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Discourse is not just a form of language use, but also a cognitive and social accomplishment within a communicative context. This article aims to interpret dialogues in Kadare’s novel The Fall of the Stone City through a combination of methods of discourse analysis and conversation analysis. The object of this analysis are the direct dialogues, in which characters are represented through their own voice, and where the narrator evades his/her own intervention during the transmission of the character’s sensory experience and does not give to the reader an indication of any sort of privileged information regarding the condition of the character. The central focus of this analysis is involvement strategies, as the basic principle in both conversational and literary discourse. The spoken genre is characterized by fragmentation and involvement, whereas the written genre is characterized by integration and detachment. The comparison of spoken and written narratives suggests that normal conversation and literary discourse have many similarities between them. The examination of the dialogues in Kadare’s novel The Fall of the Stone City clearly shows that the author combines involvement with integration in building scenes and triggering emotions. He uses familiar strategies, like repair and repetition in creating coherence and involvement, which are intentional in creating meaning.

The Albanian historical novel, although rooted in the tradition of the European genre, is distinguished by its distinct attributes that reflect the depth of the cultural and historical context of Albania. This study aims to explore how historical and political factors have influenced the formation and evolution of this genre in Albanian literature, beginning with "Shkodra e rrethueme" by Ndoc Nikaj in 1913, recognized as the first work in this genre. Specifically, the analysis will focus on contemporary novels such as "Selvitë e Tivarit" by Mehmet Kraja and "Të jetosh në ishull" by Ben Blushi, which, despite similarities with the European historical novel, exhibit a modern treatment of historical themes and contribute to the genre's development. The methodology employed includes a comparative analysis of representative works from the European and Albanian historical genres, focusing on how fiction and historical reality intertwine, as well as on the treatment of characters and events that have shaped national identity. Through a comparative approach, the study aims to identify not only commonalities but also the distinctive features that differentiate the Albanian historical novel within the broader context of European literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Kadare's short prose we find an Odysseus returning to his Ithaca. Starting from the terminology of exile which means being expelled from your country and not having the right to return, in two of the stories we will analyze it is about the desire to return and the desire to leave, where in both cases it is the state that established these rules. As we pointed out here, we have ordinary people who were condemned by their state, despite the whole phenomenon of exile known as deportation, here we have the anti-exile, that the state mostly exiled within itself, in camps by condemned and exterminating them in the same way as an outcast would be. Kadare is a great author of the albanian literature who is not only part of the literature that is written nowadays, but also he was telling about the true face of Albanian regime that was for 40 years in the albanian lifes. All the great writers must tell the truth about their life and the life of the own nation. Balkan people were always in such brutal politics that only the writers were talking and telling the truth and the miserable life of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the researcher Jup Kastrati, the literary portrait in Albanian literature stood out with Faik Konica, who has left us excellent models. Initiator of many things in Albanian literature, Konica wrote in 1930s "Some memories about Át Gjeçov", an impressive portrait for the Franciscan friar, which he aesthetically synthesized with the words "a humble height". Another Franciscan friar, this time much better known, a living legend and a milestone for the Albanian literature, also crowned as the national poet - Pater Gjergj Fishta, will become the subject of literary portraits. The realizations will come from Branko Merxhani and Vangjel Koça. We are interested on a detailed analysis of these writings made from two well-known Albanian publicists and literary critics of the 1930s, because, firstly, it results that they are little evident for the reader and, secondly, they come from two authors that are part of the cultural elite, who were lucky enough to meet the Poet, bringing us through literary memories impressions and details that enrich the great portrait of Gjergj Fishta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to highlight the idea of re-reading Albanian literature and re-dimensioning it into an authentic literary system, unaffected by the extra-literary interventions from which it suffered in the period of socialist realism. Albanian literature needs not only the return of literature banned for political and ideological views, but also the fair re-reading of works that were not banned from circulation, but were misinterpreted, according to the political aspects of the time. Among other things, this is where Migjen's work comes into play. It demands to be read and interpreted according to the most advanced literary thought, in a time of complete freedom. Can we deconstruct the official literary thought that has dominated for several decades and whose inertia still continues? What are the ways to do this? These are the main questions that will guide us while working with this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Austrian Albanologist, Maksimilian Lamberci, made an important contribution to the study of Albanian literature, oral and written, and its recognition in the German-speaking world. In albanological circles, a series of treatments and studies have been made about his activity. Undoubtedly one of the most important is professor and researcher Anton Nikë Berisha. Through his monographic study, he highlighted some of the main values of his activity in the field of Albanian studies, especially Albanian literature, starting from 1916. Lamberci focuses on the activity of some writers such as Variboba, Fishta, Jakova, while in the field of oral literature he paid the greatest attention to the Albanian oral epic, looking at it from different aspects and comparing it with other epics. Lamberci gave an important help in the drafting of books and in the translation of some works of our literature such as the Creshnika Songs, "Malcí's Lute" and part of Variboba's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gjergj Fishta, a prominent figure in Albanian literature, wrote epic, satirical, dramatic, lyrical, and publicistic works during the course of his career. He covered the journalistic side, which assessed aspects of Albania and its environment, in great detail. The majority of Fishta's prose works were released in periodicals and newspapers of the era, including “Hylli i Dritës” (1913) and “Posta e Shqypnis” (1916). The considerable work of Gjergj Fishta is a significant addition to Albanianology, theology, and cultural studies. Our inquiry will center on the newspaper article “The Riots of June 1924.” This writing in the Fishtian pen takes the form of a historical testimony, bringing historical events, facts, and real individuals in addition to its vast lexicon. As he noted, Gjergj Fishta, the demagogues of political and social life were the target of this article. In particular, the authorities, particularly those in Albania, the Assembly, the Parliament, specifically the high officials, starting with the prime minister, witnessed an undress spiritual and national, ignorance to the point of regret, extreme impudence, and nonsense motivated by greed, with serious repercussions for the Albanian world and its people. With this study, Gjergj Fishta aimed to uphold Albanian identity, the call to serve the country, and the need to modify the law to better suit Albanian society. At the end of the day, Gjergj Fishta wanted the best for his people and the preservation of the Albanian identity based on the code of tradition, just like many other patriots, intellectuals, and albanologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We shall define literary parables and their values as a type of discourse using illustrations from the authors of Albanian literature Anton Pashku and Migjeni as a case study. The parable is a literary figure, an archetype that can be found everywhere as a necessity of resemblance and how it fulfills its functions through the example that serves as the primary instrument. Only if the example has the value of a precedent does the ancient definition "parable" have its solution function and granting of the right. The parable is a type of early origin discourse. Its origins can be traced back to ancient Greek and Persian literature. They emerge at various ages, in various provinces, under various conditions, and from various cultural and ethnic realities. Literary parables are a common literary style throughout space and time, serving as an effective and fascinating way of human civilization representation. However, we will focus on their scientific definition, as well as their genesis as a form of discourse, as a prerequisite for the message to be transmitted later, in the literary works of notable Albanian writers Migjeni and Anton Pashku. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mythology and literature are closely related and this has been proven by numerous literary works throughout history. This study focuses on the influence of Greek myths in the poetry of Ismail Kadare, one of the most well-known and valued Albanian authors in the world. Although this author is better known for his prose works, we should not forget the fact that his poetry also carries some important elements that should not be ignored and forgotten. In this study, some characteristics and elements of the Greek myths that are manifested in the verses of Kadare will be analyzed; it will be shown how these myths are recontextualized and adapted in the verse of the writer from Gjirokastra. The ancient Greek myths are so dense and manifested in the literature that there is no way they are not present in the creation of Ismail Kadare. In this study, this study, some Greek myths will be found and decoded, these make up the basis of some poems of Kadare and are incorporated, making the poetry of this author even richer in terms of ideo-thematic and artistic aspects.

The paper aims at a panoramic view of the partial representation of Albanian poetry in the texts of the history of Albanian literature published during the dictatorship period (1945-1990). The fragmentary presentation of Albanian poetry and poets in informative scholarly and university texts on literature highlights the complications and the problems derived from this one-sided representation. The information gained only after the fall of the dictatorship, changed the situation regarding the literary values specifically related to poetry. What crucial representative texts on Albanian literary history were published during the dictatorship? Who were the most noticeable authors and poets, and why were they set aside, censored, imprisoned, executed, and not published? The answers suggest that only thanks to political change and awareness of literature can the reader today reassess this missing part of Albanian literature in historical texts published during the communist regime. The methodology relies on a historical, analytical, and critical approach to the most representative authors and their texts that is intertwined with factual data. The conclusions reinforce the idea that any evaluation of the literary process dictated by extra-literary principles damages the natural literary process. The revitalisation of literature after the 1990s, although with much delay, restored the natural process of aesthetic assessment. Now we can reassess the best part of that missing poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zweig's contribution in Albanian literature comes from the effort of well-known Albanian intellectuals and translators, which in turn has inspired and influenced prominent figures in Albanian literature and culture. This paper focuses on the inspirations, similarities and differences between 'Last Mass in the Cathedral of St. Sophia' by the German author Stefan Zweig, who is one of the authors most frequently translated into Albanian, and 'The Church of St. Sofia' by the famous Albanian author, Ismail Kadare. The paper provides solid arguments demonstrating the interesting parallels between the theme, plot and motives in the two stories that depict the same historical event, the conquest of Constantinople and the invasion of Ottoman soldiers into the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Particularly, they emphasise the Church of Saint Sophia, the Sultan's amazement at its beauty, the conversion of the Church into a mosque and the covering of the Christian elements, the faces of the saints and especially 'those of Christ and Saint Mary'. Furthermore, icons and elements of historical and religious Christian significance, the fall of the Cross and the altering of the direction of prayers according to religious affiliation are also depicted. Thus, it may be said that great writers, such as Zweig and Kadare, do not have any regularity in where and when they appear. Hence, the connections and literary similarities, whether accidental or a sign of inspiration and influence, can be found in their works, as in many other authors of world literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albanian literature after the 90s has had significant changes. A new element of it, is the literature written by authors who emigrated to different countries of the world. The uniqueness of this literature stands in the fact that these writers choose the language of the host country to write their works. Of course, the motives are diverse. The case of Ornela Vorpsi also belongs to this typology of literature. Born and raised in Tirana, she reflects in the entire work, parts that connect her physically and spiritually to this city. Her books written in Italian have often been awarded important literary prizes, thanks to the characteristics they contain, the fragmented composition, and the style very close to surrealism; and her own formation in modern arts, leads in this direction. The stories are connected to each other with the cadavre exquis technique, based on coincidence and chorality; coincidence as they are the stories that she knows, corrality as all the stories together present Albania in the 90s, a country that seeks to shape itself among many difficulties facing an unknown world. She follows the procedure of "automatic writing" according to which the style immediately corresponds to the flow of thought and image, which is accurately transferred to paper. Her books have been translated into eighteen languages. She has been reported among the 35 best European writers in the anthology Best European Fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Ambitious narratives are being produced in Albanian literature usually by young writers who are making a name for themselves and are being honoured for their works by juries and the media alike. However, their ambition, being the drive behind their thematic works, is equally a challenge to rise to. Purpose: This article aims at analysing the reasons for failing to fulfil the literary ambition, as well as to clearly delineate the contribution of such works in their mission as literary narratives. Method: I have chosen to apply rhetorical analysis as developed principally by James Phelan on a tale by the young Albanian writer Loer Kume, for which he was honoured with a prestigious prize in literature, the "Kadare Prize" in 2019. Conclusion: Foregrounding of thematic interest in literature, such as that relating to our attitude to morality, fails to convince the readers when offered with too much guidance and becomes an aesthetic liability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: After the New Age, a period which many contemporary researchers define as the stage where the first foundations of modernity were laid in the society-wide mentality, we have another relationship with the mythical past, since they were no longer seen as figures with strength and size divine, but as creatures from which the past came through artistic whimsy. Thus, oral traditions and fairy tales had a much greater and direct influence on the literary process. They strengthened it and became a primary source of subjects, a wide gallery of characters further delineating the various literary genres and genres. Regarding the Albanian literature for children, we can affirm that during the period of the National Renaissance, in the wake of the numerous social, political, and cultural contributions undertaken by the protagonists of this great movement, a very useful work was done for the drafting of texts money for Albanian schools. The renaissance saw the creation of books for the younger generations as a major obligation, and in this way, the number of writings dedicated to children increased significantly. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to document the progress of Albanian children's literature in distinctive styles, forms, and norms through which this literature passed and was consolidated. Method: To realize this article, I relied on two basic methods; in the synchronic and diachronic one, with the aim of bringing a more complete and analytical view of the phenomena that appear in this literature. Conclusion: Following the tradition and enriching it with works and authors of different periods with consolidated literary styles and physiognomy, is proven through a detailed analysis where the evolutionary process of this literature is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative Literature / Primerjalna Književnost is the property of Slovenian Comparative Literature Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ismail Kadare, the most famous writer of today's Albanian literature, is also one of the most famous writers of contemporary literature in general. Therefore, whenever we mention this genius of Albanian belles-letters, first of all our mind goes to his work, its structure, themes, characters, actions and events, words and messages, and of course, the artistic features. Although it is rare to come across in the works of any other author a literary approach that can be compared to the singularity of this author, the meeting points and messages are evident. The artistic singularity is easily discernible, but the more one delves into his creative gallery, the more inevitable it is to enter into the many realms of the imagination to finally come to the conclusion that the upper realms are possessed only by geniuses, just like the sovereign of Albanian letters. The intertwining of the whole corpus of his works, with the way of narration and action, give interesting mosaics that together build the great monumental picture, which can be designed and realized only by the imagination of a writer of a promimence like him. Another motivation to deepen the gaze appears when comparisons are made with the works and characters of other authors of world literature. Comparable to meeting points in words and messages from genius motifs of different times. Geniuses break times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Comparative Literature / Primerjalna Književnost is the property of Slovenian Comparative Literature Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dritero Agolli was an Albanian writer who is mostly remembered in October due to his birthday. He was born on October 13th of 1931 and passed away on February 3rd of 2017 in Tirana. The critics have named Agolli as a poet of the land. The month of October was traditionally tagged as the "Month of Literature". We say it traditionally since this month is already considered as a festive period when all readers and writers are brought together by the ART OF THE WORD. Scholars and academicians celebrate this month. They pay honor to all ones who contributed to the history of Albanian literature: Padre Gjergj Fishta, born on October 23rd of 1871 and described as Albanian Homer; Migjeni, born on October 13th of 1911 whom famous Ismail Kadare considered as the hurricane of the Albanian literature. Through the work of the pen, producing a perfect, rich, accurate and pure language - with the words and terminologies deriving from random people - Dritero Agolli earned a destination in the pantheon of Albanian culture. We say often that a writer or another was a product of the setting and social-historical and cultural circumstances where they were born and grew up. But, could we say the same statement for writer Dritero Agolli? Certainly, yes! All his work was based on the Albanian tradition and on the magnificent Albanian word. The writer paid attention that all his products were enriched by a vocabulary that derives from the treasure of Albanian ethnic folklore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the memoir of Musine Kokalari, the first woman writer in Albanian literature. Her memoir La mia vita universitaria (My University Life) was written in Italian during her stay in Rome as a student at Sapienza University. It was published only in 2009 (Tirana) and in 2016 (Rome) as a result of the author being harshly persecuted by the communist regime and her work being banned in Albania for almost half a century. Kokalari's memoir is analyzed through a cultural and biographical approach as well as text analysis. Being a stranger and remaining one while living in Italy is a fundamental aspect of Kokalari's memoir as she narrates her journey toward the expression of the self as an Albanian woman writer in fascist Rome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to show how the Albania of the future was imaged through the science fiction literature published in the country in the 1970s and 1980s, which was the "golden age" of this genre in Albania. Science fiction was considered to be a part of children's and young adult literature that supplemented science education. Although the writers could envision what their country would look like in the next decades or centuries, they had to ground their imagination in sound scientific data, and they had to keep in mind the political realities of the present. Albanian science fiction literature reflected the fact that Stalinist Albania was one of the most isolated countries on the planet. Albania projected into the future was expected to be a highly developed country, whose spaceships, guided by pioneers, explored the universe, but at the same time it was vigilantly protecting its borders against capitalist and socialist revisionist states. Unlike what happened in other socialist countries in the post-Stalinist period, science fiction in Albania could not function as a subtle critique of reality and the Cold War. On the contrary, it served to limit the political horizon within which the children would grow up: while the imagined Albania of the future allegedly offered them limitless possibilities in technical and scientific achievements, they had to live in the same "frozen" socio-political system as in the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the process of evaluation of Albanian literature in literary periodicals (print or online). The research aims to explain the nature of criticism of Albanian literature in accordance with three main periods of Albanian literary history (1920–1944; 1945–1990; 1991–present). The paper has a short chronological presentation of the main periodicals which deal with literature. It also deals with the reception of Albanian literature in old and new periodicals. Some of the most important research questions of this paper are: Is there a continuation in the critical approaches to Albanian literature from the beginning to the present? Do critics have a ‘critical’ interaction between them while they express their evaluation regarding literature? Who are the critics? Which is the core role of certain critics and periodicals? The methodology used in this paper embraces a historical, analytical, statistical and interpretative approach. The paper will be developed in two parallel sections. The first one will elaborate quantitatively official data related to the number of periodicals which deal with the evaluation of literature in its theoretical and critical aspects and the other section will describe, analyze and interpret the data. The research results tend to prove that the process of critical evaluation of Albanian literature has experienced similar characteristics with Albanian literature itself. The critical reflection or criticism has turned out to be a refracting process. The critical evaluations are marred occasionally by low levels of professionalism or political interference.

The topic “The history of sentimental prose in Albanian literature (Sentimentalism as a literary, cultural and historical phenomenon), comes as a proposal for the topic in question with the aim of putting on focus the values of the prose with stylistic sentimental orientation, taking in consideration the history of this prose, the approximation appearance of authors and representative works as well as stylistic tendencies. It was chosen the sentimental Albanian prose because in the History of Albanian Literature it certainly plays an important role and with few exceptions, it has not had enough attention from scholars. Specifically, to be taken in consideration there will be the Albanian sentimental prose writers, together with their works which will be examined in a general way. The research is profound, but the aim is to stimulate the desire to investigate, interpret, and capture the most eminent characteristic segments of sentimentalist play in literature which manage to settle through the works, moments, different characters of life, and time. And all of this, we will try to accomplish thanks to the help of literature, research and considerable materials referring to this period, using comparative (research), historical, and empirical method as a scientific research methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel "White Palaces" (“Sarajet e bardha”) by Vehbi Kikaj is one of the well-known works of contemporary Albanian children's literature. The fact that the work is dedicated to the child as a reader, underlines the importance of perception. The subject of the novel is a family drama which is experienced by the child character. The novel itself as a narrative stands between the author's word that stands out as a separated text. Without neglecting the substantive side, this paper aims to present how the phenomenon of putting the text in the text looks practically. The starting point of the study is that there is no completely pure text since the existence of literature itself. As the theory of intertextuality states, we consider that each text absorbs other works, is written on them, or is at the crossroads between textual surfaces.The primary, internal texts are in some cases separated from the new (secondary) text, but in other cases have unclear boundaries. In the analysis of this work, we rely on the positions of well-known theorists, including Renate Lachmann and Gearad Genette. By revealing the textual interferences, the paper will reveal the directions of communication that the work pinpoints. These lines have different directions such as: folklore, history, even real or vacant texts that the characters talk about. The text that plays the role of the internal text will be analyzed according to the way/technique of incorporation in the second textual material. Examples will illustrate cases of false citations and those with authorship, some of which are clearly marked. We find concrete examples of this in this work in the form of the story within the novel and the dream, which also has its own internal time and is thus separated from the other text (the novel). Clarifying these distinctions, Barthe's attitudes also are mentioned. According to him every text is created from preliminary quotations. By summarizing these features, we aim to underline the importance of this work within contemporary Albanian children's literature. Also, this approach tries to fill the gaps of studies of this nature which the tradition of studying Albanian literature for children lacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author makes a literary commentary on Ismail Kadare's works which have an special link to the Greek literature, trying to review his main contributions to the interpretation of the same one. The commentary focuses above all on two essays (Achilles' Wrath and Aeschylus), two poems (Laocoon and Exorcism), one play (Bad Season On Olympus), three stories (Before the Bath, Prometheus and The Dream Bearer) and six novels (The Monster, Agamemnon's Daughter, The Successor, The File on H., The Palace of Dreams and Life, Games and Death of Lul Mazreku). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the traces of Persian literature on Naim Frasheri’s poetry. It also explores literary and extra literary factors that were of crucial significance during the process of his intellectual formation and ontological manifestation. The paper argues that author’s ideas are the result of the interactions of different cultures, in our case Persian and Albanian cultures. We try to comprehend the social environment and presumptive reasons and sources of author’s motivation and inspiration for his poetic creation. The extra literary factors which have been connecting the poet to Persian language and literature and some epistemes traced in Naim’s poetry were found to be related to epistemic circulation of cultural and literary societies during the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Region. In this context, special attention has been given to the influences, concepts, archetypes and topics of Persian literature in Naim’s poetry in order to identify the most significant Persian traces in the epistemology and ontology of the Albanian people and their culture. A comparative analysis was conducted on the basis of the letters of poets such as Mewlana, Sa’adi and Hafiz Shirazi within the scope of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation has played a paramount role in the development of the Albanian language, literature, and culture. Ever since Formula e Pagëzimit ("Baptism Formula"), the first written document translated into Albanian in 1462, the Albanian language, literature and culture have developed and expanded mainly through translation. Literary translation, in particular, has contributed to establishing mutual relations between nations; it has also stimulated the development of Albanian literature by influencing areas in which the national literary output was not yet sufficient, allowing for the development of Albanian national literature. This article examines Fan S. Noli's contribution to literary translation. One of the greatest modern translators of Anglo-American literary works into Albanian, his translations have enriched Albanian literature and culture. To evidence this, we have divided his translations into three main periods: 1. The Early Period (1906-1920); 2. The Middle Period (1920-1961) and 3. The Late Period (1961-1965). The paper concludes that Noli's translations of Anglo-American literary masterpieces have marked a cultural and intellectual turning point allowing for the modernization of Albanian literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the process of evaluation of Albanian literature in literary periodicals (print or online). The research aims to explain the nature of criticism of Albanian literature in accordance with three main periods of Albanian literary history (1920-1944; 1945-1990; 1991-present). The paper has a short chronological presentation of the main periodicals which deal with literature. It also deals with the reception of Albanian literature in old and new periodicals. Some of the most important research questions of this paper are: Is there a continuation in the critical approaches to Albanian literature from the beginning to the present? Do critics have a 'critical' interaction between them while they express their evaluation regarding literature? Who are the critics? Which is the core role of certain critics and periodicals? The methodology used in this paper embraces a historical, analytical, statistical and interpretative approach. The paper will be developed in two parallel sections. The first one will elaborate quantitatively official data related to the number of periodicals which deal with the evaluation of literature in its theoretical and critical aspects and the other section will describe, analyze and interpret the data. The research results tend to prove that the process of critical evaluation of Albanian literature has experienced similar characteristics with Albanian literature itself. The critical reflection or criticism has turned out to be a refracting process. The critical evaluations are marred occasionally by low levels of professionalism or political interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Albanian writer Ismail Kadare is understood nationally as the creator of modern literary Albanian and internationally as a writer under a closed south-eastern European communist dictatorship. He has been read according to a conceptualization of dissidence inapplicable to the Albanian situation. Here I reread his work in terms of a 'global' category, and view it within the new world literature studies framework as representing a continuity through and beyond communism. 'Ms approach may be extended to create a new model for the rereading of a body of twentieth-century writers largely forgotten since the collapse of socialist Eastern Europe in 1990. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzes a particular case of national literary history in its international dimension: Enver Hoxha's communist Albania published in foreign languages, at local publishing houses, books on literary history topics, which were destined to be exported and reach foreign readers. The result was a truncated (partly legendary) image of Albanian literature. After outlining the particularities of the Albanian cultural history, and after having searched for the causes of the communist institutionalization of literature and of its historiography, we attempt to unveil the main discursive devices of those official texts (a literary history, anthologies and forewords to literary volumes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the Vilayet of Ioannina and the process of Hellenisation and how the process of Hellenisation acted among the Albanians, influencing a final result, on the ethnographic map of the Vilayet of Ioannina and the Albanian-Greek relationship. Topics discussed include critical discourse and text analysis to explore the power structures and goals of the use of Hellenism in the Vilayet of Ioannina; Greek schools and Church activities and the process of Hellenisation on Albanian and Greek relationship and lack of Albanian literature has caused the foreign literature, with a focus on Hellenisation and the Ioannina Vilayet.

The novel Sleep over the Snow by Ridvan Dibra, is well known for it's special narrative. The author, possesses quite well the technique of postmodern writing, bringing in Albanian prose innovations that can not go unnoticed. The literate teacher in the village tries not to sleep in the snow. Sleep becomes his enemy in the place that whitewashes everywhere. The Cape of Hope has trapped him. While trying to keep his eyes open, memories of different people cross his mind, helping him not to sleep. You should not sleep, as in the middle of cold and frost, sleep can bring death. The teacher is warned about these passing moments and their risk. He has heard of the infamous snowfall, but experiencing it, is a whole other story. In my work, I intend to bring an analysis of the teacher's situation on the verge of the sweet sleep that snow brings and the two lines of narrative in this novel: the teacher stuck in the snow and the memories that come to mind, such as avoidance and rescue from the avalanche. These lines combine beautifully with each other, giving us a confession that becomes so alive that it seems to feel cold under the feet and the snakes of the wind collide in the face. The author claims to have confessed in the terms of a nod of consciousness, there on the verge, neither in sleep nor in dreams, among memories that have helped himstay awake. His story comes with sequences, fragments, once again in snow in the Cape of Hope and times between the avalanche of memories. The novel Sleep over the Snow puts the reader ahead of the difficult task of joining these confessional sequences and gives full freedom for his final interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theme selection is on the track of attempts to research through analysis and interpretations, how the theme of dream evolves through years 1990-2000 in Albanian editions (Albanian literature and translated literature) based on the bibliographic evidence of editions in the National Library of Albania. This paper aims to justify the place that the dream as a topic has in the editions of this period of time. The varieties of dream in these editions are different (dream as a wish, dream as a challenge, dream as determinant of fate, dream as pain and suffer etc.) Furthermore, this paper has aimed to reveal the theme of dream through literary genres based on literary-textual guidelines and not ethnographic or psychological ones. There are brought on focus researches of new occurrences related to a point of view completely literary and aesthetic of the dream as a model of interpretation. In this working we will analyse the dream as a form of artistic organization in the structure of the literary system. Through this paper we aim to come in conclusions and recommendations of high importance through analysis and interpretations to make the readers realise the varieties of dream and its different forms in the Albanian literature of these years. This form of dream occurrence in the Albanian literature of that decade will be realised through the combination of quantitative method with that qualitative. What is fundamental in our working is, the intensity of information "vertically" remains much more important than the quantity, "horizontal" extension. The entire study based on these principles would give us an adequate interpretation of dream that is quite complicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a very close connection between mythology and literature. Indeed, mythology has been one of the fundamental spiritual pillars of man and of collectivity. Aiming at penetrating of the unknown and man's constant attempt to explain and penetrate these phenomena, myths are yet to become an inseparable part of people's lives. Gradually, over time, they will become an inseparable part of literature as well. Indeed, many scholars claim that all literature comes from myth and returns to myth, emphasizing its role in literature. About the relation, myth - Albanian literature we will present a panoramic view in this paper, in order to highlight the reception and recontextualisation of myth by Albanian authors. Among others, authors such as: Ernest Koliqi, Fan Noli, Mitrush Kuteli, Ismajl Kadare, Rexhep Qosja, etc. used the material taken from the myths to fit a local culture and mentality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resurrection, sacrifice and incest as motifs can be found in the literatures of all nations. Even though, they are at the root of any creation of folk cultures, in each culture, these motifs appear with special features. The aim of this paper is through examples to show how these three motifs were treated in ballads of two different literatures, the English and the Albanian. Our objective is through a comparative approach to find the similarities and differences between them. We decided to analyze at least two ballads for each of the motives, coming from English and the Albanian literatures. The concrete research has three main steps: a) to show the particular characteristics of each ballad, b) to find the meeting points between them, and, c) to find what makes them different. After all the analysis we did we concluded that there are some differences between them and that they have some specific characteristics. But the most specific thing is that although these ballads belong to two different nations and cultures they have some meeting points. The main method of research will be the comparative method because we explore songs of two different literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To read deep inside and to study a writer, that it was so kind with the time, so friendly with it, it was an exciting experience for the reader. To read the writer who was in disagreeing of the socialist realism to read deep down the Kadare, even as the monist political system has fallen, will say to have again the knowledge of that time, even to feel it that in all the its contest, this taste is unchanged, fresh and the uncial, that seems after each reading and rereading. Its actors are compatriot, so as the modern that must create an open last literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Travel" represents one of the oldest and most natural topos of general literature. But what is its place in Albanian literature, starting from its beginnings? What is the variability of this topic in the course of the development of albanian literature (travel as pain and suffering, travel as pleasure and reward, travel as recognition, travel as a challenge, mental journey etc.)?. The paper undertakes to address some problems related to this topic in Albanian literature, such as: its presence (or its absence) in relation to other literatures, travel and individual, travel - the destinations and the itineraries, travel and return, the romantic travel etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews one of the main topics of Albanian Literature that was created and is still created in Montenegro, as an integral part of the Albanian literature corpus. After we have considered what we think that is the most representative part of this literature, both in prose and poetry, we have come to see how the central topic, or rather, as a speaker, appears as the homeland, which is expressed through some other topics such as: history / historical figures, myths, legends, religion, traditions, toponymy, phraseology, and finaly death. Almost all stories relate to the homeland, the characters want to die there, they leave their last will to return, whether dead, to their birthplace. The historical topics and toponymes are part of the these narrations that tells both the past and in the present, sometimes in the form of memories or historical sites such as Bratila, Zharnica Bridge, Ulcinj Castle, Gjerana etc. The religion and the traditions, on the other hand, are a strong form and also a way to be distinguished from the other. The realistic toponymes such as Malësia, Dinosha, Traboini etc. are real places that take a literary function and they construct the homeland topic. All these issues are and build the corpus of Albanian literature in Montenegro, and they also express an extra literary phenomena such as the cultural pressure on the individual and the attempt to preserve the linguistic and cultural identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author takes the reader to Albania and Tanzania to illustrate the power of storytelling as a curriculum for social change. In the discussions that ensued from storytelling, the author provides a powerful example of how stories act as a sort of social glue that binds people together and can lead to social transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magazine "Shêjzat" was a temporary cultural, social, and artistic publication published outside the homeland in the second half of the twentieth century. Its main voices were: E. Koliqi - the founder of this magazine, M.Camaj, who was in the role of editor-in-chief. Camajn in this magazine we come across as: a poet, a prose writer, a literary and a linguistic scholar, a critic, a grammar and a translator. In this topic we will focus on some review articles published in this magazine by Camaj classifying them in: 1.Language (articles, reviews, cultural chronicles etc.); 2. Literature (history of literary). The issues discussed in these articles are varied and wide-ranging, as we come across in the writings for Arbëresh, for prominent figures of linguistics and literature, in language studies, in the beating of problems for the development of Albanian literature, and so on. We want to distinguish the study devoted to Jeronim de Rada, the author emphasizes though De Rada was not a linguist he tried to explain a lot of words through the Albanian language. Of interest are the linguistic studies on the dialect and tradition of Arbëresh of Calabria. On the pages of the Shêjza, we find also studies and reviews on various linguistic and literary problems. Camaj, when reciting K. Gurakuqi's "Grammar of the Albanian Language" work, was of the opinion that the "Spelling of the Albanian language" compiled by Xhuvani, Cipoja and Çabej remained as the best variant of the written language, as in the grammar of Gurakuqi had trouble in vocalism. Of interest are also several works of literary character, but on the focus is actually writer's language. We can say that the multidimensional figure Camaj appears in the pages of this periodical. He was not only her editor-in-chief, but also a powerful voice of this magazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a linguistic study of David Bellos’ indirect translation of Ismail Kadare’s The File on H (1997), a novel first published in 1980-1981 in the Albanian literary review Nëntori, and translated into English on the basis of Jusuf Vrioni’s French version, Le Dossier H (1989). Also called “double”, “mediated” or “second-hand”, indirect translation is an understudied phenomenon, often criticised by scholars because of its greater distance to the original. Cay Dollerup (2000: 23), for example, argues that the grammatical structure of the mediating language (ML) obscures the distinctions made in the source language (SL), and that possible “mistakes” in the ML may be repeated in the target language (TL). Do fidelity and loyalty to the author become weakened in Bellos’ indirect translation? To what extent is such weakening discernible linguistically? And does this particular case of indirect translation reveal notable patterns or recurring types of linguistic shifts between ST and TT? Showing that some of the features specific to Kadare’s Albanian writing are tempered in the doubly-translated English text, yet highlighting that similar shifts occur in the three language directions involved, this article demonstrates that changes between ST and TT may occur in indirect translation regardless of the strategies adopted by MT – thus challenging the hypothesis that linguistic shifts in indirect translation follow a single or consistent pattern.