flavor ingredient in food and beverages. The study reports the synthesis of various isoborneol derivatives from camphene under controlled conditions, yielding fully characterized compounds. The reaction procedure is convenient and may lead to further investigations into the useful properties of these derivatives. The article also provides a series of chemical compounds and their corresponding NMR spectra. [Extracted from the article]

The study is dedicated to the consideration of lower alkyl ethers of glycerol as potential components of low-melting technical fluids (e.g., heat transfer fluids, hydraulic fluids, aircraft de-icing fluids, etc.). Four isomeric mixtures of glycerol ethers (GMME—monomethyl; GDME—dimethyl; GMEE—monoethyl; GDEE—diethyl) were synthesized from epichlorohydrin and methanol/ethanol in the presence of sodium and subjected to detailed characterization as pure compounds and as aqueous solutions (30–90 vol%). The temperature and concentration dependencies of density, viscosity, cloud point, boiling range, specific heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and rubber swelling were obtained. On the basis of the data obtained, a comparison was made between the aqueous solutions of glycerol ethers and of other common bases for low-melting liquids (glycerol, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol). Pure glycerol ethers could potentially be used as technical fluids in a very wide temperature range—from −114 to 150 °C. It was further demonstrated that in low temperature applications (e.g., in low-temperature chiller systems) the glycerol-ether-based aqueous heat transfer fluids could provide enhanced efficiency when compared to the glycerol- or propylene-glycol-based ones due to their lower viscosities and favorable environmental properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐free, visible light‐induced difunctionalizations of α‐CF3 styrenes with aryl diazonium salts and various hetero nucleophiles (ROH, H2O, N3− and F−) are described. This concise protocol provided easy access to the α‐CF3 tertiary alkyl ethers, alcohol and fluorides with good yields and excellent functional group tolerance. In addition, the four‐component "SO2" insertion reaction also worked efficiently to produce the α‐CF3, β‐sulfonyl ethers in moderate to good yields. A radical‐polar crossover coupling pathway was proposed for the C−O bond formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tricin is a complex compound with chemical bonds to phenylpropane units of lignin in gramineous plants, and it is predominantly bound to lignin by β-O-4 ether bonds. Thioacidolysis cleaves the alkyl aryl ether bonds, which releases tricin from the tricin-lignin complex and maintains the natural structure of the tricin. In this study, milled wood lignin (MWL) was isolated from wheat straw by Björkman's method, and the MWL was subjected to thioacidolysis to release tricin from the MWL. Medium-pressure preparative liquid chromatography was used for further purification. FT-IR and 1H-NMR analyses showed that the purified fraction was composed mainly of tricin-type flavonoids. The extracted tricin had strong scavenging capacity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 51.9 mg/L. Drug sensitivity paper testing showed that the extracted tricin inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli. The bacteriostatic circle diameters of tricin from wheat straw MWL and quercetin standard were 9.17 and 7.52 mm, respectively. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that the tricin from wheat straw MWL had possible inhibitory effect on lung cancer A549 cells, with a maximum inhibitory performance of 44.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher tert-Butyl glycerol ethers (tBGEs) are interesting glycerol derivatives that can be produced from tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and glycerol using an acid catalyst. Glycerol tert-butylation is a complex reaction that leads to the formation of five tBGEs (two monoethers, two diethers, and one triether). In order to gain insight into the reaction progress, the present work reports on the monitoring of glycerol etherification with TBA and p-toluensulfonic acid (PTSA) as homogeneous catalysts. Two analytical techniques were used: gas chromatography (GC), which constitutes the benchmark method, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), whose use for this purpose has not been reported to date. A method for the quantitative analysis of tBGEs and glycerol based on 1H NMR is presented that greatly reduced the analysis time and relative error compared with GC-based methods. The combined use of both techniques allowed for a complete quantitative and qualitative description of the glycerol tert-butylation progress. The set of experimental results collected showed the influence of the catalyst concentration and TBA/glycerol ratio on the etherification reaction and evidenced the intrinsic difficulties of this process to achieve high selectivities and yields to the triether. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alkylation of resorcinol and methyl-substituted resorcinols and its methyl ethers with alkyl bromides in water and anhydrous organic solvents led to mono- and/or dialkylated resorcinols and alkyl cyclohexendiones, depending on the structure of the starting substrates and reaction conditions. Selective di-alkylation was achieved in both, aqueous and anhydrous conditions, up to 76% yield. Resorcinol monomethyl ethers behaved similarly to phenols, giving in dry organic solvents predominantly ortho -substituted products, and a mixture of ortho- and para-substituted products together with resorcinol ethers in aqueous solution. The alkylation of 2,4,6-trimethyl resorcinol monomethyl ether showed selective 2 C-alkylation in 53% yield. 2-Methyl resorcinol with electrophiles in excess afforded in tetra-alkylation up to 72% yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a bioactive phenolic compound naturally present in olives and extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) which is described as an antioxidant, antitumoral and antiangiogenic molecule. Previous studies of semi-synthetic HT-derivatives presented the hydroxytyrosyl alkyl ether HT-C6 as one of the most potent derivatives studied in the context of antioxidant, anti-platelet and antiangiogenic assays, but its direct effect on inflammation was not reported. In this work, we use RT-qPCR measure of gene expression, protein analysis by Western-blot and immunofluorescence techniques, adhesion and migration functional assays and single-cell monitoring of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in order to explore in vitro the ability of HT-C6 to interfere in the inflammatory response of endothelial cells (ECs). Our results showed that HT-C6 strongly reduces the TNF-α-induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1), intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), E-selectin (SELE), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and 5 (CCL2 and CCL5) in HUVECs, impairing the chemotactic and adhesion potential of these cells towards THP-1 monocytes in vitro. In this work, we define a mechanism of action underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of HT-C6, which involves the abrogation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway activation in ECs. These results, together with the ability of HT-C6 to reduce ROS formation in ECs, point to this compound as a promising HT-derivative to be tested in the treatment of atherosclerosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a general applicable method for the atom‐economic catalytic construction of a broad range of 1,2‐dialkylaminoethers is presented. By taking advantage of an elaborated protocol for the photocatalyzed anti‐Markovnikov selective hydroamination of nonactivated alkenes, a series of 1,2‐dialkylaminoethers was accessed by reacting readily available vinyl ethers with secondary alkyl amines. It was demonstrated that the reaction can be performed at low catalyst loadings while the commonly employed triisopropylbenzene thiol Hydrogen Atom Transfer (HAT)‐catalyst was replaced by an easier accessible mesityl thiol. Furthermore, the inexpensive and readily available diphenyl disulfide was proven as suitable HAT‐catalyst alternative for the efficient hydroamination of simple vinyl ethers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ether electrolytes are promising for lithium metal batteries. Despite the intensive research in recent years, most state‐of‐the‐art ether electrolytes still cannot form reliable electrode‐electrolyte interfaces in NCM811‐Li batteries at diluted concentrations, especially in those operating at elevated temperatures. We report a simple but effective strategy to break this bottleneck and stabilize interfaces in high‐temperature NCM811‐Li batteries in ether electrolytes. We propose that by gradually extending the terminal groups of glycol diethers from methyl groups to n‐butyl groups, the comprehensive stability of ether electrolytes is improved. An anion‐dominated solvation structure is realized at a concentration of 1 M. Accordingly, the electrode‐electrolyte interactions are suppressed, and a thinner, denser, and more inorganic‐rich solid‐ /cathode‐electrolyte interface is achieved. Additionally, the surface phase transition and structural degradation of NCM811 cathode are alleviated. Consequently, in the ethylene glycol dibutyl ether‐based electrolyte, the Coulombic efficiency for Li−Cu cells working at 60 °C is boosted to 99.41 % with a cycling life of over 200 cycles. The lifespan of high‐temperature NCM811‐Li cells is prolonged by more than 400 % with a stable average Coulombic efficiency of 99.77 % at quasi‐practical conditions of 50 μm Li, lean electrolyte of 10 μL mAh−1, and medium‐high cathode loading of >2.2 mAh cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct synthesis of ketones from aldehydes features high atom- and step-economy. Yet, the coupling of aldehydes with unactivated alkyl C(sp3)-H remains challenging. Herein, we develop the synthesis of ketones from aldehydes via alkyl C(sp3)-H functionalization under photoredox cooperative NHC/Pd catalysis. The two-component reaction of iodomethylsilyl alkyl ether with aldehydes gave a variety of β-, γ- and δ-silyloxylketones via 1,n-HAT (n = 5, 6, 7) of silylmethyl radicals to generate secondary or tertiary alkyl radicals and following coupling with ketyl radicals from aldehydes under photoredox NHC catalysis. The three-component reaction with the addition of styrenes gave the corresponding ε-hydroxylketones via the generation of benzylic radicals by the addition of alkyl radicals to styrenes and following coupling with ketyl radicals. This work demonstrates the generation of ketyl radical and alkyl radical under the photoredox cooperative NHC/Pd catalysis, and provides two and three component reactions for the synthesis of ketones from aldehydes with alkyl C(sp3)-H functionalization. The synthetic potential of this protocol was also further illustrated by the late-stage functionalization of natural products. Direct synthesis of ketones from aldehydes features high atom- and step-economy. Here, the authors develop two- and three-component reactions for the synthesis of ketones from aldehydes via alkyl C(sp3)-H functionalization under photoredox cooperative NHC/Pd catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, most of the coalescing aids commonly used in the market contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with low boiling point. Herein, we designed and prepared a novel environmentally friendly coalescing aid, 2-ethylhexanoic acid-3-alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl ester. Under the action of a catalyst, 2-ethylhexanoic acid and alkyl glycidyl ether were used as raw materials for ring-opening esterification reaction, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid-3-alkoxy-2-hydroxypropyl ester was finally generated. We conducted a single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiment L9(34) to explore the optimal reaction conditions. The structure of the product was characterized by 1HNMR and FTIR. The boiling point of the product was determined to be 270–283°C, which was in line with the requirements of the national environmental protection regulations for VOCs. Compared with traditional coalescing aids, the product has low volatility, is not classified as a VOC and is safe and environmentally friendly. The properties of the product were characterized, and the applications of the product in polymer latex and coating were determined. We measured the minimum film-forming temperature (MFFT), atomic force microscopy (AFM), water absorption, scrub resistance, adhesion, color difference, and other properties of the film. The results show that the performance of the new coalescing aid is superior to Texanol (2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate), which is commonly used in the market, and it has obvious advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective approach for monodesulfonation of polyphenol sulfonate under ultrasonic irradiation was reported. Series of substituted ortho‐, meta‐ or para‐hydroxylphenol sulfonates or 5‐hydroxy‐1,3‐phenylene bis(4‐methylbenzenesulfonate) were obtained specifically in the presence of sodium hydroxide in acetonitrile. With treatment of potassium carbonate in alcohol, alkyloxylphenol sulfonates was provided via one‐pot monodesulfanation followed by alkylation under ultrasonicated solvent‐free conditions. The alcohol had been regarded as green alkylation reagent. The results of the exploration of the scalability of monodesulfonation and one‐pot monodesulfonation‐alkylation of resorcinol bissulfonate indicated that such modes had the potential application value in scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for medicinal plants is on a rise due to their affordability, accessibility and relatively non-toxic nature. Combretum molle (Combretaceae) is used in African traditional medicine to treat a number of diseases. This study aimed to screen the phytochemical composition of the hexane, chloroform and methanol extracts of C. molle leaves and stems using qualitative phytochemical screening. Additionally, the study aimed to identify the functional phytochemical groups, determine the elemental composition and provide a fluorescence characterization of the powdered leaves and stems by performing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalyses and fluorescence microscopy. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, polyphenols, terpenoids, tannins, coumarins, saponins, phytosterols, gums, mucilage, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins within all leaf and stem extracts. Lipids and fixed oils were additionally present within the methanol extracts. FTIR demonstrated significant peaks in absorption frequency in the leaf at wavelengths of 3283.18, 2917.81, 1617.72, 1318.83, 1233.97, 1032.32 and 521.38 cm−1, and in the stem at 3318.91, 1619.25, 1317.13, 1032.68, 780.86 and 516.39 cm−1. These corresponded to the functional groups of chemical compounds including alcohols, phenols, primary amines, alkyl halides, alkanes and alkyl aryl ethers, corroborating the presence of the detected phytochemicals within the plant. EDX microanalyses showed the elemental composition of the powdered leaves (68.44% C, 26.72% O, 1.87% Ca, 0.96% Cl, 0.93% Mg, 0.71% K, 0.13% Na, 0.12 % Mn and 0.10% Rb) and stems (54.92% C, 42.86% O, 1.7% Ca, 0.43% Mg and 0.09% Mn). Fluorescence microscopy provided a characteristic evaluation of the plant in its powdered form and revealed distinct colour changes in the material when treated with various reagents and viewed under ultraviolet light. In conclusion, the phytochemical constituents of the leaves and stems of C. molle confirm the suitability of this species for use in traditional medicine. The findings from this study suggest the need to validate the use of C. molle in the development of modern medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkylation process involves two competitive paths of O- and C-alkylation and achieving better selectivity for desired products is a very challenging problem. The development of new process for synthesis of O-methylated products of phenol and dihydric phenols is a subject of high industrial and academic interest. Alkyl phenyl ethers, especially anisole and 4-methoxyphenol, have captivated significant interest due to their increasing applications in pharmaceutical industries. The main emphasis of the present review is to explore the recent development in two catalytic O-alkylation processes. The first process is O-methylation of phenol into anisole and another is selective mono O-methylation of hydroquinone into 4-methoxyphenol. The present article covers O-alkylation methods with methanol and dimethyl carbonate as alkylating agent over various acidic and basic catalytic systems. The catalyst systems analyzed involves Bronsted and Lewis acidic and basic ionic liquids, conventional acids, metal oxides, solid acid and basic catalysts, hydrotalcites, various zeolites and heteropolyacids. The mechanistic behavior of alkylation reactions in presence of different catalytic system is reviewed critically which is important to design new and/or modified catalyst in order to maximize the yield of desired product. Additionally, an influence of reaction parameters, role of catalyst and their active sites on product distribution is described. The review paper gives useful insight for researchers in the field of catalysis and reaction engineering of alkylation reactions. Understandings of the reaction pathways will help in developing reliable kinetic models necessary for process scale-up to industrial scale reactor system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the interfacial behavior of alkyl ether carboxylate (AEC) surfactants in examples of sodium laureth-11 carboxylate and sodium trideceth-7 carboxylate. AECs have two hydrophilic groups and demonstrate both anionic and nonionic properties, displaying stability under harsh reservoir conditions during surfactant flooding. The interfacial tension measurements were conducted with a spinning drop tensiometer; n-decane, and oil were used as the hydrocarbon phase. The influence of surfactant concentration, temperature (25 °C and 70 °C), and various ions (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO4−, and HCO3−) were evaluated. It was found that the temperature increase has no significant effect on critical micelle concentration (CMC) for both surfactants but influences interfacial tension values in pre-CMC and post-CMC regions. According to data obtained, the temperature rise has a stronger impact on a surfactant with a longer oxyethylene chain sodium laureth-11 carboxylate. In contrast, brine salinity has a more substantial effect on sodium trideceth-7 carboxylate interfacial behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sodium tert -butoxide promotes the efficient etherification of alcohols with aryl bromides at room temperature. This simple procedure has a broad substrate scope, providing a practical pathway to aryl alkyl ethers in good yields without the addition of any transition metal species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective activation of the C(sp3)−H bond is an important process in organic synthesis, where efficiently activating a specific C(sp3)−H bond without causing side reactions remains one of chemistry's great challenges. Here we report that illuminated plasmonic silver metal nanoparticles (NPs) can abstract hydrogen from the C(sp3)−H bond of the Cα atom of an alkyl aryl ether β‐O‐4 linkage. The intense electromagnetic near‐field generated at the illuminated plasmonic NPs promotes chemisorption of the β‐O‐4 compound and the transfer of photo‐generated hot electrons from the NPs to the adsorbed molecules leads to hydrogen abstraction and direct cleavage of the unreactive ether Cβ−O bond under moderate reaction conditions (≈90 °C). The plasmon‐driven process has certain exceptional features: enabling hydrogen abstraction from a specific C(sp3)−H bond, along with precise scission of the targeted C−O bond to form aromatic compounds containing unsaturated, substituted groups in excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parameters concerning the microemulsion phase behavior of nonionic surfactants of the alkyl polyglycol ether type have extensively been investigated in the last years. By studying these, essential parameters for future applications can be determined. Especially in the field of enhanced oil recovery, lubricants, and cosmetic applications these parameters are of special interest. In this work, the influence of technical grade nonionic surfactants on the phase behavior and the resulting surfactant efficiency has been studied. For this, the alkyl chain length, the degree, type, and order of alkoxylation of the surfactant have been varied. The investigation of these parameters has been conducted by measuring the phase behavior via the Kahlweit fish diagram. It has been found that varying the C‐chain length has a great impact on the efficiency, whereas the influence of the ethoxylation degree is minor. By the introduction of propylene oxide, the efficiency has been improved significantly. Additionally, it is important to have the right order of alkoxylation. If the fatty alcohol is first ethoxylated and afterwards propoxylated the efficiency is significantly decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Membrane undulations are known to strongly affect the stability of uni- and multilamellar vesicles formed by surfactants or phospholipids. Herein, based on the same arguments, we hypothesise that the properties of polyelectrolyte mediated surfactant multilamellar vesicles, in particular the multiplicity – i.e. the number of layers forming the vesicle – depend on the dynamics of the membrane. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and neutron spin-echo (NSE) were used to probe the structure and the dynamics of the multilayered vesicles formed in mixtures of the biopolymer chitosan and oppositely charged alkyl ether carboxylates. The neutron scattering data are complemented by static and dynamic light scattering experiments. Experiments were performed in polyelectrolyte excess conditions, and at a pH close to the pKa of the surfactant. The structural investigation shows very clearly that multilayered surfactant/polyelectrolyte vesicles are formed in the investigated mixtures. Only 3 to 5 layers form, on average, one vesicle, as similarly found in mixtures of chitosan and phospholipid vesicles. NSE shows that the surfactant membrane becomes stiffer upon complexation with chitosan, and that the fluctuation of the layers is strongly coupled in time and space. Such strong coupling and the increase in overall stiffness is associated with a high entropic cost. Accordingly, the combined SANS and NSE study points out that the low multiplicity found in multilayered vesicles involving the rigid polysaccharide chitosan arises from the strongly coupled dynamics of the membrane layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to analyze the degreasing effect of a demulsifiable polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene alkyl ether sample on the steel plates, the conductivity, acidity, particle size, infrared spectrum, ultraviolet spectrum, nuclear magnetic spectrum, degreasing rate and corrosion resistance of the demulsifiable polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene alkyl ether sample were analyzed in detail. Results showed that the main component of the sample was non - anionic and non - cationic surfactant. Polyoxyethylene and propylene segments contained in polymer had similar structure and the properties with polyoxyethylene castor oil and OP - 10. Besides, it was an emulsifier with excellent surface activity, which could be applied to large - area degreasing surface treatment of steel plate.

A novel hyaluronic acid/ Gleditsia sinensis galactomannan hydrogel was prepared using various alkyl glycidyl ethers as cross-linking agents. The morphological, physicochemical, and mechanical properties of the obtained hydrogels were comparatively investigated and discussed. The optimal hydrogel exhibited high storage modulus (210 P), loss modulus (27.8 P), and water retention properties (95 %). The diffusion rate constant of water molecules in freeze-dried hydrogels exhibited a positive correlation with water uptake/equilibrium swelling rate, and the water molecules exhibited a non-Fickian type diffusion mechanism. Hydrogels with high molecular weight (Mw) hyaluronic acid showed higher water retention properties than those with low-Mw hyaluronic acid (80 % water retention properties). The molecular docking simulations of hyaluronic acid confirmed the higher formation energies of the high-Mw hyaluronic acid (-14.98 Kcal/mol) than that of the low-Mw hyaluronic acid (-6.90 Kcal/mol). This study offers a new design strategy for a water retention hydrogel by optimizing the cross-linked dimension with various-length polymer chains as cross-linkers. These remarkable advantages make hydrogels have enormous potential in the application of cosmetics and biomedical. • A epoxy-crosslinked galactomannan hydrogel was prepared with hyaluronic acid. • Length of cross-linker determined the mechanical property. • Molecular weight of hyaluronic acid affect the water retention behavior of hydrogel. • Hydrogels exhibited excellent mechanical strength and biocompatibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop a lamellar liquid crystal system consisting of temperature-insensitive and mild non-ionic surfactants, we construct the phase diagram of sucrose laurate (L1695)/sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20)/water pseudo-ternary systems at 25 ℃ based on the direct visual inspection and polarized microscopy. In contrast to the phase diagrams of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers and co-surfactant mixtures reported in relevant studies, the single-phase region of the liquid crystalline phase in sucrose laurate (L1695)/sorbitan monolaurate (Span 20)/water pseudo-ternary systems is shown to be narrower. Moreover, the liquid crystal phase behaviors of the sucrose laurate/sorbitan mono-laurate (Span 20)/water pseudo-ternary systems are examined in depth applying cryo-SEM, X-ray scattering measurements, rheological test and low field NMR experiments. In the abovementioned aqueous systems with a L1695 to Span 20 mass ratio (between 53.9: 46.1 and 43.3:56.7), sucrose mono-laurate combines with a certain number of sorbitan monolaurate molecules to form a single lamellar liquid crystalline phase. Furthermore, the present experimental results as well as their analysis could give the quantitative playground for the interaction between sugar-based surfactants in aqueous system, which has rarely been investigated compared with the phase behavior of polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers in aqueous solution. [Display omitted] • Phase behavior of sucrose laurate/sorbitan mono-laurate/water pseudo-ternary systems has been examined in-depth. • Sucrose mono-laurate combines with Span 20 molecules in a certain ratio to form the lamellar liquid crystals. • Rheology of the lamellar liquid crystals formed in sugar-based surfactant mixtures has been investigated thoroughly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The use of amine-coated nanobubbles on quartz flotation was evaluated. • NBs, combined with macrobubbles, improved recovery across all quartz-size fractions and mixtures. • The consortium of bubbles forms lightweight quartz cluster-like aggregates that float instantaneously. • Larger particle sizes result in bigger clusters, leading to faster separation. • This technique presents a high potential for coarse quartz particle separation by flotation. This study investigates the role of alkyl ether monoamine-coated nanobubbles (NBs) in assisting the flotation process of quartz across various particle sizes, on a bench scale. Experiments were conducted in a mini lab column utilizing a consortium of bubble sizes: D32 = 1200 μm for macrobubbles and D32 = 180–220 nm for amine-coated NBs. The study revealed that an increase in amine-coated NBs correlates well with a decrease in the air/solution's interfacial tension caused by the ether amine at less than 68 mN m−1. True flotation recoveries with varying amine/g quartz, where the collector-frother amine may be amine-coated NBs alone or assisted by NBs generated in pure water, were compared with blank tests, in the absence of NBs. The flotation study evaluated size-to-size fractions from fine (−20 µm) to coarse (up to 150 µm) particles and their mixtures. In addition, the work extended to explore the behavior of the "super" coarse quartz from 150 µm up to 1000 µm. The results highlighted a clear dependence on the particle size, with NBs improving recoveries in all fractions, especially the difficult-to-treat ultrafine/fine and coarse quartz. Recovery results exceeded 90 % in all fractions (isolated or in mixtures) at a high rate with the amine-coated NBs. The mechanisms proposed improved flotation performance attributed to the high numerical concentrations of NBs (at least 2–3 × 1010 NBs per gram of quartz) rapidly attaching to quartz surfaces, serving as "seeds" for the adhesion of larger bubbles generated in conventional flotation cells. This interaction facilitates the formation of lightweight, cluster-like aggregates that swiftly rise to the column's surface. Notably, larger quartz particles (+355 µm) form the bigger hydrophobic and buoyant clusters, leading to their rapid levitation and effective phase separation, with over 95 % separation efficiency. This innovative technique's significance, outcomes, and potential scalability are thoroughly discussed, highlighting its promising applicability in diverse mineral and ore flotation systems, particularly those containing quartz and silicates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Novel efficiency lignin extraction cosolvents were established by L-cysteine and lactic acid. • The cosolvents protectively extract highly uncondensed lignin with a light color. • Over 90% of high-quality cellulose was recovered as the carbohydrate degradation was prevented. Enhancing the efficient isolation of proto-lignin from lignocellulose using sustainable, environmentally friendly solvents has consistently been a key focus in the lignin-first biorefinery strategy for the past years. At the same time, achieving efficient extraction of highly uncondensed active lignin under acidic conditions has posed an insurmountable challenge. In this study, we develop an L-cysteine-assisted binary acidic cosolvent that efficiently separates the uncondensed lignin under 80 ∼ 90 °C treatment, resulting in a lighter color and a recovery yield of up to 60 %. The corresponding delignification rate reached 82.6 %. The obtained lignin exhibited an ideal retention rate (maximum 84.5 %) of alkyl aryl ether bonds (β –O–4) relative to the native lignin in raw material. The resulting residue was free from cellulose decomposition and yielded over 90 % cellulose with a surface-esterified structure. This study establishes a one-step L-cysteine-assisted stabilization methodology that overcomes the challenges of lignin condensation and allows for the fractionation of lignocellulose into highly uncondensed lignin and high-quality cellulose, thus offering new solutions for biorefinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, starting from 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole, a new series of aliphatic ether derivatives containing phenyl and 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole groups together were synthesized using reduction and Williamson ether synthesis mechanisms, respectively. The molecular structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR), mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis techniques. All synthesized compounds were screened against three different human cancer cell lines, including colon, lung, and liver cancer cells. Some of the compounds showed exceptionally high antiproliferative effects against all three cancer cell lines, with IC50 values much lower than the positive control drug bendamustine. In addition, molecular docking studies were performed to support the in vitro results and the interaction types and amino acids that play key roles in the binding of the compounds to enzymes were identified. Finally, the potential of these compounds to be drugs and their drug‐likeness properties were evaluated by absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion‐toxicity (ADMET) calculations and it was determined that the compounds could be drug candidates with the capacity to be effective and safe drugs for use in the treatment of different diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lewis superacid bis(perchlorocatecholato)silane catalyzes C−O bond metathesis of alkyl ethers with an efficiency outperforming all earlier reported systems. Chemoselective ring contractions of macrocyclic crown ethers enable substrate‐specific transformations, and an unprecedented ring‐closing metathesis of polyethylene glycols allows polymer‐selective degradation. Quantum chemical computations scrutinize a high Lewis acidity paired with a simultaneous low propensity for polydentate substrate binding as critical for successful catalysis. Based on these mechanistic insights, a second‐generation class of silicon Lewis superacid with enhanced efficacy is identified and demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel environmentally friendly plasticizer, 12‐14 alkyl ether tributyl citrate (AETBC), was synthesized via high‐temperature ring‐opening reaction, and its chemical structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. AETBC was used to plasticize polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and the mechanical property and thermal degradation of the plasticized PVC was studied. The migration stability and compatibility of AETBC in PVC were also investigated and compared with three commonly used plasticizers. The results show that PVC plasticized with AETBC has better mechanical property and migration stability than that plasticized with dioctyl phthalate (DOP), tributyl citrate (TBC) and acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), and AETBC is more effective than TBC and ATBC in improving the thermal stability of PVC. In conclusion, AETBC can be produced by a simple way for use as a promising alternative to DOP in preparing flexible PVC films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is a heterogeneous aromatic polymer and major component of plant cell walls. The β-O-4 alkyl aryl ether is the most abundant linkage within lignin. Given that lignin is effectively degraded on earth, as yet unknown ether bond–cleaving microorganisms could still exist in nature. In this study, we searched for microorganisms that transform 2-phenoxyacetophenone (2-PAP), a model compound for the β-O-4 linkage in lignin, by monitoring ether bond cleavage. We first isolated microorganisms that grew on medium including humic acid (soil-derived organic compound) as a carbon source. The isolated microorganisms were subsequently subjected to colorimetric assay for 2-PAP ether bond–cleaving activity; cells of the isolated strains were incubated with 2-PAP, and strains producing phenol via ether bond cleavage were selected using phenol-sensitive Gibbs reagent. This screening procedure enabled the isolation of various 2-PAP–transforming microorganisms, including 7 bacteria (genera: Acinetobacter, Cupriavidus, Nocardioides, or Streptomyces) and 1 fungus (genus: Penicillium). To our knowledge, these are the first microorganisms demonstrated to cleave the ether bond of 2-PAP. One Gram-negative bacterium, Acinetobacter sp. TUS-SO1, was characterized in detail. HPLC and GC–MS analyses revealed that strain TUS-SO1 oxidatively and selectively cleaves the ether bond of 2-PAP to produce phenol and benzoate. These results indicate that the transformation mechanism differs from that involved in reductive β-etherase, which has been well studied. Furthermore, strain TUS-SO1 efficiently transformed 2-PAP; glucose-grown TUS-SO1 cells converted 1 mM 2-PAP within only 12 h. These microorganisms might play important roles in the degradation of lignin-related compounds in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The syntheses of non-oxido/non-nitrido bis(thiosemicarbazonato)technetium(V) complexes featuring a series of alkyl and ether substituents is presented. The bis(thiosemicarbazones) were radiolabelled with technetium-99m using an optimised one-pot synthesis from [99mTc][TcO4]−. Mass spectrometry and computational chemistry data suggested a distorted trigonal prismatic coordination environment for the bis(thiosemicarbazonato)technetium(V) complexes by way of a bis(thiosemicarbazone)technetium(V)-oxido intermediate complex. The lipophilicities of the complexes were estimated using distribution ratios and three of the new complexes were investigated in mice using kinetic planar imaging and ex vivo biodistribution experiments and were compared to [99mTc][TcO4]−. Modification of the technetium complexes with various lipophilic functional groups altered the biodistributions of the complexes in mice despite evidence suggesting limited stability of the complexes to biologically relevant conditions. The most hydrophilic complex had higher uptake in the kidneys compared to the most lipophilic, which had higher liver uptake, suggesting modification of the excretion pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical and versatile one-pot synthesis of alkyl furanic ethers is achieved in 92–99% yield from furfural with Pd nanoparticles supported on aluminum phosphate as catalyst in various primary alcohols (C2–C6) using formic acid as a hydrogen donor. The reductive etherification of furfural occurs via acetalization and subsequent hydrogenolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outstanding electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make them promising materials for a wide range of applications. Numerous theoretical and experimental studies on the diameter-dependent properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SW-CNTs) exist. The incorporation of carbon nanotubes into commercial polymers can alter the properties of both materials. Herein, we demonstrate polystyrene/SW-CNT composites with different diameters to check property changes, including radiation-protective characteristics under various doses of gamma radiation. The intrinsic glassy state of polystyrene disappeared owing to the introduction of SW-CNTs into the polymer-polymer chain. In addition, when 1.3 nm diameter SW-CNTs were introduced, the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy peaks for alkyl aryl ethers were observed at 10–60 kGy of gamma irradiation. In this study, the different phenomena that occur when polystyrene/SW-CNT composites are formed with different SW-CNT diameters (0.78 nm and 1.3 nm) were investigated via systematic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of phenyl, furyl and 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole substituted benzyl and alkyl ethers were synthesized, characterized by all spectral analysis, and evaluated for their antibacterial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Candida krusei. From phenyl substituted series, compound 1‐(2‐(3,4‐dichlorobenzyloxy)‐2‐phenylethyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (7 i) exhibited the most potent antibacterial activity with lowest MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL against MRSA and from furyl substituted series, most of the compounds exhibited the most potent antifungal activity with lowest MIC value of 6.25 μg/mL against Candida Krusei. Furthermore, the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) and drug‐likeness characteristic of the compounds were calculated, and it was observed that all compounds met majority the criteria of five different drug filters. Finally, docking simulations revealed that some compounds showed high affinity to an CYP51 antifungal target structure (PDB: 3L4D). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]