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In this study, the compatibility of drying kinetics and some quality attributes of dried product were determined by subjecting blackberries to microwave (100 W) and hot air (70°C) drying methods. The experimental results showed that the Logarithmic model was the best fitted model among the investigated drying models regardless of the method of drying (R2=0.9813-0.9827). Water activity, color, hydroxymethylfurfural-(HMF), total monomeric anthocyanin-(TMA) and cyanidin-3-glucoside analyzes were performed on dried blackberry samples. The change in color parameters (L*, a*, b* and ∆E*) of samples dried with hot air is higher than those dried with microwave. HMF (0.50-1.54 mg/kg DM) formation was observed to be lower in microwave dried blackberries. It was determined that the decrease in the TMA content (54.03-576.82 mg/100 g DM) after microwave drying was lower. Similarly, cyanidin-3-glycoside (23.92-320.4 mg/100 g DM) was degraded in higher level in hot air drying. According to the results obtained, it has been determined that microwave drying provides significant advantages in terms of quality characteristics and drying rate., Bu çalışmada, böğürtlenler mikrodalga (100 W) ve sıcak hava (70°C) kurutmaya tabi tutularak kuruma kinetiği parametreleri ve kurutulmuş ürününün bazı kalite özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Kurutma yönteminden bağımsız olarak araştırılan kurutma modelleri arasından Logaritmik modelin en yüksek belirlilik katsayılarına (R2=0.9813-0.9827) sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kurutulmuş böğürtlen örneklerinde, su aktivitesi, renk, hidroksimetilfurfural-(HMF), toplam monomerik antosiyanin-(TMA) ve siyanidin-3-glukozit analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sıcak hava ile kurutulan örneklerin renk parametrelerindeki (L*, a*, b* ve ∆E*) değişim mikrodalga ile kurutulanlara kıyasla daha yüksek orandadır. HMF (0.50-1.54 mg/ kg KM) oluşumunun ise mikrodalga ile kurutulan böğürtlenlerde daha düşük düzeyde olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. TMA içeriğinde (54.03-576.82 mg/100 g KM) mikrodalga kurutma ile meydana gelen azalmanın diğer yönteme kıyasla daha düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Benzer şekilde, siyanidin-3-glikozid (23.92 – 320.4 mg/100 g KM) sıcak hava kurutmada daha yüksek oranda parçalanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, kalite özellikleri ve kuruma hızı bakımından mikrodalga kurutmanın böğürtlen kurutmada önemli avantajlar sağladığı belirlenmiştir.

The changes in ascorbic acid-(AA) content, hydroxymethylfurfural-(HMF) content, total color difference-(∆E*) and browning index-(BI) of optimally thermosonicated (59°C-455 J/g) cloudy strawberry nectar during storage (3 months at 4°C) were evaluated. Also, the data obtained were modelled. The initial AA content (104.86 mg/L) decreased ~99% after storage, while HMF level increased from 20.46 to 494.44 µg/L. The significant increases in BI-(0.45-0.56) and ∆E*-(5.21–11.23) were consistent with each other and over storage time. The changes in HMF content-(R2=0.849), BI-(R2=0.942) and ∆E* were best fitted to zero-order kinetic model, while decrease in AA content-(R2=0.9755) was described with the first-order kinetic model. The reaction rate constants of AA, HMF, ∆E* and BI were determined as 5.58x10-2 1/day, 4.34 mg/L.day, 6.40x10-2 mg/L.day and 14x10-2 mg/L.day, respectively. The highest correlation with the change in ∆E* was observed in AA-(R2=0.955) followed by BI-(R2=0.859). Therefore, the greatest effect on color might be caused by AA degradation., Bulanık çilek nektarında depolama (4°C-3 ay) boyunca askorbik asit-(AA) içeriği, hidroksimetilfurfural-(HMF) içeriği, toplam renk farkı-(∆E*) ve esmerleşme indeksi-(BI) değerlerindeki değişimler değerlendirilmiş ve modellenmiştir. AA içeriği (104.86 mg/L) depolamadan sonra ~%99 azalırken, HMF içeriği artmıştır (20.46 µg/L-494.44 µg/L). Depolama boyunca, BI (0.45-0.56) ve ∆E* (5.21–11.23) değerlerinde meydana gelen önemli artışlar birbiri ile ve depolama süresince tutarlılık göstermiştir. HMF içeriği (R2=0.849), BI (R2=0.942) ve ∆E* değişimleri sıfırıncı dereceden kinetic modele uyum gösterirken, AA içeriğindeki azalma birinci dereceden kinetik model ile açıklanmıştır (R2=0.9755). AA, HMF, ∆E* ve BI reaksiyon hız sabitleri sırasıyla 5.58x10-2 1/gün, 4.34 mg/L.gün, 6.40x10-2 mg/L.gün ve 14x10-2 mg/L.gün olarak belirlenmiştir. ∆E* değişimiyle en yüksek korelasyona sahip olan AA içeriğini (R2=0.955), BI (R2=0.859) takip etmiştir. Bu sebeple renk üzerindeki en yüksek etkiye AA parçalanmasının neden olması söz konusu olabilir.

Impacts of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) formations were quantified for sour cherry juice (SCJ). pH, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), a*, b*, chroma, and total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMAC) were not significantly affected by 0-0.0341 J/L. The initial total antioxidant capacity (TAC) significantly rose with all the PEF treatments but initial citric, malic, fumaric, oxalic, succinic (-)-epicatechin, ferrulic, gallic, luteolin, p-coumaric, and o-coumaric acids, Cy-3-sop, and Cy-3-glu did not significantly degrade with no formations of furfural and HMF. The best-fit regression models explained 60.1, 39.7, and 36.3% of variation in TAC, TMAC, and TSS, respectively. Frequency exerted a greater impact than did electric field strength (EFS) on TA, pH, TSS, total color difference (TCD), hue, chroma, TMAC, TAC, sinapic, oxalic, quinic and tartaric acids, Cy-3-glu-rut, and furfural formation. 350.9 mu s, 6.78 kV/cm, and 98 Hz were pointed as optimal settings.

Effects of various rinsing conditions were investigated to remove residues of three pesticides including chlorpyrifos ethyl, acetamiprid and penconazole from grapes. The rinsing conditions included five different temperatures of rinsing water, three different fruit-to-water ratios and three different dipping times. The residue levels of all three pesticides decreased with decreasing the rinsing water temperature while in most cases, 10, 20 and 30 °C produced lower pesticide residue values when compared to 40 and 50 °C within each of combined treatments. In addition, 4 minutes of dipping time was not as effective as 2 and 3 minutes dipping times to eliminate chlorpyrifos ethyl residue from grape samples at all temperatures.

Bu çalışma ile ülkemizde yetiştiriciliği yapılan ve meyve-sebze suyu işleme sanayimizde yoğun işlenensiyah havucun artan posasından, antosiyaninlerin farklı asit konsantrasyonlarındaki çözgenlerle gerikazanım düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Farklı ekstraktlardan elde edilen bulgulara göre siyah havuç posasınıntoplam monomerik antosiyanin miktarları 656.2-1191.9 mg/kg arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Siyahhavuç posasından antosiyaninlerin ekstraksiyonunda en etkili çözücü asitlendirilmiş metanol (MeOH)iken; bunu asitlendirilmiş etanol (EtOH) ve saf su takip etmiştir. Çözgenlerin asitlik düzeyinin antosiyaningeri kazanımı üzerine önemli düzeyde etki ettiği tespit edilmiştir. HPLC sonuçlarına göre antosiyaninbileşenlerden siyanidin-3-ksilozil-glukozil-galaktozit-ferulik asidin (298.3-398.8 mg/kg) ve siyanidin-3ksilozil-galaktozidin (217.7-330.4 mg/kg) siyah havuç posasında en baskın oldukları belirlenmiştir, In this study, effects of different solvents and acid concentrations on extraction of anthocyanins fromblack carrot pomace obtained after processing in fruit-vegetable juicing industry were investigated.According to results from different extraction processes, total monomeric contents of black carrot pomaceranged between 656.2-1191.9 mg/kg. The best solvent for anthocyanins extraction from black carrotpomace was determined as acidified methanol (MeOH); it was followed by acidified ethanol (EtOH)and pure water. Acidity levels of the solvents significantly affected recovery of anthocyanins from blackcarrot pomace. Based on HPLC results, the most abundant anthocyanins were cyanidin-3-xylosidegalactoside-glucoside-ferulic acid (298.3-398.8 mg/kg) and cyanidin-3-xyloside-galactoside(217.7-330.4 mg/kg) in the black carrot pomace

In this study, natural cloudy lemon juice and their concentrates were produced after extraction of Interdonato variety lemon removed from rough particles of pulp and lemon juice can be pasteurized. Effects of the processing steps on the some quality were investigated during the lemon juice production and the obtained concentrates were stored at -25 oC for 180 days. Natural cloudy lemon juices with application at 90 oC for 15 seconds of 7.39% residual pectinmethylesterase (PME) activity was determined. In the values of pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids and total solids were not significantly determined with the production stages and storage. Values of ascorbic acid were observed reductions with stages of the production and storage. Viscosity and total pectin contents were determined increased with naturall cloudy lemon juices were concentrated, values of PME activity and turbidity were determined decreases. Values of total pectin and turbidity was not a significantly observed except for PME activity during storage of concentrates., Bu çalışmada, İnterdonat çeşidi limon ekstraksiyon işleminden sonra kaba pulp parçacıkları uzaklaştırılıp pastörize edilerek doğal bulanık limon suyu ve konsantresi üretilmiştir. Limon sularının üretimindeki işlem basamaklarının ve depolama süresinin (-25 oC’de 180 gün) bazı kalite özellikleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Doğal bulanık limon sularına 90 °C sıcaklıkta 15 saniye pastörizasyon uygulaması ile %7.39 kalıntı pektinmetilesteraz (PME) aktivitesi tespit edilmiştir. pH, titrasyon asitliği, suda çözünür kuru madde, toplam kuru madde değerlerinde ise üretim aşamaları ve depolama ile birlikte önemli bir değişime rastlanılmadığı belirlenmiştir. Askorbik asit içeriklerinde üretim aşamaları ve depolama ile birlikte azalmaların meydana geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Doğal bulanık limon sularının konsantre edilmesiyle viskozite ve toplam pektin içeriklerinde artış, PME aktivitesi ve bulanıklık değerlerinde ise azalmalar olduğu bulunmuştur. Konsantrelerin depolanması sırasında PME aktivitesi dışında viskozite, toplam pektin ve bulanıklık değerlerinde önemli değişim olmamıştır.

In this study, some physical and chemical properties of lemon juice sauce which were produced under atmospheric and vacuum conditions were investigated. After processing of lemon juice into lemon sauces, pH values were decreased about 50%, and titretable acidity values were increased about 8-10 times. The ascorbic acid content was determined 48.36% higher in the vacuum condition compared to the atmospheric condition. The highest total phenolic and carotenoid contents in lemon sauces which were produced in the atmospheric condition, were determined. Both production methods decreased L* and Hueo values, while increased a*, b* and Croma* values of lemon sauces, compared to color values of lemon juices. The highest browning index and the HMF (hydroxymethylfurfural) content were determined in lemon sauces which were produced in the atmospheric condition, while the highest antioxidant activity were determined in lemon sauces which were produced under vacuum condition. Six organic acids (tartaric, quinic, oxalic, malic, citric, and succinic) were determined in the lemon sauces. The highest organic acid contents were found in samples which were produced under the vacuum condition., Bu çalışmada, limon ekşisi açık kazanda ve vakum altında olmak üzere iki farklı yöntemle üretilmiş, limon ekşilerinin bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri incelenmiştir. Limon suyunun, limon ekşisine işlenmesiyle pH değerlerinde yaklaşık %50 azalma, titrasyon asitliğinde ise yaklaşık 8-10 kat artış belirlenmiştir. Açık kazanda üretilen limon ekşisi örneklerinde askorbik asit içeriği kaybının, vakumda üretilenlere göre %48.36 daha fazla olduğu belirlenmiştir. Limon ekşisi örneklerinde en yüksek toplam fenolik ve karotenoid madde içeriği açık kazanda üretilenlerde tespit edilmiştir. Her iki yöntem ile üretilen örneklerin L* ve Hueo değerlerinde azalışlar, a*, b* ve Croma* değerlerinde ise artışlar olmuştur. En yüksek esmerleşme indeksi ve HMF (hidroksimetilfurfural) miktarı, açık kazanda üretilen örneklerde, en yüksek antioksidan aktivite değeri ise vakumda altında üretilen örneklerde tespit edilmiştir. Limon ekşisi örneklerinde tartarik, kuinik, okzalik, malik, sitrik ve süksinik olmak üzere 6 adet organik asit belirlenmiştir. Organik asit içerikleri en fazla vakum altında üretilen limon ekşisi örneklerinde belirlenmiştir.

Turbidity in fruit juice is caused by polymers such as pectic substances, hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin and starch, and by some compounds such as polyphenols, proteins, arabans, tannins and metals. These colloids need to be degraded to small molecules for manufacturing a clear and stable fruit juice. Following are the pectic enzymes used for the degradation of these colloids; polygalacturonases, pectin esterases, pectin liyases and pectat liyases. In addition, cellulases, hemicellulases, amylases, arabanazes and some other enzymes are also used for the degradation. The enzyme application increases fruit juice yield and press yield and improves clarification process, furthermore the filtration becomes easier and a clear product is obtained due to low viscosity. In this review, important pectolytic enzymes and their substrates including pectic compounds and use of these enzymes in the fruit juice industry are described., Pektik maddeler, hemiselüloz, selüloz, lignin ve nişasta gibi polimerler, polifenoller, proteinler, arabanlar, tanenler ve metaller gibi maddeler meyve suyunda bulanıklığa yol açmaktadır. Berrak ve stabil bir meyve suyu üretimi için bu kolloidler küçük moleküllerine kadar parçalanmalıdır. Bu amaçla kullanılan pektik enzimler; poligalakturonazlar, pektin esterazlar, pektin liyazlar ve pektat liyazlardır. Ayrıca selülazlar, hemiselülazlar, amilazlar ve arabanazlar gibi diğer enzimler de kullanılmaktadır. Bu sayede meyve suyu verimi, presleme ve durultma verimi artmakta, vizkositenin düşmesine bağlı olarak filtrasyon kolaylaşmakta ve daha berrak bir ürün elde edilmektedir. Bu derlemede özellikle önemli pektolitik enzimler, bunların substratları olan pektik bileşikler ve meyve suyu sanayinde bu enzimlerin kullanımı anlatılmıştır.

The effects of different irrigation regimes on yield and quality and net profit of processing red pepper irrigated with drip and furrow irrigation systems under field conditions in the Mediterranean region of Turkey were evaluated over two years. The treatments for drip consist of full irrigation (DFI), deficit irrigation DDI-75, D-PRD-50, DF-PRD-50 and DDI-50, and for furrow: full irrigation (FFI), fixed alternative furrow (FAF-50) and PRD furrow (FPRD-50). FAF-50 and FPRD-50 received 50% of water applied to FFI. In FAF-50 the same furrows were irrigated while FPRD-50 was irrigated alternately. Irrigation methods and levels had a significant effect on total yield and some quality parameters of red pepper. Drip produced higher red pepper yields than furrow. The highest yield in the drip system was obtained from the DFI treatment followed by DDI-75, DDI-50 and DF-PRD-50 treatments. Although D-PRD-50, DF-PRD-50 and DDI-50 received the same amount of water, D-PRD-50 resulted in a higher yield. In furrow treatments, FFI resulted in the highest yield, followed by FPRD-50 and FAF-50. Water productivity (WP) decreased with increasing water quantity for both irrigation systems. Fruit weight, size and flesh thickness were higher in the DFI and FFI treatments. Full irrigation treatments (DFI and FFI) generated the highest net income. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Gene escape and fruit quality characteristics of transgenic melons (Cucumis melo L. var inodorus cv. 'Kirkagac 637') resistant to zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and control plants were investigated under screenhouse conditions. No significant differences were observed between transgenic and transgenic × control genotypes, with regard to rind thickness, fruit cavity length, fruit cavity width, total soluble solids, pistil scar diameter, and peduncle length. Fruit characters, including fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, fruit flesh thickness, and peduncle diameter were significantly different. These results indicate that transgenic × control genotypes had higher values than transgenic (T4 and T20) genotypes, regarding fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, fruit flesh thickness, and peduncle diameter. Significant differences were not observed between transgenic (T4 and T20), control, and transgenic × control genotypes in terms of L-ascorbic acid, malic acid, citric acid, sucrose, glucose, or fructose, but differences were observed for fruit total acidity. Esters, lactones, and alcohols were aroma components, but none differed significantly between the transgenic and control genotypes. The results show that there was 100% gene escape in the control plants within 10 m of the transgenic plants, while there was 70% gene escape in plants 12.5, 15, and 17.5 m from the transgenic plants under screenhouse conditions.

Kurutulmuş elma cipsi üretiminde değişik çözelti kullanımının bazı ürün nitelikleri üzerinde etkileri araştırılmıştır. Materyal olarak Amasya, Golden delicious ve Starkrimson delicious çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Kalınlığı 1.6 mm olan halkalar şeklinde dilimlenen elmalar kurutma işleminden önce kükürtdioksit (S02), sitrik asit (SA), askorbik asit (AA), eritorbik asit (EA) çözeltileri ile `SA+AA` ve `SA+EA` çözelti karışımları içinde bekletilmişlerdir. Kurutma işlemi kesikli çalışan sıcak hava akımlı dehidratörde 75°C'de yapılmıştır. Kurutulan elmalar ambalajlanarak 8 ay süre ile oda sıcaklığında depolanmıştır. Depolama süresince kuru elma cipslerinin; Hunter değerleri, esmerleşme düzeyleri, toplam fenolik madde, L-askorbik asit, toplam ve invert şeker, toplam asit, toplam kuru madde içerikleri, kırılganlık değerleri, rehidrasyon kapasiteleri ve duyusal özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Kurutulmuş elma cipsi örnekleri içerisinde en açık renge S02 çözeltisine daldırılarak kurutulanlar sahip olmuştur (Hunter L değerleri 78.52- 83.43). SA, AA ve EA çözeltilerinin kurutulan örneklerin rengini koruyucu etkisinin olmadığı, bazı çeşitlere ait örneklerde kontrol grubu ile benzer veya daha olumsuz etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. `SA+AA` ve `SA+EA` çözeltilerine daldırılan dilimlerden elde edilen cipsler sadece Golden çeşidinde olumlu sonuç vermiştir. Hunter değerleri ile duyusal değerlendirme sonuçlan benzerlik göstermiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda taze elma rengine en yakın örneğin Golden çeşidine ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. En yüksek kuru elma cipsi veriminin Golden çeşidine ait olduğu bulunmuştur. En gevrek yapılı ve rehidrasyon kapasitesi en yüksek cipslerin Amasya çeşidine ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. Duyusal değerlendirmede en çok Golden çeşidine ait cipsler beğenilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Elma, Elma Kurutma, Esmerleşme, Askorbik Asit, Kükürtdioksit This research was undertaken to investigate the effects of use of various solutions on product some attributes in the production of apple chips. The apple varieties which were investigated are Amasya, Golden delicious and Starkrimson delicious. The apples which were sliced in rings with a 1.6 mm thickness had been kept in sulpurdioxide (SO2), citric acid (CA), ascorbic acid (AA), erythorbic acid (EA), mixture of `CA+AA` and `CA+EA` solutions before they were dehydrated. The dehydration was carried out at 75°C in a batch dehydrator with hot air current The dehydrated apples were packed and stored at room temperature for 8 months. The following analyses were carried out during storage: Hunter values, browning levels, total phenolic compounds, L-ascorbic acid, total and invert sugars, total acidity, total dry matter, crispness values, rehydration capacity and sensory evaluation. The samples which were kept in S02 solutions and then dehydrated had the lightest color (78.52 -83.43 Hunter L values). It was found that the solutions of CA, AA and EA had no preserving effects on the color of the dehydrated samples. Furthermore the effects of the aforementioned solutions were similar to those of the control groups or even worse. The use of mixtures of `CA+AA` and `CA+EA` produced positive results only with Golden variety. The results of sensory evaluations were in parallel with Hunter values. The results showed that the color of the chips from Golden variety was the closest to fresh apple color. The highest chips yield was obtained with Golden variety. The chips from Amasya variety had the most crispy texture and the highest rehydration capacity. The sensory evaluations showed that the chips from Golden variety were highly preferred. Key Words: Apple, Dehydrated Apple, Browning, Ascorbic Acid, Sulphurdioxide. 141

New irrigation technologies and commonly usedtraditional furrow irrigation methods were compared to drip irrigation in orderto increase color, total dry matter, total carotenoid and vitamin C ofprocessing red pepper widely grown in the Mediterranean part of Turkey. Thisresearch was carried out in 2010-2011 growing seasons at Tarsus in Turkey. Theexperimental treatments; Drip treatments consist of full irrigation (DI100),deficit irrigation DI75, DI50, DIPRD50, and DIFPRD50Alternative partial root drying (DIPRD50) and fixed partial rootdrying (DIFPRD50) received 50% of DI100. Irrigation wasapplied when 25% and 40% of the available water in the 60 cm soil profile wereconsumed in DI100 and FI100 treatments in drip and furrowsystems, respectively and soil water replenished to field capacity in DI100and FI100 treatments. In furrow irrigation, treatments consist offull irrigation (FI100), alternative furrow (FIA50) andPRD furrow (FIPRD50). FIA50 and FIPRD50received 50% of water applied to FI100. In FIA50 the samefurrows were irrigated while FIPRD50 irrigated alternately. Thehighest yields in drip and furrow systems were obtained from the DI100and FI100 treatments, respectively. In generally, DIFPRD50treatment was the highest a* value in drip irrigation system which means thatfruits had more red color. On the other hand, b* values (it represents yellowcolor because of positive values) decreased following the first picking. Ingenerally, the color parameters (a* and b*) of furrow irrigation treatments inthe different picking times was not statistically significant. Total carotenoidrates increased with following picking time both drip and furrow irrigationsystems and it is lower value under drip system than in the furrow system.Finally, results indicate that in drip irrigation DI100 treatment;and in furrow irrigation, FI100 treatment was recommended. Underwater scarcity conditions, DI75 and FIPRD50 treatmentscan be recommended.&nbsp