Search

The widespread use of social media and other online platforms has facilitated unprecedented communication and information exchange. However, it has also led to the spread of hate speech and poses serious challenges to societal harmony as well as individual well-being. Traditional methods for detecting hate speech, such as keyword matching, rule-based systems, and machine learning algorithms, often struggle to capture the subtle and context-dependent nature of hateful content. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3, BERT, and their successors in hate speech detection. We analyze the evolution of LLMs in natural language processing and examine their strengths and limitations in identifying hate speech. Additionally, we address the significant challenges and explore how LLMs method can affect the accuracy and fairness of hate speech detection systems. By synthesizing recent research, this review aims to offer a holistic understanding of the current state-of-the-art methods in hate speech detection utilizing LLMs and to suggest directions for future research that could enhance the efficacy and equity of these systems.

Potato is the most important short-season annual herbaceous crop. Small nucleus tuber seeds are difficult to germinate and emerge in the field. This research evaluated how potato nucleus tuber size impacts seed production and plant development. We used the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in the first week of June to seed six potato nucleus tuber sizes: T1 (0.47 g), T2 (0.84 g), T3 (2.0 g), T4 (5.0 g), T5 (10 g), and T6 (25.0 g). Plants were 30 cm apart, and rows were 76 cm apart. All treatments significantly differed in terms of days to first germination, germination percentage, flowering, physiological maturity, number of main stems per plant, tuber weight, marketable tuber yield, size of large tuber, tuber starch content, and total starch yield. However, the interaction between treatment and environment had no effect on marketable tuber yield. This research found that treatment T1 had substantial outcomes in germination (22.5), blooming (67.5), and physiological maturity (107.1). Larger tubers T6 (25.0 g) contain more buds, which increases germination percentage (%), number of main stems, plant height, yield, and physiological parameters, outperforming other treatments. This research found that seed tuber size affects crop development. Plants from bigger seed tubers performed better than those from smaller seeds.

The primary goal of this paper is the possibility of improving spectroscopy analysis using a new mechanism that has the ability to detect small crystalline defects and the fast transitions that occur within electronic states, which contributes significantly to the development of various fields and applications of scientific knowledge. The working mechanism is summed up by obtaining two laser pulses with specific specifications within the x-ray range, by creating an executive program (SAMXFEL) using the MATLAB program for the purpose of simulation. This system allows the investigation of rapid changes in the structure of matter. By analyzing the simulation results, two pulses of electron lasers were obtained with wavelengths ranging from (0.316535, 0.114399) nm and powers (927686, 927683) watts, in addition to pulse durations within (1.05512, 0.38133) atto-seconds that ensures that the target material is protected from damage. The proposed system in this paper is mainly based on the spectral and spatial separation of the two pulses to interpret the scattered and diffracted X-rays. The spatial separation allows multiple X-ray pulses to be emitted from different angles of the sample. X-ray diffractography using multiple simultaneous pulses from different angles becomes possible without loss of photon energy generated by the spectrometer.

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a highly prevalent disease, among the primary factors contributing to morbidity and death. One of its types is heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) comprising 40%–50% of newly diagnosed HF cases. Despite the high prevalence of HFpEF, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding the best drugs and treatment approaches to be used. However, the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors could be a promising treatment. Objectives: To examine SGLT2 inhibitors’ effect on hospitalization, cardiovascular death, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in HFpEF patients. Search methods: We conducted searches for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science up to July 2024. Selection criteria: We chose RCTs that examined the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors and placebo in individuals with higher than 40% ejection fraction (HFpEF). Data collection and analysis: The methodology for the systematic review and meta-analysis was in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. Main results: We included 8 studies with 16,509 participants. Drugs examined in our paper included empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, sotogliflozin, and ertugliflozin. Various outcomes were analyzed in different papers. However, different SGLT2 inhibitors lead to a decreased risk of cardiovascular hospitalization and kidney injury. Our meta-analysis showed a decreased risk of cardiovascular hospitalization but not death due to cardiovascular causes or other causes. These results were regardless of baseline status of eGFR, systolic blood pressure, atrial fibrillation or flutter, diabetes mellitus, sex, body mass index, and nt-proBNP. The included studies were of moderate to high quality. Conclusion: For individuals with HFpEF, SGLT2 inhibitors have been proven to be a safe and effective medication. However, more studies are needed for longer durations, reporting adverse events, effects on exercise tolerance, and other secondary outcomes.

Abstract Covert hepatic encephalopathy (CHE) is a form of cerebral dysfunction that affects 30–40% of patients with liver cirrhosis as a grave sequel of disease progression. Although being a silent condition, yet; CHE has been reported as seriously predictive for the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Covert hepatic encephalopathy is said to conclude grades (0 and 1) hepatic encephalopathy in West Heaven grading of hepatic encephalopathy, hence; inferring to discrete deficits in attention, cognition, and motor control, strongly associated with poorer quality of private and social aspects of the patients’ life. Clinical recognition of cases of CHE is such a tedious task that unluckily devoid of discernment. Worthwhile; the battery of neuropsychometric tests widely known as the only tool to identify CHE can give abnormal results without specifying the cause of brain dysfunction Therefore, dedicated history-taking and clinical evaluation of liver cirrhosis patients are still the cornerstones that should unify other diagnostic tools to identify those patients at risk of developing overt hepatic encephalopathy. Diagnosis of CHE is challenging and often neglected in clinical practice, so the aim of this review is to improve our approach to CHE and begin a unified effort for the advancement of CHE through studying easy, fast, and reliable psychometric diagnostic tests to meet our clinical needs.

Co-infection with dengue and salmonella typhi could lead to devastating consequences, and sometimes even result in deaths. This could lead to tremendous hazards not only to country’s economy but also overloading health-care centers. In this article, a fractional co-infection model for dengue, and two-strains (drug-sensitive and drug-resistant) of salmonella typhi is developed by implementing Caputo fractional derivative. Existence, uniqueness and stability of the model are proved by implementing Arzela Ascoli’s theorem, Banach fixed point theorem and Hyers-Ulam stability criteria, respectively. To control the diseases, control measures namely prevention control against dengue, u1(t), prevention control against drug-sensitive salmonella typhi, u2(t), and prevention control against drug-resistant salmonella typhi, u3(t), are introduced into the considered model. The optimality system for corresponding fractional optimal control problem is illustrated by employing Pontryagin’s maximum principle. The simulations of the model are performed by employing fractional Euler scheme to see the impact of control measures and fractional order on the respective diseases.

The mechanism underlying ischaemic heart disease (IHD) has been primarily attributed to obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD). However, non-obstructive coronary arteries are identified in >50% of patients undergoing elective coronary angiography, recently leading to growing interest in the investigation and management of angina/ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA/INOCA). INOCA is an umbrella term encompassing a multiple spectrum of possible pathogenetic entities, including coronary vasomotor disorders which consist of two major endotypes: coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) and vasospastic angina. Both conditions can coexist and be associated with concomitant obstructive CAD. Particularly, CMD refers to myocardial ischaemia due to reduced vasodilatory capacity of coronary microcirculation secondary to structural remodelling or impaired resting microvascular tone (functional) or a combination of both. CMD is not a benign condition and is more prevalent in women presenting with chronic coronary syndrome compared to men. In this setting, an impaired coronary flow reserve has been associated with increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events. ANOCA/INOCA patients also experience impaired quality of life and associated increased healthcare costs. Therefore, research in this scenario has led to better definition, classification, and prognostic stratification based on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. The development and validation of non-invasive imaging modalities, invasive coronary vasomotor function testing and angiography-derived indices provide a comprehensive characterisation of CMD. The present narrative review aims to summarise current data relating to the diagnostic approach to CMD and provides details on the sequence that therapeutic management should follow.

Objective: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a zooanthroponotic, nosocomial, and communi¬ty-associated pathogen that threatens livestock management and even public health. The goal of this investigation was to clarify the role of S. aureus in zoonotic illnesses. Besides that, a novel trial was conducted in the current Egyptian study using oil extracts such as cactus oil, tea oil, geranium oil, and thyme oil to demonstrate the susceptibility of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) iso¬lates to these organic oils in response to the alarming global concern regarding the decreased sus¬ceptibility of S. aureus to known antibiotics, which exacerbates control and treatment protocols. Material and Methods: A total of 110 samples (45 raw cattle milk samples, 35 Karish cheese samples, and 30 human sputum samples) were collected. The bacterium was identified via traditional culturing methods, Gram staining, and the application of several biochemical tests. After that, various kinds of known commercial antibiotics were used to detect the antimicrobial susceptibility (AMS) of the obtained isolates. Furthermore, conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing was performed to identify S. aureus (nuc gene) and MRSA (mecA gene), with further application of multiplex PCR for screening of all the obtained isolates for vancomycin resistance via targeting vanA, vanB, and vanC genes. Finally, the agar gel diffusion method was performed to assess the antibacterial activity of four plant extracts (cactus oil, tea oil, geranium oil, and thyme oil) against the obtained MRSA. Results: The culturing method revealed S. aureus positivity in raw cattle milk (13.33%), in Karish cheese (28.57%), and in human samples (20%). The obtained isolates showed mainly resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic and ampicillin antibiotics, while the dairy samples showed further resis¬tance against ceptaxime and an intermediate reaction against erythromycin. On the molecular side, PCR positivity was present in human samples (10%), raw cow milk (13.33%), and Karish cheese (14.29%). Nine of the fourteen PCR isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates. Comparing the four oil extracts against the acquired MRSA isolates, cactus oil extract proved to be the most effective. Conclusion: The study's results are highly promising as they support the notion that certain essential oils possess strong antimicrobial properties against zoonotic S. aureus, thereby reducing the excessive use of antibiotics in veterinary and medical settings. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2024; 11(2.000): 306-316]

This paper examines the behavioral patterns of the members of Aish Hatorah and compares them to the patterns of other new religious movements, which arose in the 1960's and 1970's. Aish Hatorah clearly behaves similarly to other new religious movements, which arose in the 1960's and 1970's, although it primarily differs from these other groups in that its theological views are part of the centuries-old tradition contemporarily given the name of Jewish Orthodoxy, and in that its outreach is conducted only towards other Jews. This latter difference is crucial primarily because most new religious movements engage in outreach towards all people without distinction of religious denomination or nationality. Aish Hatorah's two most discernible characteristics, which distinguish it from other Jewish outreach organizations, are its aggressive outreach strategy and its remarkable focus and success in raising organizational funds. Its outreach strategy, geared towards bringing Jews from various economic, educational, geographical, and denominational backgrounds towards an ultra-Orthodox understanding of Judaism, is highly developed and it has obtained well-publicized praise from famous personalities. These are among the factors, which have led the original small Jerusalem men's yeshiva, established in 1974 to develop into an affluent international organization.